2026年中考英语重难点语法辨析：主动语态vs.被动语态&专项练习卷

中考英语重难点语法辨析：主动语态vs.被动语态&专项练习卷 在中考英语中，主动语态（Active Voice）和被动语态（Passive Voice）是语法辨析的核心难点之一。两者本质区别在于“主语与动作的关系”：主动语态强调“主语执行动作”，被动语态强调“主语承受动作”。 一、核心概念与结构对比 1. 主动语态 定义：主语是动作的“发出者”（执行者），谓语直接体现“主语→宾语”的动作关系。基本结构：主语 + 谓语动词（主动形式） + 宾语​例： · Tom writes a letter.（汤姆写一封信。→ 主语Tom是“写”的执行者） · We clean the classroom every day.（我们每天打扫教室。→ 主语we是“打扫”的执行者） 2. 被动语态 定义：主语是动作的“承受者”（受动者），谓语通过“be动词+过去分词”体现“宾语→主语”的被动关系。基本结构：主语（原宾语） + be动词（随时态/人称变化） + 过去分词（done） + （by+原主语，可选）​例： · A letter is written by Tom.（一封信被汤姆写。→ 主语a letter是“写”的承受者） · The classroom is cleaned by us every day.（教室每天被我们打扫。→ 主语classroom是“打扫”的承受者） 二、被动语态的时态与结构拓展​ 中考重点考查不同时态下的被动语态，需熟练掌握“be动词的时态变化+过去分词”的组合： 时态 被动结构 例句（主动→被动） 一般现在时 am/is/are + done He reads books. → Books are read (by him). 一般过去时 was/were + done She made a cake. → A cake was made (by her). 一般将来时 will be + done / be going to be + done They will build a bridge. → A bridge will be built (by them). 现在进行时 am/is/are being + done They are painting the wall. → The wall is being painted (by them). 过去进行时 was/were being + done He was repairing the car. → The car was being repaired (by him). 现在完成时 have/has been + done We have finished the work. → The work has been finished (by us). 三、被动语态的使用场景（中考高频考点）​ 被动语态并非“可随意替换主动”，需根据语境选择。中考常考以下4类场景： 1. 不知道/没必要提及动作执行者 当动作的执行者未知、不重要或无需说明时，用被动语态。例： · My bike was stolen last night.（我的自行车昨晚被偷了。→ 不知道谁偷的） · The book was published in 2020.（这本书2020年出版。→ 无需提出版社） 2. 强调动作的承受者（主语是焦点） 当需要突出“谁/什么被动作影响”时，用被动语态。例： · The project must be completed before Friday.（项目必须在周五前完成。→ 强调“项目”需完成） · Many trees are planted in spring.（春天种很多树。→ 强调“树”被种植） 3. 客观陈述（科学、规则、事实等） 学术、官方或客观场景中，常用被动语态弱化主观色彩。例： · English is spoken all over the world.（英语在全世界被使用。→ 客观事实） · The rule says that phones mustn’t be used in class.（规定说课上不能用手机。→ 规则陈述） 4. 固定句型或短语搭配 某些结构中必须用被动语态，中考需牢记： · need doing = need to be done（需要被…）：The room needs cleaning = The room needs to be cleaned.（房间需要被打扫） · want/require doing = want/require to be done：The problem requires solving = The problem requires to be solved.（问题需要被解决） · It is said/believed/reported that…（据说/认为/报道…）：It is said that he is rich.（据说他很富有。） 四、主动语态vs.被动语态的核心辨析点​ 1. 感官动词与使役动词的特殊被动（“主补”问题） 主动语态中，感官动词（see, hear, watch, feel等）或使役动词（make, let, have等）后接“宾语+省略to的不定式”（do）作宾补；但变为被动语态时，必须还原to。例： · 主动：I saw him cross the road.（我看见他过马路。）→ 宾补是cross（省略to） · 被动：He was seen to cross the road (by me).（他被看见过马路。）→ 必须加to 2. 双宾语结构的被动转换 主动语态中含双宾语（直接宾语+间接宾语）时，被动语态有两种转换方式（中考常考“保留哪一个宾语作主语”）： · 主动：He gave me a book.（他给我一本书。）→ 双宾语：me（间宾）+ a book（直宾） · 被动1（保留直宾作主语）：A book was given to me (by him). · 被动2（保留间宾作主语）：I was given a book (by him). 3. “不及物动词无被动”原则 不及物动词（如happen, take place, die, arrive等）没有被动语态（因无宾语，无法“承受动作”）。例： · ✘ The accident was happened yesterday.（错误） → ✔ The accident happened yesterday.（事故昨天发生。） · ✘ The meeting was taken place last week.（错误） → ✔ The meeting took place last week.（会议上周举行。） 4. 静态动词（表状态）无被动 表示“拥有、适合、等于”等状态的动词（have, belong, fit, cost, weigh等）无被动语态。例： · ✘ This book is belonged to me.（错误） → ✔ This book belongs to me.（这本书属于我。） · ✘ The coat is fitted for you.（错误） → ✔ The coat fits you.（这件外套适合你。） 五、中考易错点与真题演练​ 易错点1：混淆“被动语态”与“系表结构” 被动语态强调“动作”（be done表“被…”）；系表结构强调“状态”（be done表“处于某种状态”，此时done为形容词化过去分词）。例： · The window was broken by Tom.（被动语态→ 窗户被汤姆打破。） · The window is broken.（系表结构→ 窗户是破的[状态]。） 易错点2：遗漏“by短语”的逻辑主语 被动语态中，若原主动句的宾语是“人”，且需明确执行者，需加by短语；若宾语是“物”或无明确执行者，可省略by短语。例： · The tree was cut down (by workers).（树被砍倒[执行者是工人，可加by短语]） · Rice is grown here.（这里种水稻[无需提执行者，省略by短语]） 总结：备考策略​ 1. 熟记被动语态的6大时态结构（一般现在→现在完成），尤其注意“be动词随主语人称/时态变化”。 2. 区分“被动语态”与“系表结构”“不及物动词无被动”等特殊规则。 3. 结合语境判断何时用被动（强调承受者、未知执行者等），避免“为被动而被动”。 4. 通过真题练习强化“双宾语被动转换”“感官/使役动词被动还原to”等细节。 中考语法辨析试卷：主动语态 vs 被动语态 考试说明​ · 本卷共 4 大部分，按考点分类，每部分有不同题型（单选、填空、改错、翻译）。 · 考试时间：40分钟 满分：100分 第一部分：基础识别（共20分，每题2分）​ 考点1：主动语态与被动语态的概念识别​ ( ) 1. Which sentence is in the active voice? A. The cake was eaten by the children. B. The children ate the cake. C. The cake is being eaten. D. The cake has been eaten. ( ) 2. Choose the passive voice​ sentence. A. She sings a song. B. They are playing football. C. A song is sung by her. D. He writes stories. 第二部分：结构与时态转换（共30分）​ 考点2：被动语态的基本结构与时态变化​ ( ) 3. The workers built this bridge last year. → Passive: A. This bridge was built by the workers last year. B. This bridge is built by the workers last year. C. This bridge built by the workers last year. D. This bridge was build by the workers last year. ( ) 4. Look at the active sentence: "They will finish the work tomorrow." Choose the correct passive form. A. The work will be finished by them tomorrow. B. The work is finished by them tomorrow. C. The work will finished by them tomorrow. D. The work will be finish by them tomorrow. 考点3：双宾语结构的被动转换 ( ) 5. Active: He gave me a gift. Which two are correct passives? A. I was given a gift by him. B. A gift was given me by him. C. A gift was given to me by him. D. Me was given a gift by him. 第三部分：特殊用法与固定结构（共30分）​ 考点4：感官动词/使役动词被动还原 to​ ( ) 6. Active: I saw him enter the room. Passive: A. He was seen enter the room. B. He was seen to enter the room. C. He was saw to enter the room. D. He is seen entering the room. 考点5：不及物动词与静态动词无被动​ ( ) 7. Which sentence is incorrect? A. The accident happened yesterday. B. The accident was happened yesterday. C. The meeting took place last Monday. D. The book belongs to Lucy. 考点6：Need/Want/Require + doing = need/want/require to be done​ ( ) 8. The garden needs watering. → Another correct form: A. The garden needs water. B. The garden needs to be watered. C. The garden needs being watered. D. The garden needs watered. 考点7：客观陈述的固定句型 It is said/believed/reported that...​ ( ) 9. ____ that more than 70% of households own a car in this city. A. People say B. It is said C. Someone said D. They are saying 第四部分：综合应用与易错辨析（共20分）​ 考点8：被动语态与系表结构的区别​ ( ) 10. Choose the passive voice​ (emphasizing action): A. The window is broken. B. The window was broken by John. C. The window breaks easily. D. The window broke into pieces. 考点9：by短语的取舍​ ( ) 11. Rice ______ in many countries. (No specific agent needed) A. Grows B. is grown C. is grown by farmers D. grew 填空题（每空2分）​ 考点10：时态与被动语态综合运用​ 1. The novel __________ (write) by Mo Yan and __________ (publish) in 2012. 2. The students __________ (ask) to hand in their homework before Friday. 改错题（每题2分）​ 考点11：常见错误纠正​ 1. The meeting was taken place last week. → 改正：_________________________ 2. I saw him to leave the house early. → 改正：_________________________ 翻译题（每题2分）​考点12：汉译英中的语态选择​ 1. 这封信是昨天写的。（强调“信”被写）→ ___________________________________________________ 2. 他们每年种很多树。（强调“树”被种植）→ ___________________________________________________ 参考答案与考点对应​ 第一部分​ 1. B（考点1） 2. C（考点1） 第二部分​ 1. A（考点2） 2. A（考点2） 3. A, C（考点3） 第三部分​ 1. B（考点4） 2. B（考点5） 3. B（考点6） 4. B（考点7） 第四部分​ 1. B（考点8） 2. B（考点9） 3. was written; was published（考点10） 4. were asked（考点10） 5. The meeting took place last week.（去掉was，因take place无被动）（考点11） 6. I saw him leave the house early.（感官动词被动还原to的错误，这里是主动，应去掉to）（考点11） 7. The letter was written yesterday.（考点12） 8. Many trees are planted by them every year. / Many trees are planted every year.（考点12） 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $