7种句型结构及语法成分-备战2026届高考英语一轮复习语法全解（外研版）

ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（外研版） Chapter17种句型结构及语法成分 考频分析 7种句型结构及语法成分是高中英语句法的基础模块，考频占句法总量的15%左右，主要分布在语法填 空(2-3题)、阅读理解（长难句分析辅助解题）、书面表达（句子结构正确与否直接影响表达规范性）。在 语法填空和书面表达中，对简单句五种基本句型及复合句两种扩展句型的结构分析与应用是考察重点。 考查内容 高中英语对7种句型结构及语法成分的考察聚焦三大维度，覆盖基础构成与语境应用： ·基本句型结构：主谓(S+V)、主谓宾(S+V+O)、主谓表(S+V+P)、主谓双宾(S+V+O+DO)、主谓 宾补(S+V+O+C)、There be句型、祈使句的构成特点与识别； ·语法成分功能：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语的词性特征与句法作用辨析； ·句型转换应用：不同句型间的转换方法，结合时态、语态及连接词的综合运用。 精讲精练 知识点一：7种句型结构及语法成分 ·主谓结构(S+V) -构成：主语（动作发出者）+不及物动词（单独作谓语） -例句：口The sun rises.(太阳升起。)口They laughed loudly.(他们大声笑了。) ·主谓宾结构(S+V+O) -构成：主语+及物动词（谓语）+宾语（动作承受者） -例句：口She bought a book.(她买了一本书。)口He loves music.(他喜欢音乐。) ·主系表结构(S+Linking V+P) 一构成：主语+系动词+表语（说明主语的状态/特征） -例句：口The flower is beautiful.(花很漂亮。)口He became a teacher..(他成了一名老师。) ·主谓双宾结构(S+V+HO+DO) 一构成：主语+及物动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）】 -例句：口My mother gave me a gift..(妈妈给了我一份礼物。)口He taught us English.(他教我们英 语。) ·主谓宾补结构(S+V+O+C) 一构成：主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（补充说明宾语） -例句：口Ne made him happy..(我们让他开心了。)口They elected her monitor..(他们选她当班长。) ·there be句型(There be+S) -构成：There+be动词+主语（表示“某地/某时有某物”） -例句：口There is a park near here.(这附近有一个公园。)There are three books on the desk.(桌 上有三本书。) ·祈使句(V原形Don't+V原形) -构成：动词原形开头（肯定）1Do't+动词原形（否定），省略主语you -例句：口Open the door.(打开门。)口Don't smoke here.(不要在这里抽烟。) 【即学即练】 1.【句型识别】"The sun rises.”属于哪种基本句型？ A.主谓结构(S+V) B.主谓宾结构(S+V+O) C.主系表结构(S+Linking V+P) D.主谓双宾结构(S+V+IO+DO) 2.【句型构成】There be句型的核心结构是：There+一+主语，表示“某地某时有某物”。 3.【祈使句】否定祈使句的构成是：_+动词原形。 A.Not B.Don't C.No D.Doesn't 4.【主系表结构】下列句子中属于主系表结构的是？ A.He bought a pen. B.She is a student. C.We made him happy. D.My father gave me a bike. 5.【主谓双宾结构】主谓双宾结构中，间接宾语通常指，直接宾语通常指一。 语法复习|英语|外研版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（外研版） 知识点二：核心从句类型及用法 ·定语从句（修饰名词代词，作定语） -关系代词：who(指人，作主语/宾语)、whom(指人，作宾语)、which(指物，作主语/宾语)、that (指人物，作主语/宾语)、whose(指人物，作定语) -关系副词：when(指时间，作状语)、where(指地点，作状语)、why(指原因，作状语，仅修饰reason) -例句： *This is the girl who won the competition.(who指人，作主语，修饰先行词the girl) *The book which I bought yesterday is interesting.(which指物，作宾语，修饰先行词the book) *I still remember the day when we first met.(when指时间，作状语，修饰先行词the day) ·状语从句（修饰动词形容词副词，作状语，按功能分8类） 1.时间状语从句(l导词：when、while、as、before、ater、until、.since) -例句：I was reading while my brother was watching TV.(while引导，表“当…时”，主从句均 为进行时) 2.条件状语从句（引导词：if、unless、as long as) -例句：You will pass the exam if you study hard..(if引导，表“如果”，遵循“主将从现”) 3.原因状语从句（引导词：because、since、as、for) -例句：He didn't go to school because he was ill.(because引导，表直接原因，回答why) 4.结果状语从句（引导词：so.that.、such..that.) -例句：She is so kind that everyone likes her..(so+形容词+that,表“如此…以至于”) 5.目的状语从句（引导词：so that、in order that) -例句：He studies hard so that he can enter a good university.(so that引导，表“为了”，常含情 态动词) 6.让步状语从句（引导词：though、although、even if、.even though) -例句：Though it rained heavily,.we still went out.(though引导，表“尽管”，不能与but连用) 7.比较状语从句（引导词：than、as..as.…) -例句：She runs faster than I do.(than引导，表“比”，注意比较对象一致) 8.地点状语从句（引导词：where、.wherever) -例句：Put the book where you found it..(where引导，表“在…地方”) ·名词性从句（作主宾俵同位语，相当于名词功能） -主语从句（引导词：that、whether、.what、who、which、how、when、where、why) *例句：What he said surprised everyone.(what引导，作主语，意为“他所说的话") -宾语从句（引导词：that(可省）、if、whether、.what、who等，作动词介词宾语) *例句：Idon't know if he will come tomorrow.(if引导，作know的宾语，表“是否”，句末用陈述语 序) -表语从句（引导词：that、whether、what、who、which、how等，位于系动词后） *例句：The problem is how we can solve it..(howI导，位于is后，表“问题是如何解决") -同位语从句（引导词：that(常考）、whether,解释说明前面的抽象名词，如news、fact、idea) *例句：The news that our team won the game made us excited.(that引导，解释news的具体内 容，that不可省) 知识点三：非谓语动词 ·todo(不定式) 一基础搭配拓展（高中核心）： *☐afford to do(负担得起做)，例句：Ve can't afford to buy a new house now. *happen to do(碰巧做)→例句：I happened to meet my old friend in the street.. *口prepare to do(准备做)→例句：They are preparing to hold a party. *口promise to do(承诺做)→例句：He promised to help me with my English. *口refuse to do(拒绝做)→例句：She refused to accept the gift. *seem to do(似乎做)→例句：He seems to know the truth. *口fail to do(末能做)→例句：I failed to pass the driving test. *☐manage to do(设法做)→例句：They managed to finish the project on time *pretend to do(假装做)→例句：He pretended to be reading when his mother came in. *口offer to do(主动提出做)→例句：She offered to carry the heavy box for me. -高级结构搭配（高中重点）： *口疑问词+todo(作主语/宾语)→例句：Idon't know how to solve this problem. *be likely to do(可能做)→例句：It is likely to rain tomorrow. *☐be about to do(即将做)→例句：We were about to leave when the phone rang. ·doing(动名词/现在分词) 一基础搭配拓展（高中必背）： *口admit doing(承认做)→例句：He admitted stealing the money. *appreciate doing(感激做)→例句：I appreciate your helping me *口delay doing(推迟做)→例句：They delayed holding the meeting *deny doing(否认做)→例句：She denied breaking the window. *escape doing(逃，脱做)→例句：He escaped being punished.. *口forgive doing(原谅做)→例句：I forgive your telling lies. *口imagine doing(想象做)→例句：Can you imagine living on the moon'? *☐postpone doing(延期做)→例句：Ve postponed traveling to Europe. *口risk doing(冒险做)→例句：He risked losing his job *☐tolerate doing(容忍t敝)，例句：Ican't tolerate being treated like that -高级短语搭配（高中常考）： *☐devote oneself to doing(致力于做)→例句：She devotes herself to teaching, *口object to doing(反对做)→例句：They object to building a factory here. *☐pay attention to doing(注意做)→例句：Pay attention to spelling mistakes. ·done(过去分词) 一基础搭配拓展（高中核心）： *口get done(被…)→例句：My bike got stolen yesterday. *have sth.done(让某事被做)→例句：I had my hair cut yesterday. *☐feel done(感到…)→例句：I feel relaxed after the exam *口keep done(保持被…)一→例句：Keep the door closed.. *口want sth.done(想要某事被做)→例句：I want the work finished by Friday. *☐see sth.done(看见某事被做)→例句：He saw the accident happened. *☐make sth.done(使某事被做)→例句：He made his voice heard, *find sth.done(发现某事被做)→例句：She found her wallet stolen. *口leave sth.done(让某事处于被做状态)→例句：Don't leave the windows broken. *口hear sth.done(听见某事被做)→例句：Iheard my name called. 一高级结构搭配（高中难点）： *口过去分词作定语→例句：The broken window needs repairing. *口过去分词作状语→例句：Seen from the hill,the city looks beautiful. *口过去分词作宾补→例句：I want the work finished by Friday.. 语法复习|英语引外研版 ENGLISH-语法复习系列资料（外研版） 考法一：非谓语动词搭配辨析 ·核心：根据动词后的固定搭配，判断使用todo、doing还是done形式 ·真题1（语法填空）： She admitted_(break)the window yesterday. -答案：breaking解析：admit后接动名词作宾语，构成固定搭配admit doing,break的动名词形式为 breakingo ·真题2（完形填空）： He offered(help)me with my English. A.help B.to help C.helping D.helped -答案：B解析：oer后接不定式作宾语，构成固定搭配offer to do,故选B。 考法二：定语从句与非谓语动词混合填空 ·核心：根据句子结构判断空格处需填定语从句关系词还是非谓语动词，注意关系代词/副词在从句中的成 分及非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系 ·真题1（语法填空）： -The girl_is standing under the tree is my best friend.She enjoys_(read)books in her free time. -答案：who reading解析：第一空后为定语从句修饰先行词the girl,指人且在从句中作主语，用关系 代词who;第二空enjoy后接动名词作宾语，read的动名词形式为reading ·真题2（完形填空）： -I still remember the day_we first met.We spent the whole afternoon _(talk)about our dreams. A.when speaking B.which to speak C.that speak D.where spoken -答案：A解析：第一空后为定语从句修饰先行词the day,.指时间且在从句中作状语，用关系副词when; 第二空spend time doing sth为固定搭配，应用动名词speaking。 考法三：非谓语动词与定语从句的综合运用 ·核心：结合语境判断非谓语动词(to do/doing/done)的使用，同时掌握定语从句中关系代词/副词的选 择及从句的语法结构 ·真题1（单项选择）： -The girl_in the library_to borrow some books is my best friend. A.reading;wanting B.read;wanted C.to read;to want D.reading;wants 一答案：D解析：第一空需要非谓语动词作后置定语修饰“the girl'”,“read”与“girl”是主动关系，用 现在分词reading;第二空为句子谓语，主语是“the girl'”,时态为一般现在时，谓语动词用第三人称 单数wants。 ·真题2（语法填空）： -I still remember the day_we first met,which I spent_(walk)along the beach with you. -答案：when;walking解析：第一空考查定语从句，先行词“the day'”在从句中作时间状语，用关系 副词when;第二空考查非谓语动词，“spend+时间+(in)doing sth.”为固定搭配，wak的动名词形 式为walking。 语法复习|英语引外研版 ENGL凵ISH-语法复习系列资料（外研版） 解题小妙招 非谓语与从句妙招 非谓搭配看动词，to do doing done记心中；admit后接doing,offer要跟todo行； 定语从句先看先行词，人作主语用ho,时间状语when来使； 非谓作定看关系，主动doing被动done,谓语非谓要分清； 综合运用先判断，非谓作定主动用doing,谓语动词看主语单复数； spend time doing是固定，牢记心间不糊涂。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择（共10题） 1.My mother often tells me stories-teach me important lessons. A.who B.which C.where D.when 2.You will succeed in the exam-you study hard from now on. A.if B.though C.because D.so 3.The teacher asked us __noise in the classroom. A.don't make B.not make C.not to make D.not making 4.He admitted_the mistake and promised to correct it. A.make B.making C.to make D.made 5.This is the park_we took photos last summer. A.which B.when C.where D.why 6.The book_on the desk is mine.It was written by a famous writer. A.lying B.lies C.lay D.lied 7.She runs_than any other student in her class. A.fast B.faster C.fastest D.the fastest 8.We had our house _last month.Now it looks brand new. A.paint B.painting C.painted D.to paint 9.-he is young,he knows a lot about history. A.Because B.Though C.If D.So 10.The problem is_we can finish the project on time A.how B.what C.which D.who 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.There_(be)three apples and a banana on the table. 2.My father taught me how_(ride)a bike when I was seven. 3.The girl_(wear)a red dress is my cousin 4.I don't know_he will come to the party tomorrow. 5.She works hard__that she can get into a good university. 6.They delayed_(hold)the meeting because of the heavy rain. 7.The story-my teacher told yesterday was very interesting. 8.He is so clever_everyone likes to ask him for help. 9._(listen)to music is one of my favorite hobbies 10.The room__windows face south is very bright. 演练三：语法填空（共10空） Last Sunday,I went to the library_(1)I often study.When I arrived,I saw a girl(2)(read)quietly by the window.She looked upset,so I walked over and asked_(3)was wrong.She said she couldn't find the book_(4)(write)by Mo Yan,which she needed for her report.I offered_(5)(help)her look for it. While we were searching,she told me she loved reading_(6)it made her feel relaxed.Finally,we found the book on the top shelf.She thanked me and said she would finish_(7)(read)it in three days.I was happy to help,and we decided to meet again next week_(8)discuss our favorite books. On my way home,I thought about_(9)important it is to share books and friendship.-(10)(spend)time with others who love reading is always a wonderful experience. 答案 演练一：单项选择 1.B2.A3.C4.B5.C6.A7.B8.C9.B10.A 演练二：填空试题 1.are 2.to ride 3.wearing 4.if/whether 5.so 6.holding 7.that/which 8.that 9.Listening 10.whose 演练三：语法填空 1.where 2.reading 3.what 4.written 5.to help 6.because 7.reading 8.to 9.how 10.Spending 语法复习|英语引外研版