精品解析：2026届上海市徐汇区高三上学期英语一模英语试卷

2025学年第一学期徐汇区学习能力诊断卷 高三英语 　试卷 2025.12 I. Grammar and vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. By the mid-21st century, the term “nose job” had been completely redefined. No longer referring to simple cosmetic surgery, it now described a radical procedure to augment the human sense of smell, ____1____(grant) individuals olfactory (嗅觉) powers equivalent to a bloodhound’s. This was achieved by boosting the number of olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity (鼻腔) from the human standard of 6 million to over 100 million. The procedure itself was intensely complex. It involved temporarily removing the nose, scraping its internal tissue, and refilling it with a transplant of the patient’s own programmed stem cells. These cells ____2____ (design) to differentiate into vast numbers of new olfactory cells. When the nose was reattached, neural stem cells grew, forging (建立) new connections to the brain’s olfactory bulb. ____3____ (accommodate) this new hardware, most patients accepted a slightly larger, more bulbous nose, ____4____a minority even opted for a “wet” nose modification to enhance scent trapping, much like a dog’s. The post-operative period was a critical and challenging transition. New “supersniffers” were initially isolated in scent-free clean rooms, as their new ability was overwhelmingly powerful. They ____5____ detect human stress levels, menstrual cycles, remnants of past meals, and even the health of plants. Patients were gradually exposed to richer olfactory stimuli, and their brains, aided by drugs that increased neural plasticity, ____6____(learn) to rewire themselves to interpret this flood of new sensory data. The reasons for ____7____ (undergo) the augmentation were as varied as the scents it revealed. Many sought it for professional advancement. Chefs created more exquisite dishes, detectives could assess the precise timeline of a crime scene, and diplomats could detect lies and hidden emotions in negotiations with uncanny accuracy. Ecologists could literally sniff out the health of an ecosystem, sensing soil conditions and plant vitality, ____8____ revolutionized restoration efforts. In healthcare, the benefits were profound. Caregivers and doctors could understand a patient’s physical and mental state ____9____ unprecedented clarity, and augmented individuals played a crucial role in early disease detection, identifying conditions like cancer or Parkinson’s through subtle scent markers. While some used their new ability for trivial or canine-like greetings, most applied it thoughtfully. In an age increasingly dominated by artificial intelligence, this augmentation was seen as a profoundly human enhancement. It opened a door to a richer, _____10_____ (deeply) felt experience of the world — a sensory realm of emotion and connection that remained inaccessible to machines, making those who underwent it feel more truly alive. 【答案】1. granting 2. were designed 3. To accommodate 4. while 5. could 6. learned##learnt 7. undergoing 8. which 9. with 10. more deeply 【解析】 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章描绘了未来通过高科技改造人类嗅觉的图景，探讨其深远意义——这项增强手术不仅是感官能力的突破，更是人类在人工智能时代重新定义自身独特性、追求更深刻生命体验的象征。 【1题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：它不再指简单的美容手术，而是描述了一种增强人类嗅觉的革命性手术，赋予个人相当于寻血猎犬的嗅觉能力。此处在句中作状语，主语为it，与grant之间为主动关系，故应用现在分词作状语。故填granting。 【2题详解】 考查语态。句意：这些细胞被设计成分化成大量新的嗅觉细胞。此处在句中作谓语动词，主语为These cells，为复数，与design之间为被动关系，且根据前文involved可知，此处应用一般过去时。故填were designed。 【3题详解】 考查不定式。句意：为了容纳这套新“硬件”，大多数患者接受了稍微更大、更圆润的鼻子，少数人甚至选择了类似狗的“湿润”鼻子改造，以增强气味捕捉能力。此处在句中作状语，表示接受更大更圆润的鼻子的目的是为了容纳这套新硬件，故应用不定式作目的状语。首字母大写。故填To accommodate。 【4题详解】 考查连词。句意：同上。此处表示对比，大多数患者接受了稍微更大、更圆润的鼻子，而少数人甚至选择了类似狗的“湿润”鼻子，故应用while表示前后对比。故填while。 【5题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：他们能够检测到人类的压力水平、月经周期、残留的餐食气味，甚至植物的健康状况。根据前文“as their new ability was overwhelmingly powerful”可知，此处介绍它的能力，故应用情态动词can表示“能够”，根据前文was可知，此处应用一般过去时，故填could。 【6题详解】 考查时态。句意：患者逐渐暴露在更丰富的嗅觉刺激中，并在增强神经可塑性的药物帮助下，大脑学会重新连接以解读这股涌来的新感官数据。此处在句中作谓语动词，主语为their brains，为复数，与learn之间为主动关系，且根据前文were可知，此处应用一般过去时，故填learned或learnt。 【7题详解】 考查动名词。句意：人们选择接受这种增强手术的原因，就像它能揭示的气味一样多种多样。根据空前的介词for可知，此处应用动名词作宾语，故填undergoing。 【8题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：生态学家简直能嗅出生态系统的健康状况，感知土壤条件和植物活力，这彻底改变了生态修复工作。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为“Ecologists could literally sniff out the health of an ecosystem, sensing soil conditions and plant vitality”这件事，故应用which引导，故填which。 【9题详解】 考查介词。句意：护理人员和医生能以前所未有的清晰度了解患者的身心状态，接受过嗅觉增强的人在早期疾病检测中发挥着关键作用，能够通过微妙的气味标记识别出癌症或帕金森病等疾病。此处与空后的名词clarity构成介宾短语，在句子作状语，且此处意为“以……，用……”，故应用介词with，故填with。 【10题详解】 考查比较级。句意：它开启了一扇通往更丰富、更深切感知世界的大门——一个机器无法触及的情感与联结的感官领域，让经历者感觉自己更加真实地活着。根据上文的richer可知，此处应用副词deeply“深深地，深切地”的比较级形式修饰动词felt，故填more deeply。 Section B Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. typically B. inevitable C. transmission D. circulating E. identified F. symptoms G. hospitable H. landscape I. unusually J. emerged K. signals The emergence of the deadly Usutu virus in the UK, which is devastating blackbird populations, serves as a stark warning that mosquito-borne diseases are gaining a foothold in the country, a trend significantly driven by a warming climate. This development not only threatens wildlife but also ____11____ a growing potential risk to human health. Originating in South Africa in 1959, the Usutu virus has become widespread across Europe and was first ____12____ in the UK in 2020. Its impact has been severe, with blackbird numbers in hotspots like London dropping by over 40% since 2018. As ornithologist (鸟类学家) Hugh Hanmer notes, this dramatic decline was directly correlated with the virus’s arrival. While Usutu itself poses a relatively low risk to people —____13____ causing only mild, flu-like symptoms—its establishment in the UK is a significant milestone. It marks the first time a mosquito-borne virus capable of jumping from animals to humans has ____14____ within the country’s local animal populations. This makes it a crucial case study for virologists (病毒学家), providing a template for how other, more dangerous viruses might spread. The primary concern is West Nile virus, a close relative of Usutu. Both viruses share the same ____15____ method, environmental requirements, and hosts. The same mosquito species that carry Usutu can transmit West Nile, and the same birds act as reservoirs for both. This parallel is alarming because West Nile is far more dangerous to humans. While only about 20% of infected people show ____16____, these can include severe fever, headache, and vomiting, and in rare cases, the infection can be fatal. There is no human vaccine. Climate change is the key accelerator in this story. Warmer summer temperatures have facilitated the northward spread of West Nile through Europe. The Netherlands offers a worrying precedent: Usutu was detected there in 2016, and West Nile virus followed just four years later. UK officials fear a similar pattern, as studies confirm the nation’s climate is becoming increasingly ____17____ to these viruses. In response, the UK’s Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) launched a tracking program in 2023 to monitor Usutu and other viruses in wild birds. This surveillance (监视) infrastructure is vital, aiming to detect viruses ____18____ in animals before they spill over into the human population. Experts like Reina Sikkema in Rotterdam believe a UK detection of West Nile is now almost ____19____. While cooler climates may currently keep it in check, rising temperatures, particularly warmer nights, could create the perfect conditions for it to flare up in the coming years, changing the public health ____20____ of northern Europe. 【答案】11. K 12. E 13. A 14. J 15. C 16. F 17. G 18. D 19. B 20. H 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲的是致命乌苏图病毒在英国出现及其影响。 【11题详解】 考查名词。句意：这一事态发展不仅威胁到野生动物，还预示着人类健康面临的潜在风险日益增大。由下文“a growing potential risk to human health”可知，此处表示“预示着风险日益增大”，空格处意为“预示”，是signal，not only...but also...是固定搭配，意为“不仅……而且……”，两部分句子时态一致，由threatens可知，时态是一般现在时，主语This development是不可数名词，因此空格处用第三人称单数，故选K。 【12题详解】 考查被动语态。句意：乌苏图病毒于1959年起源于南非，现已在欧洲广泛传播，并于2020年首次在英国被发现。由上文“first”和下文“in the UK in 2020”可知，此处表示“在在英国被发现”，空格处意为“发现”，是identify，病毒是被发现，句子用被动语态，空格处用过去分词。故选E。 【13题详解】 考查副词。句意：尽管乌苏图病毒对人类构成的相对风险较低——通常只会引发轻微的流感样症状，但它在英国的立足是一个重大里程碑。由“causing only mild, flu-like symptoms”可知，此处表示“它通常只会引发轻微的流感样症状”，空格处意为“通常”，是typically。故选A。 【14题详解】 考查时态。句意：这标志着首次有能够从动物传播给人类的蚊媒病毒在英国本土动物种群中出现。由下文“within the country’s local animal populations”可知，此处表示“在英国本土动物种群中出现”，空格处意为“出现”，是emerge，由has可知，时态是现在完成时，空格处用过去分词。故选J。 【15题详解】 考查名词。句意：两种病毒具有相同的传播方式、环境需求和宿主。由下文“environmental requirements, and hosts”可知，此处表示“两种病毒具有相同的传播方式”，空格处意为“传播”，是transmission，transmission method意为“传播方式”。故选C。 【16题详解】 考查名词。句意：虽然只有约20%的感染者会出现症状，但这些症状可能包括严重发热、头痛和呕吐，在极少数情况下，感染可能是致命的。由下文“these can include severe fever, headache, and vomiting”可知，此处表示“约20%的感染者会出现症状”，空格处意为“症状”，是symptom，有很多，因此用复数，故选F。 【17题详解】 考查形容词。句意：英国官员担心会出现类似模式，因为研究证实，英国的气候正变得越来越适宜这些病毒生存。由上文“UK officials fear a similar pattern”可知，此处表示“英国的气候正变得越来越适宜这些病毒生存”，空格处意为“环境适宜的”，是hospitable，故选G。 【18题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：这一监测基础设施至关重要，旨在在病毒从动物传播给人类之前，检测到在动物中传播的病毒。由上文“viruses”和下文“in animals”可知，此处表示“在动物中传播”，空格处意为“传播”，是circulate，句中谓语是is，空格处用非谓语动词，viruses和circulate之间是主谓关系，因此用现在分词表主动，作后置定语，故选D。 【19题详解】 考查形容词。句意：鹿特丹的专家Reina Sikkema认为，英国几乎必然会检测到西尼罗河病毒。由上文“a UK detection of West Nile”可知，此处表示“英国几乎必然会检测到西尼罗河病毒”，空格处意为“必然发生的”，是inevitable。故选B。 【20题详解】 考查名词。句意：虽然目前较冷的气候可能抑制了它的传播，但气温上升，尤其是夜间气温升高，可能会在未来几年为其爆发创造完美条件，从而改变北欧的公共卫生格局。由上文“rising temperatures, particularly warmer nights, could create the perfect conditions for it to flare up in the coming years”可知，此处表示“改变北欧的公共卫生格局”，空格处意为“格局”，是landscape，由of northern Europe可知，空格处用单数，故选H。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Before Yuri Gagarin and that first generation of astronauts breached Earth’s atmosphere to start a new era in space, nobody really knew just how humans would fare, either mentally or physically, in low Earth orbit. In those early days, data was collected from probes and a selection of ____21____, but until that pioneering generation flew, no one could say how astronauts would react. The medical profession is still researching the ____22____ of space on the body today, both when in space and the after-effects upon returning to Earth. Of all the medical ____23____ facing life in space, the most fundamental remains the effects of weightlessness. John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth said that he “found weightlessness to be extremely ____24____”. Ironically for Glenn, it wasn’t until an incident two years after returning from space that a more in-depth level of medical inspection was triggered. When Glenn ____25____ a head injury after a fall in a hotel bathroom, the dizzy spells he was suffering highlighted inner-ear issues he’d sustained while in space. ____26____, they raised further questions about his health and how weightlessness had affected it, such as the strain placed on cardiovascular (心血管的) and circulatory systems. Since the 1960s, studies conducted on those who’ve spent time in space have revealed a whole range of medical ____27____. One paper revealed that on missions lasting six months or longer, an astronaut will experience bone density loss that is ____28____ to several decades of ageing. ____29____ this is one of the reasons why crews on the International Space Station need to exercise for two hours every day. Research has also confirmed changes to vision, a compromised immune system, digestive issues and elevated long-term cancer risks. ____30____ space flight could also lead to cognitive decline, plus the onset of depression and anxiety. However, while Glenn’s bathroom fall ____31____sparked a series of rigorous investigations from ground-based doctors, tracking the health effects of space has moved to the environment that causes them: space itself, and the spacecraft and orbiting platforms where longer-term research can be carried out. In the intervening years, there have been thousands of medical research projects on human health in space. For example, in 1989 two physicians on board Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-34) ____32____ to establish a link between cranial (颅骨的) pressure and motion sickness. In 1995, Mir Principal Expedition 18 saw a joint US-Russian medical research project to investigate the effects of weightlessness. And in 2023, members of Expedition 70 on board the International Space Station ____33____ how weightlessness impacts the neck, shoulders and leg veins. However, regardless of what space has thrown at us then and now, the driving force to overcome any ____34____ medical problem remains unshaken: our existence as a species beyond the day when Earth’s time is finally done, depends upon it. It’s one thing to assemble the hardware to propel humankind to Mars and ____35____ beyond the Red Planet; the state of our health when we arrive is another. 21. A. humans B. animals C. insects D. birds 22. A. effects B. causes C. lives D. secretes 23. A. achievements B. challenges C. anticipations D. temptations 24. A. unpleasant B. ridiculous C. impressive D. enjoyable 25. A. created B. made C. obtained D. sustained 26. A. Finally B. Unusually C. Soon D. Later 27. A. achievements B. treatments C. concerns D. experiments 28. A. necessary B. awkward C. equivalent D. reluctant 29. A. Measuring B. Combatting C. Implying D. Discouraging 30. A. Prolonged B. Exploited C. Triggered D. Simulated 31. A. unintentionally B. uncommonly C. unfortunately D. unnecessarily 32. A. applied B. declined C. bothered D. sought 33. A. inquired B. responded C. monitored D. assembled 34. A. illegal B. financial C. potential D. preventive 35. A. immediately B. particularly C. occasionally D. possibly 【答案】21. B 22. A 23. B 24. A 25. D 26. D 27. C 28. C 29. B 30. A 31. A 32. D 33. C 34. C 35. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕太空对人体健康的影响展开，介绍了从早期航天时代至今，医学界对太空环境给宇航员身心带来的各类影响的研究历程。 【21题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在早期，人们从探测器和一些动物身上收集数据，但在那批先驱者飞上太空之前，没人能说清宇航员会有怎样的反应。A. humans人类；B. animals动物；C. insects昆虫；D. birds鸟类。根据上文“Before Yuri Gagarin and that first generation of astronauts breached Earth’s atmosphere”及下文“no one could say how astronauts would react”可知，早期还未开展人体太空实验，无法直接收集人类数据，只能先以动物为实验对象获取相关信息，昆虫和鸟类的范畴过于狭窄，不符合科研的常规选择。故选B项。 【22题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：时至今日，医学界仍在研究太空对人体的影响，包括在太空时的影响以及返回地球后的后遗症。A. effects影响；B. causes原因；C. lives生命；D. secretes分泌物。根据下文“both when in space and the after-effects upon returning to Earth”可知，“after-effects”（后遗症）是太空对人体产生的影响之一，由此可判断此处指太空对人体的“影响”。故选A项。 【23题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在太空生活面临的所有医学挑战中，最根本的仍是失重带来的影响。A. achievements成就；B. challenges挑战；C. anticipations期待；D. temptations诱惑。根据下文“the effects of weightlessness”以及后文提及的骨密度流失、视力变化等一系列太空相关健康问题可知，太空生活给人体健康带来的是医学层面的“挑战”。故选B项。 【24题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：美国首位绕地球飞行的宇航员约翰·格伦说，他“发现失重状态极其令人不适”。A. unpleasant令人不快的；B. ridiculous荒谬的；C. impressive令人印象深刻的；D. enjoyable令人愉快的。根据后文“When Glenn __5__ a head injury after a fall in a hotel bathroom, the dizzy spells he was suffering highlighted inner-ear issues he’d sustained while in space.”可知，格伦返回地球后因摔倒引发内耳问题，说明失重带来负面体验，故选A项。 【25题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：当格伦在酒店浴室摔倒后头部受伤，他所遭受的眩晕症状凸显了他在太空时就已出现的内耳问题。A. created创造；B. made制造；C. obtained获得；D. sustained遭受。根据下文“a fall in a hotel bathroom”可知，此处指格伦在意外中“遭受”了头部损伤，“sustain injury”为固定搭配，意为“受伤”。故选D项。 【26题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：后来，这些症状引发了更多关于他健康状况以及失重如何影响其健康的疑问，比如对心血管和循环系统造成的压力。A. Finally最终；B. Unusually不寻常地；C. Soon很快；D. Later后来。根据上文“an incident two years after returning from space”及“highlighted inner-ear issues”可知，先是浴室摔倒引发的眩晕症状凸显了太空留下的内耳问题，“后来”这些症状进一步引发了对其整体健康及失重影响的更多疑问，存在时间上的递进关系。故选D项。 【27题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：自20世纪60年代以来，针对太空驻留人员的研究揭示了一系列医学隐患。A. achievements成就；B. treatments治疗；C. concerns隐患、担忧；D. experiments实验。根据下文“bone density loss”以及“changes to vision, a compromised immune system”等具体的太空健康问题可知，这些都是太空环境给宇航员带来的医学“隐患”。故选C项。 【28题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一篇论文显示，在为期六个月或更长时间的任务中，宇航员会经历的骨密度流失相当于数十年衰老带来的影响。A. necessary必要的；B. awkward尴尬的；C. equivalent等同的；D. reluctant不情愿的。根据下文“several decades of ageing”可知，此处是将长期太空任务中的骨密度流失程度与数十年衰老的影响作类比，“equivalent to”为固定搭配，意为“等同于”，符合语境。故选C项。 【29题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：应对这一问题也是国际空间站的宇航员每天需要锻炼两小时的原因之一。A. Measuring测量；B. Combatting应对、对抗；C. Implying暗示；D. Discouraging阻止。根据上文提及的“bone density loss”这一太空健康隐患，以及下文“crews on the International Space Station need to exercise for two hours every day”可知，宇航员每天锻炼是为了“应对”骨密度流失的问题。故选B项。 【30题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：长时间的太空飞行还可能导致认知能力下降，以及抑郁和焦虑的出现。A. Prolonged长期的；B. Exploited被利用的；C. Triggered被触发的；D. Simulated模拟的。根据上文“missions lasting six months or longer”提及的长期太空任务，以及下文“cognitive decline, plus the onset of depression and anxiety”这些严重的健康问题可知，此处指“长期的”太空飞行会引发此类问题。故选A项。 【31题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，尽管格伦的浴室摔倒意外地引发了地面医生的一系列严格调查，但对太空健康影响的追踪已经转移到了产生这些影响的环境中：太空本身，以及可以进行长期研究的航天器和轨道平台。A. unintentionally意外地、无意地；B. uncommonly罕见地；C. unfortunately不幸地；D. unnecessarily不必要地。 根据上文“a fall in a hotel bathroom”可知，格伦的摔倒属于意外事件，并非有意为之，因此是“意外地”触发了后续的医学调查。故选A项。 【32题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，1989年，亚特兰蒂斯号航天飞机（STS-34）上的两名医生试图建立颅内压力与晕动病之间的联系。A. applied应用；B. declined拒绝；C. bothered打扰；D. sought试图、寻求。根据下文“establish a link between cranial (颅内的) pressure and motion sickness.”可知，这两名医生的行为是为了探究颅内压力和晕动病的关联，“seek to do sth”为固定搭配，意为“试图做某事”，符合科研探索的语境。故选D项。 【33题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：2023年，国际空间站第70远征队的成员监测了失重对颈部、肩部和腿部静脉的影响。A. inquired询问；B. responded回应；C. monitored监测；D. assembled组装。根据下文“how weightlessness impacts the neck, shoulders and leg veins”可知，要想了解失重对身体部位的具体影响，需要对相关部位进行数据“监测”。故选C项。 【34题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，无论过去和现在太空给我们带来了什么，克服任何潜在医学问题的动力都从未动摇：人类作为一个物种，在地球寿命终结后的存续，就取决于此。A. illegal非法的；B. financial财务的；C. potential潜在的；D. preventive预防性的。根据上文“And in 2023, members of Expedition 70 on board the International Space Station __13__ how weightlessness impacts the neck, shoulders and leg veins.”可知，前文提及到各类已知太空健康隐患，且下文提到人类未来星际探索的未知需求，所以和太空相关的医学问题有很多是尚未完全暴露或解决的，属于“潜在的”问题。故选C项。 【35题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：组装出将人类送上火星乃至可能送上火星以外星球的硬件是一回事；而我们抵达时的健康状况则是另一回事。A. immediately立即；B. particularly尤其；C. occasionally偶尔；D. possibly可能地。根据下文“beyond the Red Planet”可知，目前人类的航天技术还未实现火星之外的星际探索，去往火星以外的星球仍处于设想阶段，因此用“possibly”表示“可能地”，符合客观现实。故选D项。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Ostriches versus emus: what’s the difference? Ostriches and emus have much in common. They are both absolutely enormous. At 2.5m tall and weighing 130kg, ostriches are the biggest of all living birds, and emus are close runners up. Besides, both are incapable of flight, with wings that serve only as balancing aids while running. The differences are perhaps not as obvious as you might expect, considering they’ve been evolving independently for about 50 million years. Certainly, their plumage (羽毛) is different. Male ostriches are black-white-and-pink birds, while the slightly smaller females are more uniformly brown. Male and female emus are more similar, with shaggy, brown plumage that hangs like a grass-skirt, and a sweep of blue skin on the neck. Should you ever need to identify them from a footprint, an ostrich has two toes on each foot, while an emu has three. And an ostrich’s egg is creamy in colour, while an emu’s is green. (Ostriches lay the biggest eggs of any living bird, though, relative to body size, they are the smallest.) The reproductive lives of both are rather unusual. Among ostriches, many females will lay eggs in a single nest that is tended by a resident pair. And emus avoid sex-role conventions – it’s the females that do the courting (求偶) and the males that do the bulk of the parenting. Ostriches and emus live on different continents (Africa and Australia, respectively). They are, however, closely related. Both are members of a group called the ratites (鸵鸟目), which also includes other large, flightless (and funny) species, such as the rheas of South America and the cassowaries of New Guinea, but also the kiwis of New Zealand, which are much smaller, but no more capable of flight (and no less comical). New Zealand was also once home to the extinct moas, which were only slightly smaller than the elephant birds of Madagascar (also extinct), the biggest birds that have ever lived, at well over 3m tall. Then there are the tinamous of the Americas. On the face of it, these grouse-like birds look nothing like ratites, and yet skeletal and genetic similarities suggest they are the closest living relatives of the moas. Intriguingly, tinamous can fly, which suggests that the other ratites became flightless only after they all went their separate ways. 36. Which of the following is a key physical difference between an ostrich and an emu that could be used for identification? A. The density of their feathering. B. The structure of their wings. C. The number of toes on their feet. D. Their overall height and weight. 37. What can be inferred from the passage about the ability to fly within the ratite group? A. All ratites, including kiwis, have completely lost the ability to fly. B. The tinamous suggest that the common ancestors of ratites could likely fly. C. Moas and elephant birds became extinct because they could not fly. D. Emus and ostriches are the only ratites that use their wings for balancing. 38. Based on the overall passage, what is the author’s main purpose in comparing ostriches and emus? A. To argue that they are more different than they are similar. B. To explain the uniqueness of the group of flightless birds. C. To provide a simple guide for telling the two species apart. D. To detail the evolutionary history that led to their flightlessness. 【答案】36. C 37. B 38. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要对比鸵鸟与鸸鹋的异同，进而介绍鸵鸟目鸟类的特征、演化及近亲物种等相关知识。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Should you ever need to identify them from a footprint, an ostrich has two toes on each foot, while an emu has three. (如果你需要通过脚印来识别它们，鸵鸟每只脚有两个脚趾，而鸸鹋有三个。)”可知，脚的脚趾数量是区分两者的关键生理差异，可用于物种识别。故选C项。 【37题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Intriguingly, tinamous can fly, which suggests that the other ratites became flightless only after they all went their separate ways. (有趣的是，䳍鸟会飞，这表明其他鸵鸟目鸟类是在各自分化后才失去飞行能力的。)”可推知，䳍鸟作为鸵鸟目近亲却会飞，说明鸵鸟目鸟类的共同祖先可能具备飞行能力。故选B项。 【38题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，作者先对比鸵鸟与鸸鹋的异同，随后拓展至整个鸵鸟目鸟类（包括美洲鸵鸟、食火鸡、几维鸟等），介绍其“体型庞大、不会飞行”的共性及近亲䳍鸟的特殊情况，核心目的是解释不会飞的鸟类这一类群的独特性。故选B项。 (B) As early as 2,700 years ago, a herdswoman who lived in the arid (干旱的) stretches of northwest China was buried in a coat made of animal hides (动物皮), woolen pants, and leather boots. Dressed to ride, she was also buried with her leather saddle (马鞍). Found in the Yanghai cemetery (墓地) near Turpan and dated to between 700 and 400 b.c., this saddle, the oldest yet found, challenges assumptions about who was using such gear, and for what purpose. The find was “a surprise,” according to Patrick Wertmann of the University of Zurich, lead author of a study of the saddle, published in Archaeological Research in Asia. Saddle finds are rare, as their organic components often decay. Other kinds of horse gear, such as bridles and bits, are more commonly found, but they do not necessarily indicate saddle usage. Until the Yanghai find, the oldest known saddles belonged to the Pazyryk culture, centered on the Altay area of Kazakhstan and Russia to the north of Yanghai and Turpan. Although the Pazyryk saddles have been indirectly dated to the fifth century B.C., Wertmann considers that the Pazyryk culture had pioneered saddle use centuries earlier. “Horse riding was probably introduced to northwest China from the Pazyryk region, and it’s possible that saddles also arrived that way,” he told History. However, until such earlier specimens are found (or the fifth-century b.c. saddles are redated and found to be older), the Yanghai saddle is considered to be the world’s oldest yet recovered. Preserved by the region’s arid climate, the Yanghai saddle offers rich insights into early horse-riding technology and the society that created it. Its two wing-shaped hides, filled with a mixture of straw, deer hair, and camel hair, were sewn together along the outer edges and separated by a section without stuffing (known as the gullet), which eased the pressure on the horse’s spine. The emergence of such designs reveals “the increasing care about the comfort and safety of the rider, and the health of the horse,” said Wertmann. Greater comfort made it possible to travel longer distances, increasing interaction with different people. “Unlike the younger finds from the elite Scythian burials, this early saddle was made from inexpensive materials and used by a common woman,” Wertmann’s study notes. “Yet it is testimony to the same mastery of craftsmanship.” When people began to ride horses and when they began to use saddles are much debated topics. One study suggests horseback riding originated in what is today Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary around3000 b.c. In the centuries before the saddle emerged, horse riders rode bareback or sat on mats or blankets. The Yanghai saddle also shakes assumptions that horse-riding saddles were used solely by men for military purposes. “The discovery of this saddle inside the tomb of a woman suggests that women participated in the everyday activities of mounted pastoralists, which included herding and traveling,” said Wertmann. 39. According to the passage, the owner of the world’s oldest known saddle was most likely a ________. A. male warrior from the Pazyryk culture B. female herdswoman from northwest China C. Scythian noblewoman D. horse-riding pioneer from Kazakhstan 40. What is the main significance of the Yanghai saddle discovery as emphasized in the passage? A. It proves that horseback riding originated in China. B. It reveals the high cost and elite status of its owner. C. It challenges previous assumptions about saddle users and purposes. D. It demonstrates the superior preservation techniques of the Yanghai people. 41. The underlined word “wing-shaped” in the description of the saddle (paragraph 7) most likely refers to the hides being ________. A. shaped like wings to help the horse run faster B. sewn together without any stuffing in the middle C. filled with a mixture of different animal hairs D. shaped to curve upwards on either side of the horse’s spine 42. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A. The Yanghai saddle is made of expensive materials, indicating the high status of its owner. B. The Pazyryk saddles are now confirmed to be older than the Yanghai saddle. C. The design of the Yanghai saddle shows consideration for the horse’s well-being. D. Before this discovery, it was assumed that saddles were first used by women for herding. 【答案】39. B 40. C 41. D 42. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。中国西北洋海墓地出土全球最古老马鞍，其使用者为普通牧羊女，该发现打破了马鞍为男性军事专用的固有认知，彰显了早期精湛的制鞍工艺。 【39题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“As early as 2,700 years ago, a herdswoman who lived in the arid (干旱的) stretches of northwest China was buried in a coat made of animal hides (动物皮), woolen pants, and leather boots. Dressed to ride, she was also buried with her leather saddle (马鞍).(早在2700年前，一位生活在中国西北部干旱地区的女牧民就被埋葬在一件由动物皮制成的外套、羊毛长裤和皮靴组成的衣物中。她身着骑乘装束，还随葬了她的皮制马鞍)”可知，世界上已知最古老的马鞍的主人极有可能是一位来自中国西北部的女性牧民。故选B。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Found in the Yanghai cemetery (墓地) near Turpan and dated to between 700 and 400 B.C., this saddle, the oldest yet found, challenges assumptions about who was using such gear, and for what purpose.(这件马鞍是在吐鲁番附近的阳海墓地出土的，其年代可追溯至公元前700年至400年之间。它是迄今为止发现的最古老的马鞍，它对有关使用此类装备的人群以及使用目的的假设提出了挑战)”以及最后一段“The Yanghai saddle also shakes assumptions that horse-riding saddles were used solely by men for military purposes.(洋海鞍的发现也打破了人们认为骑马用的马鞍仅由男性用于军事用途这一传统观念)”可知，文中所强调的阳海鞍的发现挑战了此前对于鞍具使用者和用途的原有假设。故选C。 【41题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第七段“Its two wing-shaped hides, filled with a mixture of straw, deer hair, and camel hair, were sewn together along the outer edges and separated by a section without stuffing (known as the gullet), which eased the pressure on the horse’s spine.(它的两个wing-shaped外层覆盖物内填充着稻草、鹿毛和骆驼毛的混合物，边缘处缝合相连，中间留有一块无填充物的区域（称为鞍槽），以此减轻对马脊柱的压力)”可知，两片翼状兽皮填充草料和兽毛，边缘缝合，中间无填充物的部位（鞍槽）可减轻对马脊柱的压力。由此推断，“wing-shaped”（翼状）指兽皮的形状是在马脊柱两侧向上弯曲，类似翅膀的形态。故选D。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据第七段“Its two wing-shaped hides, filled with a mixture of straw, deer hair, and camel hair, were sewn together along the outer edges and separated by a section without stuffing (known as the gullet), which eased the pressure on the horse’s spine.(它的两个翼状衬垫内填充着稻草、鹿毛和骆驼毛的混合物，边缘处缝合相连，中间留有一块无填充物的区域（称为鞍槽），以此减轻对马脊柱的压力)”以及第八段“The emergence of such designs reveals “the increasing care about the comfort and safety of the rider, and the health of the horse,” said Wertmann.( 沃特曼表示：“这类设计的出现表明，人们越来越注重骑手的舒适与安全，以及马匹的健康状况。”)”可知，C选项“洋海马鞍的设计充分考虑到了马匹的舒适度”正确。故选C。 (C) Tapping out a message with a finger or two on a smartphone is catching up to the speed of typing on a traditional keyboard. Two-thumbed mobile typists generated an average of about 38 words per minute, according to what researchers describe as the largest experiment to date on mobile typing. That’s still a quarter less than the 51.56 word-per-minute average in physical keyboard users, but the gap isn’t as big as expected, researchers said, adding that they were “amazed” by the results. Mobile typists who use auto-correct are faster than those who use word-prediction tools, according to a study that looked at 37,000 volunteers tested by researchers at Finland’s Aalto University, the University of Cambridge and ETH Zürich. Earlier devices such as the BlackBerry promoted typing on miniature keyboards, too. Now, most smartphone users type on their devices with one or both thumbs. Some also type with a single index finger. As the smartphone has claimed a bigger and bigger portion of our communications, many educators and researchers have posed questions about the longer-term effects the move to typing on a digital keyboard may have — particularly on younger generations. The better-than-expected results surprised researchers, because typing on a smartphone “is a type of motor skill that people learn on their own with no formal training, which is very unlike typing on physical keyboards,” study co-author Antti Oulasvirta said in a news release. In fact, 10-to-19-year-olds type about 10 wpm faster than people in their 40s do, regardless of whether the keyboard was on a smartphone or a computer. The best typists could do more than 80 wpm. The study’s authors predict that the typing gap may close at some point as the population becomes less skilled with physical keyboards and as mobile typing technology improves. Still, there are some trade-offs when it comes to typing on a smartphone. Those participating in the study left more errors uncorrected, something that also resulted in less backspacing. “A possible explanation is the higher interaction cost of correcting mistakes on mobile devices and the limited text editing methods,” according to the researchers. The researchers collected the typing data from thousands of individuals using an online typing test. The test asked participants to transcribe a series of sentences, and recorded their keystrokes, errors, speed and other metrics. It also asked them to self-report their demographic (人口统计学的) data, as well as information about how they type and the sort of keyboard they used to complete the test. Smartphones may have some of the ergonomic (人体工学的) risks associated with their more traditional counterparts, professors say. Smartphone usage can lead to neck, shoulder and grip issues, said Bradley Chase, an associate professor of industrial and systems engineering at the University of San Diego. “The concerns aren’t fewer, just different” than those with traditional keyboards, Chase said. 43. Which of the following is true about the speed of mobile typing? A. It is equivalent to the speed of typing on a keyboard. B. It is much faster than typing on a keyboard. C. It is a little slower than typing on a keyboard. D. It is much faster than researchers can imagine. 44. It can be learned from Paragraph 6 that . A. people have never formally learned how to type on smartphones B. the youth type slower than the middle-aged mainly on a computer C. mobile typing will totally replace physical keyboard typing D. the gap between typing on phone and typing with keyboards may close 45. Which is the possible reason that people tend to leave typing errors uncorrected? A. Heavy workload. B. Erroneous editing methods. C. Higher interaction cost. D. Inconvenient operation method. 46. What can be inferred from the passage about the future of typing? A. Physical keyboards will definitely become obsolete within a few years. B. The speed gap between mobile and physical keyboard typing might disappear. C. Ergonomic risks associated with smartphones are expected to be completely eliminated. D. Auto-correct technology will be replaced by word-prediction tools. 【答案】43. C 44. D 45. C 46. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项研究表明手机打字速度已接近传统键盘，年轻人速度更快，不过手机打字易留错、有人体工学风险，研究预测两者速度差距未来或缩小。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Two-thumbed mobile typists generated an average of about 38 words per minute, according to what researchers describe as the largest experiment to date on mobile typing. That’s still a quarter less than the 51.56 word-per-minute average in physical keyboard users, but the gap isn’t as big as expected, researchers said, adding that they were “amazed” by the results.( 据研究人员称，迄今为止规模最大的手机打字实验显示，双拇指手机打字者平均每分钟能打出38个单词。研究人员表示，这仍然比物理键盘用户每分钟51.56个单词的平均水平低四分之一，但差距并不像预期的那么大，并补充说他们对结果感到“惊讶”。)”可知，手机打字的速度比在键盘上打字慢一点。故选C项。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第六段中“The study’s authors predict that the typing gap may close at some point as the population becomes less skilled with physical keyboards and as mobile typing technology improves.( 该研究的作者预测，随着人们对物理键盘的熟练程度越来越低，以及移动打字技术的进步，打字差距可能会在某个时候缩小。)”可知，用手机打字和用键盘打字之间的差距可能会缩小。故选D项。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据第七段中““A possible explanation is the higher interaction cost of correcting mistakes on mobile devices and the limited text editing methods,” according to the researchers.( 研究人员表示：“一个可能的解释是，在移动设备上纠正错误的交互成本更高，而且文本编辑方法有限。”)”可知，人们不改正打字错误的可能原因是更高的互动成本。故选C项。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第六段中“The study’s authors predict that the typing gap may close at some point as the population becomes less skilled with physical keyboards and as mobile typing technology improves.( 该研究的作者预测，随着人们对物理键盘的熟练程度越来越低，以及移动打字技术的进步，打字差距可能会在某个时候缩小。)”可知，B选项“两者速度差距可能消失”是对原文“差距可能缩小”的合理推断。故选B项。 Section C Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Amid the turmoil of the Second World War, a visionary group assembled with a uniquely optimistic mission: to plan for the preservation of Britain’s natural landscapes after the conflict. A key figure among them was John Dower, an architect and civil servant from Ilkley. ____47____ He advocated for public access for open-air enjoyment, alongside safeguards for wildlife, farming, and historic buildings. Tragically, Dower died from tuberculosis in 1947 at the age of 47, just four years before his dream was realized with the establishment of Britain’s first national park in the Peak District in 1951. Eighty years on, Dower’s legacy is profound. There are now 15 national parks across Great Britain, covering roughly 10% of its land surface, with potentially three more in development across England, Scotland, and Wales. ____48____ They are living, working landscapes that are both empty and bustling, home to isolated farmsteads and thriving communities. This complex mix of private ownership, public interest, and natural beauty means park authorities must act as both planning officers and wardens of nature. ____49____ Questions persist about balancing the needs of visitors and locals: Is it right for quarrying to scar areas of natural beauty? Should the excesses of rural tourism be reined in before they degrade the landscape? How can affordable housing be provided in areas where park designation inflates property prices? Despite these ongoing and legitimate challenges, the national parks are a cherished part of the national heritage. The process of adding new ones, whether in the Chilterns, Galloway, or north-east Wales, is slow, but their cultural value is undeniable. Although recent government grants offer some relief, charities warn that real-term funding has fallen significantly. ____50____ They stand as a lasting testament to John Dower’s campaigning belief that they are “for all who come to refresh their minds and spirit and exercise their bodies in a peaceful setting of natural beauty.” A. Unlike the vast wildernesses of the American model, British national parks are a unique tapestry of the wild and the cultivated. B. Nevertheless, these landscapes are now forever interwoven with British culture. C. The very concept of a ‘national park’ was imported from the United States, where the establishment of Yellowstone in 1872 created a template for the world. D. This very complexity inevitably sparks passionate debate about their purpose and management. E. The post-war period also saw a revolution in agricultural technology, with the widespread adoption of tractors fundamentally changing the face of British farming. F. His great vision was for beautiful landscapes to be strictly preserved for the nation. 【答案】47. F 48. A 49. D 50. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是英国国家公园的发展历程、现状、面临的挑战以及其重要意义。 【47题详解】 空后“He advocated for public access for open-air enjoyment, alongside safeguards for wildlife, farming, and historic buildings.(他倡导公众能自由享受户外活动，同时保护野生动物、农业和历史建筑。)”说的是他的倡议，是关于保护环境的，F选项“His great vision was for beautiful landscapes to be strictly preserved for the nation.(他的伟大愿景是为国家严格保护美丽的风景。)”说明他的愿景是要保护风景，也就是保护环境，因此引起下文，符合语境，故选F。 【48题详解】 空前“There are now 15 national parks across Great Britain, covering roughly 10% of its land surface, with potentially three more in development across England, Scotland, and Wales.(现在英国有15个国家公园，大约占其陆地面积的10%，在英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士还有3个正在开发中。)”说明了英国有很多的国家公园，下文“They are living, working landscapes that are both empty and bustling, home to isolated farmsteads and thriving communities.(它们是生活、工作的乡村风景画，既空旷又熙熙攘攘，有孤立的农场和繁荣的社区)”提到英国国家公园包含人群的热闹和自然的空旷，A选项“Unlike the vast wildernesses of the American model, British national parks are a unique tapestry of the wild and the cultivated.(与美国模式中广袤的荒野不同，英国国家公园是自然与人文交织而成的独特画卷。)”承接上文“英国国家公园”的话题，说明了其特点，并引出下文，故选A。 【49题详解】 空后“Questions persist about balancing the needs of visitors and locals: Is it right for quarrying to scar areas of natural beauty? Should the excesses of rural tourism be reined in before they degrade the landscape? How can affordable housing be provided in areas where park designation inflates property prices?(在平衡游客与当地居民的需求方面，仍存在诸多问题：采石作业是否应该破坏自然美景区域？在乡村旅游过度发展致使景观退化之前，是否应加以管控？在因划定为公园而推高房价的地区，又该如何提供经济适用房？)”提出了一些关于国家公园的一些问题，D选项“This very complexity inevitably sparks passionate debate about their purpose and management.(这种复杂性不可避免地引发了关于它们的目的和管理的激烈辩论。)”说明出现了一些关于它们的目的和管理的激烈辩论，引出下文辩论的具体内容，因此引起下文，符合语境，故选D。 【50题详解】 空后“They stand as a lasting testament to John Dower’s campaigning belief that they are “for all who come to refresh their minds and spirit and exercise their bodies in a peaceful setting of natural beauty.”(它们长久地见证着John Dower积极倡导的信念，即它们“是为所有前来在宁静优美的自然环境中放松身心、陶冶情操、强健体魄的人而设”。)”说明了它们的价值，B选项“Nevertheless, these landscapes are now forever interwoven with British culture.(然而，如今这些景观已永远与英国文化紧密交织在一起。)”说明这些景观与英国文化紧密交织在一起，体现了它们在文化方面的价值，因此引起下文，符合语境，故选B。 III．Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. What’s the best way to fell a tree? Felling a tree is naturally dangerous, and without proper chainsaw training, hiring a professional tree surgeon is essential. While the underlying principles are straightforward, the risks are high. The optimal time for felling is winter, when trees are inactive. For deciduous (落叶的) trees, the absence of leaves is critical, as dense leaves can act like a sail in the wind, making the tree’s fall direction unpredictable. Always call a professional if power lines, buildings, or unusual trunk shapes are involved. Preparation is vital. Ensure your chainsaw is sharp, fueled, and oiled. Select a clear, open direction for the tree to fall, ensuring people and pets are a safe distance away. Remember that trees are often much larger than they appear, so accurately judge their height and width. Crucially, plan and clear a swift escape route away from the intended fall path. The cutting process involves two main stages. First, create a directional notch (切口) on the side facing the fall direction. About 60cm from the ground, make a 70-degree downward cut into one-third of the trunk’s diameter. Then, make a horizontal cut to meet the first, removing the wedge of wood. Next, move to the opposite side to make the felling cut. Saw horizontally, just above the notch’s base. Once a third of the way through, pause to drive in felling wedges (楔子). These prevent the saw from binding and guide the tree to fall correctly. Continue cutting until only a tenth of the trunk remains, forming a “hinge.” Remove the saw. If a loud crack signals the tree is falling, walk calmly along your escape route—never run with a chainsaw. If it remains standing, carefully tap the wedges further. Should any complications arise, retreat to a safe distance and immediately call for professional assistance. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Tree felling is dangerous, so those without professional chainsaw training must hire a tree surgeon. Winter is optimal for felling leafless trees. Prepare the chainsaw, a safe fall direction and an escape route first, then make a directional notch and a felling cut with wedges, leaving a hinge. Retreat calmly when the tree falls and call professionals if in trouble. 【解析】 【导语】​本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了砍伐树木的相关注意事项，指出伐树存在危险性，无专业链锯操作培训需聘请专业人员，还说明了适宜的砍伐时间、前期准备工作、具体砍伐步骤以及突发状况的应对方法。​ 【详解】1.​要点摘录​ ① Tree felling is dangerous, and people without proper chainsaw training must hire a professional tree surgeon.​ ② The best time to fell trees is winter when trees are inactive and deciduous trees have no leaves.​ ③ Preparation for tree felling is vital, including checking the chainsaw, choosing a safe fall direction and planning an escape route.​ ④ The cutting process has two stages: making a directional notch on the fall side first, then a felling cut on the opposite side with felling wedges, leaving a tenth of the trunk as a “hinge”.​ ⑤ When the tree is falling, people should retreat calmly along the escape route; if there are complications, call professionals immediately.​ 2.缜密构思​ 将要点①整合为伐树的安全前提，要点②归纳为适宜的砍伐时间，要点③合并为前期准备的核心内容，要点④梳理成具体的砍伐操作流程，要点⑤整合为突发状况的应对措施​ 3.遣词造句​ Tree felling is a risky task, so those lacking professional chainsaw training should turn to professional tree surgeons.​ Winter is the optimal season for felling trees, especially when deciduous trees lose their leaves to avoid unpredictable falling directions.​ Before felling, you need to get the chainsaw ready, select a safe falling area and plan an escape route in advance.​ The cutting work includes making a directional notch on the target fall side and then a felling cut on the opposite side with wedges to guide the tree, while keeping a small part of the trunk as a hinge.​ When the tree starts to fall, you should leave along the escape route calmly, and call for professional help once any problems occur.​ 【点睛】​[高分句型 1] Tree felling is dangerous, so those without professional chainsaw training must hire a tree surgeon.​(该句运用了so引导的并列句)​ [高分句型 2]Prepare the chainsaw, a safe fall direction and an escape route first, then make a directional notch and a felling cut with wedges, leaving a hinge.​ （该句使用了现在分词短语leaving a hinge作伴随状语）​ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 应该鼓励孩子们多参与户外活动。（encourage）（汉译英） ____________________________________________________________________ 【答案】We should encourage children to participate in more outdoor activities. 【解析】 【详解】考查动词、短语和名词。表示“应该”应用情态动词should；表示“鼓励某人做某事”短语为encourage sb. to do sth.，此处“我们”作主语，应用we，“孩子们”作宾语，应用children；表示“参与”短语为participate in；表示“更多的户外活动”短语为more outdoor activities。故翻译为We should encourage children to participate in more outdoor activities. 53. 随着人工智能的发展，许多传统行业正面临着巨大的挑战。（With…）（汉译英） _____________________________________________________________________ 【答案】With the development of artificial intelligence, many traditional industries are facing significant challenges. 【解析】 【详解】考查介词短语、动词、短语和名词。表示“随着……的发展”应用with的复合结构with the development of...，表示“人工智能”短语为artificial intelligence，所以“随着人工智能的发展”翻译为With the development of artificial intelligence；表示“许多传统行业”短语为many traditional industries；表示“面临”应用动词face，此处表示该动作正在发生，故使用现在进行时，主语为复数，be动词用are；表示“巨大的挑战”短语为significant challenges。故翻译为With the development of artificial intelligence, many traditional industries are facing significant challenges。 54. 随着新学期的开始，学生们需要快速调整心态，以适应更加紧张和繁重的学习任务。(adjust to) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________ 【答案】With the start of the new semester, students need to quickly adjust their mindset to adapt to more intense and demanding academic tasks. 【解析】 【详解】考查介词和时态。“随着……的开始”表达为With the start of...；“新学期”是the new semester；“需要做某事”表达为need to do sth；“快速”即quickly ；“调整心态”表达为adjust one's mindset，这里主语是students，所以用their；“适应”表达为adapt to；“更加紧张和繁重的”表达为more intense and demanding ；“学习任务”表达为academic tasks。句子陈述一般情况，用一般现在时。故译为With the start of the new semester, students need to quickly adjust their mindset to adapt to more intense and demanding academic tasks. 55. 这位年轻企业家凭借其独特的视野和卓越的领导力所取得的惊人成就，远远超出了包括他家人在内的所有人的预期。(exceed) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The remarkable achievements made by this young entrepreneur, thanks to his unique vision and exceptional leadership, far exceeded everyone’s expectations, including his family. 【解析】 【详解】考查非谓语动词和时态。表示“惊人成就”可用the remarkable achievements；表示“这位年轻企业家所取得的”可用过去分词短语made by this young entrepreneur，修饰achievements；表示“凭借”可用短语thanks to；表示“其独特的视野和卓越的领导力”为his unique vision and exceptional leadership；表示“远远超出了”用far exceed；表示“所有人的预期”可用everyone’s expectations；表示“包括他家人在内”为including his family。发生在过去用一般过去时。故翻译为The remarkable achievements made by this young entrepreneur, thanks to his unique vision and exceptional leadership, far exceeded everyone’s expectations, including his family. V. Guided Writing Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below. 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below. 有位著名心理学家曾说：定义我们的不是想法，而是行动。(What defines us is not our thoughts, but our actions.) 请回顾你面临某个艰难抉择的时刻，写一篇个人叙事短文，阐述你在那一刻的行动(而非意图)如何深化了你对自我的认知，内容须包括： (1) 谈谈你对这句话的理解； (2) 描述你曾经面临的某个艰难抉择的时刻； (3) 阐述那一刻的行动如何深化你对自我的认知。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Actions Define Who We Are As the psychologist put it, What defines us is not our thoughts, but our actions. I used to think good intentions were enough, but a tough choice changed my mind completely. Last term, I found a wallet with 500 yuan and an ID card on my way home. Tempted to keep the money for my new book, I hesitated for an hour. Finally, I chose to contact the owner and return it. This act taught me that I’m not just someone with kind thoughts, but a person who dares to turn integrity into action. It deepened my self-awareness: true character lies in acting on principles, not just having them. My action proved I could resist temptation and stay honest. 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇开放性作文。要求考生回顾面临艰难抉择的时刻，阐述那一刻的行动如何深化对自我的认知，同时要谈谈对“定义我们的不是想法，而是行动”这句话的理解。 【详解】1.词汇积累 想法：thoughts→ideas 意图：intention→purpose 完全地：completely→totally 抵抗：resist→withstand 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Last term, I found a wallet with 500 yuan and an ID card on my way home. 拓展句：Last term, when I was on my way home, I found a wallet which contained 500 yuan and an ID card. 【点睛】[高分句型1]As the psychologist put it, What defines us is not our thoughts, but our actions. (运用了what引导的主语从句) [高分句型2]This act taught me that I’m not just someone with kind thoughts, but a person who dares to turn integrity into action. (运用了that引导的宾语从句和who引导的定语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2025学年第一学期徐汇区学习能力诊断卷 高三英语 　试卷 2025.12 I. Grammar and vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. By the mid-21st century, the term “nose job” had been completely redefined. No longer referring to simple cosmetic surgery, it now described a radical procedure to augment the human sense of smell, ____1____(grant) individuals olfactory (嗅觉) powers equivalent to a bloodhound’s. This was achieved by boosting the number of olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity (鼻腔) from the human standard of 6 million to over 100 million. The procedure itself was intensely complex. It involved temporarily removing the nose, scraping its internal tissue, and refilling it with a transplant of the patient’s own programmed stem cells. These cells ____2____ (design) to differentiate into vast numbers of new olfactory cells. When the nose was reattached, neural stem cells grew, forging (建立) new connections to the brain’s olfactory bulb. ____3____ (accommodate) this new hardware, most patients accepted a slightly larger, more bulbous nose, ____4____a minority even opted for a “wet” nose modification to enhance scent trapping, much like a dog’s. The post-operative period was a critical and challenging transition. New “supersniffers” were initially isolated in scent-free clean rooms, as their new ability was overwhelmingly powerful. They ____5____ detect human stress levels, menstrual cycles, remnants of past meals, and even the health of plants. Patients were gradually exposed to richer olfactory stimuli, and their brains, aided by drugs that increased neural plasticity, ____6____(learn) to rewire themselves to interpret this flood of new sensory data. The reasons for ____7____ (undergo) the augmentation were as varied as the scents it revealed. Many sought it for professional advancement. Chefs created more exquisite dishes, detectives could assess the precise timeline of a crime scene, and diplomats could detect lies and hidden emotions in negotiations with uncanny accuracy. Ecologists could literally sniff out the health of an ecosystem, sensing soil conditions and plant vitality, ____8____ revolutionized restoration efforts. In healthcare, the benefits were profound. Caregivers and doctors could understand a patient’s physical and mental state ____9____ unprecedented clarity, and augmented individuals played a crucial role in early disease detection, identifying conditions like cancer or Parkinson’s through subtle scent markers. While some used their new ability for trivial or canine-like greetings, most applied it thoughtfully. In an age increasingly dominated by artificial intelligence, this augmentation was seen as a profoundly human enhancement. It opened a door to a richer, _____10_____ (deeply) felt experience of the world — a sensory realm of emotion and connection that remained inaccessible to machines, making those who underwent it feel more truly alive. Section B Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. typically B. inevitable C. transmission D. circulating E. identified F. symptoms G. hospitable H. landscape I. unusually J. emerged K. signals The emergence of the deadly Usutu virus in the UK, which is devastating blackbird populations, serves as a stark warning that mosquito-borne diseases are gaining a foothold in the country, a trend significantly driven by a warming climate. This development not only threatens wildlife but also ____11____ a growing potential risk to human health. Originating in South Africa in 1959, the Usutu virus has become widespread across Europe and was first ____12____ in the UK in 2020. Its impact has been severe, with blackbird numbers in hotspots like London dropping by over 40% since 2018. As ornithologist (鸟类学家) Hugh Hanmer notes, this dramatic decline was directly correlated with the virus’s arrival. While Usutu itself poses a relatively low risk to people —____13____ causing only mild, flu-like symptoms—its establishment in the UK is a significant milestone. It marks the first time a mosquito-borne virus capable of jumping from animals to humans has ____14____ within the country’s local animal populations. This makes it a crucial case study for virologists (病毒学家), providing a template for how other, more dangerous viruses might spread. The primary concern is West Nile virus, a close relative of Usutu. Both viruses share the same ____15____ method, environmental requirements, and hosts. The same mosquito species that carry Usutu can transmit West Nile, and the same birds act as reservoirs for both. This parallel is alarming because West Nile is far more dangerous to humans. While only about 20% of infected people show ____16____, these can include severe fever, headache, and vomiting, and in rare cases, the infection can be fatal. There is no human vaccine. Climate change is the key accelerator in this story. Warmer summer temperatures have facilitated the northward spread of West Nile through Europe. The Netherlands offers a worrying precedent: Usutu was detected there in 2016, and West Nile virus followed just four years later. UK officials fear a similar pattern, as studies confirm the nation’s climate is becoming increasingly ____17____ to these viruses. In response, the UK’s Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) launched a tracking program in 2023 to monitor Usutu and other viruses in wild birds. This surveillance (监视) infrastructure is vital, aiming to detect viruses ____18____ in animals before they spill over into the human population. Experts like Reina Sikkema in Rotterdam believe a UK detection of West Nile is now almost ____19____. While cooler climates may currently keep it in check, rising temperatures, particularly warmer nights, could create the perfect conditions for it to flare up in the coming years, changing the public health ____20____ of northern Europe. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Before Yuri Gagarin and that first generation of astronauts breached Earth’s atmosphere to start a new era in space, nobody really knew just how humans would fare, either mentally or physically, in low Earth orbit. In those early days, data was collected from probes and a selection of ____21____, but until that pioneering generation flew, no one could say how astronauts would react. The medical profession is still researching the ____22____ of space on the body today, both when in space and the after-effects upon returning to Earth. Of all the medical ____23____ facing life in space, the most fundamental remains the effects of weightlessness. John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth said that he “found weightlessness to be extremely ____24____”. Ironically for Glenn, it wasn’t until an incident two years after returning from space that a more in-depth level of medical inspection was triggered. When Glenn ____25____ a head injury after a fall in a hotel bathroom, the dizzy spells he was suffering highlighted inner-ear issues he’d sustained while in space. ____26____, they raised further questions about his health and how weightlessness had affected it, such as the strain placed on cardiovascular (心血管的) and circulatory systems. Since the 1960s, studies conducted on those who’ve spent time in space have revealed a whole range of medical ____27____. One paper revealed that on missions lasting six months or longer, an astronaut will experience bone density loss that is ____28____ to several decades of ageing. ____29____ this is one of the reasons why crews on the International Space Station need to exercise for two hours every day. Research has also confirmed changes to vision, a compromised immune system, digestive issues and elevated long-term cancer risks. ____30____ space flight could also lead to cognitive decline, plus the onset of depression and anxiety. However, while Glenn’s bathroom fall ____31____sparked a series of rigorous investigations from ground-based doctors, tracking the health effects of space has moved to the environment that causes them: space itself, and the spacecraft and orbiting platforms where longer-term research can be carried out. In the intervening years, there have been thousands of medical research projects on human health in space. For example, in 1989 two physicians on board Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-34) ____32____ to establish a link between cranial (颅骨的) pressure and motion sickness. In 1995, Mir Principal Expedition 18 saw a joint US-Russian medical research project to investigate the effects of weightlessness. And in 2023, members of Expedition 70 on board the International Space Station ____33____ how weightlessness impacts the neck, shoulders and leg veins. However, regardless of what space has thrown at us then and now, the driving force to overcome any ____34____ medical problem remains unshaken: our existence as a species beyond the day when Earth’s time is finally done, depends upon it. It’s one thing to assemble the hardware to propel humankind to Mars and ____35____ beyond the Red Planet; the state of our health when we arrive is another. 21. A. humans B. animals C. insects D. birds 22. A. effects B. causes C. lives D. secretes 23. A. achievements B. challenges C. anticipations D. temptations 24. A. unpleasant B. ridiculous C. impressive D. enjoyable 25. A. created B. made C. obtained D. sustained 26. A. Finally B. Unusually C. Soon D. Later 27. A. achievements B. treatments C. concerns D. experiments 28. A. necessary B. awkward C. equivalent D. reluctant 29. A. Measuring B. Combatting C. Implying D. Discouraging 30. A. Prolonged B. Exploited C. Triggered D. Simulated 31. A. unintentionally B. uncommonly C. unfortunately D. unnecessarily 32. A. applied B. declined C. bothered D. sought 33. A. inquired B. responded C. monitored D. assembled 34. A. illegal B. financial C. potential D. preventive 35. A. immediately B. particularly C. occasionally D. possibly Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Ostriches versus emus: what’s the difference? Ostriches and emus have much in common. They are both absolutely enormous. At 2.5m tall and weighing 130kg, ostriches are the biggest of all living birds, and emus are close runners up. Besides, both are incapable of flight, with wings that serve only as balancing aids while running. The differences are perhaps not as obvious as you might expect, considering they’ve been evolving independently for about 50 million years. Certainly, their plumage (羽毛) is different. Male ostriches are black-white-and-pink birds, while the slightly smaller females are more uniformly brown. Male and female emus are more similar, with shaggy, brown plumage that hangs like a grass-skirt, and a sweep of blue skin on the neck. Should you ever need to identify them from a footprint, an ostrich has two toes on each foot, while an emu has three. And an ostrich’s egg is creamy in colour, while an emu’s is green. (Ostriches lay the biggest eggs of any living bird, though, relative to body size, they are the smallest.) The reproductive lives of both are rather unusual. Among ostriches, many females will lay eggs in a single nest that is tended by a resident pair. And emus avoid sex-role conventions – it’s the females that do the courting (求偶) and the males that do the bulk of the parenting. Ostriches and emus live on different continents (Africa and Australia, respectively). They are, however, closely related. Both are members of a group called the ratites (鸵鸟目), which also includes other large, flightless (and funny) species, such as the rheas of South America and the cassowaries of New Guinea, but also the kiwis of New Zealand, which are much smaller, but no more capable of flight (and no less comical). New Zealand was also once home to the extinct moas, which were only slightly smaller than the elephant birds of Madagascar (also extinct), the biggest birds that have ever lived, at well over 3m tall. Then there are the tinamous of the Americas. On the face of it, these grouse-like birds look nothing like ratites, and yet skeletal and genetic similarities suggest they are the closest living relatives of the moas. Intriguingly, tinamous can fly, which suggests that the other ratites became flightless only after they all went their separate ways. 36. Which of the following is a key physical difference between an ostrich and an emu that could be used for identification? A. The density of their feathering. B. The structure of their wings. C. The number of toes on their feet. D. Their overall height and weight. 37. What can be inferred from the passage about the ability to fly within the ratite group? A. All ratites, including kiwis, have completely lost the ability to fly. B. The tinamous suggest that the common ancestors of ratites could likely fly. C. Moas and elephant birds became extinct because they could not fly. D. Emus and ostriches are the only ratites that use their wings for balancing. 38. Based on the overall passage, what is the author’s main purpose in comparing ostriches and emus? A. To argue that they are more different than they are similar. B. To explain the uniqueness of the group of flightless birds. C. To provide a simple guide for telling the two species apart. D. To detail the evolutionary history that led to their flightlessness. (B) As early as 2,700 years ago, a herdswoman who lived in the arid (干旱的) stretches of northwest China was buried in a coat made of animal hides (动物皮), woolen pants, and leather boots. Dressed to ride, she was also buried with her leather saddle (马鞍). Found in the Yanghai cemetery (墓地) near Turpan and dated to between 700 and 400 b.c., this saddle, the oldest yet found, challenges assumptions about who was using such gear, and for what purpose. The find was “a surprise,” according to Patrick Wertmann of the University of Zurich, lead author of a study of the saddle, published in Archaeological Research in Asia. Saddle finds are rare, as their organic components often decay. Other kinds of horse gear, such as bridles and bits, are more commonly found, but they do not necessarily indicate saddle usage. Until the Yanghai find, the oldest known saddles belonged to the Pazyryk culture, centered on the Altay area of Kazakhstan and Russia to the north of Yanghai and Turpan. Although the Pazyryk saddles have been indirectly dated to the fifth century B.C., Wertmann considers that the Pazyryk culture had pioneered saddle use centuries earlier. “Horse riding was probably introduced to northwest China from the Pazyryk region, and it’s possible that saddles also arrived that way,” he told History. However, until such earlier specimens are found (or the fifth-century b.c. saddles are redated and found to be older), the Yanghai saddle is considered to be the world’s oldest yet recovered. Preserved by the region’s arid climate, the Yanghai saddle offers rich insights into early horse-riding technology and the society that created it. Its two wing-shaped hides, filled with a mixture of straw, deer hair, and camel hair, were sewn together along the outer edges and separated by a section without stuffing (known as the gullet), which eased the pressure on the horse’s spine. The emergence of such designs reveals “the increasing care about the comfort and safety of the rider, and the health of the horse,” said Wertmann. Greater comfort made it possible to travel longer distances, increasing interaction with different people. “Unlike the younger finds from the elite Scythian burials, this early saddle was made from inexpensive materials and used by a common woman,” Wertmann’s study notes. “Yet it is testimony to the same mastery of craftsmanship.” When people began to ride horses and when they began to use saddles are much debated topics. One study suggests horseback riding originated in what is today Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary around3000 b.c. In the centuries before the saddle emerged, horse riders rode bareback or sat on mats or blankets. The Yanghai saddle also shakes assumptions that horse-riding saddles were used solely by men for military purposes. “The discovery of this saddle inside the tomb of a woman suggests that women participated in the everyday activities of mounted pastoralists, which included herding and traveling,” said Wertmann. 39. According to the passage, the owner of the world’s oldest known saddle was most likely a ________. A. male warrior from the Pazyryk culture B. female herdswoman from northwest China C. Scythian noblewoman D. horse-riding pioneer from Kazakhstan 40. What is the main significance of the Yanghai saddle discovery as emphasized in the passage? A. It proves that horseback riding originated in China. B. It reveals the high cost and elite status of its owner. C. It challenges previous assumptions about saddle users and purposes. D. It demonstrates the superior preservation techniques of the Yanghai people. 41. The underlined word “wing-shaped” in the description of the saddle (paragraph 7) most likely refers to the hides being ________. A. shaped like wings to help the horse run faster B. sewn together without any stuffing in the middle C. filled with a mixture of different animal hairs D. shaped to curve upwards on either side of the horse’s spine 42. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A. The Yanghai saddle is made of expensive materials, indicating the high status of its owner. B. The Pazyryk saddles are now confirmed to be older than the Yanghai saddle. C. The design of the Yanghai saddle shows consideration for the horse’s well-being. D. Before this discovery, it was assumed that saddles were first used by women for herding. (C) Tapping out a message with a finger or two on a smartphone is catching up to the speed of typing on a traditional keyboard. Two-thumbed mobile typists generated an average of about 38 words per minute, according to what researchers describe as the largest experiment to date on mobile typing. That’s still a quarter less than the 51.56 word-per-minute average in physical keyboard users, but the gap isn’t as big as expected, researchers said, adding that they were “amazed” by the results. Mobile typists who use auto-correct are faster than those who use word-prediction tools, according to a study that looked at 37,000 volunteers tested by researchers at Finland’s Aalto University, the University of Cambridge and ETH Zürich. Earlier devices such as the BlackBerry promoted typing on miniature keyboards, too. Now, most smartphone users type on their devices with one or both thumbs. Some also type with a single index finger. As the smartphone has claimed a bigger and bigger portion of our communications, many educators and researchers have posed questions about the longer-term effects the move to typing on a digital keyboard may have — particularly on younger generations. The better-than-expected results surprised researchers, because typing on a smartphone “is a type of motor skill that people learn on their own with no formal training, which is very unlike typing on physical keyboards,” study co-author Antti Oulasvirta said in a news release. In fact, 10-to-19-year-olds type about 10 wpm faster than people in their 40s do, regardless of whether the keyboard was on a smartphone or a computer. The best typists could do more than 80 wpm. The study’s authors predict that the typing gap may close at some point as the population becomes less skilled with physical keyboards and as mobile typing technology improves. Still, there are some trade-offs when it comes to typing on a smartphone. Those participating in the study left more errors uncorrected, something that also resulted in less backspacing. “A possible explanation is the higher interaction cost of correcting mistakes on mobile devices and the limited text editing methods,” according to the researchers. The researchers collected the typing data from thousands of individuals using an online typing test. The test asked participants to transcribe a series of sentences, and recorded their keystrokes, errors, speed and other metrics. It also asked them to self-report their demographic (人口统计学的) data, as well as information about how they type and the sort of keyboard they used to complete the test. Smartphones may have some of the ergonomic (人体工学的) risks associated with their more traditional counterparts, professors say. Smartphone usage can lead to neck, shoulder and grip issues, said Bradley Chase, an associate professor of industrial and systems engineering at the University of San Diego. “The concerns aren’t fewer, just different” than those with traditional keyboards, Chase said. 43. Which of the following is true about the speed of mobile typing? A. It is equivalent to the speed of typing on a keyboard. B. It is much faster than typing on a keyboard. C. It is a little slower than typing on a keyboard. D. It is much faster than researchers can imagine. 44. It can be learned from Paragraph 6 that . A. people have never formally learned how to type on smartphones B. the youth type slower than the middle-aged mainly on a computer C. mobile typing will totally replace physical keyboard typing D. the gap between typing on phone and typing with keyboards may close 45. Which is the possible reason that people tend to leave typing errors uncorrected? A. Heavy workload. B. Erroneous editing methods. C. Higher interaction cost. D. Inconvenient operation method. 46. What can be inferred from the passage about the future of typing? A. Physical keyboards will definitely become obsolete within a few years. B. The speed gap between mobile and physical keyboard typing might disappear. C. Ergonomic risks associated with smartphones are expected to be completely eliminated. D. Auto-correct technology will be replaced by word-prediction tools. Section C Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Amid the turmoil of the Second World War, a visionary group assembled with a uniquely optimistic mission: to plan for the preservation of Britain’s natural landscapes after the conflict. A key figure among them was John Dower, an architect and civil servant from Ilkley. ____47____ He advocated for public access for open-air enjoyment, alongside safeguards for wildlife, farming, and historic buildings. Tragically, Dower died from tuberculosis in 1947 at the age of 47, just four years before his dream was realized with the establishment of Britain’s first national park in the Peak District in 1951. Eighty years on, Dower’s legacy is profound. There are now 15 national parks across Great Britain, covering roughly 10% of its land surface, with potentially three more in development across England, Scotland, and Wales. ____48____ They are living, working landscapes that are both empty and bustling, home to isolated farmsteads and thriving communities. This complex mix of private ownership, public interest, and natural beauty means park authorities must act as both planning officers and wardens of nature. ____49____ Questions persist about balancing the needs of visitors and locals: Is it right for quarrying to scar areas of natural beauty? Should the excesses of rural tourism be reined in before they degrade the landscape? How can affordable housing be provided in areas where park designation inflates property prices? Despite these ongoing and legitimate challenges, the national parks are a cherished part of the national heritage. The process of adding new ones, whether in the Chilterns, Galloway, or north-east Wales, is slow, but their cultural value is undeniable. Although recent government grants offer some relief, charities warn that real-term funding has fallen significantly. ____50____ They stand as a lasting testament to John Dower’s campaigning belief that they are “for all who come to refresh their minds and spirit and exercise their bodies in a peaceful setting of natural beauty.” A. Unlike the vast wildernesses of the American model, British national parks are a unique tapestry of the wild and the cultivated. B. Nevertheless, these landscapes are now forever interwoven with British culture. C. The very concept of a ‘national park’ was imported from the United States, where the establishment of Yellowstone in 1872 created a template for the world. D. This very complexity inevitably sparks passionate debate about their purpose and management. E. The post-war period also saw a revolution in agricultural technology, with the widespread adoption of tractors fundamentally changing the face of British farming. F. His great vision was for beautiful landscapes to be strictly preserved for the nation. III．Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. What’s the best way to fell a tree? Felling a tree is naturally dangerous, and without proper chainsaw training, hiring a professional tree surgeon is essential. While the underlying principles are straightforward, the risks are high. The optimal time for felling is winter, when trees are inactive. For deciduous (落叶的) trees, the absence of leaves is critical, as dense leaves can act like a sail in the wind, making the tree’s fall direction unpredictable. Always call a professional if power lines, buildings, or unusual trunk shapes are involved. Preparation is vital. Ensure your chainsaw is sharp, fueled, and oiled. Select a clear, open direction for the tree to fall, ensuring people and pets are a safe distance away. Remember that trees are often much larger than they appear, so accurately judge their height and width. Crucially, plan and clear a swift escape route away from the intended fall path. The cutting process involves two main stages. First, create a directional notch (切口) on the side facing the fall direction. About 60cm from the ground, make a 70-degree downward cut into one-third of the trunk’s diameter. Then, make a horizontal cut to meet the first, removing the wedge of wood. Next, move to the opposite side to make the felling cut. Saw horizontally, just above the notch’s base. Once a third of the way through, pause to drive in felling wedges (楔子). These prevent the saw from binding and guide the tree to fall correctly. Continue cutting until only a tenth of the trunk remains, forming a “hinge.” Remove the saw. If a loud crack signals the tree is falling, walk calmly along your escape route—never run with a chainsaw. If it remains standing, carefully tap the wedges further. Should any complications arise, retreat to a safe distance and immediately call for professional assistance. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 应该鼓励孩子们多参与户外活动。（encourage）（汉译英） ____________________________________________________________________ 53. 随着人工智能的发展，许多传统行业正面临着巨大的挑战。（With…）（汉译英） _____________________________________________________________________ 54. 随着新学期的开始，学生们需要快速调整心态，以适应更加紧张和繁重的学习任务。(adjust to) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________ 55. 这位年轻企业家凭借其独特的视野和卓越的领导力所取得的惊人成就，远远超出了包括他家人在内的所有人的预期。(exceed) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below. 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below. 有位著名心理学家曾说：定义我们的不是想法，而是行动。(What defines us is not our thoughts, but our actions.) 请回顾你面临某个艰难抉择的时刻，写一篇个人叙事短文，阐述你在那一刻的行动(而非意图)如何深化了你对自我的认知，内容须包括： (1) 谈谈你对这句话的理解； (2) 描述你曾经面临的某个艰难抉择的时刻； (3) 阐述那一刻的行动如何深化你对自我的认知。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $