内容正文:
初中英语语法精讲精练 chapter 10 非谓语动词
一 、动词不定式
难点精讲
1.不定式作主语
To see is to believe. 百闻不如一 见。
(1)不定式作主语常用it作形式主语,而把真实主语不定式放在谓语之后。如:
It is not hard for one to do a bit of good. 一个人做点好事并不难。
It is useful for you to learn some English. 你学一 点英语是有用处的。
(2)在形容词,如 kind, nice, good, foolish 等作表语时不定式前常可加 一个 of 短语,有对 人做某事表示称赞,感激或责备等含义。如:
It is very good of you to come.谢谢你的光临。
It is kind of you to treat me like that. 谢谢你那样的款待。
2.不定式作宾语
(1)I hope to see him soon. 我希望很快见到他。
能以不定式作宾语的动词很多,常见的有:agree, begin, decide, expect, forget, hope, learn, like, seem, start, try, want, wish, … …
(2)有些疑问代词常与不定式连用作宾语。如:
I don't know what to do. 我不知道该怎么办。
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们看如何做。
Have you decided when to leave? 你决定了什么时候离开吗?
Nobody could tell me where to get the book. 没有人能告诉我哪里可以买到这本书。
(3)had better, why not 等要省去 to 的不定式。
(4)当不定式作宾语,宾语后面还有补足语时通常用it 作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语 — 不定式放在句末。如:I found it difficult to learn English. 我发现学英语很难。
3.不定式作定语
(1)不定式作定语,通常放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。如:
He has too many things to do. 他要做的事太多了。
(2)不定式作定语,如果该不定式是一个动词短语,则要加上必要的介词。如:
She is a very nice person to work with. 她是一个很好共事的人。
4. 不定式作宾语补足语
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
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She asked me to call again.她请我再去一次电话。
(1)能跟带 to的不定式作宾补的常见动词有:ask(请求), tell( 叫 ) , want(想要), invite( 邀 请), order(命令)等。
(2)在某些及物动词的复合宾语中,动词不定式须省掉 to 。这些动词有:make( 使 ) , let ( 让 ) , see( 见 ) , watch(望), hear(听 )等,在help后面的复合宾语中,不定式可带 也 可不带to。
I heard him talk about the film in English. 我听见他用英语谈论这部电影。
5.不定式作状语
(1)表示目的
Can you come to fly my model plane with me now?
你现在能来和我一块儿放飞机模型吗?
(2)表示结果
My little sister is too young to go to school. 我妹妹太小,不能上学。
(3)表示原因
I'm glad to meet you. 见到你很高兴。
6. 动词不定式的否定形式
动词不定式的否定形式由“not+ 动词不定式”构成。
I asked her not to watch TV that night. 我叫她那天晚上不要看电视。 He decided not to go home.他决定不回家。
一 讲 一 练
1.Because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is still A.a good place which to be lived in B.lived as a good place
C.a good place to live D.living in as a good place
「析」不定式修饰的名词是 time, place 或 way 时,不定式后面的介词习惯上要省略,故选 C。
2.Mullen had to shout above the sound of the music
A.making herself hear B.to make herself hear
C.making herself heard D.to make herself heard
「析』根据词义,可以判断动词不定式在这里充当表示目的的状语。故选 D。
3.It happened to when I got there.
A.rain B.raining C.be raining D.rained
『析』表示不定式的动作正在进行,就要用不定式的进行时。故选C。
4. is better to love than
A.That;to be loved B.That;be loved
C.It;be loved D.It;to be loved
「析』不定式做主语,常用形式主语 it代替,结构是“It is…+to+动词原形.”故选D。
5.Now we could not do anything except for him here.
A.wait B.waiting C.to wait D.waited
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「析』在except, but, than 之前的动词为do, 或者是惯用语时,它后面的不定式中的to 应省 略。故选 A。
6.—Do you know Mr.Black?
—Yes.He is a strange man.We find difficult to walk with him.
A.us B.it C.him D.you
『析』当不定式短语作宾语并且有宾语补足语时,常用it代替不定式作形式宾语,把不定式放 在宾语补足语之后。常用于这一结构的动词有 feel, find, make, think, believe, consider,
judge等。故选 B。
A组:选择最佳答案填空
1.Don't forget in your maths exercises tomorrow.
A.hand B.to hand C.handing D.for handing
2.The teacher told the students in class.
A.didn't talk B.not talk C.not to talk D.talk
3.It is not easy a foreign language.
A.to learn B.learning C.for learning D.learn
4.Would you please show us where ?
A.going to B.to go C.go D.going
5.The man down stairs asked Peter down the radio a bit.
A.to turn B.turning C.turn D.to put
6.He got up very early the early bus.
A.to catch B.catching C.caught D.catch
7.Please put up your hands if you have any question
A.asking B.ask C.asks D.to ask
8.You'd better too much meat.
A.don't eat B.not to eat C.eat not D.not eat
B 组:根据汉语意思和英语提示词,完成句子
1. 该是做早操的时候了。(do morning exercises)
2. 在阳光下看书对你的眼睛不好。(read in the sun)
3. 外面正下雨,你最好别出去。(It's raining outside.go out)
4. 你每天花半小时做作业吗? (it, half an hour, do your homework)
5. 他激动得说不出话了。(he, was, excited, say a word)
6. 他妈妈让他星期日呆在家里。(his mother, stay at home, on Sundays)
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7. 该轮到你做值日了。 (be on duty)
8. 我有许多工作要做。 (I, a
lot of work)
9. 我想买一本字典。(I, a
dictionary)
答案:A 组:1~5 BCABA 6~8 ADD
B 组:1.It's time to do morning exercises.
2.It's bad for your eyes to read in the sun.
3.It's raining outside.You'd better not go out.
4.Does it take you half an hour to do your homework?
5.He was too excited to say a word.
6.His mother made him stay at home on Sundays.
7.It's your turn to be on duty today.
8.I have a lot of work to do.
9.I want to buy a dictionary.
二 、动名词
难点精讲
动名词在句中起名词的作用,可单独或引起短语做主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语 等 。
1. 做主语
(1)直接置于主语位置做主语。
Talking is easier than doing. 说比做容易。
(2)也可以在下列结构中做主语:
( 3 ) 在 there +be+no后面做主语(= It is impossible to do..)
There is no holding back of the wheel of history. 历史车轮不可阻挡。 There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。
2. 做表语
My favourite sport is skating. 我最喜爱的运动是溜冰。
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Her job is teaching English.她的工作是教英语。
3. 做宾语
(1 )动名词结构做动词的宾语。能带动名词结构的动词可分为两大类: 一类只能带动名 词结构做宾语;另一类既可以带动名词结构做宾语,又可以带不定式结构做宾语。
①只能带动名词结构做宾语。
He suggested going there by bike. 他建议骑车到那儿去。
I have just finished reading that novel. 我刚读完那本小说。
②既能带不定式结构又能带动名词结构做宾语。
I love listening to music. 我喜欢听音乐。
I love to hear you sing.我喜欢听你唱歌。
They began making their study plan. 他们开始制定学习计划。
They began to make their study plan.他们开始制定学习计划。
(2)动名词结构做介词的宾语
He is good at playing football. 他擅长踢足球。
Our factory succeeded in making many new products.我们工厂成功地制造了许多新产品。
( 3 ) 用it作形式宾语。其结构如下……主语
I found it useless(no use)arguing about it. 我发现争论这事没有用。
Do you consider it any good trying again? 你觉得再做尝试会有好处吗?
在这种句子中,用it 做形式上的宾语代表动名词,而把动名词短语放在句子后部。 但这只限于少数句型,大多数情况下不定式用得更多一些。worth后常跟一动名词, 作为复合谓语。
The book is worth reading many times. 这本书值得看很多遍。
4.做定语
There is a waiting room in our school clinic. 我们学校医务室有一个候诊室。
Your way of looking at things is better.你看事情的方法比较好。
可以用这种定语修饰的名词有:way(of), method(of), art(of), chance(of), opportunity (of), habit(of), hope(of), process(of), possibility(of), importance (of), means (of), honour (of), intention (of), necessity (of), right (of), surprise (at), astonishment (at), excuse (for), apology (for), play (for), objection (to), idea (of), experience (in), skill (in) 等 。
在什么情况下用不定式或动名词做定语,应视具体场合决定。
5.做同位语
His habit, running in the fresh morning air, remains unchanged.
他早晨在新鲜空气中跑步的习惯仍没有改变。
6.动名词与动词不定式的区别
有时两种结构之间意义差别不大,有时却差别很大。在 remember, forget, regret, try, want, need, mean, go on等词后差别比较明显。
1.
+v.-ing
+to v.
remember
记得曾做过某事(强调该事情, 表示动作已发生)
记住要去做某事(强调该动作, 表示动作未发生)
forget
忘记曾经做过某事(强调该事 情,表示动作已发生)
忘记去做某事(强调该动作,表 示动作未发生)
regret
对已做过的事懊悔
对要做或正在做的事抱歉
try
试一试(做某事)
mean
意味着,意思
go on
继续不停做某事
做完一件事,接着改做另一件事
一 讲 一 练
1.The sick woman needs
A.looking after B.to be looking after
C.to look after D.being looked after
『 析need, require, want, deserve 等动词后可以跟动名词,也可以跟不定式。但是跟动名词 时用主动形式,跟不定式时用被动形式;表示具体动作则用动词不定式。故选A。
2.—Let's have a rest.
—Not now.I do not want to stop yet.
A.study B.to study C.for study D.studying
「析」动名词与不定式做动词的宾语意义不一样。根据题意可知答案为 C。
3.—What do you think of the book?
—Oh, excellent.It's worth a second time.
A.to read B.to be read C.reading D.being reading 「析」worth +动名词,表示“值得……”的意思。这是一种习惯表达。故选D。 C 组:选择最佳答案填空
1.Would you mind a few minutes?No, not at all.
A.wait B.to wait C.waited D.waiting
2.My uncle enjoys TV after supper.
A.watching B.watches C.watched D.to watch
3.—Do you still remember
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—Yes, of course.Two years ago.
A.to see B.see C.seeing D.saw
4.I spent half an hour my homework.
A.finish doing B.to finish doing C.finishing to do D.finishing doing
5.I prefer singing.
A.swimming to B.swim to C.swims for D.swimming for
6.They are busy the room.
A.to clean B.clean C.cleans D.cleaning
7.We often hear him in the next room.
A.sing B.to sing C.singing D.sang
8.The baby stopped when he saw his mother.
A.to cry B.crying C.cried D.cries
答案:1~5 DACDA 6~8 DAB
三、分词
难点精讲
现在分词在句中可以做宾语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。
1.现在分词做定语
(1)做定语用的现在分词如果是单词, 一般放在被修饰词的前面。
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coming week 下周
sleeping child 酣睡的孩子 working people 劳动人民
running water 自来水
flying fish 飞鱼
walking tractor 手扶拖拉机
This is a very interesting book. 这是一本很有趣的书。
(2)如果是现在分词短语,则放在被修饰词的后面,它在作用上相当于一个定语从句。
The girl standing there(=who is standing there)is my friend.
站在那边的那个女孩是我的朋友。
(3)现在分词做定语时,要注意分词所表示的动作发生的时间。一般说来,主要有下面 两种情况。
(1)表示正在进行的动作(变为从句时需要用进行时态)
Did you notice the girl talking(=who was talking)with your brother? 你注意到和你弟弟说话的那个姑娘了吗?
(2)表示经常性、习惯性的动作或现在(当时)的状态(变为从句时多用一般时态) We lived in a room facing(=that faced)the sea. 我们住在一间向海的房间里。
(4)现在分词还可以做非限制性定语(相当于一个非限制性定语从句), 它和句子其他部 分用逗号分开,常可译成并列句。
Tom, arriving late, was not permitted to enter the meeting room.
汤姆来迟了,不被允许进会议室。
(5)现在分词与名词或形容词一起可构成合成词用作形容词,可做定语。
a coal-mining centre 采煤中心 breath-taking scenery 激动人心的场景
English-speaking countries 说英语的国家
a good-looking child 长得好看的孩子
a high-sounding expression 夸张的说法,高调
There is a coal-mining centre in the mountain.山里有个采煤中心。
2. 现在分词做表语
(1)现在分词做表语多表示主语所具有的性质和特征。
The story sounds boring. 那故事听起来很没劲。
The news was disappointing. 那消息令人失望。
(2)做表语用的分词几乎已经变成了形容词,因此也被称为形容词化了的分词。
常见的这类现在分词有amazing, encouraging, boring, astonishing, disappointing,
confusing, exciting, interesting, inviting, missing, disturbing, misleading, embarrassing,
pressing, entertaining, promising, striking, surprising, humiliating 等。它们通常可用 very 修饰。
The novel is very interesting. 这本小说很有趣。
3. 现在分词做宾语补足语
(1)用在表示感觉和心理状态的动词后面做宾语补足语。
这些动词有:see, watch, find, hear, notice, feel, observe, smell, look at, listen to 等。
I heard someone singing in the next room.我听到有人在隔壁唱歌。
I can smell something burning in the kitchen. 我闻到厨房里什么东西糊啦。
(2)用在表示“致使”意义的动词后面,做宾语补足语。
这些动词有start, have, leave, get, catch, keep, set, want 等 。
His joke set everyone laughing. 他的玩笑使所有人大笑。
I won't have him shouting at me that way. 我不允许他那样对我大喊大叫。
4. 现在分词做状语
现在分词短语可做状语,表示原因、时间、方式、伴随情况、结果或条件等。
(1)表示时间
Putting down my newspaper, I walked over to the window and looked out.
放下手中的报纸,我走到窗前向外面望去。
(2)表示原因
Not knowing what to do, I telephoned the police.
由于不知如何是好,我打电话给警察。
(3)表示条件
If travelling north, you must change at Beijing. 如果往北方旅行,你必须在北京换车。
(4)表示方式
I put out the light and walked tiptoeing out of the room.
我关上灯,蹑手蹑脚地走出了房间。
(5)表示让步
While admitting that he received the stolen jewellery, he denied having taken part in the
robbery.虽然他承认收到了失盗的珠宝,但他否认参与了这场抢劫。
(6)表示结果
It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining their holiday.
一连下了两个星期的雨,把他们的休假完全破坏了。
(7)表示伴随状况
I sat in the armchair, watching TV. 我坐在靠椅上看电视。
(8)表示程度
一般来说,做状语用的现在分词结构都用来修饰主句中的谓语动词,但有少数现在 分词可直接用在某些形容词的前面,加强这些形容词所表达的程度,有的甚至造成 夸张的修辞作用。
The soup is boiling hot. 这汤滚烫。
It was freezing cold outside. 外面冰冷。
(9)表示补充说明
Please fill in this form, giving your name, address, etc.
请把这表格填一下,写下你的姓名、住址等。
过去分词在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。
1. 过去分词做定语
(1)单独的过去分词做定语, 一般放在被修饰词的前面。
There are many fallen leaves on the roof. 屋顶有许多落叶。
This is a book written by Lu Xun. 这是一本鲁迅写的书。
written work 笔头作业 boiled water 开水 steamed roll 花 卷
spoken English 口头英语 retired workers 退休工人
the exploited classes 被剥削阶级 escaped prisoners 逃犯
an unknown hero 一位无名英雄 returned students 归国留学生
(2)过去分词短语做定语,则放在被修饰词的后面。
The play performed by the students was a great success.
由学生上演的那个剧目获得了极大的成功。
The novel written by him has sold out in a few days.他写的小说几天就卖完了。
2.过去分词做表语
过去分词做表语,多表示主语所处的状态。
He was pleased at what I said. 听了我说的话他很高兴。
The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着。
She looked very worried. 她显得很焦虑。
3.过去分词做宾语补足语
做宾语补足语的过去分词一般都是由及物动词构成的,既表示被动含义又表示完成含 义,说明宾语所处的状态。过去分词形式能用作宾语补足语的动词大体上可分为三大 类 :
(1)表示感觉和心理状态的动词,如see';feel, hear, find 等 。
The mother is glad to see her child well taken care of in the nursery.
妈妈看到孩子在托儿所受到很好的照顾很高兴。
I have ever heard the song sung in French. 我曾经听人用法语唱这首歌。
(2)表示“致使”意义的动词,如 make, get, have, keep 等 。
He managed to make himself understood.他好不容易让别人明白了他的意思。
I’m going to have my hair cut. 我准备去理发。
(3)表示“希望”、“要求”等意义的动词,如want, wish, order, like 等 。
The boss ordered the work finished before the end of the month.
老板要求月底前完成这项工作。
I want the problem settled tonight. 我希望问题今晚得到解决。
4.做状语
过去分词短语常用做状语,修饰谓语,说明动作发生的背景或情况。
这类状语大多数放在句子前部(主语前面), 也有少数可以放在句子后部(谓语后面), 或 者插在中间(主语后面)。
The professor came in, followed by a young man.教授走进来,后面跟着一个年轻人。
5.现在分词与过去分词的区别
(1)现在分词表示主动的含义,而由及物动词变来的过去分词表示被动的含义。如:
a moving song 一首感人的歌曲(主动)
moved audience 受感动的观众(被动)
The news is surprising. 这消息让人吃惊。
We were surprised to hear it. 听了这事我们很吃惊。
由不及物动词构成的过去分词通常只表示动作的完成,而没有被动的意思。
fallen leaves 落叶 escaped prisoners 逃犯 boiled water 开水 the exploded bomb 爆炸 了的炸弹 returned students 归国留学生 faded flowers 谢了的花 the risen sun 升起 来的太阳 retired workers 退休工人
(2)一般说来,现在分词所表示的动作往往具有未完成或正在进行 的含义,而过去分词
则往往表示完成意义。如:
the rising sun 正在升起的太阳
the risen sun 升起了的太阳
boiling water 正在沸腾的水
boiled water 已经煮开过的水(可能是凉开水)
developing countries 发展中国家
developed countries 发达国家
一讲一练
1. some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A.Followed B.Followed by C.Being followed D.Having been followed 「析』Napoleon 与 follow 之间有被动的含义。 being followed 除表达被动之外,还有动作正在 进行之意。followed by(被 … … 跟随)。本题可改为:With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army. 故选 B。
2.There was a terrible noise the sudden burst of light.
A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed
「析』由于声音在闪电后,因此为声跟随着光,声音为跟随的发出者,为主动。用现在分词。 故 选 B。
3. , liquids can be changed into gases.
A.Heating B.To be heated C.Heated D.Heat
「析』本题要选一分词作为状语。现在分词表主动,正在进行的;过去分词表被动的,已经完 成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者,是被动的,因而选 C 。 它相当于 一 个状语从句 When it is heated, … …
cry wolf虚发警报;慌报险情;危言耸听
cry wolf来自《伊索寓言》:《牧童和狼》(The Shepherd boy and the wolf)
有个牧童在离村子不远的山坡上放羊,有一次,他为了开心作乐,突然大喊: “Help!Help!The wolf!”全村的人都闻声跑来援助他时,才知道这只是开玩笑。 如此恶作剧搞了两三次。后来,狼真的来了,那个牧童再呼号求救时,谁也不理 会他了。于是,狼把他的羊吃了。这篇寓言的意义很清楚:爱说谎话的人,即或 在他说真话时,也没人相信他。由此,人们用to cry wolf来概括这篇寓言的基 本情节及其教诫意义,用以比喻to give false alarms;to warn of danger where there is none之意。按其比喻意义,这个成语相当与汉语中出自《东周列国志》 的典故:烽火戏诸侯。周幽王为博得宠妃褒姒一笑,竟然把军国大事当儿戏,烽 火报警戏诸侯,使各路诸侯仓促发兵,驰援京师,结果受到嘲笑。后来犬戎进犯, 幽王再举烽火调兵,谁也不来了,结果周幽王遭到杀身亡国之祸。这两个典故的 情节虽不同,寓意却完全一致,都是表示“一朝说假话,一世无人信”。
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