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高考语法专题复习二
时态和语态(一)
谓语动词指的是在句子中可以单独作谓语的动词,主要包括实义动词和动词短语。一个简单句有且只能有一个谓语动词。若是由多个简单句组成的并列句或复合句,则有几个简单句就应有几个谓语动词。谓语动词主要的考点是动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。
考点1 动词的时态
一、一般体
(一)一般现在时
1.一般现在时的构成
一般现在时主要由动词原形构成。be动词在第一人称单数后用am,第三人称单数后用is,其他人称后均用are。动词have的第三人称单数形式为has。实义动词的第三人称单数形式的变化规则如下:
变化规则 例词
一般情况下直接加-s hate—hates
结尾为-s,-x,-sh,-ch或-o的单词,在词尾加-es discuss—discusses
wash—washes fix—fixes
teach—teaches go—goes
结尾为“辅音字母+y”的单词,将y变为i再加-es carry—carries
study—studies
2.一般现在时的用法
(1)表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态,常用的时间状语有always,usually,often,sometimes,every day等。
I usually do my homework in the evening every day.
我通常每天晚上做作业。
(2)按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作,用一般现在时,只限于go,arrive,leave,start,stay,return,begin,come,take off等动词(短语)。
My flight takes off at 5:00 am.
我的航班早上五点起飞。
(3)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
即使你不成功,他们也会支持你。
(二)一般过去时
1.一般过去时的构成
一般过去时由动词的过去式构成。规则动词的过去式的变化规则见下表:
变化规则 例词
一般情况下在动词后加-ed prevent—prevented
以-e结尾的动词后加-d like—liked
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,将y变为i再加-ed try—tried
以重读闭音节结尾且词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写该辅音字母再加-ed refer—referred
submit—submitted
2.一般过去时的用法
(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常用的时间状语有yesterday,last year,just now,the other day,two weeks ago等。
He arrived at school at 9:00 am yesterday.
他昨天上午九点到的学校。
(2)根据上下文或主从句提示判断用一般过去时。
We often played together when we were children.
我们小时候经常在一起玩。
小题快练 单句语法填空
①Although a room cost 1,000 yuan,Zhao
(treasure) the opportunity to relax in the natural environment.
②Deeply impressed by the taste,he (pocket) some leaves and continued with his trip.
③Every year,the organization (decide) on a new theme.And the theme for 2024 was Museums for Education and Research.
treasured
pocketed
decides
④Analysis of data later (indicate) that the signal came from a dwarf galaxy (矮星系) three billion light years away.
⑤Vidyun (win) at the age of 10.His photograph also earned him the overall title of Young Wildlife Photographer of the Year.
indicated
won
二、 进行体
(一)进行时的构成
现在进行时由“am/is/are+现在分词”构成;过去进行时由“was/were+现在分词”构成;将来进行时由“will/shall+be+现在分词”构成。现在分词的变化规则如下表:
变化规则 例词
一般情况下在词尾直接加-ing ask—asking
以不发音的e结尾的动词,去e再加-ing write—writing face—facing
以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写该辅音字母再加-ing cut—cutting
begin—beginning
swim—swimming
以-ie结尾的动词,变-ie为y再加-ing lie—lying die—dying
(二)进行时的用法
1.现在进行时
(1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作,也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。常用的时间状语有now,right now,at present,at this moment, these days等。
I don’t really work here.I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.
我并不是真的在这里工作,我只是在新秘书来之前在这里帮忙。
(2)表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作,常用的动词有go,come,leave,arrive, start,move等。
John as well as his sister is setting off for Tokyo tomorrow morning.
约翰和他的姐姐明天早上要动身去东京。
(3)与always,often,forever,constantly,continually等连用时,表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩,而非强调动作正在进行。
The girl is always talking aloud in public,which makes her parents annoyed.
这个女孩总是在公共场合大声说话,这使得她的父母很烦。
2.过去进行时
(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作,常用的时间状语有then,at that time,at this time等。
Susan had quit her well-paid job and was working as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
去年我去拜访苏珊时,她已经辞去了收入丰厚的工作,在社区做志愿者。
(2)表示过去计划或安排在将来会发生的动作,常用的动词有plan,come,go,leave,arrive,start,move,sail,fly,travel,stay等。
He said (that) she was arriving the next day.
他说她第二天会到达。
3.将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间内将在进行的动作,常用的时间状语有at six tomorrow,in the next two months等。
Don’t phone me between 5 and 6.We’ll be having dinner then.
不要在五点至六点之间给我打电话,那时我们在吃晚饭。
小题快练 单句语法填空
①( Of course,while I (produce) Thinking Better:The Art of the Shortcut,I read a few good books.
②You put organisms in new relationships and observe what_________ (happen).
③Paul Revere was a silversmith (银匠) in Boston who rode a horse at night on April 18,1775 to Lexington to warn people that British soldiers___________ (come).
was producing
is happening
were coming
④I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago,as I (live) with my parents,and I continue to experience this with my husband,as he is not completely zero waste like me.
⑤One reason was:“You’ll actually show up if you know someone_____________ (wait) for you at the gym,” while another read: “You’ll work harder if you train with someone else.”
was living
is waiting
三、将来体
(一)一般将来时
1.一般将来时的构成
一般将来时由“shall/will+动词原形”构成。
2.一般将来时的用法
(1)“will/shall+动词原形”表示现在看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will+动词原形”还可以表示说话人临时作出的决定。
It is said that he will retire next month.
据说他将于下个月退休。
(2)“be going to+动词原形”表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事,也可以表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象,推测某事即将发生。
Look at the clouds.It looks as if it is going to rain.
瞧那乌云,看起来要下雨了。
(3)“be about to+动词原形”表示打算或根据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示具体时间的状语连用,但可以与when连用。
The English Evening is about to start.
英语晚会即将开始。
(4)“be to+动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务将要发生的动作,这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的,或用于征求意见。
I am to meet Mr Brown at eleven o’clock this morning.
今天上午 11点我要去见布朗先生。
(二)过去将来时
表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。
She was sure she would succeed.她确信她会成功。
小题快练 单句写作
①你如果努力,就会成功的。(祈使句+and+陈述句)
Work hard, .
②除非下雨,否则我们是要参加晚会的。(unless)
We shall attend the party unless it rains
③这条公路将在五月份通车。(be to do)
The highway .
④今年冬天我打算买一件新大衣。(be going to do)
this winter.
and you will succeed
is to be open to traffic in May
I’m going to buy a new coat
thank you !
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