2026年中考英语语法精讲精练 chapter 1 名词

该初中英语讲义聚焦中考名词三大核心考点，涵盖单复数形式、所有格构成及易混名词辨析，按“难点精讲-一讲一练-分层训练”架构系统梳理。通过规则表格归纳复数变化规律，结合真题案例解析不可数名词量化等难点，助力学生构建知识网络，体现复习教学的系统性和针对性。 亮点在于“对比辨析+分层突破”策略，如用cloth/clothes/clothing对比表明晰易混词差异，设计A组选择、B组填空等分层练习，培养学生语言能力和思维品质。特设5分钟即时检测（如C组判断正误），配合三级训练体系，确保高效突破考点，教师可依此精准把控复习节奏，提升学生应考能力。

初中英语语法精讲精练 chapter 1 名词 一、名词的单复数形式 难点精讲 英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。 复数名词的变化有规则变化和不规则变化两种。 1.规则变化 名词复数的构成，通常是在单数形式后面加-s 或-es, 其方法如下： 构 成 法 例 一般情况在词尾加-s shop—shops desk—desks 以s、x、sh、ch结尾的词在词尾加-es bus—buses box—boxes watch—watches brush—brushes 以ce、se、ze、(d)ge等结尾的词直接加-s face—faces house—houses page—pages 以辅音字母+y结尾的词，y变成i加-es baby—-babies city—cities factory—factories story—stories 以“辅音字母+o”结尾的词，多数在词尾 加-es tomato—tomatoes hero—heroes Negro—Negroes 以“元音字母+o”结尾的词和某些以o结 尾的外来词，加-s radio—radios photo—photos piano—pianos zoo—-z00s 以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f或fe为v加- es, 少数不变，只在词尾加-s life—lives knife—knives wife—wives roof—roofs *2.不规则变化 (1)名词复数的特殊形式 man—men, woman—women, policeman—policemen, Englishman—Englishmen, foot—-feet, tooth—teeth, child—children, German—Germans (2)有些名词的单复数同形。如： Chinese, Japanese, deer (鹿), sheep(羊), fish( 鱼 ) (3)合成名词，只将其主体词变为复数形式。如： girl student 女学生—girl students pencil-box 铅笔盒—pencil-boxes (4)姓氏是专有名词，姓氏后面加-s, 表示“一家”。如： the Blacks 布莱克一家 the Whites怀特一家 the Smiths 史密斯一家 the Lius 刘家 (5)由man 和 woman 构成的合成名词，全都变成复数。如： man doctor 男医生—men doctors woman teacher女教师—women teachers 3.不可数名词 不可数名词一般只用单数。它不能和a/an 及数词搭配使用。不可数名词表示数量时， 用量词。如： a piece of news(一条新闻), two pieces of bread(两块面包), three pieces of paper(三张 纸), four glasses of milk(四杯牛奶), five bottles of water(五杯水) 一 讲 一 练 1.Mrs.Lenny gave us on how to learn English well. A.some advices B.many advices C.some advice D.an advice 『析」本题考查的是名词可数不可数的问题。题中的 advice 是不可数名词，不可数名词前不 可以加数词或冠词，因此D 是不对的；另外，不可数名词本身没有复数形式，不能加 s, A 和 B 也是不对的。故选 C。 2.If these trousers are too big, buy a small . A.set B.one C.pair D.copy 「析』英语中，比如眼镜(glasses) 、剪 刀(scissors) 、裤 子(trousers) 等名词在表示“一件(个、 条)”的概念时，与不可数名词的情况相似，要借助量词，一条裤子为 a pair of trousers。所 以 B 选项不正确，A 意为“套”, D 意为“本、册”, 故选C。 3.Physics an important subject. A.are B.is C.was D.were 『析』有些表示学科的名词虽然是以s 结尾，但它并不表示复数概念，而是单数概念。在本题 中，通过句子的后半部分“an important subject”也可以判定这个空应该添 be 动词的单数形 式。另外，这句话是一般性的叙述，没有明显的时态，故选 B。 4.A group of are talking about two A.Frenchmans;Germen B.Germans;Frenchmans C.Frenchmen;Germans D.German;Frenchmen 「析』此题考查表示不同国家人的名词的复数形式，Japanese, Chinese 单复数同形，French- man, Englishman的复数形式都是把a 变成e, German 不同于Frenchman, Englishman, 虽然它 的词尾也有man, 但它的复数形式为词尾加s, 故选 C。 A 组：选择最佳答案填空 1.Have you got ?I want to write a letter. A.any paper B.papers C.any papers D.a paper 2.Have you seen such big ? A.a tomato B.tomato C.tomatoes D.tomatos 3.They got much from those books. A.ideas B.photos C.information D.stories 4.There are a lot of down there but hardly any A.sheeps;people B.sheep;people C.sheeps;people D.sheep;peoples 5.In time, those mountains will be covered with trees, too. A.few years B.a few years' C.a few year D.a few year's 6.Several are talking under the tree.And their are swimming in the lake. A.woman;children B.woman;child C.women;children D.women;child 7.The little baby has two already. A.tooth B.tooths C.teeth D.teeths 8.Uncle Wang bought two yesterday. A.watchs B.watches C.watch 9.Tom has made with Jim. A.a friend B.friends C.friend D.some friends 10.What can I do for you?I'd like two A.box of apple B.boxes of apples C.box of apples D.boxes of apple 答案：1～5 ACCBB 6～10 CCBBB B 组：填入所给名词的正确形式 1.I have two .(knife) 2.There are many here.(box) 3.I received a lot of Christmas .(card) 4.There are many on the road.(bus) 5.Those are enjoying the sunrise.(travel) 6.I have two .(friend) 7.A few are drawing on the wall.(boy) 8.(e has several interesting .(book) 9.The are playing football now.(child) 10.Changjiang River is one of the longest in China.(river) 答案：1.knives 2.boxes 3.cards 4.buses 5.travellers 6.friends 7.boys 8.books 9.children 10.rivers C 组：判断正误，在正确的后面划“ √”, 在错误的后面划“×”。 1.A:My glasses is broken.( ) B:My glasses are broken.( ) 2.A:I want to buy two pairs of shoes.( ) B:I want to buy two shoes.( ) 3.A:I need a few ink.( ) B:I need a little ink.( ) 4.A:Don't eat too much meat.( ) B:Don't eat too much meats.( ) 5.A:May I borrow two radioes?( ) B:May I borrow two radios?( ) 答案：1～5 BABAB 二、名词所有格的构成 难 点 精 讲 1. 单数名词的所有格，只需在词尾加 ’s, 如：Lucy's pen露西的钢笔 2. 以 s 结尾的复数名词的所有格，只加’, 如：the students' book 学生们的这本书 3. 不 以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，应加 ’s, 如：Children's Day儿童节 4. 表示几个人共有的东西，只需在最后的一个人的名词后加’s, 如 ：Lucy and Lily's bedroom 露西和莉莉的卧室。表示各自所有；则每个名词都加's, 如：Lucy's and Lily's desks 露西的 桌子和莉莉的桌子 5. 名词所有格常用省略式，省去被名词所有格修饰的名词，如：at the doctor's在医院诊所里 6.“of + 名词所有格”, 通常作后置定语，这种结构通常指整体中的部分或一个，如： a friend of my father's 我父亲的一个朋友 the window of the room 房间的窗户 一 讲 一 练 1.This is bedroom.The twin sisters like it very much. A.Anne and Jane B.Anne's and Jane's C.Anne's and Jane D.Anne and Jane's 「析』此题考查名词所有格，没有 A 和 C 这样的所有格形式，B 和 D 两种形式都有，B 的意思 表示某物为两者分别所有，D 的意思表示某物为两者共同拥有，本题中this, is, bedroom, it 均 为单数，表明是一间卧室，而不是两间，故可知两者共同拥有一间卧室，故选 D。 2.We all called at yesterday. A.my uncle B.my uncle's C.my uncles' D.a friend of my uncle 『析』表示“某人的家(店)”这类地点，所有格后面的词通常省去。故选 B。 3.I found on the table at that time. A.five cups of teas B.five cup of tea C.five cups of tea D.five cup of teas 「析』此题考查名词的复数形式，tea 为不可数名词，它的复数形式不可以直接加 s, 但可以加 在容器上，故选C。 4.Twelve were hurt, but no were lost in the accident. A.person;life B.people;lives C.peoples;lives D.persons;life 『析』此题考查名词的复数形式，person, people 都可以表示人，但people 是集合名词，表示复数概念，只有当people 表示民族时才可以与 a 连用或加-s, 故 C 不对；life 的复数形式为 lives, A 中 person 和 D 中的life 都没有使用复数形式。故选 B。 5.There's something important in A.paper of today B.today newspaper's C.today newspaper D.today's newspaper 「析』此题考查名词所有格，有些表示时间、距离等无生命东西的名词，也可加’s 构成所有 格。故选D。 6.His father is not an doctor but a doctor. A.animal's;children's B.animal;children C.animal's;children D.animal;children's 「析」兽医可以说an animal doctor或 a doctor for animal, 但不可以说an animal's doctor;儿科医 生可以说a children's doctor或 a doctor for children。故选D。 D 组：选择最佳答案填空 1.This is not your radio, but · A.yours brother B.your brother's C.you brother's D.yours brother's 2.September 10th is Day. A.Teacher B.Teachers C.Teacher's D.Teachers's 3.Joan is sister. A.Mary and Jack B.Mary's and Jack's C.Mary's and Jack D.Mary and Jack's 4.I will give you to finish it. A.two week's time B.two week time C.two weeks'time D.two weeks time 5.March 8 is Day. A.Woman B.Women C.Women's D.Woman's 6.Miss Smith is a friend of A.Mary's mother's B.Mary's mother C.Mary mother's D.mother’s of Mary 答案：1～5 BDDCC 6.A 一 A book is the same today as it always was and it will never change. 好书千载常如新。 Live and learn.活到老，学到老。 A little learning is a dangerous thing. 一知半解是危险的事。 A man can not spin and reel at the same time. 一心不能二用。 三 、易混名词辨析 难点精讲 1.battle 与 war 都可译为“战争”。其区别：battle 指局部的战争、战役、战斗；war 指整体的战争。 2.cloth, clothes, clothing 与 dress (1)cloth 指“布”、“布料”。如：a dish cloth 一 块擦碗布，a piece of cloth 一块布料。 (2)clothes 指具体的衣服，包括内衣、外衣，不能与数词连用。如： I want to buy sports clothes. 我想买运动服。 (3)clothing 是服装的总称，包括内衣、外衣，还包括帽子、鞋袜、手套之类，只用单数，无复 数。如： Now people are all in their winter clothing. 现在人们都穿着冬装。 This is a factory that makes children's clothing. 这是家制童装的工厂。 (4)dress 作不可数名词时，指外衣，尤指社交场合穿的服装。作可数名词时，常指连衣裙。 如 ： He doesn't care much about dress. 他不太注意衣着。 She wore a blue dress last night. 她昨晚穿了件蓝色连衣裙。 3.drawing, painting 与 picture 都可译为“画”。其区别：drawing 是用铅笔、钢笔、工具等画的画；painting 是用颜料画的画 (油画、水彩画等);picture 可 指 drawing, painting, photo 等 。 4.dinner 与 meal 的 区 别 dinner是指“正餐(午饭或晚饭)”或“宴会”。如： Let's go and have dinner together. 我们一起去吃饭吧。 We're having fish for dinner. 我们午饭吃鱼。 Come to dinner with us tonight.今晚来和我们共进晚餐。 meal 是指“一餐(一顿饭)”而言。如： What time do you usually have your meals? 你们通常什么时候用餐? We take three meals a day. 我们每天吃三顿饭。 5.family, house 和 home 都可翻译为“家”。其区别：family 指组成家庭的成员，是“家人、家族、 一家”的意思，表示 家族全体时视为单数，表示成员时视为复数。 house 指家居，即建筑物。而 home则 指 家 庭，包括家人、家居、家园。试比较： He has a family of three. 他们 一 家有三口人。 She left home at the age of sixteen. 她16岁时离开了家。 He bought a very big house.他买了 一所大房子。 6.job 与 work 都可译为“工作”、“劳动”。其区别：job, work 是常用词，job 是可数名词， work 是不可数 名词。试比较： She got a job of washing clothes.她得到了一份洗衣工作。 He has tried different jobs.他尝试了各种不同的工作。 It takes a lot of work to build a building. 盖栋大楼要做大量的工作。 7.person, people 与 man 的区别 这三个词有共同之处，都有“人”的意思，但也有不同之处。 person是指“人”(男人或女人), 有单数形式，也有复数形式。people 是复数形式，指“人民； 人们”, 不能指一个人。man 专指“男人”也指“人类”(不用复数形式，不加冠词)试比较： Two persons are waiting for you. 有两个人在等你。 He lived for the people and died for the people.他为人民而生，为人民而死。 All men must die. 人必有一死。 8.problem 与 question problem 和 question都可译为“问题”, 但它们所含的意思并不相同。 question 一般是指等待回答的“问题；提问”。 problem 一般是指等待解决(solve) 或决定(decide) 的“问题；难题”。试比较： —May I ask some questions? 我可以问几个问题吗? —That's no problem.I can lend you my money. 没问题，我可以把我的钱借给你。 9.table 与 desk 都可译为“桌子”, 其区别：table 通常用于吃饭，游乐等。 desk 用于读书或办公，并且大多 附有抽屉，常被称为“书桌”、“课桌”、“办公桌”等。试比较： We were at table when he arrived. 他来到时，我们正在吃饭。 There are many desks in the classroom. 教室里有许多课桌。 10.farmer 与 peasant 都可译为“农民”。其区别：farmer 很少种甚至不种自己吃的粮食，他们是面向国内外市 场以土地为基础进行工业化生产的经营者，例如美国农民。而peasant 是要亲自下农田 种地，并以此为生的人。例如中国和印度的农民。 11.floor 与 ground 两者都有“地面、地上”的含义。其区别：floor 一般指室内的地上、地板、地面，而 ground 常指室外的地面，也可泛指地球表面。试比较： He was sitting on the floor when I came in. 我进去时，他正坐在地板上。 The ground is wet now.It must have rained last night. 地面是湿润的，昨晚一定下雨了。 12.door 与 gate 都可译为“门”。其区别： (1)door 一般指房子、房间、家具等的门，还可用于比喻意义。如： Close the door when you go out.出去的时候关上门。 Good luck is often the door to success. 好运常是成功的大门。 He lives next door to us. 他住在我们的隔壁。 (2)gate 指围墙、栅栏、篱笆等的开口处。如： He walked through the gate into the garden. 他走过大门进了花园。 We'll meet at the school gate at 9.我们9点在校门口集合。 13.sound 与 noise sound 是泛指一般的声音，多做可数名词。如： I was waiting for the sound of the other shoe! 我在等另外一只鞋子的声音! The door was open, sounds came from the bedroom.门开着，声音从卧室里传出来。 noise 是特指令人不愉快的嘈杂声、刺耳声等。可以作可数名词，也可做不可数名词。如： But every night he heard the noise upstairs.但是他每天晚上都听到楼上的噪音。 一讲一练 1.A:The children wear very good cloth to go to school today.( ) B:The children wear very good clothes to go to school today.(√) 「析』英文中 cloth, clothes, clothing 是易混词：cloth 是物质名词，意为“布”, 没有复数形式， 而 clothing 是指衣物的总称，也没有复数形式。 clothes 是指衣服，但没有单数形式，如：This clothing is needed in warm countries.Her clothes are made of fine cloth.英文中的dress 则指较正 规的服装，如：a school dress 校服，an evening dress晚礼服。故B 正确。 2.Which is the to the bus stop;please? A、road B.way C.street D.address 「析』这是考察同义词辨析，road 是指较宽阔的大道，意为“乡间公路”, 而street 意为道路两 边的建筑物较高，可视为街道之意，而way 则多为要到达某地所要经过的途径，还可引申为 方式、方法。而 address 则为“地址”。故选 B 。 如 ：There is a car running along the country road./I live at 105 Park street./Can you show me the way to the National Museum? E 组：用cloth, clothes, clothing 或 dress 的适当形式填空 1.Pass me the , I want to clean the windows. 2.This piece of is long enough for you to make a shirt. 3.Cover the table with a new table , please. 4.He saw the spring in the shop windows.He thought the shoes, caps and gloves there were quite beautiful. 5.That is a second hand store.The shoes there are very cheap. 6.Look at his shirt and this coat, these are his working 7.I'll buy two for her. 答案：1.cloth 2.cloth 3.cloth 4.clothing 5.clothing 6.clothes 7.dresses F 组：用 family, house 或 home 填空 1.England became his second . 2.When will the new be built? 3.East, west, is best. 4.Please remember me to your 5.His are waiting for him. 6.She lives in a dark, small 7.How many people are there in your ? 8.“Haven't you any ?”“No, they're dead.” 9.He has a very happy life. 答案：1.home 2.house 3.home 4.family 5.family 6.house 7.family 8.family 9.family G 组：1.—What's your favourite subject, Mike? 一 .It's interesting. A.Toys B.Math C.T-shirts D.E-mail 2.The teacher said we needed to choose three for the school concert: A.farmers B.doctors C.drivers D.singers 3.At the foot of the hill you could hear nothing but the_ of the running water. A.shout B.noise C.voice D.sound 4.The restaurant is so popular here.Look, there are so many here. A.food B.dish C.people D.waiter 5.—What happened to you this morning? —The teacher asked me for my when I was late again. A.meaning B.idea C.excuse D.answer 答案：1~5 BDDCC bark up the wrong tree(非正式)找错方向；精力集中在错误地方，捕风捉影 在美国，在猎人猎取浣熊时，用狗来找寻树上的浣熊。当树上没有浣熊而狗 又对着树狂叫时，就是找错了方向。 He is barking up the wrong tree when he blames his troubles on bad luck. 他碰到麻烦就怪运气不好，他怪错了。 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $