UNIT 1 PEOPLE OF ACHIEVEMENT-【正禾一本通】2025-2026学年高二英语选择性必修1同步课堂高效讲义教师用书（人教版）

本讲义围绕人物传记阅读与表达这一核心，系统整合屠呦呦与爱因斯坦事迹的阅读材料、重点词汇（如vital, committed）、语法（非限制性定语从句、独立主格结构）及人物介绍写作模块。通过Lead-in讨论导入、Skim/Scan阅读训练、词汇语法详解到写作输出的学习支架，构建“输入-内化-输出”完整学习链。 资料特色在于融合文化意识与思维品质培养，以中外科学家事迹为载体，增强学生家国情怀与国际视野，通过“分析科学家精神”“讨论研究挑战”等问题链引导深度思考。语言能力训练注重语境化，如vital的用法归纳结合写作佳句，课中分层任务助力教师高效教学，课后分层练习（单词拼写、语法填空）帮助学生自主巩固，弥补知识盲点。

Xiaohe stood before her classmates, eager to share stories of two genius scientists.She began with Tu Youyou, whose work in physiology saved millions of lives.In the 1970s, Tu aimed to defeat malaria.After encountering ancient texts, she insisted on studying wormwood.Through persistent experiments, she obtained a crucial extract using a low­temperature method to preserve its properties.This substance, later named artemisinin, became a vital treatment.“Her objective was clear，” Xiaohe said, “and she proved traditional medicine's power.”Next, Xiaohe talked about Albert Einstein.Though best known for relativity, Einstein once worked at a patent office, analysing devices.He earned his doctorate in 1905, the same year he drafted revolutionary papers.Xiaohe explained how his theory redefined physics, inferring that energy and mass are linked.Despite difficult circumstances, his passion for science never faded.“He held a patent for a fridge design too！”Xiaohe added, highlighting his versatility.Both scientists, Xiaohe concluded, showed that curiosity and determination could change the world. Section Ⅰ　Reading and Thinking Step One　Lead­in Discuss and answer the following questions. Do you know some Chinese scientists who fight against infectious diseases? Who are they? Yes, I know some scientists, who have made great contributions to the fight against some deadly infectious diseases. They are Zhong Nanshan, Chen Wei, and Li Lanjuan. Step Two　Read for the main idea 1．Skim the text and fill in the blanks. 2．What is the main idea of the text? A．Tu Youyou's discovery of artemisinin and her great contributions to the medical field. B．Tu Youyou's early life. C．How Tu Youyou saved lives in Africa. D．How Tu Youyou became a famous scientist. 答案：A Step Three　Read for details Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions. 1．Why is artemisinin important? It's a new treatment for malaria, saving hundreds of thousands of lives and improving health for millions. It saves 100，000 lives a year in Africa alone. 2．How did Tu Youyou's background help her research? Her education in traditional Chinese medicine and experience at the China Academy prepared her to explore ancient texts and botanical treatments. 3．What challenges did Tu Youyou's team face? They tried dried wormwood leaves and boiling fresh wormwood, but neither worked. The project got stuck until Tu found a new extraction method. 4．How did they ensure artemisinin was safe and effective? Tu and her team tested it on themselves first, then on malaria patients, most of whom recovered. 5．What does Tu Youyou think about the discovery of artemisinin? She believes it was a team effort and highlights the value of traditional Chinese medicine. Step Four　Consolidation Discuss the following questions with your partners and present your answer to the class. 1．Do you want to be a person like Tu Youyou? Why or why not? 2．If yes, what preparations are you going to make? Your presentation： Yes.I do want to be someone like Tu Youyou, because I really admire her for her commitment to her work and contributions to our country.So from now on, I will study even harder to get myself prepared for whatever career I may choose and acquire as much knowledge as possible. ◎ TU YOUYOU AWARDED NOBEL PRIZE 6 October 2015 [1]This year's Nobel Prize in Physiology① or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou (co­winner), whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin②， a crucial③ new treatment for malaria．Artemisinin has saved hundreds of thousands of④ lives, and has led to⑤ improved health for millions of people.Over 200 million people around the world get malaria⑥ each year, and about 600, 000 die from⑦ it.Artemisinin has become a vital⑧ part of the treatment for malaria, and [2]is thought to save 100, 000 lives a year in Africa alone⑨. [1]此句是一个复合句， whose在句中引导定语从句， 表“所属， 所有”； a crucial new treatment for malaria作artemisinin的同位语。 [2]可以转换成句式： It is thought that artemisinin saves 100, 000 lives a year in Africa alone. [3]Tu Youyou, a committed⑩ and patient scientist, was born in⑪ Ningbo, China, on 30 December 1930, and graduated from⑫ Peking University Medical School in 1955．After she graduated, she worked at the China Academy⑬ of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing.In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists with the objective⑭ of discovering a new treatment for malaria, and Tu Youyou was among the first researchers chosen⑮.In the beginning, Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients.In 1969, she became the head of the project in Beijing, and decided to review ancient Chinese medical texts to find traditional botanical⑯ treatments for the disease.Her team examined over 2, 000 old medical texts, and evaluated⑰ 280, 000 plants for their medical properties⑱.[4]From their research, they discovered and tested 380 distinct⑲ ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise⑳ in the fight against malaria. [3]此句是一个简单句， a committed and patient scientist在句中作同位语；and连接两个并列谓语。 [4]此句是复合句， 句中that引导定语从句， that在从句中作主语。 One medical text from the fourth century suggested㉑ using the extract㉒ from sweet wormwood to treat a fever.Tu's team tested a collection of㉓ dried wormwood㉔ leaves but found no effect.They then tried boiling㉕ fresh wormwood, and using the liquid㉖ obtained㉗ from this to treat malaria, but this did not work either.Their project got stuck㉘.However, Tu Youyou would not acknowledge㉙ defeat㉚.She analysed㉛ the medical texts again, and by chance㉜, she found one sentence suggesting a different way to treat the wormwood.She concluded that㉝ boiling the sweet wormwood apparently㉞ destroyed its medical properties.[5]Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract, she found a substance㉟ that worked.[6]After failing more than 190 times, the team finally succeeded in 1971.Tu Youyou and her team members even insisted㊱ on testing the medicine on themselves to make sure that㊲ it was safe.[7]Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered．This medicine, which was called artemisinin, soon became a standard treatment for malaria. [5]句中动词­ing形式(短语)作方式状语； that worked为定语从句修饰先行词substance。 [6]句中介词after＋动词­ing形式(短语), 可转换成连词after引导的时间状语从句： After they failed more than 190 times。 [7]句中most of whom引导定语从句，whom修饰先行词malaria patients, 类似结构还有： some of/none of/many of whom。 According to Tu Youyou, the discovery of artemisinin was a team effort㊳.[8]Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize, she said，“The honour is not just mine．There is a team behind me, and all the people of my country.This success proves㊴ the great value of traditional Chinese medicine.It is indeed㊵ an honour for China's scientific㊶ research and Chinese medicine to be spread around the world.” [8] 句中“upon＋动词­ing形式短语”作时间状语， upon/on doing意为“一……就……”。 ◎ ①physiology n．生理学； 生理机能 ②artemisinin n．[药]青蒿素 ③crucial adj.至关重要的； 关键性的 ④hundreds of thousands of 数以万计 ⑤lead to(lead­led­led) 导致； 通向(to为介词) ⑥malaria n．疟疾 ⑦die from 死于 ⑧vital adj.必不可少的； 极其重要的； 充满生机的 ⑨alone adv.独自地； 单独地； 只， 仅仅 ⑩committed adj.尽心尽力的； 坚定的； 坚信的 commit vt.承诺； 保证(某个人、机构等) vi.忠于； 全心全意投入(工作、活动等) commit oneself to do 承诺； 保证(做某事、遵守协议或安排等) ⑪be born in...出生在…… be born with...天生……；与生俱来…… ⑫graduate from 从……毕业 ⑬academy n．(艺术、文学、科学等的)研究院；学会；专科院校 academic adj.学业的； 学术的 ⑭objective n．目标；目的 adj.客观的 with the objective of＝with the aim/goal of 怀着……的目标 ⑮choose(chose­chosen) v．选择 choice n．选择 have no choice but to do sth 别无选择只能做某事 ⑯botanical adj.植物学的 ⑰evaluate vt.评价； 评估 ⑱property n．性质； 特征； 财产 ⑲distinct adj.清晰的； 清楚的； 有区别的 ⑳promise n．许诺； 前途； 迹象 promising adj.有希望的， 有前途的 ㉑ suggest doing sth 建议做某事 suggest that sb (should) do 建议某人做某事 ㉒extract n．提取物； 摘录 vt.提取； 提炼； 摘录； (用力)拔出 ㉓a collection of 很多， 一批 ㉔wormwood n．蒿；洋艾 ㉕boil vt.& vi.(使)沸腾； 煮开； 烧开 n．沸腾； 沸点 ㉖liquid n．液体adj.液体的； 液态的 ㉗obtain vt.(尤指经努力)获得； 赢得 vi.(规章、习俗等)存在； 流行 ㉘get stuck 被困住 ㉙acknowledge vt.承认(属实、权威等); (公开)感谢 ㉚defeat n．失败； 挫败 vt.击败； 战胜 ㉛analys(z)e vt.分析 ㉜by chance/accident 碰巧； 偶然 ㉝conclude that...(＝make a conclusion that...) 得出结论…… ㉞apparently adv.显而易见； 看来； 显然 ㉟substance n．物质； 物品； 事实根据 ㊱insist vi.&vt.坚持； 坚决要求 insist on (doing) 坚决要求(做) ㊲make sure that...确保， 确定 ㊳a team effort 团队合作 ㊴prove vt.证明， 证实 ㊵indeed adv.的确； 实在 ㊶ scientific adj.科学(上)的；关于科学的 ◎ 屠呦呦荣获诺贝尔奖 2015年10月6日 本年度的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖已授予屠呦呦(共同获奖者), 她的研究使青蒿素这种至关重要的新型抗疟疾药物得以发现。青蒿素挽救了成千上万人的生命， 改善了很多人的健康状况。全世界每年有2亿多人感染疟疾， 其中约60万人死于该种疾病。青蒿素成了抗疟疾药物的关键成分， 据估计每年仅在非洲就挽救了10万人的性命。 屠呦呦， 这位尽职尽责、锲而不舍的科学家1930年12月30日出生于中国宁波， 1955年毕业于北京大学医学部(原北京医学院)。 毕业后， 她就职于北京的中国中医研究院。1967年， 中国政府成立了一支科学家团队， 旨在发现一种新型抗疟疾疗法， 屠呦呦入选首批研究人员。起初， 屠呦呦奔赴疟疾更为常见的海南研究疟疾患者。1969年， 她在北京成了该项目的负责人， 并决定从中医药古方中寻找应对疟疾的传统植物疗法。她的团队研读了2 000多篇(个)中医药古籍(古方), 评估了28万种植物的药学属性。通过研究， 他们发现并测试了380种不同的有望战胜疟疾的古代中医疗法。 一本四世纪的医学文献建议采用青蒿提取物治疗发烧， 屠呦呦的团队测试了一组干青蒿叶， 但是发现无效。之后， 他们尝试水煎新鲜青蒿叶， 用熬出的液体治疗疟疾， 但是依旧无效。他们的项目陷入了僵局。然而， 屠呦呦并不认输。她再次分析医学文献， 碰巧发现其中有一句话建议采用一种不同的方法处理青蒿。她得出结论， 认为水煎青蒿显然破坏了它的药学属性。通过使用更低的温度萃取提取物后， 她发现了一种有效物质。经历了190多次的失败之后， 团队终于在1971年获得了成功。屠呦呦与团队成员甚至坚持以身试药， 以确保药物的安全性。随后， 该药物试用于疟疾患者， 其中大多数人康复了。这种被称为青蒿素的药物很快就成为治疗疟疾的标准疗法。 据屠呦呦所说， 青蒿素的发现是团队共同努力的结果。获悉自己被授予诺贝尔奖时， 她说：“这份荣誉不仅仅属于我。我的身后是一个团队以及全国人民。这项成功印证了传统中医药的巨大价值。中国的科学研究和中医药得以在全世界传播确实是一个荣誉。” vital adj.必不可少的；极其重要的；充满生机的 【教材原句】　Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is thought to save 100, 000 lives a year in Africa alone. 青蒿素成了抗疟疾药物的关键成分， 据估计每年仅在非洲就挽救了10万人的性命。 【用法归纳】 be vital for/to... 对……极为重要 It is vital to do sth 做某事很重要 It is vital that...(should) do sth 做某事是十分重要的 be of vital importance/significance 至关重要 【佳句必背】　①It is of vital importance/significance that we (should) learn something from failure.(读后续写之主旨升华)我们从失败中吸取教训是至关重要的。 ②If we are to make a difference in life, it's vital that we (should) begin with small things.(读后续写之主旨升华)如果我们想要在生活中发挥作用，重要的是我们应该从小事开始。 【练透考点】　单句语法填空 ①Consideration for other people is vital for/to all of us. ②It's vital that we (should) carry (carry) out the operation immediately. ③It is vital to protect (protect) wild animals. ④Agriculture is of vital importance (important) to the nation's economy and the people's livelihood. 【写成佳句】　完成句子 ⑤毫无疑问，社会习俗在现在和过去之间起到了重要的纽带作用。 Undoubtedly, social customs provide a vital link between the present and the past. ⑥(2021·全国乙卷)重要的是我们应培养如何正确利用网络学习资源的意识。 It is vital that we develop an awareness of properly using the online learning resources. committed adj.尽心尽力的；坚定的；坚信的[联想：commit vt.承诺；保证；犯(错误；罪行等) vi.忠于；全心全意投入(工作、活动等) commitment n．承诺；投入；献身；奉献] 【教材原句】　Tu Youyou, a committed and patient scientist, was born in Ningbo, China, on 30 December 1930, and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955. 屠呦呦， 这位尽职尽责、锲而不舍的科学家1930年12月30日出生于中国宁波， 1955年毕业于北京大学医学部(原北京医学院)。 【用法归纳】 (1)be committed to (doing) sth 致力于(做)某事 (2)commit mistakes/a crime 犯错/犯罪 commit sb/oneself to do sth 承诺做某事 commit oneself to (doing) sth 致力于(做)某事 commit sth to (doing) sth 投入……(做)某事 (3)make a commitment to (doing) sth 保证/承诺(做)某事 【佳句必背】　It takes a deep commitment to change and an even deeper commitment to grow.(读后续写之主旨升华)改变需要很大的付出，成长需要更大的付出。 【练透考点】　单句语法填空 ①The boy was committed (commit) to the care of his aunt yesterday. ②He has committed himself to the cause of education. ③He has committed himself to support (support) them. 【写成佳句】　完成句子 ④(应用文之建议信)我强烈建议你每天花一个小时读英语，这能逐渐提高你的英语口语。 I strongly suggest you commit an hour a day to reading English, which can gradually improve your oral English. ⑤(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷读后续写)在父亲的帮助下，双胞胎致力于做一顿美味的早餐。 With the help of their father, the twins were committed to making delicious breakfast. evaluate vt.评估；评价(联想：evaluation n．估计；评价) 【教材原句】　Her team examined over 2，000 old medical texts, and evaluated 280，000 plants for their medical properties. 她的团队研读了2 000多篇(个)中医药古籍(古方), 评估了28万种植物的药学属性。 【用法归纳】 (1)evaluate sb on/by 根据……评价某人 (2)make an evaluation of 对……进行评估 【佳句必背】　I evaluated the situation and realized the boy was close to the jetty and maybe I could help from there.(读后续写之动作描写)我评估了一下情况， 意识到男孩离码头很近， 也许我可以在那里帮忙。 【练透考点】　单句语法填空 ①We must evaluate her ability on/by her work. ②Some people claim that a group project should be evaluated (evaluate) in terms of individual students' performance. ③(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)Program evaluations (evaluation) show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. 【写成佳句】　完成句子 ④一些教授被请来评估新教师们设计的教学计划。 Some professors were asked to make an evaluation of the teaching plans designed by the new teachers． acknowledge vt.承认(属实、权威等)；(公开)感谢(联想：acknowledgment/acknowledgement n．承认；感谢) 【教材原句】　However, Tu Youyou would not acknowledge defeat.然而，屠呦呦并不认输。 【用法归纳】 (1)acknowledge sb/sth to be/as... 承认某人/某物是…… acknowledge (doing/having done) sth 承认(做)某事 acknowledge that...承认…… It's widely/generally acknowledged that... 大家公认…… (2)in acknowledgement of 为感谢…… 【佳句必背】　It's acknowledged that people can't succeed without a strong will.大家公认，如果没有坚定的意志，人们就无法成功。 【练透考点】　单句语法填空 ①She is acknowledged to be (be) one of the best singers in the world. ②With no solid evidence, he refused to acknowledge stealing (steal) the lady's purse. ③I was sent a free copy in acknowledgement (acknowledge) of my contribution. 【写成佳句】　完成句子 ④大家公认应该从综合素质来评价学生。 It is widely acknowledged that students should be evaluated in terms of overall quality. insist vi.& vt.坚持；坚决要求 【教材原句】　Tu Youyou and her team members even insisted on testing the medicine on themselves to make sure that it was safe.屠呦呦与团队成员甚至坚持以身试药， 以确保药物的安全性。 【用法归纳】 insist on/upon (doing) sth 坚持(做)某事 insist(坚决要求/坚持主张)＋that... 从句用虚拟语气 insist(坚持说/认为)＋that... 从句用陈述语气 【佳句必背】　①The Student Union insists that every participant (should) arrive at the hall on time.(应用文之通知)学生会坚决要求每个参与者按时到达大厅。 ②My mother insisted on posting the video online, so I had to give in to her. 我妈妈坚持要把视频发到网上，所以我只好让步了。 【练透考点】　单句语法填空 ①The teacher insisted on all the homework being handed (hand) in on Monday. ②(2023·浙江1月卷)What made me scared to death was that my brother insisted that he (should) use (use)a knife to cut the pumpkin open. 【写成佳句】　完成句子 ③她坚持说她祖母知道一切，坚持说她需要她。 She insisted that her grandmother was aware of everything and that she needed her. ④(读后续写之情感描写)他眼中满是感激的泪水，坚持给我们大笔钱酬谢我们的帮助。 With grateful tears hanging in his eyes, he insisted on rewarding us with a lot of money for helping him. “Sb/Sth＋be＋过去分词＋to do”句型 【教材原句】　Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is thought to save 100，000 lives a year in Africa alone. 青蒿素成了抗疟疾药物的关键成分，据估计每年仅在非洲就挽救了10万人的性命。 【用法归纳】 (1)“Sb/Sth＋be＋过去分词＋to do”句型可与“It's＋过去分词＋that...”互换。常用于此句型的动词的过去分词有 said, thought，believed, hoped, reported，announced, known，acknowledged，considered，proved等。 (2)在此句型中不定式有几种不同的形式： ①to do (常表示主动，动作将要发生) ②to be doing (表示主动，动作正在进行) ③to have done (表示主动，动作已完成) 【佳句必背】　In the distance is a tall tree which is said to have a history of over 500 years.远处有一棵高大的树，据说已经有500多年的历史了。 【练透考点】　单句语法填空 ①It is thought that the joy of travelling is not in arriving at your destination but in the journey itself. ②My family has a vase, which is thought (think) to date back to the Ming Dynasty. 【写成佳句】　完成句子/一句多译 ③The mayor is reported to (据报道) visit our school next week. ④It is generally believed that (普遍认为) a good education is beneficial to young people. ⑤An agreement was announced to have been reached (被宣布已达成) at the end of the meeting. ⑥人们认为中国人比西方人更早开始使用纸币。 →It is thought that Chinese people started to use paper money earlier than westerners. →Chinese people are thought to start to use paper money earlier than westerners. upon/on doing...当……时；一……就…… 【教材原句】　Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize, she said，“The honour is not just mine...”获悉自己被授予诺贝尔奖时，她说：“这份荣誉不仅仅属于我……” (1)介词on/upon后面可以跟动名词或名词作宾语构成介宾短语，在句中作状语，意为“在……的时候；当……时；一……就……”，可以转换为 as soon as 引导的时间状语从句。 (2)表示“一……就……”的常用词(组)有： as soon as，directly/instantly/immediately，the moment/minute/second/instant，hardly...when...，no sooner...than...等。 (3)当 no sooner...than...中的 no sooner和 hardly...when...的hardly 位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。 【佳句必背】　①On arriving in a foreign country, we may feel very excited, and everything appears wonderful.刚到国外的时候，我们可能会感到很兴奋，一切事情看起来都很奇妙。 ②No sooner had she said it than she burst into tears. 她刚说完，泪水便夺眶而出。 【练透考点】　单句语法填空 ①No sooner had the game started than it began to rain heavily. ②Hardly had I finished eating when he came in. 【写成佳句】　一句多译 (2023·新高考Ⅰ卷读后续写)当听到我在写作比赛中获得第一名的消息时，一种又惊又喜的感觉涌上心头。 ③On/Upon hearing the news that I won first prize in the writing contest, a sense of happiness mixed with surprise flooded into my mind.(on/upon doing sth) ④As soon as I heard the news that I won first prize in the writing contest, a sense of happiness mixed with surprise flooded into my mind.(as soon as) ⑤Immediately I heard the news that I won first prize in the writing contest, a sense of happiness mixed with surprise flooded into my mind.(immediately) ⑥The moment I heard the news that I won first prize in the writing contest, a sense of happiness mixed with surprise flooded into my mind.(the moment) 1．acknowledge ①I acknowledge my mother，who always supports me whatever happens. C ②Gradually he began to acknowledge his feelings of envy towards his sister. A ③All applications will be acknowledged by emails. B 2．conclude ①(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter (清理). B ②There are big regional differences, the researchers concluded. A 3．distinct ①(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. A ②(2023·全国乙卷) It is a distinct visual contrast (反差) that shouldn't work, but somehow these two very different worlds make a good combination. B 4．写出句中加黑单词的词性及汉语意思 ①(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper's physical properties.n.性质，特性 ②He has no objective evidence that anything extraordinary was happening.adj.客观的 [课后分层练1] (时间：45分钟　满分：77.5分) Ⅰ.单词拼写(每小题1分，共10分) 1．The success of this experiment is crucial (关键性的) to the project as a whole. 2．These people are short of all understanding of scientific (科学的) principles. 3．At that time, I insisted (坚决要求) that they should wait for our return. 4．The coach tried to analyse (分析) the cause of our defeat. 5．The report concluded (得出结论) that no big changes were necessary. 6．To their sadness, they failed to carry out all their objectives (目标). 7．We'll mostly (主要地) work at home, communicating ideas for work online. 8．It is distinct (清晰的) that smoking is harmful to health. 9．She decided to go on her study after obtaining (获得) her first degree. 10．He acknowledged (承认) that the accident was due to his carelessness. Ⅱ.单句语法填空(每小题1分，共10分) 1．China is committed to strengthening (strengthen) friendship and cooperation with other countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. 2．The knowledge and skills the trainees have learned can help them make a clear distinction (distinct) between these two machines. 3．This material is very rare and is also hard to obtain (obtain). 4．Although his wife is young，she has made wonderful scientific (science) discoveries. 5．He insisted that I should take back what I said, but I insisted that my words were (be) right. 6．To prevent some diseases, we'd better drink boiled (boil) water. 7．Committed (commit) to education, he committed every minute to studying and teaching, so his commitment finally paid off. 8．Apparently (apparent), the information obtained from the website is not true. 9．To my disappointment, I haven't received any acknowledgement (acknowledge) of or reply to my application. 10．The team will make it to the finals unless defeated (defeat) in the next match. Ⅲ.完成句子(每小题2分，共10分) 1．大家公认海洋在地球上至关重要。 It is acknowledged that the ocean plays a key role in our planet. 2．我完全认识到保持规律饮食和睡眠的重要性。(crucial) I fully understand how crucial it is to keep a regular eating and sleeping schedule. 3．我们应该知道遭受失败是我们人生旅途中很常见的事情。(defeat n．) We ought to know that suffering (a) defeat is common in our life journey. 4．你如果去故宫博物院，你就会发现许多珍宝在那儿展览。(find＋宾语＋宾语补足语) If you go to the Palace Museum, you'll find many treasures exhibited there. 5．健康的生活通常被认为与开阔的乡村和土生土长的食物有关。(sb/sth be thought to) A healthy life is usually thought to be related to the open countryside and home­grown food. Ⅳ.课文语法填空(每小题1.5分，共15分) In 2015, Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine because she discovered artemisinin, which is a vital 1 treatment (treat) for malaria. Tu Youyou was born in Ningbo, China in 1930 and 2 graduated (graduate) from Peking University Medical School in 1955.In 1967, she, together with a team of 3scientists (scientist), began to discover a new treatment for malaria.In 1969, as the head of the project, she decided 4 to find (find) traditional botanical treatments for the disease from ancient Chinese medical texts.She got an inspiration from one medical text of the fourth century, which suggested 5 using (use) the extract from sweet wormwood to treat a fever.At first her team tested a collection of 6 dried (dry) wormwood leaves but it didn't work.Then they tried boiling fresh wormwood, 7 but this had no effect, either.However, she didn't acknowledge the defeat and finally found a different way to treat the wormwood.She drew out the extract from the wormwood 8 at a lower temperature and found a substance that worked.9 Luckily (lucky), her team finally succeeded in 1971 and the medicine，10 which was called artemisinin, soon became a standard treatment for malaria. Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共17.5分) A (2025·吉林长春高二上期中) Innovative Inventions of the Year Self­Cleaning Water Bottle Often, we worry about the cleanliness of our water bottles, especially when using them on the go.The Self­Cleaning Water Bottle is a remarkable invention.It uses UV light technology to kill bacteria and keep the water inside pure and safe.You simply press a button, and within minutes, the bottle is sanitized. Portable Projector For those who love to watch movies or give presentations anywhere, the Portable Projector is a game­changer.It's small and lightweight, making it easy to carry around.You can connect it to your phone or laptop and project a large screen image on any surface. Foldable Bicycle The Foldable Bicycle is perfect for urban commuters.It can be folded up quickly and easily, allowing you to store it in a small space, like under your desk or in a closet.It's also lightweight, making it effortless to carry when needed. Smart Garden If you have a passion for gardening but lack space or time, the Smart Garden is for you.It automatically waters your plants and provides the right amount of light.You can control it through a mobile app, even when you're not at home. [语篇解读]本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍了四项年度创新发明。 1．What is special about the Self­Cleaning Water Bottle? A．It can clean itself with UV light. B．It's made of special materials. C．It has a beautiful design. D．It's very easy to carry. 解析：选A。细节理解题。根据Self­Cleaning Water Bottle中“It uses UV light technology to kill bacteria and keep the water inside pure and safe.You simply press a button, and within minutes, the bottle is sanitized.”可知，自动清洁水瓶的特别之处是它可以用紫外线自行清洗。故选A项。 2．What is the Foldable Bicycle suitable for according to the passage? A．Long­distance travel. B．Mountain climbing. C．Urban commuting. D．Professional races. 解析：选C。细节理解题。根据Foldable Bicycle中“The Foldable Bicycle is perfect for urban commuters.”可知，可折叠自行车适合城市通勤。故选C项。 3．What can you do with the Smart Garden when you're not at home? A．Connect it to other gardens. B．Control it through a mobile app. C．Water the plants by yourself. D．Take it with you. 解析：选B。细节理解题。根据Smart Garden中“You can control it through a mobile app, even when you're not at home.”可知，当你不在家的时候，你可以通过手机应用程序控制Smart Garden。故选B项。 B (2025·浙江省研究联盟高二上期中)Spanish scientist Pilar Bosch has found a way to use bacteria (细菌) to repair 18th­century paintings. Bosch, a microbiologist, tells Reuters she got the idea for the method while considering possibilities for a paper toward her doctoral degree.During this process, she discovered someone else's paper that suggested bacteria can be used to restore artworks. At around the same time, Bosch learned that her mother was struggling to find a good method for restoring 18th­century paintings.The paintings, by Spanish artist Antonio Palomino, sat in Santos Juanes—one of the oldest churches in the city of Valencia. Bosch said her mother, Pilar Roig, noted how difficult the restoration process at the church was.One reason was the glue used to remove the paintings from the walls in the 1960s.The substance was nearly impossible to remove completely. “My mother had a very difficult problem to solve and I found a paper about bacteria used to clean frescoes in Italy，” Bosch said.A fresco is a kind of painting that often appears across a large wall. Bosch added she decided to write her doctoral paper on the same subject.That was more than ten years ago.Today, she gets to work with her mother on the church restoration (修复).They are using the bacteria method to remove glue from artworks.The $4.46 million project is being financed by local organizations. The process involves feeding small amounts of the glue—made from animal collagen (胶原)—to the bacteria.After a time, the bacteria begin to naturally produce enzymes to break down the glue. The mother­daughter team then mixes the bacteria with a natural algae (藻类)­based substance, called a gel, and places it onto the paintings.They say that after about three hours, the gel mixture is removed, leaving the paintings glue­free. [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了西班牙科学家Pilar Bosch如何通过细菌来修复18世纪画作，并介绍这种方法相比传统手段的优势及其应用情况。 4．How did Bosch come up with the idea? A．From a news report. B．From a doctor's interview. C．From someone else's paper. D．From an art project poster. 解析：选C 。细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Bosch, a microbiologist, tells Reuters she got the idea for the method while considering possibilities for a paper toward her doctoral degree.During this process, she discovered someone else's paper that suggested bacteria can be used to restore artworks.(博斯是一名微生物学家，她告诉路透社，她在考虑写一篇博士论文的可能性时产生了这种方法的想法。在这个过程中，她发现了别人的论文，该论文认为细菌可以用来修复艺术品。)”可知，Bosch是从她读到的一篇研究论文中得到了基于细菌的修复方法的想法。故选C项。 5．What does “The substance” underlined in Paragraph 4 refer to? A．A glue. B．A wall. C．A painting. D．A bacterium. 解析：选A。 词义猜测题。根据画线短语前的“One reason was the glue used to remove the paintings from the walls in the 1960s.(其中一个原因是20世纪60年代用来从墙上移除画作的胶水。)”可知，在画线单词前的句子中提到了20世纪60年代用来从墙上移除画作的胶水，结合下文的“The substance was nearly impossible to remove completely.(这种物质几乎不可能完全去除。)”可知，该物质应指的是“胶水”。故选A项。 6．Who is providing funds for the church restoration project? A．The Spanish government. B．The local organizations. C．The mother­daughter team. D．The global artist community. 解析：选B。 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中的“The $4.46 million project is being financed by local organizations.(这个价值446万美元的项目由当地组织提供资金。)”可知，这个项目是由当地组织出资。故选B项。 7．Which is the best title for the passage? A．18th­century Artworks Discovered on Church Walls. B．Bacteria Show Amazing Promise in Artwork Creation. C．Churches Appeal for More Support in Art Restoration. D．Scientist Uses Bacteria to Repair 18th­century Artworks. 解析：选D。主旨大意题。根据第一段“Spanish scientist Pilar Bosch has found a way to use bacteria to repair 18th­century paintings.(西班牙科学家Pilar Bosch发现了一种利用细菌修复18世纪画作的方法)”以及下文中介绍的该修复方法是如何发现的可知，文章主要说明了Bosch发现并使用细菌修复18世纪画作的方法，所以标题“科学家用细菌修复18世纪的艺术品”与本文讲述的内容吻合，且概括了本文的主题。故选D项。 Ⅱ.完形填空(每小题1分，共15分) (2025·湖南省长沙市高二上月考)At just 14 years old, Heman Bekele from Virginia stood out as the winner of the 2023 Young Scientist Challenge.Among the ten finalists he 1 the title of “America's Top Young Scientist” with his 2 creation known as the Skin Cancer Treating Soap(SCTS), a bar of soap created for the very first time at a low cost to treat melanoma, the most common kind of skin cancer. Rather than a cure, Bekele's brilliant idea 3 the development of a soap that aims to help the patient's cells stay active while fighting melanoma.He always has endless passion for biology and technology, and the Young Scientist Challenge just 4 him with the perfect platform to display his ideas.Reflecting on his 5 ， Bekele shared that his childhood experience had played a crucial role in 6 his innovative thinking.“Having witnessed people work tirelessly under the sun, I wanted to raise people's awareness of 7 related to constant sun exposure.” “I wanted to make my idea accessible to a broad audience，” Bekele remarked during an interview with the media.Bekele also passionately expressed his 8 of turning the soap into a world where skin cancer treatment is within 9 for all.He was grateful that he had received invaluable 10 from a product engineering specialist, who connected him with other scientists to 11 him to reach his ambitious plans. While similar methods are available for skin cancer treatments, his solution is a more 12 option.In the future, Bekele longs to 13 his invention by trial and error and establish a nonprofit organization 14 to providing fair skin cancer treatment to as many people as possible, bringing 15 in the battle against skin cancer. [语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Heman Bekele在2023年年轻科学家挑战赛中凭借他的创新发明——一种用于治疗黑色素瘤(最常见的皮肤癌)的低成本肥皂而获得冠军的故事。Bekele希望通过这一发明提高人们对长时间暴露于阳光下的风险的认识，并使得皮肤癌治疗更加普及。 1． A．kept B．desired C．defended D．secured 解析：选D。考查动词词义辨析。句意：在十位决赛选手中，他凭借其创新发明锁定了“美国顶尖年轻科学家”的称号。A.kept保持；B.desired渴望；C.defended防守；D.secured争取到。根据文中句子“stood out as the winner of the 2023 Young Scientist Challenge”，可知下文说的是“美国顶尖年轻科学家”的称号，可推理出Bekele获得了该称号，故选D项。 2． A．innovative B．instant C．rigid D．common 解析：选A 。考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在十位决赛选手中，他凭借其创新发明锁定了“美国顶尖年轻科学家”的称号。A.innovative创新的；B.instant立即的；C.rigid顽固的；D.common常见的。根据文中句子“a bar of soap created for the very first time at a low cost to treat melanoma”可知，这是一块以低成本首次创造出来用于治疗黑色素瘤的肥皂，可推理出此处表示的是这种肥皂是具有开创性的，故选A项。 3． A．focuses on B．relies on C．puts on D．agrees on 解析：选 A。考查动词短语辨析。句意：与其说是治愈方法，Bekele的绝妙想法集中在开发一种旨在帮助患者细胞在对抗黑色素瘤时保持活跃的肥皂。A.focuses on集中在；B.relies on依赖；C.puts on穿上；D.agrees on达成一致。根据“aims to help the patient's cells stay active while fighting melanoma”可知他的目标是如何帮助病人的细胞保持活性，可推理出此处说的他的想法集中于帮助病人的细胞保持活性，故选A项。 4． A．armed B．satisfied C．provided D．assisted 解析：选C。考查动词词义辨析。句意：他对生物学和技术有着无尽的热情，而年轻科学家挑战赛则为他提供了展示想法的完美平台。A.armed武装；B.satisfied满意；C.provided提供；D.assisted协助。根据下文“the perfect platform to display his ideas”可知下文说的是展示想法的完美平台，可推理出此处说的是为他提供了展示想法的完美平台，这里需要一个表示“提供”的动词，故选C项。 5． A．Profession B．inspiration C．determination D．imagination 解析：选B。考查名词词义辨析。句意：回顾他的灵感来源时，Bekele分享说他的童年经历在他的创新思维塑造过程中发挥了关键作用。A.profession职业；B.inspiration灵感；C.determination决心；D.imagination想象。根据上文“the development of a soap that aims to help the patient's cells stay active while fighting melanoma”，可知此处说的是一种旨在帮助患者细胞在对抗黑色素瘤时保持活跃的肥皂的研发，可推理出这里指的是他的灵感来源，故选B项。 6． A．Shaping B．showing C．quitting D．obeying 解析：选A。考查动词词义辨析。句意：回顾他的灵感来源时，Bekele分享说他的童年经历在他的创新思维塑造过程中发挥了关键作用。A.shaping塑造；B.showing展示；C.quitting停止；D.obeying服从。根据下文“his innovative thinking”，可知下文说的是他的创新思维，可推理出空白处应填表示“塑造”含义的表达，故选A项。 7． A．risks B．crises C．challenges D．advantages 解析：选 A。考查名词词义辨析。句意：目睹人们在烈日下辛勤工作后，他想要提高人们对与持续日晒相关的风险的认识。A.risks风险；B.crises危机；C.challenges挑战；D.advantages优势。根据文中句子“related to constant sun exposure”可知，下文说的是长期的日晒，可推理出此处应是指由于长时间暴露在太阳下所带来的风险，故选A项。 8． A．fear B．doubt C．dream D．surprise 解析：选C。考查名词词义辨析。句意：在接受媒体采访时，贝克莱还充满激情地表达了他的梦想，希望将这款肥皂推广到全世界，让所有人都能负担得起皮肤癌的治疗。A.fear恐惧；B.doubt怀疑；C.dream梦想；D.surprise惊讶。根据下文“turning the soap into a world where skin cancer treatment is within”，可知下文说的是让皮肤癌患者都能用上肥皂，可推理出此处应是指他的梦想，故选C项。 9． A．distance B．reach C．limit D．space 解析：选 B。考查名词词义辨析。句意同第8题。A.distance距离；B.reach范围；C.limit限制；D.space空间。根据“for all”可知此处说的是让皮肤癌患者都能用上肥皂，也就是得了皮肤癌的人对这种医疗手段人人都能触手可及，within reach“触手可及”。故选B项。 10．A．guidance B．welcome C．praise D．invitation 解析：选A。 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他非常感激从产品工程专家那里得到了宝贵的指导。A.guidance指导；B.welcome欢迎；C.praise赞扬；D.invitation邀请。根据下文“from a product engineering specialist”可知，下文说的是工程专家，可推理出此处说的是指专家提供的“指导”，故选A项。 11．A．require B．remind C．press D．aid 解析：选D。考查动词词义辨析。句意：这位专家把他与其他科学家联系起来，帮助他实现雄心勃勃的计划。A.require要求；B.remind提醒；C.press按压；D.aid帮助。根据下文“him to reach his ambitious plans”可知，下文说的是实现雄心勃勃的计划，可推理出此处应是指帮助他实现雄心勃勃的计划，故选D项。 12．A．fashionable B．affordable C．adaptable D．capable 解析：选B。考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然类似的治疗方法可用于皮肤癌治疗，但他的解决方案是一种更负担得起的选择。A.fashionable时尚的；B.affordable负担得起的；C.adaptable适应性强的；D.capable有能力的。根据下文“to providing fair skin cancer treatment to as many people as possible”可知下文说的是给尽可能多的人提供皮肤病治疗，可推理出此处说的是他的解决方案是一种更负担得起的选择，故选B项。 13．A．Picture B．clear C．control D．perfect 解析：选D。考查动词词义辨析。句意：在未来，Bekele希望通过试错来完善他的发明，并建立一个致力于向尽可能多的人提供公平皮肤癌治疗的非营利组织，这将在对抗皮肤癌的战斗中带来希望。A.picture描绘；B.clear澄清；C.control控制；D.perfect完善。根据下文“by trial and error”可知下文提到了试错的方法，可推理出此处应是指完善他的发明，故选D项。 14．A．used B．addicted C．devoted D．opposed 解析：选 C。考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A.used使用；B.addicted上瘾；C.devoted致力于；D.opposed反对；根据下文“to providing fair skin cancer treatment to as many people as possible”可推理出此处应是指致力于向尽可能多的人提供公平的皮肤癌治疗，故选C项。 15．A．recognition B．hope C．comfort D．impact 解析：选B。考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A.recognition认可；B.hope希望；C.comfort安慰；D.impact影响。根据下文“in the battle against skin cancer”可知下文说的是对抗皮肤癌的战斗，可推理出此处应是指在对抗皮肤癌的战斗中带来希望，故选B项。 Section Ⅱ　Learning About Language— Non­restrictive relative clauses 分析下列句子 1．Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize, which is considered one of the highest international honours a person can receive. 2．Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients. 3．Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered. 4．He wanted to know what I thought, which confused me because I thought that the author of the article knew far more than I did. 【我的感悟】 1．以上句子皆为非限制性定语从句，从句与主句之间用逗号隔开。 2．非限制性定语从句可以置于主句之中(如句2)，前后都用逗号隔开，也可以置于主句之后(如句 1、3、4)。 3．非限制性定语从句的先行词既可以是指人或指物的某一名词(如句1、2、3)，也可以指代整个主句的内容(如句 4)。 一、定语从句的种类 根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。 1．限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，两者之间不用逗号分开；关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which, as；关系副词有where, when, why。 (2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)Overall, the art class in the park was a truly memorable and enriching experience that left a lasting impression on all who participated. 总之，公园里的艺术课是一次真正难忘而丰富的经历，给所有参与者留下了持久的印象。 2．非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不是十分密切，只是对先行词或主句作附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系词与引导限制性定语从句的关系词略有不同。除that和why不能引导非限制性定语从句外，其他都可以。 (2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)This, however, may cause problems such as language barriers, mismatched learning goals, and lack of motivation, which may reduce the effectiveness of the program. 然而，这可能会导致语言障碍、不匹配的学习目标和缺乏动力等问题，这可能会降低课程的有效性。 二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 1．形式不同 限制性定语从句和主句之间没有逗号；非限制性定语从句必须用逗号与主句隔开。 (2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)A better way might be to have students practice with partners who have similar English proficiency and learning needs.(限制性定语从句) 一个更好的方法可能是让学生和有相似英语水平和学习需求的伙伴一起练习。 2．先行词不同 限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是整个主句。 ①The Mid­Autumn Festival falls on August 15th of the Chinese lunar calendar when people of a family get together and enjoy dinner together.(when引导限制性定语从句，先行词是August 15th) 中秋节在中国农历八月十五， 家人们会在这一天聚在一起享用晚餐。 ②(2022·全国甲卷)It was set up to raise awareness of protecting the oceans, which play a crucial part in global ecosystem.(which引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是the oceans) 它的设立是为了提高人们保护海洋的意识，海洋在全球生态系统中起着至关重要的作用。 ③(2025·八省联考)The streets should be a tight pattern of crossed sidewalks, which allow people to meet, talk, and get to know one another.(which引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是crossed sidewalks) 街道上应该有密集的交叉人行道，让人们可以见面、交谈和相互了解。 3．关系词的使用情况不同 (1)that, why不可用于引导非限制性定语从句 ①(2021· 新高考卷)These sayings reflect their wisdom of life, which encourages me to become a better person.(非限制性定语从句，只能用which，而不用that) 这些话反映了他们的生活智慧，激励着我成为一个更好的人。 ②I think the reason why you are always angry may be the high pressure of study.(限制性定语从句) 我认为你总是发脾气的原因可能是学习上的巨大压力。 【点拨】　指物时要用which代替that, for which代替why。 (2)关系代词替代情况不同 第一，关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who代替。 第二，在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时可以用that引导，但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时，关系代词只能用who或whom。 ①This is the man (whom/who/that) we are talking about.(限制性定语从句) 这就是我们正在谈论的那个人。 ②The young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to impress.(非限制性定语从句) 这位年轻人新交了一个女朋友，他想讨得她的欢心。 ③She has a younger brother, who is an English teacher.(非限制性定语从句) 她有一个弟弟，他是一名英语老师。 (3)关系代词省略情况不同 关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省略，而非限制性定语从句的所有关系代词均不可省略。 ①I read the announcement of the summer camp (that/which) you have posted on the Internet and I am interested in it.(限制性定语从句) 我看到了你在网上发布的夏令营公告，我非常感兴趣。 ②The summer holiday, which we're looking forward to, is drawing near.(非限制性定语从句) 我们盼望的暑假就要来了。 ————即学即练1———— 用适当的关系词填空 ①Until now, we have raised 50，000 pounds for the poor children, which is quite unexpected. ②The exact year which/that Angela and her family spent together in China was 2024. ③Can you tell me the reason why he was absent yesterday? ④Einstein, who was Jewish, found the doors of academic institutions closed to him. ⑤(2023·新高考卷Ⅰ应用文)In conclusion，we all look forward to attending your class，where we can take the chance to improve our oral English. 三、as和which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别 (1)as引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词一般为整个主句；而which引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词既可以是整个主句，又可以是主句的一部分。 (2)as引导的从句位置比较灵活，可位于先行词之前、之中和之后，而which引导的非限制性定语从句仅能位于先行词之后。 (3)as引导从句时常译为“正如”，而which常译为“这；那”。常用句型有：as we all know，as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected等。 ①As is known to all, most people have a national hero or heroes in their hearts. 众所周知，大多数人心中都有一个或多个民族英雄。 ②(2023·全国乙卷改编)Last summer, I learned how to make some home­cooked dishes like Fried Egg with Tomato, which turned out to be a rewarding and fulfilling experience. 去年夏天，我学会了如何做一些家常菜，比如西红柿炒蛋，这是一次有益而充实的经历。 ③He is a cheat, as everyone can see. 每个人都看得出来，他是个骗子。 ④He did the experiment successfully, as had been expected. 正如期望的那样，他实验做得非常成功。 ————即学即练2———— 用适当的关系词填空 ①The weather turned out to be very fine, which was more than we could expect. ②As has been announced, we shall have our final exam next month. ③He failed in the driving test, as we had expected. 用适当的关系词填空 The very film 1.which is called Titanic is such a beautiful and sad love story 2.as is popular with the public, 3.whose hero and heroine are Jack and Rose.Rose is a young beautiful woman with 4.whom her mother went to America.Jack, 5.who won a ship ticket by playing cards, is a poor painter.They met and fell in love with each other on Titanic 6.where they had a happy time.Sadly, the nice journey was destroyed by a huge iceberg at night, 7.when Jack lost his life for saving Rose (everyone will be moved by the selfless way in 8.which most people can't behave in real life).Before Jack left Rose forever, he encouraged Rose to live well for him.9.As is known to all, love is the strongest strength．And that's the reason 10.why Rose could live alone and tell us the moving story． 体会加波浪线部分是什么类型的定语从句以及引导词的功能。 1．(2024·浙江1月卷) Of course, shops are not charities—they price goods in the way that/which will make them the most money．(限制性定语从句，that/which在从句中作主语) 2．(2025· 八省联考)Previous studies have shown that exercise can help stimulate the areas of the brain that convert new information into long­term memory．(限制性定语从句，that在从句中作主语) 3．(2023·全国甲卷) “There was once a town in the heart of America, where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings，” her fable begins, borrowing some familiar words from many age­old fables.(非限制性定语从句，where在从句中作状语) 4．(2023·全国乙卷) But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place that/which welcomes the fast­paced development of modern life, with 21st­century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.(限制性定语从句，that/which在从句中作主语) 5．(2023·北京卷) Nina recently finished her year­long series of runs in Chicago, where thousands were attending a water conference．(非限制性定语从句，where在从句中作状语) 6．(2022·全国Ⅰ卷)The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species that live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.(限制性定语从句，that在从句中作主语) [课后分层练2] (时间：40分钟　满分：60.5分) Ⅰ.单句语法填空(每小题1分，共8分) 1．On the 1，100­kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang，who lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces. 2．Dr.Rowan，whose secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing. 3．Cars often run at high speeds，which may put our lives in danger. 4．The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland，where Watt perfected “the machine that changed the world”． 5．When walking down the street, I came across David，who/whom I hadn't seen for years. 6．There is no simple answer, as is often the case in science. 7．My life as a tax­paying employed person began in middle school，when for three whole days, I worked in a baking factory. 8．On the beautiful ship were over 2，000 people, most of whom were women and children. Ⅱ.完成句子(每小题2分，共10分) 1．伦敦真正打动我的是，它不仅历史悠久，而且很有现代气息。 What really struck me about London was that it was not only historic but modern. 2．在任何情况下我都不能把这个秘密告诉任何人。 Under no circumstances shall I mention the secret to anyone. 3．现有的证据清楚地得出这样的结论：媒体确实会影响公众对犯罪的看法。 The available evidence clearly leads to the conclusion that the media do have an influence on the public's perception (认知) of crime. 4．他坚持主张由于天气不好运动会应推迟到下周。 He insisted that the sports meeting be put off till next week because of the bad weather. 5．1897年，剑桥大学的约瑟夫·约翰·汤姆森宣布他发现了电子，并因此获得了1906年的诺贝尔物理学奖。 In 1897, Joseph John Thomson of Cambridge announced his discovery of the electron，for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906. Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共15分) A (2024·河北省邢台市五校高二上期中)Here are the introductions and achievements of four scientists. Jöns Jacob Berzelius Jöns Jacob Berzelius was a Swedish chemist, often referred to as one of the founders of modern chemistry.He developed a system of chemical symbols, which laid the foundation for the establishment of the modern periodic table.Berzelius also made important discoveries in the field of electrochemistry. Niels Henrik David Bohr Niels Henrik David Bohr was a Danish physicist.He proposed the atomic (原子的) model known as the Bohr model, which explained the behavior of electrons moving in fixed energy levels or orbits around the atomic nucleus.His model helped explain the spectra of elements and laid the groundwork for further developments in atomic physics. Robert Boyle Robert Boyle, born in Ireland, was regarded as one of the founders of modern chemistry, known for Boyle's law.Boyle's law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume (体积) of a gas at constant temperature.Boyle's work laid the foundation for the modern understanding of gas behavior and promoted the development of scientific experimental methods. William Lawrence Bragg William Lawrence Bragg was a British physicist born in Australia who made significant contributions to X­ray crystallography (晶体学).Together with his father William Henry Bragg, he developed the famous Bragg's law.This discovery revolutionized the field of crystallography and paved the way for determining the atomic and molecular structures of various substances, including DNA and proteins. [语篇解读]本文是应用文。文章介绍了四个科学家和他们的成就。 1．What do we say about Jöns Jacob Berzelius? A．He invented a new chemical substance. B．He established the modern periodic table. C．He was referred to as a founder of modern physics. D．He made important achievements in the field of electrochemistry. 解析：选D。细节理解题。根据Jöns Jacob Berzelius标题下的“Berzelius also made important discoveries in the field of electrochemistry”可知，他在电化学方面做出了重要发现。故选D。 2．Who was born in Ireland? A．Jöns Jacob Berzelius. B．Niels Henrik David Bohr. C．Robert Boyle. D．William Lawrence Bragg. 解析：选C。细节理解题。根据Robert Boyle标题下的“Robert Boyle, born in Ireland”可知，罗伯特·波义耳出生在爱尔兰。故选C。 3．What do Niels Henrik David Bohr and William Lawrence Bragg have in common? A．They were born in Denmark. B．They made contributions to physics. C．They discovered new models for chemistry. D．They did research together with their family. 解析：选B。细节理解题。根据Niels Henrik David Bohr标题下的“His model helped explain the spectra of elements and laid the groundwork for further developments in atomic physics.”和最后一段William Lawrence Bragg标题下的“William Lawrence Bragg was a British physicist born in Australia who made significant contributions to X­ray crystallography (晶体学).”可知，他们都对物理做出了贡献。故选B。 B (2024·浙江省宁波市高二上月考)People have grown taller over the last century, with South Korean women shooting up by more than 20 cm on average, and Iranian men gaining 16.5 cm.A global study looked at the average height of 18­year­olds in 200 countries between 1914 and 2014. The results show that while Swedes were the tallest people in the world in 1914, Dutch men have risen from 12th place to the top spot with an average height of 182.5 cm.Latvian women, meanwhile, rose from 28th place in 1914 to become the tallest in the world a century later, with an average height of 169.8 cm. James Bentham, a co­author of the research from Imperial College, London, says the global trend is likely to be due to improvements in nutrition and healthcare.“An individual's genetics has a big influence on their height, but once you average over whole populations, genetics plays a less key role，” he added. A little extra height brings a number of advantages says Elio Riboli of Imperial College.“Being taller is associated with longer life expectancy，” he said.“This is largely due to a lower risk of dying of cardiovascular (心血管的) disease among taller people.” But while height has increased around the world, the trend in many African countries causes concern, says Riboli.While height increased in Uganda and Niger during the early 20th century, the trend has reversed (反转) in recent years, with height decreasing among 18­year­olds. “One reason for these decreases in height is the economic situation in the 1980s，” said Alexander Moradi of the University of Sussex.The nutritional and health crises led to many children and teenagers failing to reach their potential height. James Bentham, a co­author of the research from Imperial College, believes the global trend of increasing height is of great importance.“How tall we are now is strongly influenced by the environment we grew up in，” he said.“If we give children the best possible start in life now, they will be healthier and more productive for decades to come.” [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是根据调查研究，在过去的一个世纪里，世界上的人都长高了。 4．What does the global study tell us about people's height in the last hundred years? A．There is a remarkable difference across continents. B．There has been a marked increase in most countries. C．The increase in people's height has been quickening. D．The increase in women's height is bigger than in men's. 解析：选B。细节理解题。根据第一段的“People have grown taller over the last century, with South Korean women shooting up by more than 20 cm on average, and Iranian men gaining 16.5 cm.”可知，全球研究告诉我们，在大多数国家人们的身高都有显著增长。故选B。 5．What does James Bentham say about genetics in the increase of people's height? A．It counts less than generally thought. B．It outweighs nutrition and healthcare. C．It impacts more on an individual than on population. D．It plays a more significant role in females than in males. 解析：选C。细节理解题。根据第三段的“James Bentham...says the global trend is likely to be due to improvements in nutrition and healthcare.‘An individual's genetics has a big influence on their height, but once you average over whole populations, genetics plays a less key role，’ he added.”可知，James Bentham认为基因引起的身高增长对个人的影响大于对群体的影响。故选C。 6．What do we learn about 18­year­olds in Uganda and Niger? A．They grow up slower than their peers in other countries. B．They are actually shorter than their earlier generations. C．They find it hard to bring their potential into full play. D．They have experienced many changes of government. 解析：选B。细节理解题。根据第五段的“While height increased in Uganda and Niger during the early 20th century, the trend has reversed(反转) in recent years, with height decreasing among 18­year­olds.”可知，在乌干达和尼日尔，18岁的青少年实际上比他们的前几代人矮。故选B。 Ⅱ.阅读七选五(每小题2.5分，共12.5分) (2025·浙江省强基联盟高二上联考) The Happiest Diet Does what you eat affect your mood? Could your food have effects on your mental well­being？1( ) Several ingredients and methods account for that. Fibre and more fibre We often worry about protein intake but data shows we usually get enough.2( ) It supports gut (肠道) health, feeding good bacteria and contributing to overall well­being.Research even suggests that increasing fibre intake by 5g may lower the risk of depression by 5%. Fat is good 3( ) “Omega­3 fatty acids, found in oily fish, play a role in the structure and function of cell membranes (细胞膜) in the brain，” the nutritionist Rhiannon Lambert says.“They are involved in the production and signaling of neurotransmitters (神经递质), which are critical for mood regulation.” And breathe Your gut is impacted not just by what you eat but by how you eat.Lisa Macfarlane, co­founder of the health company The GutStuff, explains, “4( ) Try taking deep breath before you eat—it's proven that digestion happens more effectively when eating in a relaxed and calm state.” Join the fast crowd A recent study by King's College London found that eating within a ten­hour window.and therefore fasting for fourteen hours each day, is associated with better mood, better sleep, more energy and less hunger.5( ) A．Add more protein to your regular diet. B．Need another reason to eat more oily fish? C．Instead, we should focus on our fibre intake. D．Beans are one of the highest sources of dietary fibre. E．This is easier than it sounds: it would mean eating between 9 a．m.and 7 p．m. F．We suggest putting your body in “rest and digest” mode instead of eating on the go. G．Evidence shows what you eat can promote brain chemicals that influence your mood. [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了饮食对情绪和精神健康的影响，并介绍了几种有助于提升情绪的饮食成分和方法。 1．解析：选G。上文“Does what you eat affect your mood? Could your food have effects on your mental well­being? (你吃的东西会影响你的心情吗？你的食物会对你的心理健康产生影响吗？)”提出了两个问题，询问饮食是否影响情绪以及食物是否对精神健康有影响。G选项“Evidence shows what you eat can promote brain chemicals that influence your mood.(证据表明，你吃的食物可以促进影响情绪的大脑化学物质。)”直接回答了这两个问题，指出有证据表明饮食可以影响大脑中的化学物质，进而影响情绪，上下文语意连贯。故选G项。 2．解析：选C。上文“We often worry about protein intake but data shows we usually get enough.(我们经常担心蛋白质摄入不足，但数据表明我们通常摄入足够的蛋白质。)”指出我们常常担心蛋白质摄入不足。C选项“Instead, we should focus on our fibre intake.(相反，我们应该关注我们的纤维摄入量)”与上文构成转折关系，指出我们不应该再过分关注蛋白质摄入，而应该转而关注纤维的摄入量，同时引出下文“It supports gut health, feeding good bacteria and contributing to overall well­being.(它支持肠道健康，喂养有益细菌，有助于整体健康。)”对纤维作用的介绍，上下文语意连贯。故选C项。 3．解析：选B。下文“Omega­3 fatty acids, found in oily fish, play a role in the structure and function of cell membranes in the brain, (在油性鱼类中发现的Omega­3脂肪酸在大脑细胞膜的结构和功能中起着重要作用)”引用了营养师Rhiannon Lambert的话，回答了B选项“Need another reason to eat more oily fish? (需要另一个理由吃更多的油性鱼吗？)”中题出的问题，给出了吃油性鱼的理由，上下文语意连贯。故选B项。 4．解析：选F。下文“Try taking deep breath before you eat—it's proven that digestion happens more effectively when eating in a relaxed and calm state.(吃饭前试着深呼吸——事实证明，在放松和平静的状态下吃饭，消化会更有效。)”建议吃饭前尝试深呼吸。F选项“We suggest putting your body in ‘rest and digest’ mode instead of eating on the go.(我们建议让你的身体进入‘休息和消化’模式，而不是匆匆忙忙吃东西。)”与下文内容相呼应，提出了一个建议，即吃饭时应该让身体处于休息和消化的状态，而不是匆忙进食，句中“‘rest and digest’ mode”与下文“eating in a relaxed and calm state”相照应。故选F项。 5．解析：选E。上文“A recent study by King's College London found that eating within a ten­hour window, and therefore fasting for fourteen hours each day, is associated with better mood, better sleep, more energy and less hunger.(伦敦国王学院最近的一项研究发现，在10小时内进食，因此每天禁食14小时，与更好的情绪、更好的睡眠、更多的精力和更少的饥饿感有关。)”提到研究发现，在十个小时内进食，每天禁食十四个小时更好。E选项“This is easier than it sounds: it would mean eating between 9 a．m.and 7 p．m.(这比听起来更容易：这意味着在早上9点到晚上7点之间进食。)”对上文的内容进行了解释和说明，上下文语意连贯。故选E项。 Ⅲ.语法填空(每小题1.5分，共15分) (2025·浙江省名校协作体高二上联考)Scientists believe there could be life on the planet Venus (金星), or at least in the clouds above it.They have discovered a mysterious gas there, but they have not been able to provide an 1 (explain) for it.This gas, 2 is commonly found where there is life, can also 3 (produce) in factories.However, there are no factories on Venus.So why is this gas there, 50 kilometers up from the planet's surface? Prof.Jane Greaves from Cardiff University, UK, together with other scientists, 4 (try) to solve this mystery at present.They have published a paper 5 (outline) their findings and done some work 6 (determine) the gas doesn't originate from life.Despite their efforts, they have not yet reached a conclusion. No one has yet been able to say how the gas can be there without living things to create it.“I have devoted my entire career 7 searching for extraterrestrial (地球外的) life，” said Prof.Greaves, “so 8 idea that we might have found a sign of life on Venus is exciting.But we are encouraging others to contribute their ideas and help us identify 9 we may have missed.” The scientists are also investigating the possibility that the gas could be a byproduct of geological processes, but further research is needed to confirm this.10 the mystery remains unsolved, the discovery of this gas has sparked renewed interest in the search for extraterrestrial life. [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了科学家在金星或其云层中发现了神秘气体，这种气体通常与生命相关。英国卡迪夫大学简·格雷夫斯教授等科学家正研究此谜，但尚未得出结论。 1．解析：explanation。 考查名词。句意：他们在那儿发现了一种神秘的气体，但却未能给出解释。空处需填名词explanation，作宾语，不定冠词an修饰单数可数名词。故填explanation。 2．解析：which。 考查定语从句。句意：这种气体在生命存在的地方很常见，但也可以在工厂生产出来。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词This gas，指物，在定语从句中作主语，需用关系代词which引导。故填which。 3．解析：be produced。考查被动语态。句意同上。This gas和produce为被动关系，需用被动语态，位于情态动词can后面，使用动词原形。故填be produced。 4．解析：is trying。考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：英国卡迪夫大学的简·格雷夫斯教授与其他科学家一道，目前正在努力解开这一谜团。根据时间状语at present可知，此处表示现阶段正在做的事情，使用现在进行时，主语有together with连接，谓语动词遵循就远原则，与Prof.Jane Greaves保持一致，be动词用is。故填is trying。 5．解析：outlining。考查非谓语动词。句意：他们发表了一篇论文，概述了他们的发现，并做了一些工作来进一步确认这种气体并非源自生命。空处需填非谓语动词作定语，a paper和outline构成逻辑上的主谓关系，需用现在分词形式。故填outlining。 6． 解析：to determine。考查非谓语动词。句意同上。此处作目的状语，需用动词不定式。故填to determine。 7．解析：to。考查介词。句意：格雷夫斯教授说：“我整个职业生涯都致力于寻找外星生命，所以，我们可能在金星上发现了生命迹象的想法令人兴奋。”devote...to...为固定搭配，意为“致力于”。故填to。 8．解析：the。考查冠词。此处对idea进行特指，需用定冠词the修饰。故填the。 9．解析：what。考查宾语从句。句意：但我们鼓励其他人提出他们的想法，帮助我们找出我们可能遗漏的东西。空处引导宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，指物，需用连接代词what引导。故填what。 10．解析： Although/Though/While。考查状语从句。句意：尽管这一谜团尚未解开，但这种气体的发现再次激发了人们对寻找外星生命的兴趣。表示“尽管”应用although/though/while引导让步状语从句，位于句首，首字母需大写。故填Although/Though/While。 Section Ⅲ　Using Language conclusion n．结论；推论(联想：conclude vt. 推断出；得出结论；使结束 vi.结束；终止) 【教材原句】　Did you come to any conclusions? 你得出什么结论了吗？ 【用法归纳】 (1)draw/come to/reach a conclusion 得出结论 bring...to a conclusion 结束…… in conclusion 总之 (2)conclude(...)with... 以……结束(……) conclude...from... 从……中推断出…… 【佳句必背】　①In conclusion, I like everything in spring, especially the feelings of being bathed in the rain and sunshine. 总之，我喜欢春天的一切，尤其是沐浴在雨中和阳光中的感觉。 ②When he brought his speech to a nice conclusion, applause rang through the hall.(读后续写之场景描写) 当他的演讲圆满结束时，掌声响彻大厅。 【练透考点】　单句语法填空 ①We will have a further discussion before we draw a final conclusion (conclude). ②In conclusion, I would like to say the film Born in China is worth seeing. ③She concluded her performance with a poem. ④What can we conclude from the conversation? 【写成佳句】　完成句子 ⑤我从我自己的经历中得出结论：用自己的双手劳动很重要。(conclude) I concluded from my own experiences that it is vital to work with our own hands. ⑥我从我自己的经历中得出结论：患难见真情。(conclusion) I drew a conclusion from my own experiences that a friend in need is a friend indeed. circumstance n．[usually pl.]条件；环境；情况 【教材原句】　Circumstances changed in 1933, when Hitler came to power in Germany. 1933年， 希特勒在德国上台， 形势发生了变化。 【用法归纳】 (1)under/in the circumstances 在此情况下 (2)under/in no circumstances 决不；无论如何都不(位于句首时，句子要用部分倒装) 【佳句必背】　①If circumstances permit, I will take immediate action to achieve my dream. 如果情况允许的话，我会立即采取行动实现梦想。 ②Feeling embarrassed, I reminded myself that under no circumstances would I commit such a mistake again.我觉得尴尬极了，我提醒自己绝不会再犯这样的错误了。 【练透考点】　单句语法填空 ①It might not be a perfect solution, but it's the best I can do under/in the circumstances. ②Under/In no circumstances did I expect that I would meet so many problems when I decided to take the job. 【写成佳句】　完成句子 ③另外，惩罚绝不是一种帮助他们身心成长的明智的选择。 Furthermore，under/in no circumstances is punishment a wise choice to help them grow up mentally and physically. consequence n．结果；后果(联想：consequent adj.随之发生的；作为结果的 consequently adv.结果；因此) 【教材原句】　As a consequence, he had to flee Germany.因此，他不得不逃离德国。 【用法归纳】 as a consequence/in consequence/consequently (＝as a result) 因此；所以 as a consequence of/in consequence of...(＝as a result of...) 由于……；作为……的结果 accept/take the consequences 承担后果 【佳句必背】　①Once natural resources run out, the consequences will be unimaginable.(应用文之倡议书) 一旦自然资源用尽，后果将不堪设想。 ②My grandfather was under treatment in hospital, and as a consequence/consequently, I have to take care of him.我祖父在医院接受治疗，因此我得照顾他。 【练透考点】　单句语法填空 ①The town of Paradise suffered a big fire；as a consequence, the beautifully named place lost its beauty. ②Alice put her heart into her studies last term，and consequently (consequent), she made great progress in the end­of­term examination. ③They had to put off their wedding as a consequence of the civil war. 【写成佳句】　完成句子 ④我不小心把计划搞砸了，因此我必须承担后果。 I carelessly got the plan ruined, and consequently/in consequence I had to accept/take the consequences． 独立主格结构 【教材原句】　He made numerous contributions to the world, the most well­known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E＝mc2. 他为世界作出了无数的贡献， 最为出名的当数广义相对论和著名的方程式E＝mc2。 【用法归纳】 独立主格结构的常用形式： (1)逻辑主语＋现在分词 (2)逻辑主语＋过去分词 (3)逻辑主语＋动词不定式 (4)逻辑主语＋形容词/副词/名词/介词短语 注意：独立主格结构的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致，它独立存在。该结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。 【佳句必背】　①Time permitting, we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。 ②(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)“Congratulations！Your hard work paid off，” he said, his voice brimming with pride.“恭喜你！你的努力得到了回报。”他说，声音里充满了骄傲。 【练透考点】　单句语法填空 ①The guide leading (lead) the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. ②The task completed (complete), we had a global travelling. ③Such an able man to help (help) you, you will surely succeed sooner or later. 【写成佳句】　完成句子 ④听说他在事故中受伤了，我内心充满担忧。 I heard that he got injured in the accident, my heart full of worry． ⑤(读后续写之情节描述)计划成功地实施了，一切都很顺利。 The plan successfully carried out, everything worked out perfectly. ⑥(读后续写之情节描述)有些人落后了，有些人会过来提供帮助。 Some falling behind, others would come and offer help. 写一篇人物介绍 ◎ THE MAN WHO CHANGED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIVERSE Albert Einstein, who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics, is often considered one of the smartest men who ever lived.① He made numerous contributions to the world, the most well­known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E＝mc2.② Einstein was not only a genius；he was a courageous and kind figure loved by many people. This gentle genius was born in Germany on 14 March 1879.When he was 16, he tried to enter university in Switzerland, but failed due to his low scores in the general part of the entrance exam, despite obtaining exceptional scores in maths and physics.After studying for another year, he managed to pass the exam, entering university in 1896 and graduating in 1900. After two years of looking for work as a teacher, Einstein took a job as a clerk in the Swiss patent office.While working there, out of a strong passion for knowledge, he continued to study, earning a doctorate in physics in 1905.That same year, which was later recorded as a miracle year in science, he published four extraordinary physics papers.Following this, he gradually became famous throughout the world as the new Isaac Newton.③ After four years, he was able to quit his job at the patent office and enter research full­time at a university.In 1922, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. Circumstances changed in 1933, when Hitler came to power in Germany.Einstein, who was Jewish, found the doors of academic institutions closed to him.As a consequence, he had to flee Germany.After spending time in Europe, he finally took up a position as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, USA.Following that, he continued to make great achievements in physics and mathematics. To the public, he was seen as a slightly odd­looking but kind and funny man.He had a thick moustache and long white hair, which sometimes stood on end as though he had just received an electric shock.④ Although he was a genius, he sometimes forgot things, like his friends' birthdays.But despite his peculiarities, he was loved by his friends and neighbours.There is even a story about how he helped a little girl who knocked on his door and asked for help with her homework.In fact, Einstein often encountered people on the street who would stop him and ask him to help explain things.After many such occasions, he finally started saying，“Pardon me！Sorry！Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein！” On 18 April 1955, it was reported that Einstein had passed away, and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant scientist.⑤ ◎ ①连续使用两个who引导的定语从句，说明爱因斯坦令人敬佩。 ②运用独立主格结构the most well­known being...增强语言色彩。 ③使用类比的修辞手法，把爱因斯坦比作新艾萨克·牛顿，形象地刻画出爱因斯坦的伟大成就。 ④使用形容词odd­looking，kind，funny，thick，long，white和比喻的修辞手法as though he had just received an electric shock描述人物外貌，形象生动，使爱因斯坦的形象跃然纸上，极具感染力。 ⑤运用主语从句句型it is reported that...叙述爱因斯坦逝世，增强表达的客观性。 ◎ 1．开头：点明要介绍的人物是谁，简要介绍人物成就。 2．主体：展开说明这个人物的特点和生平，叙述自己选中这个人物的原因。 3．结尾：呼应开头，总结或者评价这个人物的一生。 ◎ 改变我们对宇宙的认知的人 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦——这位或许是现代物理学领域最伟大的科学家——被公认是有史以来智商最高的人之一。他为世界作出了无数的贡献， 最为出名的当数广义相对论和著名的方程式E＝mc2。爱因斯坦不仅是一位天才， 而且是一位广受爱戴的勇敢、善良的人。 1879年3月14日， 这位性情温和的天才出生于德国。16岁时， 他尝试报考瑞士的大学， 尽管入学考试中的数学和物理成绩十分优异， 但是因为通识部分的成绩低而未被录取。在学习了一年后， 他终于通过了考试， 于1896年进入大学， 1900年毕业。 寻找教师的工作岗位两年无果后， 他在瑞士专利局觅得一份职员的工作。工作期间， 出于强烈的求知欲， 他仍继续学习， 于1905年获得物理学博士学位。同年——这一年后来被称为科学上的奇迹年——他发表了四篇非同寻常的物理学论文。此后， 他渐渐闻名于世， 被誉为第二个艾萨克·牛顿。四年后， 他辞去了专利局的工作， 进入一所大学做全职研究。1922年， 他因解释光电效应而荣获1921年度的诺贝尔物理学奖。 1933年， 希特勒在德国上台， 形势发生了变化。身为犹太人的爱因斯坦发现学术机构纷纷对他关上大门。因此， 他不得不逃离德国。在欧洲度过一段时间后， 他终于在美国普林斯顿高等研究院谋得研究员一职。此后， 他继续在物理学和数学领域获得重大成就。 在大众眼中， 爱因斯坦是一个外表有点古怪但生性善良、风趣幽默的人。他胡须浓密， 头发又长又白， 有时会像刚遭了电击似的竖起来。虽然他是个天才， 但他有时也会忘记一些事情， 如朋友的生日。尽管怪癖不少， 他仍然颇受朋友和邻居的喜爱。甚至有一件轶事， 说的是他如何为一名上门求助的小女孩讲解家庭作业。事实上， 爱因斯坦经常遇到有人当街拦住他， 请他解释各种事物。这样的情形多次发生之后， 他最后只好开始说：“请原谅！ 抱歉！ 我老是被误认为是爱因斯坦教授！” 1955年4月18日， 噩耗传来， 爱因斯坦与世长辞， 全世界都哀悼一代科学巨星的陨落。 ◎ (2024·北京高二上检测)我校校刊英语园地The Admirable专栏正在向学生征集稿件，介绍你心目中最令人钦佩的人，请你写一篇稿件，内容需包括： 1．该人物的基本信息； 2．该人物值得敬佩的原因以及对你的影响。 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Step 1　审题谋篇·定框架 Step 2　要点翻译·用佳句 1．她是一个善良而有爱心的人。她在照顾家庭方面做出了卓越的贡献。 She is a kind and loving person.She makes a remarkable contribution to taking care of her family. [升级]　运用定语从句合并句子 She is a kind and loving person who makes a remarkable contribution to taking care of her family. 2．她是我最大的支持者。她鼓励我实现我的梦想。 She is my biggest supporter.She encourages me to achieve my dreams. [升级]　使用并列连词and合并句子 She is my biggest supporter and encourages me to achieve my dreams. 3．尽管在她自己的生活中面临许多个人挑战和挫折，她仍然保持积极乐观。(介词短语) Despite facing many personal challenges and setbacks in her own life, she continues to remain positive and optimistic. 4．我最佩服母亲的是她不屈不挠的坚强和韧性。(what从句作主语) What I admire most about my mother is her unwavering strength and resilience. 5．我很幸运有她在我的生命中，我希望有更多像她这样的人，这样的话，这个世界会变得更好。 I am blessed to have her in my life.I hope there are more people like her.That way, the world would be a better place． [升级]　用if引导的条件状语从句合并句子 I am blessed to have her in my life and the world would be a better place if there are more people like her. Step 3　连句成篇·达美文 We have a lot of respectable people around us.One of the most admirable people in my life is my mother.She is a kind and loving person who makes a remarkable contribution to taking care of her family.She always is devoted to helping those in need. My mother has always been there for me when I need her most.She is my biggest supporter and encourages me to achieve my dreams.Despite facing many personal challenges and setbacks in her own life, she continues to remain positive and optimistic. What I admire most about my mother is her unwavering strength and resilience.She has faced many obstacles in her life but has always managed to fight against them.Her determination and perseverance are truly inspiring. Overall, my mother is regarded as an amazing person and an incredible role model.I am blessed to have her in my life and the world would be a better place if there are more people like her. [课后分层练3] (时间：35分钟　满分：76分) Ⅰ.单词拼写(每小题1分，共8分) 1．Soon as a pioneer in American jet and rocket technology，Qian Xuesen, together with his colleagues, founded (创建) the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the 1940s，now one of NASA's leading space­exploration centres． 2． (2024·山东济宁期中)I am terribly sorry that I can't accompany you to the bookstore as a consequence (结果) of an unexpected visitor. 3．When I was young, I used to get angry when I encountered (偶然碰到) something I found difficult. 4．As we all know, theory (理论) is based on practice and in turn serves practice. 5．I first tried to walk a quarter of a mile daily and gradually (逐渐地) increased the distance. 6．The groundbreaking theory was first proposed by a young professor (教授) at the university. 7．What really worries us is whether the explorers can accurately locate themselves with the devices (仪器) in bad weather. 8．He showed us that even a single desire, never given up on, can make for an extraordinary (非凡的) life. Ⅱ.单句语法填空(每小题1分，共8分) 1．The ancient civilizations (文明) of Central America and Latin America were founded (found) on corn. 2．The cool wind swept through our bedroom windows，making (make) air conditioning unnecessary. 3．One of the worst consequences (consequent) of smoking for a long time is that you may suffer from lung cancer. 4．I can't remember when he began to hold such a great passion for science and technology. 5．Yet, now that I'm growing and the world I once knew as being so simple is becoming more complex, I find myself needing (need) a way to escape. 6．When I failed the exam last month and was in low spirits, she patted me gently (gentle) on the shoulder and gave me great encouragement. 7．The research has led us to the conclusion (conclude) that early childhood education plays an important role in a child's development. 8．Winning the Nobel Prize is a remarkable (remark) achievement for any scientist. Ⅲ.完成句子(每小题2分，共10分) 1．他辞去教学工作到艺术委员会任职。(take up) He left a career in teaching to take up a job with the Arts Council. 2．这个政党执政已经两年了。许多人想知道该政党是否会继续执政。(power) It has been two years since this party came to power．Many people wonder whether it will stay on. 3．他们决心为公众安全作出贡献。(contribution) They are determined to make contributions to public safety. 4．他突然意识到主修中医可能会更好。(strike) It struck him that it would be better to major in traditional Chinese medicine. 5．我得出了结论，他不是做这个工作的最佳人选。(conclusion) I have come to a conclusion that he is not the best person for the job. Ⅳ.课文语法填空(每小题1.5分，共15分) Albert Einstein, a genius well known for the theory of relativity, is universally considered the greatest scientist in modern physics.Born 1on 14 March 1879, Einstein tried to enter university in Switzerland when he was 16, but failed due to his low scores in the general part of the 2 entrance (enter) exam, though he did succeed in obtaining exceptional scores in maths and physics.It was in 1896 3 that he managed to pass the exam.While 4 working (work) in the Swiss patent office, he continued to study and earned a 5 doctorate (doctor) in physics in 1905.Four years later he quit the job and 6 committed (commit) himself to full­time research at a university.In 1922, he 7 was awarded (award) the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. Sadly，the great genius had to flee Germany in 1933，8 when Hitler came to power and Jews were persecuted (迫害).After spending time in Europe, he finally took up 9 a position as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, USA.And he continued to make great 10 achievements (achieve) in physics and mathematics. Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共7.5分) (2025·浙江省镇海中学高二上期末) Amazing Phuket Phuket (普吉岛) is the largest of Thailand's many islands and is situated on the country's west coast.It is often known as the “Pearl of The Andaman” due to its crystal blue seas, white sand beaches and sacred temples.As a melting pot, it boasts incredible cultural, architectural, and culinary diversity.Before traveling, here are some important things you need to know. Weather in Phuket ·Hot season: April to June. ·Wet season: July to November. ·Best time to go: December to March. Staying safe in Phuket ·Water: Do not drink from the taps.Always use bottled water. ·Emergency: In case of an emergency, dial 191 for police, 1155 for tourist police, and 1669 for ambulance. ·Insurance: Get travel insurance as a part of your deal.It will always come in handy if you fall sick or if any other emergency arises. · Accommodation: Choose a suitable location for your stay.Do not select a dodgy hotel just because it is cheaper than the others. Top three recommended hotels La Green Hotel and Residence $110 per night/15% off for at least two nights 1 km from Bang Tao Beach, La Green Hotel and Residence provides a fitness centre, free private parking, a restaurant and a bar. Sole Mio Boutique Hotel and Wellness $140 per night/20% off for at least two nights Sole Mio Boutique Hotel and Wellness offers accommodation with an outdoor swimming pool, free private parking, and a fitness centre, just 600 metres from Bang Tao Beach. Riviera Patong Hotel $125 per night/10% off for at least two nights Riviera Patong Hotel offers accommodation with a bar and free WiFi, conveniently located within 0.5 km of Patong Beach and 1.1 km of Jungceylon Shopping Center. [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了普吉岛的地理位置、天气情况、安全提示以及推荐的酒店等信息。 1．What can we learn about Phuket? A．It can be really hot there in September. B．It is the center of Thai religious celebration. C．Visitors there are likely to savor diverse cultures. D．It gains reputation for its abundant pearl production. 解析：选C。细节理解题。 由文章第一段中的“As a melting pot, it boasts incredible cultural, architectural, and culinary diversity.”可知，普吉岛拥有丰富的文化、建筑和烹饪多样性，游客可以体验到多样的文化。故选C。 2．Which of the following tips for staying safe in Phuket is WRONG? A．Stick to bottled water rather than tap water. B．Consider factors beyond price in hotel selection. C．Purchase travel insurance for unexpected illness. D．Dial 1669 if you encounter robbery during travel. 解析：选D。推理判断题。由文章Staying safe in Phuket部分中的“Emergency: In case of an emergency, dial 191 for police, 1155 for tourist police, and 1669 for ambulance.”可知，选项D中的“if you encounter robbery during travel (旅行中遇到抢劫)”，应属于紧急情况，正确的做法是拨打191而非1669。故选D。 3．What's the price for a person staying two nights at the nearest hotel to Bang Tao Beach? A．$224. B．$225. C．$56. D．$187. 解析：选A。细节理解题。 由文章La Green Hotel and Residence部分中的“1 km from Bang Tao Beach, La Green Hotel and Residence...”、Sole Mio Boutique Hotel and Wellness部分中的“Sole Mio Boutique Hotel and Wellness...just 600 metres from Bang Tao Beach.”、Riviera Patong Hotel部分中的“Riviera Patong...conveniently located within 0.5 km of Patong Beach and 1.1 km of Jungceylon Shopping Center.”可知，Sole Mio Boutique Hotel and Wellness距离Bang Tao Beach最近。根据Sole Mio Boutique Hotel and Wellness部分中的“$140 per night/20% off for at least two nights (每晚140美元/至少住两晚可打八折)”可知，在离Bang Tao Beach最近的酒店住两晚的价格是：140*2*80%＝224 (美元)。故选A。 Ⅱ.阅读七选五(每小题2.5分，共12.5分) (2025·江苏省扬州中学高二上月考)The Malaysian night market is based on a concept of open­air shopping where street vendors (小贩) take over a designated street to set up stalls.The night market is the place where you can hang around the stalls, pick up some items and enjoy the smell of local foods. Each night market comprises a different combination of stalls.1( ) Hence, there is always something new and exciting to look forward to at each visit.You can even get addicted to hunting for antiques found in some night markets. The night markets are typically from 5 p．m.till 10：30 p．m.You can buy anything from night markets, be it groceries, clothing, good local food, hot snacks, household items, fresh produce, or even the latest styles.By around 6 p．m, the market is in full swing as the first groups of people stream in.For those who cook, there is stall upon stall selling fresh seafood, meat products, and a limitless variety of vegetables.2( ) It is no secret that night markets are a treasure trove of tasty street food.3( ) Thirst­quenchers like the ever­popular soybean drink and sugarcane juice are a permanent feature here. 4( ) It is not a place for the faint­hearted or the gentle, but to many, they are fun and thrilling places to explore.It is truly an exciting experience and a feast for the eyes on a tropical night out.The atmosphere is almost festive.5( ) A．Your curiosity will be satisfied here. B．There is so much to see, buy and eat. C．People would complain about the noises here. D．Noisy crowds are the hallmark of the night market. E．It would be a regret not to try on mouth­watering local dishes. F．New items are constantly being added in line with current trends. G．Dried and preserved items such as dried shrimp and salted eggs are available here too. [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文，介绍了马来西亚夜市的风貌与特色。 1．解析：选F。上文“Each night market comprises a different combination of stalls.”提到每个夜市的摊位有所不同，而下文“Hence, there is always something new and exciting to look forward to at each visit.”提到每次去夜市总会期待有新的东西，说明夜市里会不断加入新的商品，F项的“New items”与下文“something new”一致，符合题意。故选F项。 2．解析：选G。上文“For those who cook, there is stall upon stall selling fresh seafood, meat products, and a limitless variety of vegetables.”提到夜市中各种各样摊位可供做菜的人选择，G项承接上文，进一步指出夜市除了有新鲜海鲜、肉制品、各种各样的蔬菜，还有干虾和咸蛋等干货和腌制食品，符合题意。故选G项。 3．解析：选E。上文“It is no secret that night markets are a treasure trove of tasty street food.”引出夜市有好吃的街头美食，E项紧接着指出在拥有美食街的夜市，不品尝当地美食，简直是一种遗憾，下文“Thirst­quenchers like the ever­popular soybean drink and sugarcane juice are a permanent feature here.”则就当地美食列举出了饮料这一特色。所以E项符合题意。故选E项。 4．解析：选D。下文“It is not a place for the faint­hearted or the gentle, but to many, they are fun and thrilling places to explore.”提到夜市不适合胆小或文雅的人，D项是下文提到胆小或文雅的人不适合去夜市的原因，符合题意。故选D项。 5．解析：选B。上文“It is truly an exciting experience and a feast for the eyes on a tropical night out.The atmosphere is almost festive.”指出逛夜市是一次激动人心的体验，也是一场视觉盛宴，B项指出了原因是因为夜市有非常多可看、可买、可吃的东西，符合题意。故选B项。 Ⅲ.语法填空(每小题1.5分，共15分) Most people have the creativity to come up with a new idea.It could be anything: a smartphone app, a concept to improve education, 1 an invention to help people in need.This creativity is the driving force needed to produce something and become a successful entrepreneur (企业家).Education levels do not matter in this case.From people with little education 2 those with advanced degrees, their hearts and minds must 3 (fill) with imagination in order to succeed.In fact, this essential element of imagination often thrives among people who have few resources.These people tend to look at things in a different way from those 4 have everything given to them.It may be easier to “think outside the box” when resources are not easily available.When there is a real need, the motivation to create and devise solutions is even 5 (strong). 6 (commit), not cash, is what leads to success.It is dedication 7 turns ideas into realities.Thomas Edison, 8 inventor of the light bulb, is the perfect example of someone who was committed to success.According to Forbes magazine, Edison tried over 1，000 times 9 (invent) a working light bulb.When he was asked how he felt about 10 (fail) so many times, Edison responded, “I didn't fail 1，000 times.The light bulb was an invention with 1，000 steps.” Even if resources are not easily accessible, a committed entrepreneur will find a way to pursue his or her ideas. [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述大多数人都有想出新点子的创造力，这种创造力是成功的驱动力，其中教育水平并不重要，想象力和投入奉献精神是通往成功的道路。 1．解析：or。 考查连词。句意：它可以是任何东西：一个智能手机应用程序，一个改善教育的理念，或者一个帮助有需要的人的发明。结合句意可知，此处表示选择关系，用连词or“或者”，故填or。 2．解析：to。考查介词。句意：不管是受过很少教育的人或是受过高等教育的人，他们的心灵和思想必须充满想象力才能成功。from...to...“从……到……”，故填to。 3．解析：be filled。考查被动语态。句意同上。主语their hearts and minds和动词fill之间是被动关系，此处使用被动语态，情态动词must后接动词原形，故填be filled。 4．解析：who/that。考查定语从句。句意：这些人看待事物的方式与那些拥有一切的人不同。空处引导定语从句，先行词是those，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who或that，故填who/that。 5．解析：stronger。考查形容词比较级。句意：当有真正的需求时，创造和设计解决方案的动机甚至更强。结合句意及空前的even可知，此处表示“创造和设计解决方案的动机甚至更强”，使用形容词比较级，故填stronger。 6．解析：Commitment。考查名词。句意：投入，而不是金钱，是通往成功的道路。空处应填名词作主语，commitment“奉献，投入”，不可数名词，首字母应大写，故填Commitment。 7．解析：that。 考查强调句型。句意：把想法变成现实的是奉献精神。此处是强调句型“It's＋被强调部分＋that/who(被强调部分是人时可用who)＋其他”，本句中被强调部分是主语dedication，故填that。 8．解析：the。考查冠词。句意：电灯泡的发明者托马斯·爱迪生就是一个致力于成功的完美例子。由of the light bulb可知，inventor表示特指，用定冠词修饰，故填the。 9．解析：to invent。考查非谓语动词。句意：据《福布斯》杂志报道，爱迪生为了发明一个能工作的灯泡尝试了1 000多次。结合句意可知，此处表示目的，应用动词不定式作目的状语，故填to invent。 10．解析：failing。考查非谓语动词。句意：当爱迪生被问及他对多次失败有何感想时，他回答说：“我并非失败了1 000次，而是走过了发明电灯必经的千步征程。”空处作介词about的宾语，应用动名词形式，故填failing。 主题：卓有成就的人物 情感 描写 ①gentle 　　　 adj.温柔的；文静的 ②passion n．酷爱；激情 ③mourn 　　 vt.& vi.哀悼；忧伤 ④committed adj.尽心尽力的；坚定的；坚信的 动作 描写 ①commit vt. 承诺；保证vi.忠于；全心全意投入(工作、活动等) ②acknowledge vt.承认(属实、权威等)；(公开)感谢 ③defeat 　　 　 n.失败；挫败 vt.击败；战胜 ④insist vi.& vt.坚持；坚决要求 ⑤flow n．流；流动；流畅；供应 vi.流；流动 ⑥encounter vt.偶然碰到；遇到n.邂逅；遭遇 [语段情景用]　玛丽是一个成功人士，内心充满激情。尽管一路上失败不断……(尽可能使用方框中归纳的教材词汇，词数80左右) Mary is a successful person with a passionate heart，committed to her cause from the very beginning.Despite numerous defeats along the way, she never mourned for long.Instead, she acknowledged each setback as a lesson and moved forward with determination.Her work flowed like a river, steady and relentless, as she encountered challenges head­on.She insisted on finding solutions, driven by inner strength that few could match.Her passion and commitment not only led to her success but also inspired those around her.In her journey, she proved that with unwavering dedication and the courage to face obstacles, even the most ambitious goals could be achieved. 单元强化练 [UNIT 1] (时间：45分钟　满分：78.5分) 【基础知识强化练】 Ⅰ.单词拼写(每小题1分，共6分) 1．When the war broke out, they fled (逃跑) to Italy, where they lived and worked for 15 years. 2．He defeated (战胜) the other competitors and won the world title. 3．Scientists have obtained (获得) more evidence that plastic is finding its way into the human body. 4．Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the People's Republic of China was founded (建立) on October 1st, 1949. 5．The professor (教授) warned the students that on no account should they use mobile phones in his class. 6．Our football match was cancelled in consequence (结果) of the heavy rain. Ⅱ.单句语法填空(每小题1分，共10分) 1．These ten books sum up this year's production. 2．I finished the work in advance with everyone helping (help) me. 3．The street was blocked as a consequence of the heavy snow. 4．It is said that when the new president comes (come) to power he will have to face many difficult problems. 5．He held a number of patents (patent) for his many innovations. 6．I'd like to tell you about the table manners which you should know when you visit Korea. 7．What are the difficulties you are most likely to encounter (encounter)? 8．I shall never forget those years when I lived on the farm with the farmers, which has a great effect on my life. 9．These cars are remarkable (remark) for the quietness of their engines. 10．Over the years several similar theories (theory) have been put forward. Ⅲ.完成句子(每小题2分，共10分) 1．他坚持要我们走另一条路避开堵车。[insist that sb (should) do sth] He insisted that we should take a different route to avoid traffic. 2．这位科学家致力于研究针对流感病毒的疫苗。(be committed to doing) The scientist is committed to researching vaccines against the flu virus. 3．被邀请来参加本次夏令营开幕式我深感荣幸。(It is an honour for sb to do) It is a great honour for me to be invited to attend the opening ceremony of the summer camp. 4．人们普遍认为新鲜食物对我们的健康有益。 It is generally acknowledged that fresh food is beneficial to our health. 5．我们负责任地控制住自己对环境的影响是至关重要的。(crucial) It is crucial that we responsibly manage our impact on the environment. 【综合能力提升练】 Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共10分) The year 2023 marks the 102nd anniversary of Noether's ring theory, a branch of theoretical mathematics that is still fascinating and challenging numerous mathematicians today. Noether was born in 1882 in Germany, whose father was a math professor, but it must have seemed unlikely to a young Noether that she would follow in his footsteps because women were banned from academia and few took classes at universities.After Noether graduated from a high school for girls, Erlangen University started to let women enroll.She signed up and earned her doctorate in mathematics, which should have been the end of her mathematical journey.Teaching at a university for women was still out of the question.But Noether stuck with mathematics anyway, staying in Erlangen and unofficially guiding doctoral students without pay. In 1915, she applied for a position at the University of Gottingen.Bill Nicholl, the dean at the university, also a mathematician, was in favor of hiring Noether, although his argument was far from feminist (女权主义的).“The female brain is unsuitable for mathematical production，” he wrote, “but Noether stood out as one of the rare exceptions.” Unfortunately for Noether, the Ministry of Education would not give the university permission to have a woman as their teacher.Noether stayed in Gottingen and taught courses listed under the name of a male faculty teacher.During those years, she kept doing research and made important contributions to theoretical physics and Einstein's theory of relativity.The university finally granted her lecturer status.Two years later, Noether published revolutionary discoveries in ring theory, which is the study of mathematical objects called rings.Noetherian rings show up all the time in modern mathematics.Mathematicians still use Noether's map today, not just in ring theory, but in other areas such as number theory and algebraic geometry. [语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。诺特为数学做出了开拓性的贡献，在那个时代，女性还被排斥在学术界之外，但她坚守数学领域，发表了有关环论的革命性发现，至今数学家们仍在思考和发展她的发现。 1．What do we learn about Noether from Paragraph 2? A．She taught at university as a teacher. B．She earned a degree in mathematics. C．She was taught by her father at home. D．She quit her mathematical journey early. 解析：选B。 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“She signed up and earned her doctorate in mathematics”可知Noether报名并获得了数学博士学位。故选B。 2．What can we infer from Bill Nicholl's words? A．He was struggling for feminism. B．Females' brains differed from males'. C．Noether was a giant in mathematics. D．Women mathematicians were superb. 解析：选C。细节理解题。根据第三段Bill Nicholl所说的话“‘The female brain is unsuitable for mathematical production，’ he wrote, ‘but Noether stood out as one of the rare exceptions.’”可知， Noether是天生的数学大师人物。故选C。 3．What do we know about Noether's ring theory? A．It is still used by mathematicians today. B．It opens up a new field in modern physics. C．It is based on Einstein's theory of relativity. D．It lays the foundation for modern mathematics. 解析：选A。 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Mathematicians still use Noether's map today, not just in ring theory, but in other areas such as number theory and algebraic geometry.”可知，环论在今天依然为数学家所利用。故选A。 4．Which of the following can best describe Noether? A．Gifted and generous. B．Sensitive and determined. C．Committed and creative. D．Hard­working and honest. 解析：选C。 推理判断题。根据全文内容及第四段中的“During those years, she kept doing research and made important contributions to theoretical physics and Einstein's theory of relativity.The university finally granted her lecturer status.Two years later, Noether published revolutionary discoveries in ring theory, which is the study of mathematical objects called rings.”可知，Noether是坚定的且有创意的人。故选C。 Ⅱ.阅读七选五(每小题2.5分，共12.5分) Leonardo da Vinci is often thought of mainly as an artist, with world­famous works like The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa.1( ) But his notebooks, filled with his strange writing, show that his main interests were in engineering and technology. 2( ) If his pioneering work on anatomy (解剖学) is also taken into consideration, it is not hard to see why Leonardo is considered to be one of the greatest geniuses of all time. Born in 1452 to a Florentine lawyer and a local village girl, Leonardo was given only a very basic education.After ten years in the workshop of the artist Verrocchio, he began to work for himself.The work he did shows an unbelievable combination of technical skill and very careful observation.3( ) At the age of thirty, he left his hometown and moved to Milan, where he spent seventeen years working for the Duke of Milan.4( ) In fact, his painting was increasingly influenced by his interest in mathematics.During this period, he painted The Last Supper and developed his ideas for chemical weapons (化学武器). In 1506 he returned to Milan and became increasingly interested in science.5( ) He also studied many other animals, comparing their bodies to the human body.From then on, Leonardo spent the rest of his life mainly on his scientific studies. A．Before long, he returned to his painting. B．Of course, his place in art history is certain. C．It also shows his great interest in technology. D．The notebooks are full of drawings for all kinds of inventions. E．He began to study human bodies and the movement of the blood. F．Here he continued to combine his scientific work with his painting. G．It was a good chance to make some money with his new inventions. [语篇解读]本文是一篇人物传记。达·芬奇虽然是伟大的艺术家，但同时对科学研究感兴趣，这对他的艺术创作也有影响。 1．解析：选B。根据空后的“But...”可推知，空处内容与下句有转折关系，应顺承上句意思，结合上句可推知，空处要肯定他在艺术史上的地位，与艺术家有关。故选B。 2．解析：选D。根据下句中的“also taken into consideration”，再结合上段最后一句可推知，空处在介绍笔记本中的内容，所以D选项“笔记本上满是各种发明的图画”符合题意。故选D。 3．解析：选C。根据上句可推知，空处要展示出他对其他方面的兴趣。所以C选项“这也显示了他对技术的极大兴趣”符合题意，其中also与上句构成递进关系。故选C。 4．解析：选F。根据下文介绍的他在数学、化学和绘画上的成就可推知，空处应介绍他继续将科学工作和绘画结合起来。所以F选项“在这里，他继续将科学工作与绘画结合起来”符合题意。故选F。 5．解析：选E。根据下句可推知，空处与下句有递进关系，说明达·芬奇研究的内容。所以E选项“他开始研究人体和血液的运动”符合题意。故选E。 Ⅲ.完形填空(每小题1分，共15分) Over the past 38 years, Mr.Wang has pretended to be someone else many times, and has even learned to 1 different dialects (方言), leading to him being described as an “Oscar­winning actor”． The 60­year­old is not an actor, but a 2 ．However, he is more devoted to his “ 3 ” than any real actor. In the 1990s, a group of thieves often sold stolen goods with the help of some beggars.To look into the 4 ， Wang disguised (伪装) himself and 5 the beggars.Dirty shorts and old shoes gave him the 6 of a real beggar and his convincing dialect soon won him the 7 of the beggars. “I often 8 them to drink alcohol.Once they were 9 ， they began to talk a lot，” Wang said.“I'd then 10 myself to use the toilet, 11 what the beggars said, and send the 12 to my teammates.” Wang, who is often in 13 situations, is also a judo (柔道) master.“As long as I get close enough, no criminal can 14 from me，” he said. Wang's 15 won him several honors, including a National May Day Labor Medal and 11 Citations of Merit. [语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了王警官伪装成乞丐做卧底抓捕窃贼的故事。为了破案，他学习了多种方言，衣着破旧，赢得了乞丐的信任，最后成功抓捕窃贼，赢得了多项荣誉。 1． A．teach B．compare C．assess D．speak 解析：选D。 根据该句中的“pretended to be someone else”和“different dialects (方言)”可知，此处是指王警官学习讲不同的方言，speak “会讲；会说(某种语言)”，故D项正确。 2． A．lawyer B．doctor C．policeman D．businessman 解析：选C。根据第三段第二句中的“Wang disguised (伪装) himself”可知，王警官伪装成乞丐，打入偷窃团伙内部；再根据常识可知，他是一名警察。 3． A．role B．study C．family D．audience 解析：选A。 根据该句中的“than any real actor”，再结合下文他伪装成乞丐抓小偷的描述可知，他比任何专业演员都更专注自己的角色。role “角色”，故A项正确。 4． A．mirror B．case C．future D．question 解析：选B 。根据上句可知，小偷团伙在一些乞丐的帮助下销售偷来的东西；据此可知，该处是说为了调查这起案件，他伪装成乞丐。case “案情；调查的案件”，故B项正确。 5． A．interviewed B．joined C．arrested D．assisted 解析：选B。根据该句中的“disguised (伪装) himself”可知，他伪装成乞丐，加入了他们。join “加入；参加”。故B项正确。 6． A．challenge B．experience C．appearance D．freedom 解析：选C。 根据该句中的“Dirty shorts and old shoes”并结合常识可知，脏衣服和破鞋子是常见的乞丐的外表。appearance “外表；外貌；外观”，故C项正确。 7． A．vote B．sympathy C．permission D．trust 解析：选D。 根据该句中的“his convincing dialect soon won him”可知，他令人信服的方言很快赢得了乞丐们的信任。trust “信任”。故D项正确。 8． A．invited B．forced C．helped D．expected 解析：选A。 根据该句中的“to drink alcohol”可知，他经常邀请乞丐们去喝酒。invite “邀请”，故A项正确。 9．A．drunk B．deserted C．bored D．lost 解析：选A。 根据该句中的“they began to talk a lot”并结合常识可知，一旦喝醉，他们就会说很多话。drunk “醉的；喝醉的”，故A项正确。 10．A．guide B．persuade C．excuse D．allow 解析：选C。 根据该句中的“use the toilet”并结合语境可知，他以上厕所为借口，记下了他们说的话。excuse “为……辩解(或找理由)”，故C项正确。 11．A．refer to B．note down C．ask about D．miss out 解析：选B。 该句是说明他记下了他们说的话。refer to “提到；参考；查阅”； note down “记下；写下”； ask about “询问”； miss out “遗漏；不包括……在内”，故B项正确。 12．A．plan B．agreement C．direction D．information 解析：选D。 根据该句中的“to my teammates”并结合常识可知，他将记下的信息发送给他的队友。information “信息”，故D项正确。 13．A．awkward B．dangerous C．unfortunate D．strange 解析：选B。根据前文内容可知，他伪装成乞丐，加入犯罪团伙中做卧底；再结合常识可知，他常处于危险的环境中。dangerous “有危险的”，故B项正确。 14．A．separate B．recover C．escape D．hear 解析：选C。 根据该句中的“As long as I get close enough, no criminal can”可知，只要他离罪犯足够近，他们就难以逃脱。escape from “逃脱”。故C项正确。 15．A．courage B．honesty C．kindness D．optimism 解析：选A。 根据上文内容可知，王警官为抓捕窃贼，伪装成乞丐做卧底。据此可知，他的勇气为他赢得了诸多荣誉。courage “勇气”，故A项正确。 Ⅳ.语法填空(每小题1.5分，共15分) Dreamers change the world.For the first time, TIME and American Family Insurance have named a Dreamer of the Year—a person who inspires, protects and restores dreams 1 closes equity gaps.No one dreams 2 (big) than Donnel Baird, CEO and founder of BlocPower.“I grew up in Brooklyn where we didn't have 3 working heating system, so on cold days in the winter, we would use our oven 4 (heat) up our apartment.We would open up the window to release the carbon monoxide and toxic chemicals so we wouldn't breathe 5 (they) in all night.So early on I was 6 (expose) to neglected energy systems and the kind of health and environmental impact that they could have.” Baird's early life has undeniably fueled his drive for innovation. “I started BlocPower eight years ago with the vision of bringing clean energy to the low­income communities 7 I'd grown up.” BlocPower equips buildings with solar panels, electric heat pumps, and other green tech to 8 (low) energy bills and reduce planet­warming emissions. And the results are definite.Since its founding in 2014, BlocPower 9 (work) with over 5，000 families to green their homes, 10 (save) them 20%～40% on their energy bills each year. [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Donnel Baird创立BlocPower，希望把清洁能源带给自己生活的低收入社区。BlocPower为建筑物配备太阳能电池板、电热泵和其他绿色技术，以降低能源费用，减少温室气体的排放。 1．解析：and。考查连词。空前的“激励、保护和恢复梦想”和“弥合公平差距”是并列承接关系，应用连词and。 2．解析：bigger。考查比较级。 根据比较级提示词than可知，此处应用比较级。故填bigger。 3．解析：a。考查冠词。 此处泛指“一个运行的供暖系统”，且working是以辅音音素开头的单词，应用不定冠词a。 4．解析：to heat。考查非谓语动词。 固定短语use sth to do sth 表示“用……做……”。故填to heat。 5．解析：them。考查代词。空处作宾语，指上文“the carbon monoxide and toxic chemicals”可知，此处应填宾格代词them。 6．解析：exposed。 考查固定短语。 固定短语be exposed to表“接触到”。故填exposed。 7．解析：where。 考查定语从句。 此处是限制性定语从句，修饰先行词communities，关系词在从句作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导定语从句。 8．解析：lower。 考查词形转换。 表“降低”应用动词lower，空前to是不定式符号，故填lower。 9．解析：has worked。 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。由时间状语Since its founding in 2014可知，应用现在完成时，主语为BlocPower，助动词用has。故填has worked。 10．解析：saving。 考查非谓语动词。 分析句子结构可知， BlocPower与save为逻辑上的主谓关系，应用现在分词作状语。故填saving。 单元过关检测卷(一) [UNIT 1] (满分：120分　时间：100分钟) 第一部分　阅读(共两节，满分50分) 第一节(共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分) 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 A (2024·江西省南昌市高二上检测)Every year, young, talented, and ambitious nature conservationists from all over the world participate in the presentation of the Future For Nature (FFN) Award, an honorable international award. The Future For Nature aims to： • Reward and fund individuals for their outstanding efforts in the protection of species of wildlife. • Encourage winners to sustain their dedicated work． • Help winners to raise their profiles, extend their professional network and strengthen their funding basis. Benefits • The winners each receive 50，000 euros and may make their own decision to spend the money in the service of nature conservation. • FFN offers the winners a platform and brings their stories to the attention of conservationists, financiers and a wide audience, allowing them to increase their impact and gain more access to funds. • FFN is building a growing family of winners, dedicated people who form a community of people with the same interest.FFN offers them the opportunity to meet each other and continue to learn from each other in order to continue their fight for nature as efficiently and effectively as possible. Qualifications The candidate (候选人)： • Must be born on or after the 31st May 1988 and before the 28th of August 2005. • Is able to explain his/her conservation work in fluent English (written and spoken) • Has achieved substantial and long­term benefits to the conservation status of one or more animal or plant species. • Must be determined to continue his/her conservation work, as the Award aims to stimulate the winner's future work.It is not an “end of career” prize. Additional Remarks For the 2025 Future For Nature Awards, we are again searching for natural leaders, who have proven that they can make a difference in species' survival. From all applications, 6 to 10 nominees (被提名者) will be selected.These applicants will be asked to provide additional information, which will be used to select the final awardees.Ultimately, three inspiring wildlife heroes are selected as the winners. Application Process: Apply online through the Apply Now link. Application Deadline: 28th August, 2025. [语篇解读]本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了“自然未来奖 (FFN)”的目的，益处，资格和申请候选人等相关信息。 1．Which is one of the aims of the Future For Nature? A．To aid more green groups. B．To fund academic education. C．To inspire conservation efforts. D．To raise environmental awareness. 解析：选C。细节理解题。根据文章The Future For Nature aims to部分“• Reward and fund individuals for their outstanding efforts in the protection of species of wildlife.”和“• Encourage winners to sustain their dedicated work.”可知，FFN的目标之一是激励保护工作。故选C。 2．The winners will get the chance to ． A．consult top specialists B．meet those who are of the same ambition C．benefit the local community D．promote self­created platforms 解析：选B。细节理解题。根据文章Benefits部分“• FFN is building a growing family of winners, dedicated people who form a community of people with the same interest.FFN offers them the opportunity to meet each other and continue to learn from each other in order to continue their fight for nature as efficiently and effectively as possible.”可知，获胜者将有机会认识志同道合的人。故选B。 3．To apply for the 2025 Future For Nature Awards, candidates must ． A．meet the age requirement B．apply via mail by the deadline C．turn in the application in English D．provide additional personal information 解析：选A。细节理解题。根据文章Qualifications部分“The candidate: • Must be born on or after the 31st May 1988 and before the 28th of August 2005.”可知，要申请2025年自然未来奖，候选人必须符合年龄要求。故选A。 B (2025·浙江省温州市十校高二上期中)There has been a battle raging in my living room—a deep­rooted standoff that began when I was a child of about nine.That is the age I was when my parents purchased a second­hand piano to support my continuing musical training. Some may characterize it as a love­hate relationship, even though I believe the bond between us is more than that.Of course, on the “hate” side there were plenty of frustrating hours spent practicing, the forced performances for relatives, the trimmed fingernails.And the responsibility I had to shoulder, as my family sacrificed a lot for me to have piano lessons, because I had talent.My teachers said so and, truthfully, my heart said so, too.But all too often it felt like a burden. There was also “love” on that piano bench.There were times when I could feel the music ring through me.I could feel it vibrate through my fingers.The connection between two people when performing a duet was beautiful.When my music landed on my audience it made me want to play forever. But my musical talent did not survive my teenage years.It was no competition for the freedom I sought and eventually fought for.When I had a home of my own, the piano mostly sat unloved or at least unused, feeling fingers on the keys only during Christmas and when my own children took piano lessons. I know every inch of this piano.I spent years of my life in front of this piano.Awaiting my free will to ripen enough to release me from lessons.Awaiting my life to begin.Awaiting my mother to leave the room so I could secretly read my book while practicing scales. It feels like I am giving away the family pet.So here I sit playing my last tune before the movers take the piano away and surprisingly there lies a growing desire for something else.It is time to clear the air to let in a different melody.Time to say, “Thank you for being part of my life，” take a bow and leave the stage...with one final note rising up alongside the dust in a sunbeam. [语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了自己和一架钢琴之间的爱恨情仇，决定要把它处理掉时的心情非常复杂。 4．What does the underlined word in Paragraph 1 mean? A．Conflict. B．Challenge. C．Relationship. D．Understanding. 解析：选A。词句猜测题。本句是文章主题句。根据第二段中“Some may characterize it as a love­hate relationship, even though I believe the bond between us is more than that.Of course, on the ‘hate’ side there were plenty of frustrating hours spent practicing, the forced performances for relatives, the trimmed fingernails.”及第三段中“There was also ‘love’ on that piano bench.”可知，作者对这架二手钢琴的情感是矛盾的，既有爱又有恨，由此可知画线词词义为“冲突、矛盾”，故选A。 5．Why did the author feel frustrated about playing the piano? A．She lacked the talent in playing the piano. B．She had to give up activities she enjoyed. C．She felt burdened because of the responsibility. D．She couldn't express her emotions through music. 解析：选C。细节理解题。根据第二段中“Of course, on the ‘hate’ side there were plenty of frustrating hours spent practicing, the forced performances for relatives, the trimmed fingernails.And the responsibility I had to shoulder, as my family sacrificed a lot for me to have piano lessons, because I had talent.My teachers said so and, truthfully, my heart said so, too.But all too often it felt like a burden.”可知，作者是因为有了这架钢琴，多了很多责任，觉得很有负担，所以对此感到沮丧。故选C。 6．What can we learn about the author in Paragraph 5? A．The author looked forward to growing up. B．The piano took away the author's freedom. C．The author made a great effort to learn piano. D．The author preferred reading to playing the piano. 解析：选B。推理判断题。根据第五段“I know every inch of this piano.I spent years of my life in front of this piano.Awaiting my free will to ripen enough to release me from lessons.Awaiting my life to begin.Awaiting my mother to leave the room so I could secretly read my book while practicing scales.”可知，作者认为练钢琴占据了自己很多时间，剥夺了自己做自己喜欢做的事情的自由。故选B。 7．What is the most suitable title for the passage? A．A Farewell to My Piano B．Challenges of Playing the Piano C．Love and Responsibility in Music D．Reflection on My Musical Journey 解析：选A。主旨大意题。根据最后一段“It feels like I am giving away the family pet.So here I sit playing my last tune before the movers take the piano away and surprisingly there lies a growing desire for something else.”可知，作者回顾了多年来对这架钢琴的复杂情感，最后表示要把钢琴处理掉了。所以A Farewell to My Piano最适合作题目，farewell意为“告别，再见”。故选A。 C (2025·江苏省扬州中学高二上月考)In today's motivational literature, failure is often viewed as something to be celebrated.Inspirational speakers are fond of quoting the words of the novelist Samuel Beckett—“Fail again.Fail better.” It seems that disappointments are an essential stepping stone to success, a turning point in our life story that will ultimately end in victory. However, psychological researches find most of us struggle to handle failure constructively.In other words, we fail to “fail forward”．We find ways to devalue the task at which we failed, and become less motivated to persevere and reach our goals.This phenomenon is known as the “sour­grape effect”， which was discovered by Professor Hallgeir Sjastad. Sjastad explains that “sour­grape effect” is a self­protective mechanism.“Most of us picture ourselves as competent people$