内容正文:
专题02 必修第二册语法知识 (期末复习讲义)
考情分析
【考向透视】
1. 定语从句1(Unit 1:who/whom/that/which/whose)
考情:高频基础考点,常考查“关系代词指代人/物”的区分(如who指人、which指物),以及whose表所属关系的用法。多出现于单选、语法填空、完形中,也会结合阅读长难句考查理解能力。
2. 定语从句2(Unit 2:when/where/why + “介词+which”)
考情:进阶考点,重点是“关系副词与介词+关系代词的转换”(如“the time when I left = the time at which I left”),易与关系代词混淆。常出现在单选、写作的句式升级题中,是提升文采的关键语法点。
【复习目标】
1. 基础目标
掌握Unit 1中各关系代词的指代规则,能正确选择关系代词引导定语从句;
区分Unit 2中关系副词(when/where/why)的用法,理解“介词+which”与关系副词的转换逻辑。
2. 能力目标
阅读中借助定语从句拆分长难句,快速抓取核心信息;
写作中主动运用定语从句(如用“介词+which”替换简单连接词),提升句式丰富度与逻辑衔接性。
3. 应试目标
单选、语法填空中定语从句题的正确率达90%以上;
写作中至少使用2处不同类型的定语从句,避免关系词误用的错误。
定语从句
知识点01 语法概念
定语从句是“用一个完整句子充当定语”,修饰主句中的名词或代词(即先行词),核心功能是对先行词进行限定、修饰或补充说明,使表达更精准丰富。其本质是“从句作定语”,需满足三大要素:① 先行词(被修饰的名词/代词);② 关系词(引导从句,分关系代词、关系副词);③ 从句语序(陈述句语序)。定语从句是高中英语复合句的核心考点,覆盖单选、语法填空、完形填空、短文改错、书面表达全题型,尤其在长难句分析和写作句式升级中作用关键。
先行词 被定语从句修饰的名词/代词 可指人、物、时间、地点、原因等
1. The girl who is singing is my sister.(先行词:the girl,指人)
2. This is the book that I bought yesterday.(先行词:the book,指物)
关系代词 引导从句,指代先行词,且在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语
1. 指人:who(主/宾)、whom(宾)、whose(定,表“……的”)
2. 指物:which(主/宾)、that(主/宾)
3. 指人/物:whose(定)
1. He is the man who helped me.(who指代人,作主语)
2. The pen which I lost is red.(which指代物,作宾语)
3. She has a friend whose father is a doctor.(whose表“朋友的”,作定语)
关系副词 引导从句,指代先行词,且在从句中充当状语(时间、地点、原因)
1. when(时间状语,先行词为time/day等)
2. where(地点状语,先行词为place/city等)
3. why(原因状语,先行词为reason)
1. I remember the day when we met.(when指代day,作时间状语)
2. This is the school where I studied.(where指代school,作地点状语)
3. Do you know the reason why he was late?(why指代reason,作原因状语)
知识点02 关系词用法
(一)关系代词用法对比(指人/指物/功能差异)
who 人 主语、宾语 作宾语时可省略,作主语不可
1. The boy who is sitting there is Tom.(主语,不可省略)
2. The man who I talked to is my teacher.(宾语,可省略)
whom 人 宾语 可省略,可替换为who(口语)
She is the girl whom I met yesterday.(宾语,可省略为She is the girl I met yesterday.)
whose 人/物 定语(表“……的”) 不可省略
1. This is the student whose homework is missing.(指人)
2. I like the house whose windows are big.(指物)
which 物 主语、宾语 作宾语时可省略
1. The tree which is tall is an apple tree.(主语,不可省略)
2. The book which I read is interesting.(宾语,可省略)
that 人/物 主语、宾语 作宾语时可省略
1. He is the man that I saw.(指人,宾语)
2. This is the bag that I bought.(指物,主语)
(二)关系副词用法对比(时间/地点/原因)
when 时间名词(day/time/year等) 时间状语 on/in/at + which
I will never forget the day when I joined the club.(=I will never forget the day on which I joined the club.)
where 地点名词(place/city/school等) 地点状语 in/at/on + which
This is the park where we played last week.(=This is the park in which we played last week.)
why 原因名词(reason) 原因状语 for + which
The reason why he failed is clear.(=The reason for which he failed is clear.)
(三)关系代词that与which的特殊用法(高考重点)
1. 只能用that的情况(记“先特有序,不定最高”)
• 先行词是不定代词(something/anything/nothing/everything/all等):All that glitters is not gold.(闪光的未必都是金子);
• 先行词被序数词(first/second)、形容词最高级(best/worst)修饰:This is the first book that I read.(这是我读的第一本书);
• 先行词被the only/the very/the same修饰:He is the only student that passed the exam.(他是唯一通过考试的学生);
• 先行词既指人又指物:We talked about the people and things that we saw in the park.(我们谈论了在公园看到的人和事);
• 主句以who/which开头的特殊疑问句:Who is the girl that is talking to Tom?(正在和汤姆说话的女孩是谁?)。
2. 只能用which的情况
• 引导非限制性定语从句(从句与主句用逗号隔开,补充说明先行词,不可省略):The book, which I bought yesterday, is very useful.(这本书很有用,是我昨天买的);
• 介词后作宾语(介词不可置于that前):This is the pen with which I write.(这是我用来写字的笔,不可写为with that)。
知识点03 核心用法
(一)限制性定语从句(必带,限定先行词)
核心定义:
与主句紧密相连,无逗号隔开,不可省略,省略后主句语义不完整,核心功能是“限定先行词的范围”。
典型例句:
1. The student who works hard will pass the exam.(努力学习的那个学生将会通过考试,限定“学生”的范围);
2. I need a pen that can write smoothly.(我需要一支写起来流畅的笔,限定“笔”的属性)。
高考关联:
语法填空、短文改错高频考查,侧重关系词的选择与省略规则。
(二)非限制性定语从句(可选,补充说明)
核心定义:
与主句用逗号隔开,可省略,省略后主句语义仍完整,核心功能是“补充说明先行词的细节”。
典型例句:
1. My mother, who is a teacher, loves her students very much.(我妈妈是一名老师,她非常爱她的学生,补充妈妈的职业);
2. Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a long history.(北京是中国的首都,有着悠久的历史,补充北京的身份)。
高考易错:
用that引导非限制性定语从句;逗号遗漏或多余;关系词不可省略却省略。
(三)定语从句的省略规则(基础考点)
省略条件:
关系代词在从句中作宾语(主语不可省略),且不是介词的直接宾语(介词后不可省略)。
典型例句:
1. The book (that/which) I read yesterday is interesting.(that/which作宾语,可省略);
2. The man (who/whom) I talked to is my uncle.(who/whom作宾语,可省略);
3. The pen with which I write is lost.(which作介词with的宾语,不可省略,不可写为The pen with I write...)。
知识点04 易错点警示
(一)关系词与从句成分不匹配(最高频易错)
1. 易错表现:从句缺主语/宾语,却用关系副词;从句缺状语,却用关系代词(如:易错写为“This is the place that I visited last year.”(正确,that作宾语);易错写为“This is the place where I visited last year.”(错误,where是状语,从句缺宾语,需用that/which));
2. 错误原因:未判断从句的句子成分,仅凭先行词类型选择关系词;
3. 规避技巧:先分析从句是否完整(缺主语/宾语→用关系代词;缺状语→用关系副词),再结合先行词类型确定具体关系词。
(二)that与which的特殊用法混淆
1. 易错表现:非限制性定语从句用that;介词后用that;先行词是不定代词却用which(如:易错写为“The book, that I bought yesterday, is good.”(错误,非限制性从句用which);易错写为“This is the pen about that I talked.”(错误,介词后用which));
2. 规避技巧:牢记“只能用that”“只能用which”的特殊场景,解题时先判断是否符合特殊情况,再选择关系词。
(三)whose的用法错误
1. 易错表现:误写为who's;指物时不知如何使用whose,或误用of which(如:易错写为“She is the girl who's bag is red.”(错误,who's=who is,应为whose);易错写为“I like the book whose cover is blue.”(正确)→ 易错改为“I like the book of which cover is blue.”(错误,应为the cover of which));
2. 规避技巧:whose表“……的”,可指人可指物,后接名词;指物时,whose+名词=the+名词+of which,不可直接用of which+名词。
(四)非限制性定语从句的错误
1. 易错表现:无逗号;用that引导;关系词省略(如:易错写为“My father who is a doctor works hard.”(若为非限制性,缺逗号,应为“My father, who is a doctor, works hard.”);易错写为“The city which I visited last year is beautiful.”(若为非限制性,缺逗号,应为“The city, which I visited last year, is beautiful.”);
2. 规避技巧:非限制性定语从句必须用逗号隔开,只能用which/who/whom/whose/when/where引导,不可用that,且关系词不可省略(即使作宾语)。
(五)先行词为time/reason/place时的关系词混淆
1. 易错表现:先行词为time/reason/place,无论从句成分如何,均用when/why/where(如:易错写为“I don't know the reason why he gave.”(错误,从句缺宾语,需用that/which,why作状语,从句需完整);正确:I don't know the reason that he gave.);
2. 规避技巧:先行词为time/reason/place时,先看从句成分——从句完整(缺状语)用when/why/where;从句不完整(缺主语/宾语)用that/which。
知识点05 备考建议
(一)考情分析
1. 考查频率:高频核心考点,覆盖所有语法相关题型,语法填空、短文改错中直接考查占比20%-25%,阅读中通过定语从句拆解长难句,写作中运用定语从句可提升句式丰富度;
2. 考查重点:关系代词与关系副词的辨析、that与which的特殊用法、非限制性定语从句、从句成分判断、关系词省略规则;
3. 易错方向:关系词与从句成分不匹配、特殊用法混淆、非限制性从句错误、whose用法错误。
(二)备考建议
1. 基础层面:牢记关系词的分类、指代对象及从句功能,熟练掌握“只能用that/which”的特殊场景,构建“先行词类型→从句成分→关系词”的对应框架;
2. 能力层面:能精准判断从句成分(缺主语/宾语/状语),灵活区分限制性与非限制性定语从句,结合语境选择正确关系词,掌握关系词的省略规则;
3. 应试层面:针对性练习“关系词选择”“错误修正”“长难句拆解”三类题型,总结错题中的成分判断错误;写作中主动运用定语从句修饰名词,替换简单句,提升文章文采与逻辑严谨性。
【即时检测】
1. This is the dictionary ________ I bought for my brother last week.
2. The girl ________ is standing at the school gate is my best friend.
3. Do you know the reason ________ he was late for the meeting this morning?
4. I will never forget the day ________ I joined the English club.
5. The book, ________ cover is blue, was written by a famous writer.
6. This is the only museum ________ we visited during our trip to Beijing.
7. He talked about the teachers and schools ________ he had visited in his hometown.
8. The hotel ________ we stayed last summer is located by the sea.
9. This is the pen ________ I write my homework every day.
10. My sister, ________ works as a doctor, will come back home next month.
易|错|点|拨
(一)关系代词与关系副词混淆(最高频易错)
1. 易错表现:从句缺主语/宾语却用关系副词,缺状语却用关系代词(如第8题易错写为which/that,误将“stay”当作及物动词,忽视从句缺地点状语需用where;第9题易错写为which/that,未意识到“write”需加介词with表工具,缺方式状语需用“with which”;第3题易错写为that/which,误判从句缺宾语,实际从句完整缺原因状语需用why)。
2. 错误原因:仅根据先行词类型(时间/地点/原因)选关系词,未分析从句成分是否完整,混淆“关系代词作主语/宾语”与“关系副词作状语”的核心功能。
3. 规避技巧:先判断从句完整性——从句缺主语/宾语(及物动词后无宾语、不及物动词加介词后无宾语)→ 用关系代词;从句结构完整(主谓宾齐全)→ 用关系副词(时间用when、地点用where、原因用why)。
(二)“只能用that”的特殊场景遗忘
1. 易错表现:符合特殊场景仍用which/who,违背语法规则(如第6题先行词被the only修饰,易错写为which;第7题先行词既指人又指物,易错写为who/which)。
2. 错误原因:对“只能用that”的特殊情况记忆不牢固,仅掌握关系词的基础用法,忽视高考高频特殊考点。
3. 规避技巧:牢记“先特有序,不定最高”口诀——先行词是不定代词、被序数词/最高级/the only修饰、既指人又指物、主句以who/which开头,均只能用that,解题时优先核对是否符合这些场景。
(三)whose用法错误及等价转换混淆
1. 易错表现:误写为who's,或指物时误用of which(如第5题易错写为who's,混淆whose与who is;易错写为of which,未正确转换“whose+名词=the+名词+of which”,正确转换应为“the cover of which”,不可直接用of which)。
2. 错误原因:对whose的指代范围(可指人可指物)及等价转换规则理解不清,受“who指代人”的思维定式影响。
3. 规避技巧:whose表“……的”,后必须接名词,可指人可指物;指物时需转换为“the+名词+of which”,不可颠倒为“of which+名词”,避免与who's(who is的缩写)混淆。
(四)非限制性定语从句规则违背
1. 易错表现:用that引导、缺逗号、关系词省略(如第10题易错写为that,非限制性从句不可用that;易错漏加逗号,未区分限制性与非限制性从句;易错省略who,非限制性从句关系词作主语不可省略)。
2. 错误原因:未掌握非限制性定语从句的核心特征,混淆其与限制性从句的用法差异。
3. 规避技巧:非限制性从句牢记“三不可”——不可用that引导、不可省略关系词(无论作主语还是宾语)、不可缺逗号分隔主句与从句;关系词优先用which/who/whose/when/where。
(五)“介词+关系代词”结构错误
1. 易错表现:介词选用不当、介词后用that、漏加介词(如第9题易错写为which,漏加介词with;易错写为with that,介词后不可用that;易错写为by which,介词选用错误,“用钢笔”需用with而非by)。
2. 错误原因:对不及物动词的介词搭配记忆模糊,忽视“介词+关系代词”的固定规则,混淆不同介词的含义。
3. 规避技巧:“介词+关系代词”结构中,介词由从句中动词/名词的固定搭配决定(如stay in the hotel→in which、write with the pen→with which);关系代词指代人用whom、指代物用which,不可用that;若介词置于从句末尾,关系代词可省略(如The pen which I write with...=The pen I write with...)。
解|题|技|巧
第一步:找先行词,明确指代对象
通读句子,定位被定语从句修饰的名词/代词(即先行词),判断先行词的类型(指人/指物/时间/地点/原因),初步缩小关系词选择范围(指人优先who/whom/whose/that、指物优先which/that、时间/地点/原因优先对应关系副词)。
第二步:析从句成分,确定关系词类型
分析定语从句的句子结构,判断是否完整:
• 缺主语/宾语:用关系代词(根据先行词指人/指物选who/whom/which/that/whose);
• 结构完整(缺状语):用关系副词(时间用when、地点用where、原因用why);
• 缺介词+宾语:用“介词+关系代词”(介词由固定搭配决定,关系代词用whom/which)。
第三步:核特殊规则,锁定最终答案
结合第二步的判断,核对是否符合特殊语法规则,排除错误选项:
• 若符合“只能用that”的场景,直接锁定that,排除which/who;
• 若为非限制性从句,排除that,选择which/who/whose等;
• 若为whose,确认后接名词,或转换为“the+名词+of which/whom”是否正确。
第四步:验语境逻辑,确保语义连贯
最后代入所选关系词,通读句子验证语义是否通顺、逻辑是否连贯:
• 如第8题用where,验证“我们去年住的酒店”语义通顺;
• 如第9题用with which,验证“我每天用这支笔写作业”搭配正确,避免介词选用错误导致语义偏差。
基础通关(测试时间:10分钟)
一、单项选择
1. The girl ______ is talking to our teacher is my classmate.
A. which B. who C. where D. when
2. This is the park ______ we often have picnics.
A. when B. which C. where D. whose
3. Do you know the reason ______ he left early?
A. why B. which C. who D. where
4. The book ______ cover is blue was written by Mo Yan.
A. who B. whose C. which D. when
5. I still remember the day ______ we met for the first time.
A. which B. when C. where D. why
6. The pen ______ I bought yesterday is missing.
A. who B. when C. which D. where
7. The man ______ we met at the station is a doctor.
A. whom B. where C. when D. why
8. This is the hotel ______ we stayed last summer.
A. which B. when C. where D. why
9. The story ______ we heard last night was very moving.
A. who B. that C. where D. when
10. The classroom ______ windows are broken needs to be cleaned.
A. which B. whose C. who D. where
二、单句语法填空
1. The man ______ (help) us yesterday is a volunteer.
2. This is the city ______ I was born.
3. The reason ______ he was late is not clear.
4. The book ______ I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
5. I still remember the time ______ we spent together.
6. The house ______ windows are open is mine.
7. The pen ______ I write with is broken.
8. This is the museum ______ we visited last week.
9. Do you know the girl ______ is singing on the stage?
10. The park ______ we often walk is very beautiful.
重难突破(测试时间:10分钟)
三、改写句子
1. The woman is my aunt. She is wearing a red dress.(合并为定语从句)
2. We visited a museum. The museum has a lot of ancient relics.(合并为定语从句)
3. I know the reason. He was absent for the reason.(合并为定语从句)
4. This is the day. I won the competition on this day.(合并为定语从句)
5. The house is very old. Its roof is broken.(合并为定语从句)
6. The pen is mine. I write with this pen.(合并为“介词+which”结构的定语从句)
7. The girl is my friend. You met her at the party.(合并为定语从句)
8. This is the school. I studied in this school.(合并为定语从句)
9. The story is very interesting. We read it last night.(合并为定语从句)
10. The man is a doctor. We talked to him just now.(合并为“介词+whom”结构的定语从句)
易混易错(测试时间:10分钟)
四、翻译句子
1. 这是我上周参观的那个博物馆。
2. 你认识正在舞台上跳舞的那个女孩吗?
3. 他迟到的原因是他错过了公交车。
4. 我永远不会忘记我们一起度过的那些日子。
5. 窗户坏了的那间教室正在被修理。
6. 我用来写字的那支笔是我妈妈送的。
7. 这是我出生的城市。
8. 我们在车站遇到的那个男人是一位老师。
9. 这本封面是黄色的书是我爸爸写的。
10. 我们经常散步的那个公园很安静。
链接高考(测试时间:15分钟)
1. (2022全国甲卷)The old man ______ is sitting under the tree is my grandfather.
2. (2022上海秋考)This is the village ______ I grew up.
3. (2021全国乙卷)Do you know the reason ______ he refused the invitation?
4. (2021上海春考)The book ______ I borrowed from the library is lost.
5. (2020全国Ⅰ卷)The house ______ roof was damaged in the storm has been repaired.
6. (2023上海春考)I still remember the day ______ we attended the opening ceremony.
7. (2023全国乙卷)The girl ______ we met at the party is a famous singer.
8. (2024上海秋考)This is the hotel ______ we stayed during our vacation.
9. (2024全国甲卷)The story ______ we heard at the meeting was very inspiring.
10. (2025上海春考)The pen ______ I write with is a birthday gift.
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专题02 必修第二册语法知识 (期末复习讲义)
考情分析
【考向透视】
1. 定语从句1(Unit 1:who/whom/that/which/whose)
考情:高频基础考点,常考查“关系代词指代人/物”的区分(如who指人、which指物),以及whose表所属关系的用法。多出现于单选、语法填空、完形中,也会结合阅读长难句考查理解能力。
2. 定语从句2(Unit 2:when/where/why + “介词+which”)
考情:进阶考点,重点是“关系副词与介词+关系代词的转换”(如“the time when I left = the time at which I left”),易与关系代词混淆。常出现在单选、写作的句式升级题中,是提升文采的关键语法点。
【复习目标】
1. 基础目标
掌握Unit 1中各关系代词的指代规则,能正确选择关系代词引导定语从句;
区分Unit 2中关系副词(when/where/why)的用法,理解“介词+which”与关系副词的转换逻辑。
2. 能力目标
阅读中借助定语从句拆分长难句,快速抓取核心信息;
写作中主动运用定语从句(如用“介词+which”替换简单连接词),提升句式丰富度与逻辑衔接性。
3. 应试目标
单选、语法填空中定语从句题的正确率达90%以上;
写作中至少使用2处不同类型的定语从句,避免关系词误用的错误。
定语从句
知识点01 语法概念
定语从句是“用一个完整句子充当定语”,修饰主句中的名词或代词(即先行词),核心功能是对先行词进行限定、修饰或补充说明,使表达更精准丰富。其本质是“从句作定语”,需满足三大要素:① 先行词(被修饰的名词/代词);② 关系词(引导从句,分关系代词、关系副词);③ 从句语序(陈述句语序)。定语从句是高中英语复合句的核心考点,覆盖单选、语法填空、完形填空、短文改错、书面表达全题型,尤其在长难句分析和写作句式升级中作用关键。
先行词 被定语从句修饰的名词/代词 可指人、物、时间、地点、原因等
1. The girl who is singing is my sister.(先行词:the girl,指人)
2. This is the book that I bought yesterday.(先行词:the book,指物)
关系代词 引导从句,指代先行词,且在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语
1. 指人:who(主/宾)、whom(宾)、whose(定,表“……的”)
2. 指物:which(主/宾)、that(主/宾)
3. 指人/物:whose(定)
1. He is the man who helped me.(who指代人,作主语)
2. The pen which I lost is red.(which指代物,作宾语)
3. She has a friend whose father is a doctor.(whose表“朋友的”,作定语)
关系副词 引导从句,指代先行词,且在从句中充当状语(时间、地点、原因)
1. when(时间状语,先行词为time/day等)
2. where(地点状语,先行词为place/city等)
3. why(原因状语,先行词为reason)
1. I remember the day when we met.(when指代day,作时间状语)
2. This is the school where I studied.(where指代school,作地点状语)
3. Do you know the reason why he was late?(why指代reason,作原因状语)
知识点02 关系词用法
(一)关系代词用法对比(指人/指物/功能差异)
who 人 主语、宾语 作宾语时可省略,作主语不可
1. The boy who is sitting there is Tom.(主语,不可省略)
2. The man who I talked to is my teacher.(宾语,可省略)
whom 人 宾语 可省略,可替换为who(口语)
She is the girl whom I met yesterday.(宾语,可省略为She is the girl I met yesterday.)
whose 人/物 定语(表“……的”) 不可省略
1. This is the student whose homework is missing.(指人)
2. I like the house whose windows are big.(指物)
which 物 主语、宾语 作宾语时可省略
1. The tree which is tall is an apple tree.(主语,不可省略)
2. The book which I read is interesting.(宾语,可省略)
that 人/物 主语、宾语 作宾语时可省略
1. He is the man that I saw.(指人,宾语)
2. This is the bag that I bought.(指物,主语)
(二)关系副词用法对比(时间/地点/原因)
when 时间名词(day/time/year等) 时间状语 on/in/at + which
I will never forget the day when I joined the club.(=I will never forget the day on which I joined the club.)
where 地点名词(place/city/school等) 地点状语 in/at/on + which
This is the park where we played last week.(=This is the park in which we played last week.)
why 原因名词(reason) 原因状语 for + which
The reason why he failed is clear.(=The reason for which he failed is clear.)
(三)关系代词that与which的特殊用法(高考重点)
1. 只能用that的情况(记“先特有序,不定最高”)
• 先行词是不定代词(something/anything/nothing/everything/all等):All that glitters is not gold.(闪光的未必都是金子);
• 先行词被序数词(first/second)、形容词最高级(best/worst)修饰:This is the first book that I read.(这是我读的第一本书);
• 先行词被the only/the very/the same修饰:He is the only student that passed the exam.(他是唯一通过考试的学生);
• 先行词既指人又指物:We talked about the people and things that we saw in the park.(我们谈论了在公园看到的人和事);
• 主句以who/which开头的特殊疑问句:Who is the girl that is talking to Tom?(正在和汤姆说话的女孩是谁?)。
2. 只能用which的情况
• 引导非限制性定语从句(从句与主句用逗号隔开,补充说明先行词,不可省略):The book, which I bought yesterday, is very useful.(这本书很有用,是我昨天买的);
• 介词后作宾语(介词不可置于that前):This is the pen with which I write.(这是我用来写字的笔,不可写为with that)。
知识点03 核心用法
(一)限制性定语从句(必带,限定先行词)
核心定义:
与主句紧密相连,无逗号隔开,不可省略,省略后主句语义不完整,核心功能是“限定先行词的范围”。
典型例句:
1. The student who works hard will pass the exam.(努力学习的那个学生将会通过考试,限定“学生”的范围);
2. I need a pen that can write smoothly.(我需要一支写起来流畅的笔,限定“笔”的属性)。
高考关联:
语法填空、短文改错高频考查,侧重关系词的选择与省略规则。
(二)非限制性定语从句(可选,补充说明)
核心定义:
与主句用逗号隔开,可省略,省略后主句语义仍完整,核心功能是“补充说明先行词的细节”。
典型例句:
1. My mother, who is a teacher, loves her students very much.(我妈妈是一名老师,她非常爱她的学生,补充妈妈的职业);
2. Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a long history.(北京是中国的首都,有着悠久的历史,补充北京的身份)。
高考易错:
用that引导非限制性定语从句;逗号遗漏或多余;关系词不可省略却省略。
(三)定语从句的省略规则(基础考点)
省略条件:
关系代词在从句中作宾语(主语不可省略),且不是介词的直接宾语(介词后不可省略)。
典型例句:
1. The book (that/which) I read yesterday is interesting.(that/which作宾语,可省略);
2. The man (who/whom) I talked to is my uncle.(who/whom作宾语,可省略);
3. The pen with which I write is lost.(which作介词with的宾语,不可省略,不可写为The pen with I write...)。
知识点04 易错点警示
(一)关系词与从句成分不匹配(最高频易错)
1. 易错表现:从句缺主语/宾语,却用关系副词;从句缺状语,却用关系代词(如:易错写为“This is the place that I visited last year.”(正确,that作宾语);易错写为“This is the place where I visited last year.”(错误,where是状语,从句缺宾语,需用that/which));
2. 错误原因:未判断从句的句子成分,仅凭先行词类型选择关系词;
3. 规避技巧:先分析从句是否完整(缺主语/宾语→用关系代词;缺状语→用关系副词),再结合先行词类型确定具体关系词。
(二)that与which的特殊用法混淆
1. 易错表现:非限制性定语从句用that;介词后用that;先行词是不定代词却用which(如:易错写为“The book, that I bought yesterday, is good.”(错误,非限制性从句用which);易错写为“This is the pen about that I talked.”(错误,介词后用which));
2. 规避技巧:牢记“只能用that”“只能用which”的特殊场景,解题时先判断是否符合特殊情况,再选择关系词。
(三)whose的用法错误
1. 易错表现:误写为who's;指物时不知如何使用whose,或误用of which(如:易错写为“She is the girl who's bag is red.”(错误,who's=who is,应为whose);易错写为“I like the book whose cover is blue.”(正确)→ 易错改为“I like the book of which cover is blue.”(错误,应为the cover of which));
2. 规避技巧:whose表“……的”,可指人可指物,后接名词;指物时,whose+名词=the+名词+of which,不可直接用of which+名词。
(四)非限制性定语从句的错误
1. 易错表现:无逗号;用that引导;关系词省略(如:易错写为“My father who is a doctor works hard.”(若为非限制性,缺逗号,应为“My father, who is a doctor, works hard.”);易错写为“The city which I visited last year is beautiful.”(若为非限制性,缺逗号,应为“The city, which I visited last year, is beautiful.”);
2. 规避技巧:非限制性定语从句必须用逗号隔开,只能用which/who/whom/whose/when/where引导,不可用that,且关系词不可省略(即使作宾语)。
(五)先行词为time/reason/place时的关系词混淆
1. 易错表现:先行词为time/reason/place,无论从句成分如何,均用when/why/where(如:易错写为“I don't know the reason why he gave.”(错误,从句缺宾语,需用that/which,why作状语,从句需完整);正确:I don't know the reason that he gave.);
2. 规避技巧:先行词为time/reason/place时,先看从句成分——从句完整(缺状语)用when/why/where;从句不完整(缺主语/宾语)用that/which。
知识点05 备考建议
(一)考情分析
1. 考查频率:高频核心考点,覆盖所有语法相关题型,语法填空、短文改错中直接考查占比20%-25%,阅读中通过定语从句拆解长难句,写作中运用定语从句可提升句式丰富度;
2. 考查重点:关系代词与关系副词的辨析、that与which的特殊用法、非限制性定语从句、从句成分判断、关系词省略规则;
3. 易错方向:关系词与从句成分不匹配、特殊用法混淆、非限制性从句错误、whose用法错误。
(二)备考建议
1. 基础层面:牢记关系词的分类、指代对象及从句功能,熟练掌握“只能用that/which”的特殊场景,构建“先行词类型→从句成分→关系词”的对应框架;
2. 能力层面:能精准判断从句成分(缺主语/宾语/状语),灵活区分限制性与非限制性定语从句,结合语境选择正确关系词,掌握关系词的省略规则;
3. 应试层面:针对性练习“关系词选择”“错误修正”“长难句拆解”三类题型,总结错题中的成分判断错误;写作中主动运用定语从句修饰名词,替换简单句,提升文章文采与逻辑严谨性。
【即时检测】
1. This is the dictionary ________ I bought for my brother last week.
2. The girl ________ is standing at the school gate is my best friend.
3. Do you know the reason ________ he was late for the meeting this morning?
4. I will never forget the day ________ I joined the English club.
5. The book, ________ cover is blue, was written by a famous writer.
6. This is the only museum ________ we visited during our trip to Beijing.
7. He talked about the teachers and schools ________ he had visited in his hometown.
8. The hotel ________ we stayed last summer is located by the sea.
9. This is the pen ________ I write my homework every day.
10. My sister, ________ works as a doctor, will come back home next month.
答案:
1. 答案:which/that
解析:先行词为物(the dictionary),定语从句中缺宾语(bought后缺宾语,指代dictionary),需用关系代词which或that;关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略,此处也可空着,但填空需填对应代词,故填which/that。
2. 答案:who/that
解析:先行词为人(the girl),定语从句中缺主语(is standing的主语是the girl),需用指人的关系代词who或that;关系代词作主语时不可省略,故填who/that。
3. 答案:why
解析:先行词为reason(原因名词),定语从句“he was late for the meeting this morning”结构完整(不缺主语、宾语),缺原因状语,需用关系副词why,表“……的原因”,故填why。
4. 答案:when
解析:先行词为time类名词(the day),定语从句“I joined the English club”结构完整(主谓宾齐全),缺时间状语,需用关系副词when,表“在……的那天”,故填when。
5. 答案:whose
解析:先行词为物(the book),定语从句中cover(封面)与book存在“所属关系”(书的封面),需用关系代词whose,表“……的”;whose可指人也可指物,此处指代the book,故填whose。
6. 答案:that
解析:先行词为物(the museum),且被the only修饰,符合“只能用that”的特殊场景(先行词被the only修饰);定语从句中缺宾语(visited后缺宾语,指代museum),故只能填that,不可填which。
7. 答案:that
解析:先行词为“the teachers and schools”,既指人又指物,符合“只能用that”的特殊场景;定语从句中缺宾语(visited后缺宾语,指代teachers and schools),故只能填that,不可填which/who。
8. 答案:where/in which
解析:先行词为地点类名词(the hotel),定语从句“we stayed”结构不完整(stay是不及物动词,后接地点需加介词in),缺地点状语,需用关系副词where;where等价于“in + which”(which指代the hotel),故填where或in which均可。
9. 答案:with which
解析:先行词为物(the pen),定语从句“ I write my homework every day”结构不完整(write后接工具需加介词with,即“用钢笔写作业”),缺方式状语;此处需用“介词+关系代词”结构,介词用with,关系代词指代物用which,故填with which(不可填that,介词后不可用that)。
10. 答案:who
解析:句子为非限制性定语从句(主句与从句用逗号隔开,补充说明my sister),先行词为人(my sister),定语从句中缺主语(works的主语是my sister);非限制性定语从句不可用that,需用指人的关系代词who,故填who。
易|错|点|拨
(一)关系代词与关系副词混淆(最高频易错)
1. 易错表现:从句缺主语/宾语却用关系副词,缺状语却用关系代词(如第8题易错写为which/that,误将“stay”当作及物动词,忽视从句缺地点状语需用where;第9题易错写为which/that,未意识到“write”需加介词with表工具,缺方式状语需用“with which”;第3题易错写为that/which,误判从句缺宾语,实际从句完整缺原因状语需用why)。
2. 错误原因:仅根据先行词类型(时间/地点/原因)选关系词,未分析从句成分是否完整,混淆“关系代词作主语/宾语”与“关系副词作状语”的核心功能。
3. 规避技巧:先判断从句完整性——从句缺主语/宾语(及物动词后无宾语、不及物动词加介词后无宾语)→ 用关系代词;从句结构完整(主谓宾齐全)→ 用关系副词(时间用when、地点用where、原因用why)。
(二)“只能用that”的特殊场景遗忘
1. 易错表现:符合特殊场景仍用which/who,违背语法规则(如第6题先行词被the only修饰,易错写为which;第7题先行词既指人又指物,易错写为who/which)。
2. 错误原因:对“只能用that”的特殊情况记忆不牢固,仅掌握关系词的基础用法,忽视高考高频特殊考点。
3. 规避技巧:牢记“先特有序,不定最高”口诀——先行词是不定代词、被序数词/最高级/the only修饰、既指人又指物、主句以who/which开头,均只能用that,解题时优先核对是否符合这些场景。
(三)whose用法错误及等价转换混淆
1. 易错表现:误写为who's,或指物时误用of which(如第5题易错写为who's,混淆whose与who is;易错写为of which,未正确转换“whose+名词=the+名词+of which”,正确转换应为“the cover of which”,不可直接用of which)。
2. 错误原因:对whose的指代范围(可指人可指物)及等价转换规则理解不清,受“who指代人”的思维定式影响。
3. 规避技巧:whose表“……的”,后必须接名词,可指人可指物;指物时需转换为“the+名词+of which”,不可颠倒为“of which+名词”,避免与who's(who is的缩写)混淆。
(四)非限制性定语从句规则违背
1. 易错表现:用that引导、缺逗号、关系词省略(如第10题易错写为that,非限制性从句不可用that;易错漏加逗号,未区分限制性与非限制性从句;易错省略who,非限制性从句关系词作主语不可省略)。
2. 错误原因:未掌握非限制性定语从句的核心特征,混淆其与限制性从句的用法差异。
3. 规避技巧:非限制性从句牢记“三不可”——不可用that引导、不可省略关系词(无论作主语还是宾语)、不可缺逗号分隔主句与从句;关系词优先用which/who/whose/when/where。
(五)“介词+关系代词”结构错误
1. 易错表现:介词选用不当、介词后用that、漏加介词(如第9题易错写为which,漏加介词with;易错写为with that,介词后不可用that;易错写为by which,介词选用错误,“用钢笔”需用with而非by)。
2. 错误原因:对不及物动词的介词搭配记忆模糊,忽视“介词+关系代词”的固定规则,混淆不同介词的含义。
3. 规避技巧:“介词+关系代词”结构中,介词由从句中动词/名词的固定搭配决定(如stay in the hotel→in which、write with the pen→with which);关系代词指代人用whom、指代物用which,不可用that;若介词置于从句末尾,关系代词可省略(如The pen which I write with...=The pen I write with...)。
解|题|技|巧
第一步:找先行词,明确指代对象
通读句子,定位被定语从句修饰的名词/代词(即先行词),判断先行词的类型(指人/指物/时间/地点/原因),初步缩小关系词选择范围(指人优先who/whom/whose/that、指物优先which/that、时间/地点/原因优先对应关系副词)。
第二步:析从句成分,确定关系词类型
分析定语从句的句子结构,判断是否完整:
• 缺主语/宾语:用关系代词(根据先行词指人/指物选who/whom/which/that/whose);
• 结构完整(缺状语):用关系副词(时间用when、地点用where、原因用why);
• 缺介词+宾语:用“介词+关系代词”(介词由固定搭配决定,关系代词用whom/which)。
第三步:核特殊规则,锁定最终答案
结合第二步的判断,核对是否符合特殊语法规则,排除错误选项:
• 若符合“只能用that”的场景,直接锁定that,排除which/who;
• 若为非限制性从句,排除that,选择which/who/whose等;
• 若为whose,确认后接名词,或转换为“the+名词+of which/whom”是否正确。
第四步:验语境逻辑,确保语义连贯
最后代入所选关系词,通读句子验证语义是否通顺、逻辑是否连贯:
• 如第8题用where,验证“我们去年住的酒店”语义通顺;
• 如第9题用with which,验证“我每天用这支笔写作业”搭配正确,避免介词选用错误导致语义偏差。
基础通关(测试时间:10分钟)
一、单项选择
1. The girl ______ is talking to our teacher is my classmate.
A. which B. who C. where D. when
2. This is the park ______ we often have picnics.
A. when B. which C. where D. whose
3. Do you know the reason ______ he left early?
A. why B. which C. who D. where
4. The book ______ cover is blue was written by Mo Yan.
A. who B. whose C. which D. when
5. I still remember the day ______ we met for the first time.
A. which B. when C. where D. why
6. The pen ______ I bought yesterday is missing.
A. who B. when C. which D. where
7. The man ______ we met at the station is a doctor.
A. whom B. where C. when D. why
8. This is the hotel ______ we stayed last summer.
A. which B. when C. where D. why
9. The story ______ we heard last night was very moving.
A. who B. that C. where D. when
10. The classroom ______ windows are broken needs to be cleaned.
A. which B. whose C. who D. where
答案:
1. 答案:B
解析:先行词是人(the girl),从句缺主语,用关系代词who,故选B。
2. 答案:C
解析:先行词是地点(the park),从句缺地点状语,用关系副词where,故选C。
3. 答案:A
解析:先行词是reason,从句缺原因状语,用关系副词why,故选A。
4. 答案:B
解析:先行词是物(the book),从句表所属关系(书的封面),用whose,故选B。
5. 答案:B
解析:先行词是时间(the day),从句缺时间状语,用关系副词when,故选B。
6. 答案:C
解析:先行词是物(the pen),从句缺宾语,用关系代词which/that,故选C。
7. 答案:A
解析:先行词是人(the man),从句缺宾语,用关系代词whom(或who/that),故选A。
8. 答案:C
解析:先行词是地点(the hotel),从句缺地点状语(stay是不及物动词,需加介词in),用关系副词where,故选C。
9. 答案:B
解析:先行词是物(the story),从句缺宾语,用关系代词that/which,故选B。
10. 答案:B
解析:先行词是物(the classroom),从句表所属关系(教室的窗户),用whose,故选B。
二、单句语法填空
1. The man ______ (help) us yesterday is a volunteer.
2. This is the city ______ I was born.
3. The reason ______ he was late is not clear.
4. The book ______ I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
5. I still remember the time ______ we spent together.
6. The house ______ windows are open is mine.
7. The pen ______ I write with is broken.
8. This is the museum ______ we visited last week.
9. Do you know the girl ______ is singing on the stage?
10. The park ______ we often walk is very beautiful.
答案:
1. 答案:who/that helped
解析:先行词是人(the man),从句缺主语,用who/that;“yesterday”提示一般过去时,故填who/that helped。
2. 答案:where
解析:先行词是地点(the city),从句缺地点状语,用where。
3. 答案:why
解析:先行词是reason,从句缺原因状语,用why。
4. 答案:which/that
解析:先行词是物(the book),从句缺宾语,用which/that(可省略)。
5. 答案:which/that
解析:先行词是时间(the time),但从句缺宾语(spent后缺宾语),用关系代词which/that。
6. 答案:whose
解析:先行词是物(the house),从句表所属关系(房子的窗户),用whose。
7. 答案:which/that
解析:先行词是物(the pen),从句缺宾语(write with后缺宾语),用which/that。
8. 答案:which/that
解析:先行词是物(the museum),从句缺宾语,用which/that。
9. 答案:who/that
解析:先行词是人(the girl),从句缺主语,用who/that。
10. 答案:where
解析:先行词是地点(the park),从句缺地点状语,用where。
重难突破(测试时间:10分钟)
三、改写句子
1. The woman is my aunt. She is wearing a red dress.(合并为定语从句)
2. We visited a museum. The museum has a lot of ancient relics.(合并为定语从句)
3. I know the reason. He was absent for the reason.(合并为定语从句)
4. This is the day. I won the competition on this day.(合并为定语从句)
5. The house is very old. Its roof is broken.(合并为定语从句)
6. The pen is mine. I write with this pen.(合并为“介词+which”结构的定语从句)
7. The girl is my friend. You met her at the party.(合并为定语从句)
8. This is the school. I studied in this school.(合并为定语从句)
9. The story is very interesting. We read it last night.(合并为定语从句)
10. The man is a doctor. We talked to him just now.(合并为“介词+whom”结构的定语从句)
答案:
1. 答案:The woman who/that is wearing a red dress is my aunt.
解析:先行词是the woman,从句缺主语,用who/that引导。
2. 答案:The museum which/that we visited has a lot of ancient relics.
解析:先行词是the museum,从句缺宾语,用which/that引导。
3. 答案:I know the reason why he was absent.
解析:先行词是the reason,从句缺原因状语,用why引导。
4. 答案:This is the day when I won the competition.
解析:先行词是the day,从句缺时间状语,用when引导。
5. 答案:The house whose roof is broken is very old.
解析:先行词是the house,从句表所属关系,用whose引导。
6. 答案:The pen with which I write is mine.
解析:先行词是the pen,用“介词+which”结构(with表“用”)。
7. 答案:The girl whom/who/that you met at the party is my friend.
解析:先行词是the girl,从句缺宾语,用whom/who/that引导。
8. 答案:This is the school where I studied.
解析:先行词是the school,从句缺地点状语,用where引导。
9. 答案:The story which/that we read last night is very interesting.
解析:先行词是the story,从句缺宾语,用which/that引导。
10. 答案:The man to whom we talked just now is a doctor.
解析:先行词是the man,用“介词+whom”结构(to表“和……交谈”)。
易混易错(测试时间:10分钟)
四、翻译句子
1. 这是我上周参观的那个博物馆。
2. 你认识正在舞台上跳舞的那个女孩吗?
3. 他迟到的原因是他错过了公交车。
4. 我永远不会忘记我们一起度过的那些日子。
5. 窗户坏了的那间教室正在被修理。
6. 我用来写字的那支笔是我妈妈送的。
7. 这是我出生的城市。
8. 我们在车站遇到的那个男人是一位老师。
9. 这本封面是黄色的书是我爸爸写的。
10. 我们经常散步的那个公园很安静。
答案:
1. 答案:This is the museum which/that I visited last week.
解析:先行词是the museum,从句缺宾语,用which/that引导。
2. 答案:Do you know the girl who/that is dancing on the stage?
解析:先行词是the girl,从句缺主语,用who/that引导。
3. 答案:The reason why he was late is that he missed the bus.
解析:先行词是the reason,从句缺原因状语,用why引导。
4. 答案:I will never forget the days which/that we spent together.
解析:先行词是the days,从句缺宾语,用which/that引导。
5. 答案:The classroom whose windows are broken is being repaired.
解析:先行词是the classroom,从句表所属关系,用whose引导。
6. 答案:The pen with which I write was given by my mother.
解析:先行词是the pen,用“介词+which”结构(with表“用”)。
7. 答案:This is the city where I was born.
解析:先行词是the city,从句缺地点状语,用where引导。
8. 答案:The man whom/who/that we met at the station is a teacher.
解析:先行词是the man,从句缺宾语,用whom/who/that引导。
9. 答案:The book whose cover is yellow was written by my father.
解析:先行词是the book,从句表所属关系,用whose引导。
10. 答案:The park where we often walk is very quiet.
解析:先行词是the park,从句缺地点状语,用where引导。
链接高考(测试时间:15分钟)
1. (2022全国甲卷)The old man ______ is sitting under the tree is my grandfather.
2. (2022上海秋考)This is the village ______ I grew up.
3. (2021全国乙卷)Do you know the reason ______ he refused the invitation?
4. (2021上海春考)The book ______ I borrowed from the library is lost.
5. (2020全国Ⅰ卷)The house ______ roof was damaged in the storm has been repaired.
6. (2023上海春考)I still remember the day ______ we attended the opening ceremony.
7. (2023全国乙卷)The girl ______ we met at the party is a famous singer.
8. (2024上海秋考)This is the hotel ______ we stayed during our vacation.
9. (2024全国甲卷)The story ______ we heard at the meeting was very inspiring.
10. (2025上海春考)The pen ______ I write with is a birthday gift.
答案:
1. 答案:who/that
解析:先行词是人(the old man),从句缺主语,用who/that。
2. 答案:where
解析:先行词是地点(the village),从句缺地点状语,用where。
3. 答案:why
解析:先行词是reason,从句缺原因状语,用why。
4. 答案:which/that
解析:先行词是物(the book),从句缺宾语,用which/that。
5. 答案:whose
解析:先行词是物(the house),从句表所属关系(房子的屋顶),用whose。
6. 答案:when
解析:先行词是时间(the day),从句缺时间状语,用when。
7. 答案:whom/who/that
解析:先行词是人(the girl),从句缺宾语,用whom/who/that。
8. 答案:where
解析:先行词是地点(the hotel),从句缺地点状语,用where。
9. 答案:which/that
解析:先行词是物(the story),从句缺宾语,用which/that。
10. 答案:which/that
解析:先行词是物(the pen),从句缺宾语(write with后缺宾语),用which/that。
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