必修1 句子成分和七种基本句型结构-备战2025-2026学年高中英语上学期期末语法全解（外研版）

ENGLISH-必修1系列资料（外研版） Chapter1句子成分和七种基本句型结构 考频分析 句子成分和七种基本句型结构是高中英语语法的基础模块，考频占语法总量的15%左右，贯穿试卷多个 核心题型：单项选择(1-2题)、语法填空(23题)、阅读理解（隐含考察，影响长难句分析）、书面表达 (核心考察，直接影响句子结构的正确性与逻辑性)。在语法类题目中，句子成分的划分和基本句型的识别 往往是解题关键。 考查内容 高中英语对句子成分和七种基本句型结构的考察聚焦三大维度，覆盖基础识别与结构应用： ·句子成分识别：主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、表语、定语、状语、补语的构成形式与句法 功能辨析； ·基本句型结构：主谓(S+V)、主谓宾(S+V+O)、主谓双宾(S+V+O+DO)、主谓宾补(S+V+O+C)、 主系表(S+Linking V+P)、there be句型及祈使句的基本构成与转换； ·复杂句式拆解：简单句扩展为并列句、复合句（含名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句）时的成分变化与 句型识别。 精讲精练 知识点一：句子成分和七种基本句型结构 ·主要句子成分 -主语（动作的发出者或描述对象）：名词、代词、动名词等→例句：She reads books every day..(She 是主语) -谓语（表示动作或状态）：动词或动词短语→例句：The sun rises in the east.(rises是谓语) -宾语（动作的承受者，及物动词后）：名词、代词等→例句：He bought a new pen.(a new pen是 宾语)》 -表语（系动词后，说明主语特征/状态）：形容词、名词等→例句：The flowers are beautiful..(beautiful 是表语) -定语（修饰名词代词）：形容词、代词、数词等→例句：I have three red apples.(three red是定语) -状语（修饰动词形容词/副词，表时间/地点方式等）：副词、介词短语等→例句：They will leave tomorrow.(tom orrow是时间状语) -补语（补充说明宾语/主语）：名词、形容词等例句：Ve made him our monitor..(our monitor是宾 语补足语) ·七种基本句型结构 -句型一：主语+谓语（不及物动词）→例句：Birds fly. -句型二：主语+系动词+表语→例句：She is a teacher. -句型三：主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语→例句：I love music. -句型四：主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语→例句：He gave me a gift.(me是间接宾 语，agit是直接宾语) -句型五：主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语补足语→例句：e keep the room clean.(clean是 宾语补足语) -句型六：There be+主语+状语（表存在）→例句：There are two books on the desk. -句型七：主语+谓语（及物动词）+同源宾语→例句：She dreamed a sweet dream. 【即学即练】 1.【句子成分识别】在句子"He bought a new pen yesterday.”中，"a new pen”充当什么成分？ A.主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.状语 2.【基本句型判断】”She is a doctor.”属于哪种基本句型？ A.主谓 B.主系表 C.主谓宾 D.主谓双宾 3.【句型转换】将"There is a book on the desk.”改为复数形式： 4.【句子成分分析】在句子"We made him our monitor.”中，”our monitor'”是一（宾语/宾语补足语）o 5.【基本句型应用】用”主谓双宾”句型造句：一 必修1|英语|外研版 ENGLISH-必修1系列资料（外研版） 知识点二：非谓语动词的用法及辨析 ·动词不定式(todo)(表目的、将来、未完成) 1.基本功能 -作主语：To learn English well is important.(学好英语很重要) -作宾语：She wants to buy a new bike.(她想买一辆新自行车) -作表语：His dream is to be a doctor..(他的梦想是成为一名医生) -作定语：I have a lot of homework to do.(我有很多作业要做) -作状语：He came here to see his mother..(他来这里看他妈妈，表目的) -作宾语补足语：My mother told me to clean the room.(我妈妈让我打扫房间) 2.否定形式：not to do -例句：He asked me not to open the window.(他让我不要开窗) 3.省略to的情况：使役动词(make/let/have)、感官动词(see/watch/hear/feel)后接宾语补足语时 -例句：Let him go.(让他走)；|saw her dance yesterday.(我昨天看见她跳舞了) ·动名词(doing)(表主动、进行、抽象概念) 1.基本功能 -作主语：Swimming is good for health.(游泳对健康有益) -作宾语：He enjoys playing football..(他喜欢踢足球) -作表语：Her hobby is singing.(她的爱好是唱歌) -作定语：a reading room(阅览室)；a swimming pool(游泳池) 2.常见接动名词作宾语的动词：enjoy,,finish,practice,mind,avoid,suggest,keep -例句：She finished doing her homework at9p.m.(她晚上9点完成了作业) 3.否定形式：not doing -例句：He advised me not smoking here.(他建议我不要在这里抽烟) ·现在分词(doing)(表主动、进行)与过去分词(done)(表被动、完成) 1.作定语 -现在分词（主动、进行）：a developing country(发展中国家)；boiling water(沸水) -过去分词（被动、完成）：a developed country(发达国家)；boiled water(凉开水) 2.作状语 -现在分词（主动、伴随）：Walking in the park,she met an old friend.(在公园散步时，她遇到了一 位老朋友) -过去分词（被动、完成）：Seen from the hill,,the city looks beautiful.(从山上看，这座城市很漂亮) 3.作宾语补足语 -现在分词（主动、进行）：I heard her singing in the room.(我听见她正在房间里唱歌) -过去分词（被动、完成）：I found the door broken.(我发现门被弄坏了) ·非谓语动词的辨析（不定式s动名词s分词） 1.不定式与动名词作主语的区别：不定式作主语常表示具体动作，动名词作主语常表示抽象动作 -例句：To swim in this river is dangerous.(在这条河里游泳很危险，具体动作)；Swimming is a good sport.(游泳是一项好运动，抽象概念) 2.不定式与现在分词作宾语补足语的区别：不定式表动作全过程或一次性动作，现在分词表动作正在进 行 -例句：I watched him cross the road.(我看见他过马路了，全过程)；I watched him crossing the road.(我看见他正在过马路，正在进行) 3.现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别：现在分词表主动、进行，过去分词表被动、完成 -例句：The girl standing there is my sister..(站在那里的女孩是我妹妹，主动)；The book written by Lu Xun is very famous.(鲁迅写的书很有名，被动) 知识点三：复合句的基本类型及用法 ·宾语从句（名词性从句） 一基础引导词及用法（高考核心）： *that(无意义，可省略，陈述事实)→例句：She said(that)she would come to the party. *if/whether(是否，表疑问)→例句：Idon't know if he will attend the meeting tomorrow. *what(什么，在从句中作主语/宾语等)→例句：Please tell me what you need for the trip *who(谁，指人，在从句中作主语)→例句：Do you know who broke the window? *when(何时，表时间)→例句：He asked when the train would arrive. 一时态一致原则（高考易错）： *主句为一般现在时，从句用任意时态→例句：I think she is reading now./I think she read the book yesterday. *主句为一般过去时，从句用过去相关时态（客观真理用一般现在时）→例句：He said he had finished his homework./Our teacher told us the earth goes around the sun. ·定语从句（修饰名词代词） -关系代词引导（高考必背）： *who(指人，作主语/宾语)→例句：The girl who is standing there is my sister..(作主语)This is the man who I met yesterday.(作宾语，可省略) *which(指物，作主语/宾语)→例句：The book which lies on the desk is mine.(作主语)/I lost the pen which my father gave me.(作宾语，可省略) *that(指人/物，作主语/宾语，先行词被最高级l序数词等修饰时用that)→例句：This is the best film that I have ever seen./He is the first student that came to school today. *whose(指人物，作定语，表“.的”)→例句：I know the boy whose father is a doctor.They live in a house whose windows face south -关系副词引导（高考常考）： *where(指地点，在从句中作状语)→例句：This is the school where I studied three years ago. *when(指时间，在从句中作状语)→例句：I still remember the day when we first met. *why(指原因，在从句中作状语，先行词为reason)→例句：Do you know the reason why he was late for class? ·状语从句（修饰动词/形容词副词等） -时间状语从句（高考核心）： *when(当…时，主从句动作可同时先后发生)→例句：When I arrived home,my mother was cooking. *while(当…时，主从句动作同时进行，从句用延续性动词)→例句：While she was reading,the phone rang. *until(直到…，not.until..直到…才…)→例句：He waited until his sister came back./She didn't go to bed until she finished her work. -条件状语从句（高考必背）： *if(如果，引导真实条件句，“主将从现”)→例句：If it rains tomorrow,we will stay at home. *unless(除非，如果不，=if.not)→例句：You will fail the exam unless you study hard.You will fail the exam if you don't study hard. 一让步状语从句（高考易错）： *although/though(虽然，不能与but连用)→例句：Although he is young,he knows a lot./Though it was late,we still went on working *even if/even though(即使)→例句：Even if it rains heavily,we will go to the station to meet her. 必修1|英语|外研版 ENGLISH-必修1系列资料（外研版） 考法一：非谓语动词作宾语补足语辨析 ·核心：根据动词类型（使役/感官动词）、动作特点（全过程正在进行被动完成），判断非谓语动词形式 (不定式现在分词/过去分词) ·真题1（语法填空）： -I heard her _(sing)in the room when I passed by. -答案：singing解析：感官动词hear后接现在分词作宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行；由"when I passed by”可知”唱歌”动作正在发生，故填singing。. ·真题2（单项选择）： My mother made me_the dishes after dinner yesterday. A.wash B.to wash C.washing D.washed -答案：A解析：使役动词make后接宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to,构成”make sb.do sth.”结构， 故填wash。 考法二：非谓语动词作定语与定语从句的转换 ·核心：掌握现在分词、过去分词作定语与定语从句的转换规则，判断逻辑关系及主被动语态 ·真题1（语法填空）： -The students_(attend)the lecture yesterday are from Class Three 一答案：attending解析：句中已有谓语动词are,故attend需用非谓语形式；students与attend为主 动关系，且动作已发生，用现在分词attending作后置定语，相当于who attended。 ·真题2（短文改错）： -The book which written by Mo Yan has been translated into 30 languages. -答案：which后加was或删去which解析：原句which引导定语从句缺少谓语，可在which后加was 构成被动语态；或删去which,用过去分词written作定语表被动，相当于which was written。 考法三：非谓语动词与复合句的综合应用 ·核心：结合非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的功能及复合句（定语从句、状语从句）的结构，分 析句子成分并正确选用语法形式 ·真题1（单项选择）： -The girl_in the classroom is my best friend who_to England last year. A.reading;went B.reads;goes C.read;go D.to read;going -答案：A解析：第一空需用非谓语动词作定语修饰“the girl”,“girl”与“read”是主动关系且动作正 在进行，用现在分词reading;第二空为定语从句的谓语，由时间标志词“last year'”可知用一般过去 时，go的过去式为went。 ·真题2（语法填空）： -I hope_(visit)the museum_was built in 1980 during the summer holiday. -答案：to visit;;which/that解析：第一空“hope”后接不定式作宾语，用to visit;第二空为定语从句， 先行词“museum”指物且在从句中作主语，用关系代词which/that引导。 必修1」英语」外研版 ENGLISH-必修1系列资料（外研版） 解题小妙招 非谓语作宾补妙招 感官使役接宾补，形式要分主谓宾； 感官动词看状态，正在进行用现分； 全过程或经常性，省略to不定式； 使役动词make/let/have,宾补用do不带to; 被动语态要还原，to字千万不能丢。 非谓语作定语妙招 定语位置有前后，现在分词表主动； 过去分词表被动，不定式表将来或目的； 定语从句可转换，主动用现分，被动用过分； 关系代词作主语，可与be动词同删去； 若想保留关系词，be动词必须加上去。 非谓语复合句妙招 句子已有谓语时，其余动词非谓语； 主动关系用现分，被动关系用过分； 不定式表目的或将来，动名词作主语宾语； 复合句中辨成分，定语从句缺主语，关系代词来充当； 状语从句表条件、时间或原因，可与分词来转换； 主句主语与从句一致，分词短语可替换。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题） 1.We noticed the girl _in the park when we walked past. A.dance B.dancing C.to dance D.danced 2.My teacher told melate for class again. A.not be B.don'tbe C.not to be D.to not be 3.The bookby Lu Xun is worth reading. A.writing B.wrote C.written D.to write 4.This is the village_I was born twenty years ago. A.where B.which C.that D.when 5.If it_tomorrow,we will cancel the picnic. A.rain B.rains C.rained D.will rain 6.He enjoys_basketball with his friends after school. A.play B.to play C.playing D.played 7.The students_are from Class Two will take part in the competition A.which B.who C.whom D.whose 8.English well,we need to practice every day. A.Learn B.Learning C.Tolearn D.Learned 9.I saw himthe room quietly without saying a word. A.leave B.leaving C.to leave D.left 10.She asked me_I had finished my homework. A.that B.what C.if D.who 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.My father often tells me(not waste)time on computer games. 2.The girl_(wear)a red dress is my cousin. 3.I don't know when_(start)the project. 4.This is the best film _I have ever watched. 5._(see)from the top of the mountain,the city looks amazing 6.He suggested_(go)to the beach for the weekend. 7.The meeting_(hold)yesterday was very important. 8.She will call you as soon as she_(arrive)in Beijing. 9.It's necessary for us-(learn)a second language. 10.The boy _father is a doctor studies very hard. 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Last summer,I decided_(visit)my uncle who lives in a small village.The village is surrounded by green mountains and a clear riverruns through it.On the first morning,I woke up early and saw some children -(play)by the river.I joined them and_(teach)them how to fly a kite. In the afternoon,my uncle took me to a farm__grows organic vegetables.The farmer,-has worked on the farm for 20 years,showed us around.He told us that all the vegetables_(pick)by hand every morning.-(walk)through the farm,I could smell the fresh air and hear birds singing. In the evening,we sat under the stars and my uncle told me stories about his childhood.He said he _(leave)the village when he was 18 to study in the city,but he_(return)ten years later because he missed the quiet life here.