12种基础时态与被动语态-备战2026届高考英语一轮复习语法全解（外研版）

ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（外研版） Chapter112种基础时态与被动语态 考频分析 12种基础时态与被动语态是高中英语语法的重点考查内容，考频占语法总量的15%左右，贯穿试卷多个 核心题型：单项选择(3-4题)、完形填空(2-3题)、语法填空(2-3题)、书面表达（核心考察，直接影响 句子时态准确性与语态合理性)。在语境理解类题目中，时态的时间状语提示、语态的动作承受关系判断 往往是解题关键。 考查内容 高中英语对12种基础时态与被动语态的考察聚焦三大维度，覆盖基础用法与语境应用： ·基础时态结构：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来 进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时的构成形式与标志 性时间状语； ·时态语境辨析：不同时态在时间逻辑、动作持续性、影响关联性等语境中的准确选用（如过去完成时表 示“过去的过去”，现在完成进行时强调动作持续未间断)； ·被动语态应用：各时态被动语态的结构转换（含情态动词被动式）、主动表被动的特殊情形（如感官动 词、不及物动词短语)及语境中语态的选择依据。 精讲精练 知识点一：12种基础时态与被动语态 ·1.一般现在时 一主动语态：表示经常性、习惯性动作或客观真理，结构为主语+动词原形第三人称单数 -例句：口She plays basketball every Sunday.The earth goes around the sun. -被动语态：结构为am/is/are+过去分词 -例句：English is spoken all over the world. ·2.一般过去时 一主动语态：表示过去发生的动作或状态，结构为主语+动词过去式 -例句：He went to Beijing last month. -被动语态：结构为was/were+过去分词 -例句：The letter was written by Tom yesterday.. ·3.一般将来时 -主动语态：表示将要发生的动作，结构为主语+wil/shall+-动词原形或be going to+-动词原形 -例句：口I will visit my parents next week.口It is going to rain, 一被动语态：结构为will/shall be+-过去分词或be going to be+过去分词 -例句：A new bridge will be built next year.. ·4.现在进行时 一主动语态：表示正在进行的动作，结构为主语+amis/are+现在分词 -例句：They are playing football now, -被动语态：结构为am/is/are+being+过去分词 -例句：The house is being built, ·5.过去进行时 一主动语态：表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，结构为主语+was/were+现在分词 -例句：She was reading a book at8o'clock last night. -被动语态：结构为was/were-+being+过去分词 -例句：The flowers were being watered when I came in. ·6.将来进行时 -主动语态：表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，结构为主语+wibe+现在分词 -例句：I will be studying at9 tomorrow morning. -被动语态：结构为will be being+过去分词（较少使用） -例句：The project will be being discussed at this time tomorrow. ·7.现在完成时 -主动语态：表示过去发生并持续到现在的动作或对现在造成的影响，结构为主语+have/has+过去分 词 -例句：I have lived here for10 years.. -被动语态：结构为have/has been+过去分词 -例句：The work has been finished, ·8.过去完成时 -主动语态：表示过去某一时间之前完成的动作，结构为主语+had+过去分词 -例句：He had left before I arrived. -被动语态：结构为had been+过去分词 -例句：The room had been cleaned when we got there. ·9.将来完成时 -主动语态：表示将来某一时间之前完成的动作，结构为主语+will have+过去分词 -例句：We will have finished the work by next Friday. 一被动语态：结构为will have been+过去分词 -例句：The book will have been published by the end of this year. ·10.一般现在时被动语态 -结构：am/is/are+过去分词 -例句：This song is sung by many people. ·1.一般过去时被动语态 -结构：was/were+过去分词 -例句：The door was opened by Li Ming. ·2.现在完成时被动语态 -结构：have/has been+过去分词 -例句：The problem has been solved. 语法复习|英语|外研版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（外研版） 知识点二：必考时态和被动语态 ·1.一般现在时（常态、规律、客观真理） 1.时间标志词 -always(总是)、usually(通常)、often(经常)、every day/week/month(每天I周I月)、on Sundays (在周日)、客观真理（无具体时间词，如“地球绕太阳转”） 2.主动语态 -结构：主语+动词原形（主语为非三单）/动词第三人称单数（主语为三单） 一例句： *口They play basketball every afternoon.(非三单主语，动词用原形play) *口She teaches English in a middle school..(三单主语，动词用teaches) 3.被动语态 -结构：主语+am/is/are+动词过去分词（主语单复数决定am/is/are的选择） 一例句： *口Basketball is played by them every afternoon.(主语单数，用is;play的过去分词为played) *口English is taught by her in a middle school.(主语不可数，用is;teach的过去分词为taught) ·2.一般过去时（过去某个时间发生的动作/状态，已结束） 1.时间标志词 -yesterday(昨天)、last week/month/year(上周/月/年)、just now(刚才)、in2020(在2020 年)、three days ago(三天前) 2.主动语态 一结构：主语+动词过去式（无单复数变化） 一例句： *口He watched a movie yesterday evening.(watch的过去式为watched) *口They visited the Great Wall last summer..(visit的过去式为visited) 3.被动语态 -结构：主语+was/were+动词过去分词（主语单数用was,复数用were) 一例句： *口A movie was watched by him yesterday evening.(主语单数，用was;watch的过去分词为 watched *口The Great Wall was visited by them last summer.(主语单数，用was;visit的过去分词为 visited) ·3.一般将来时（将来某个时间发生的动作/计划） 1.时间标志词 -tomorrow(明天)、next week/month/year(下周/月I年)、in the future(在未来)、soon(很快)、 in three days(三天后) 2.主动语态 -结构：口主语+wi+动词原形口主语+amis/are going to+动词原形 一例句： *口Ne will hold a party next Friday..(wil+原形hold) *口She is going to buy a new dress tomorrow.(主语三单，用is going to+原形buy) 3.被动语态 -结构：口主语+will be+动词过去分词口主语+am/is/are going to be+动词过去分词 一例句： *口A party will be held by us next Friday.(will be-+hold的过去分词held) *☐A new dress is going to be bought by her tomorrow.(is going to be+buy的过去分词bought) ·4.现在进行时（此时此刻正在发生的动作） 1.时间标志词 -now(现在)、at the moment(此刻)、look(看，句首提示)、listen(听，句首提示) 2.主动语态 -结构：主语+amis/are+动词现在分词(doing)(主语单数/三单用is,第一人称用am,复数用 are) 一例句： *口I am reading a book now.(第一人称，用am+reading) *☐He is playing the guitar at the moment.(三单主语，用is+playing) 3.被动语态 -结构：主语+amis/are+being+动词过去分词(being体现“正在进行”，过去分词体现“被动”) 一例句： *☐A book is being read by me now.(主语单数，用is being+read的过去分词read) *口The guitar is being played by him at the moment.(主语单数，用is being+play的过去分词 played) ·5.过去进行时（过去某个时刻/时间段正在发生的动作） 1.时间标志词 -at8p.m.yesterday(昨天晚上8点)、this time last week(上周这个时候)、when+一般过去时 句子（如hen he came in) 2.主动语态 -结构：主语+was/were+动词现在分词(doing)(主语单数/三单用was,复数用were) 一例句： *☐She was watching TV at8p.m.yesterday..(三单主语，用was+watching) *☐He was reading a newspaper when the phone rang.(三单主语，用was+reading;rang是 般过去时) 3.被动语态 -结构：主语+was/were+being+动词过去分词(was/were体现“过去”，being体现“进行”，过 去分词体现“被动”) -例句： *口TV was being watched by her at8p.m.yesterday.(主语单数，用was being+watch的过去 分词watched) *☐A newspaper was being read by him when the phone rang.(主语单数，用was being+read 的过去分词read) ·6.现在完成时（过去动作对现在的影响/动作持续到现在） 1.时间标志词 -already(已经，肯定句)、yet(还，否定句/疑问句)、for+时间段（如for3 years)、since+时 间点（如since2020)、so far(到目前为止） 2.主动语态 -结构：主语+have/has+动词过去分词（主语单数I三单用has,复数I第一人称用have) 一例句： *口I have finished my homework already..(第一人称，用have+-finished) *☐He has lived here for5 years.(三单主语，.用has+lived) 3.被动语态 -结构：主语+have/has been+动词过去分词(have/has been体现“现在完成时”，过去分词体现 “被动”) -例句： *口My homework has been finished by me already.(主语不可数，用has been+finished的过去 分词finished) *口This house has been lived in by him for5 years..(主语单数，用has been+-lived的过去分词 lived;live是不及物动词，需加in) ·7.过去完成时（过去某个动作之前发生的动作，“过去的过去”） 1.时间标志词 -by+过去时间点（如by2o19、by last Friday)、before+过去时句子（如before he left)、when+ 一般过去时句子（如hen I arrived) 2.主动语态 -结构：主语+had+动词过去分词（无单复数变化，统一用had) -例句： *He had finished his work by 5 p.m.yesterday.(had+finished) *口They had left before I arrived.(had+left;arrived是一般过去时，“离开”在“到达”之前) 3.被动语态 -结构：主语+had been+动词过去分词(had been体现“过去完成时”，过去分词体现“被动”) 一例句： *口His work had been finished by him by5p.m.yesterday.(had been+finished的过去分词 finished) *☐The room had been cleaned by them before I arrived.(had been+cleaned的过去分词cleaned) 知识点三：情态动词 ·1.can/could(能力/请求许可) -基础用法（高考核心）： *口表能力（现在/过去）→例句：She can speak three languages fluently.(现在能力)；He could swim when he was five.(过去能力) *口请求许可(can非正式/could委婉)→例句：Can I borrow your dictionary?(非正式请求)；Could you please pass the salt'?(委婉请求) *口否定推测(can't不可能)→例句：The answer can't be right.(对现在的否定推测) 一易错点对比： *can vs be able to:can表与生俱来的能力，be able to强调通过努力获得的能力→例句：She can sing well..(天生)；He was able to finish the task after training.(后天努力) ·2.may/might(许可/可能性) 一基础用法（高考常考）： *口表许可(may正式/might委婉)→例句：You may leave the room now.(正式许可)；Might I use your phone?(更委婉请求) *口肯定推测(may可能might可能性更低)→例句：She may come to the party tonight..(50%可 能性)；He might have forgotten the meeting.(过去可能性推测) -固定搭配： *may as well do(不妨做)例句：Ve may as well start early. ·3.must/have to(必须不得不) -基础用法（高考必背）： *口must表主观必须（否定mustn't禁止）→例句：You must wear a seatbelt.(主观要求)；You mustn't smoke here.(禁止) *口have to表客观需要（过去式had to)→例句：I have to work overtime today.(客观情况）；She had to stay at home yesterday.(过去客观需要) 一易错点： *must开头的疑问句回答：肯定用must,否定用needn't/don't have to-→例句：一Must|finish it now? -Yes,you must./No,you needn't. ·4.should/ought to(应该建议) 一基础用法（高考核心）： *口表责任义务(should=ought to)→例句：You should respect your parents.;Ne ought to help the poor. *☐表推测（理应如此）→冽句：He should be at home now.(按道理推测) *口虚拟语气（本应该做却没做）→例句：You should have told me earlier.(should have done结 构) ·5.need/dare(需要/敢) 一基础用法（高考易错）： *口need作情态动词（否定needn't)→例句：Need I come tomorrow?;You needn't worry. *口need作实义动词(need to do)→例句：Ve need to buy some food.(有人称时态变化) *口dare作情态动词（多用于否定疑问句）→例句：Dare you jump into the river?;She daren't speak in public *☐dare作实义动词(dare to do)→例句：He dares to challenge the authority. 语法复习|英语|外研版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（外研版） 老法一：被动语态结构辨析 ·核心：根据时态特征及被动关系，判断正确的被动语态结构 ·真题1（语法填空）： -A new library_(build)in our school now. -答案：is being built解析：由时间标志词“now”可知动作正在进行，且library”与“build”为被动 关系，现在进行时被动语态结构为“amis/are+being+过去分词”，主语为单数，故填is being built。 ·真题2（单项选择）： Many trees_on the hill last year. A.plant B.planted C.were planted D.are planted -答案：C解析：由时间标志词“last year'”可知动作发生在过去，且trees”与“plant'”为被动关系， 般过去时被动语态结构为“was/were+过去分词”，主语为复数，故填were planted。 考法二：时态与被动语态结合 ·核心：根据语境判断动作的时态和主被动关系，正确使用时态的被动语态结构 ·真题1（语法填空）： -A new hospital (build)in our city since last year and it will be completed next month. -答案：has been built解析：由时间标志词“since last year'”可知用现在完成时，hospital与build是 被动关系，现在完成时被动语态结构为have/has been+过去分词，主语为单数，助动词用has,build 的过去分词为built。 ·真题2（单项选择）： -The meeting__when we arrived there yesterday. A.was held B.was being held C.will be held D.has been held -答案：B解析：由时间标志词“when we arrived there yesterday'”可知，“到达”时“会议正在被举 行”，用过去进行时被动语态，结构为was/were being+过去分词，主语为单数，用was being held。. 考法二：情态动词与被动语态结合 ·核心：根据语境判断情态动词含义，正确使用情态动词的被动语态结构（情态动词+b+过去分词） ·真题1（语法填空）： -This task_(finish)before Friday.We have to work hard -答案：must be finished解析：由“have to work hard”可知任务“必须被完成”，用must的被动语 态，结构为must be+-过去分词，finish的过去分词为finished。 ·真题2（单项选择）： -一Look at the sign！It says"No parking”. --Oh,sorry.I _seen it. A.can't have B.mustn't have C.shouldn't have D.needn't have -答案：A解析：根据语境“没看到禁止停车的标志”，对过去情况的否定推测用can't have done,意 为“不可能做过某事”。 考法二：时态与情态动词结合 ·核心：根据语境判断动作时态和情态动词含义，正确使用情态动词+时态的组合结构 ·真题1（语法填空）： You _(not park)here.It's dangerous. -答案：mustn't park解析：“禁止停车”用mustn't表禁止，后接动词原形。 ·真题2（单项选择）： He_to the party last night,but he didn't because he was ill. A.should come B.should have come C.would come D.must have come -答案：B解析：“本应该来但没来”用should have done结构，表过去本应做却未做的动作。 考法三：情态动词与被动语态的结合应用 ·核心：根据语境判断是否使用情态动词的被动结构（情态动词+be+过去分词），掌握不同情态动词表 达的语气及被动语态的转换规则 ·真题1（单项选择）：