专题02 必修第二册语法知识(期末复习讲义)高一英语上学期沪外版

2025-12-02
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学段 高中
学科 英语
教材版本 高中英语沪外版必修第二册
年级 高一
章节 -
类型 教案-讲义
知识点 -
使用场景 同步教学-期末
学年 2025-2026
地区(省份) 上海市
地区(市) -
地区(区县) -
文件格式 ZIP
文件大小 173 KB
发布时间 2025-12-02
更新时间 2025-12-03
作者 xkw_085070600
品牌系列 上好课·考点大串讲
审核时间 2025-12-02
下载链接 https://m.zxxk.com/soft/55223624.html
价格 3.00储值(1储值=1元)
来源 学科网

摘要:

该高中英语期末复习讲义以定语从句为核心,通过知识框架图系统梳理关系代词、关系副词的分类及用法,用对比表格呈现who/which/that等关系词的指代规则与从句成分功能,结合考情分析明确高频考点如“介词+which”转换及非限制性从句的重难点分布。 讲义亮点在于分层练习设计与思维品质培养,基础通关含单选、语法填空夯实基础,重难突破通过改写句子(如合并“介词+which”结构)提升句式转换能力,即时检测结合易错点拨(如关系词与从句成分匹配)引导学生分析错误原因。解题技巧强调“先找先行词再析成分”的逻辑,帮助学生形成科学思维,教师可依托分层练习实施精准教学,助力不同层次学生提升语言运用能力。

内容正文:

专题02 必修第二册语法知识 (期末复习讲义) 考情分析 【考向透视】 1. 定语从句1(Unit 1:who/whom/that/which/whose) 考情:高频基础考点,常考查“关系代词指代人/物”的区分(如who指人、which指物),以及whose表所属关系的用法。多出现于单选、语法填空、完形中,也会结合阅读长难句考查理解能力。 2. 定语从句2(Unit 2:when/where/why + “介词+which”) 考情:进阶考点,重点是“关系副词与介词+关系代词的转换”(如“the time when I left = the time at which I left”),易与关系代词混淆。常出现在单选、写作的句式升级题中,是提升文采的关键语法点。 【复习目标】 1. 基础目标 掌握Unit 1中各关系代词的指代规则,能正确选择关系代词引导定语从句; 区分Unit 2中关系副词(when/where/why)的用法,理解“介词+which”与关系副词的转换逻辑。 2. 能力目标 阅读中借助定语从句拆分长难句,快速抓取核心信息; 写作中主动运用定语从句(如用“介词+which”替换简单连接词),提升句式丰富度与逻辑衔接性。 3. 应试目标 单选、语法填空中定语从句题的正确率达90%以上; 写作中至少使用2处不同类型的定语从句,避免关系词误用的错误。 定语从句 知识点01 语法概念 定语从句是“用一个完整句子充当定语”,修饰主句中的名词或代词(即先行词),核心功能是对先行词进行限定、修饰或补充说明,使表达更精准丰富。其本质是“从句作定语”,需满足三大要素:① 先行词(被修饰的名词/代词);② 关系词(引导从句,分关系代词、关系副词);③ 从句语序(陈述句语序)。定语从句是高中英语复合句的核心考点,覆盖单选、语法填空、完形填空、短文改错、书面表达全题型,尤其在长难句分析和写作句式升级中作用关键。 先行词 被定语从句修饰的名词/代词 可指人、物、时间、地点、原因等 1. The girl who is singing is my sister.(先行词:the girl,指人) 2. This is the book that I bought yesterday.(先行词:the book,指物) 关系代词 引导从句,指代先行词,且在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语 1. 指人:who(主/宾)、whom(宾)、whose(定,表“……的”) 2. 指物:which(主/宾)、that(主/宾) 3. 指人/物:whose(定) 1. He is the man who helped me.(who指代人,作主语) 2. The pen which I lost is red.(which指代物,作宾语) 3. She has a friend whose father is a doctor.(whose表“朋友的”,作定语) 关系副词 引导从句,指代先行词,且在从句中充当状语(时间、地点、原因) 1. when(时间状语,先行词为time/day等) 2. where(地点状语,先行词为place/city等) 3. why(原因状语,先行词为reason) 1. I remember the day when we met.(when指代day,作时间状语) 2. This is the school where I studied.(where指代school,作地点状语) 3. Do you know the reason why he was late?(why指代reason,作原因状语) 知识点02 关系词用法 (一)关系代词用法对比(指人/指物/功能差异) who 人 主语、宾语 作宾语时可省略,作主语不可 1. The boy who is sitting there is Tom.(主语,不可省略) 2. The man who I talked to is my teacher.(宾语,可省略) whom 人 宾语 可省略,可替换为who(口语) She is the girl whom I met yesterday.(宾语,可省略为She is the girl I met yesterday.) whose 人/物 定语(表“……的”) 不可省略 1. This is the student whose homework is missing.(指人) 2. I like the house whose windows are big.(指物) which 物 主语、宾语 作宾语时可省略 1. The tree which is tall is an apple tree.(主语,不可省略) 2. The book which I read is interesting.(宾语,可省略) that 人/物 主语、宾语 作宾语时可省略 1. He is the man that I saw.(指人,宾语) 2. This is the bag that I bought.(指物,主语) (二)关系副词用法对比(时间/地点/原因) when 时间名词(day/time/year等) 时间状语 on/in/at + which I will never forget the day when I joined the club.(=I will never forget the day on which I joined the club.) where 地点名词(place/city/school等) 地点状语 in/at/on + which This is the park where we played last week.(=This is the park in which we played last week.) why 原因名词(reason) 原因状语 for + which The reason why he failed is clear.(=The reason for which he failed is clear.) (三)关系代词that与which的特殊用法(高考重点) 1. 只能用that的情况(记“先特有序,不定最高”) • 先行词是不定代词(something/anything/nothing/everything/all等):All that glitters is not gold.(闪光的未必都是金子); • 先行词被序数词(first/second)、形容词最高级(best/worst)修饰:This is the first book that I read.(这是我读的第一本书); • 先行词被the only/the very/the same修饰:He is the only student that passed the exam.(他是唯一通过考试的学生); • 先行词既指人又指物:We talked about the people and things that we saw in the park.(我们谈论了在公园看到的人和事); • 主句以who/which开头的特殊疑问句:Who is the girl that is talking to Tom?(正在和汤姆说话的女孩是谁?)。 2. 只能用which的情况 • 引导非限制性定语从句(从句与主句用逗号隔开,补充说明先行词,不可省略):The book, which I bought yesterday, is very useful.(这本书很有用,是我昨天买的); • 介词后作宾语(介词不可置于that前):This is the pen with which I write.(这是我用来写字的笔,不可写为with that)。 知识点03 核心用法 (一)限制性定语从句(必带,限定先行词) 核心定义: 与主句紧密相连,无逗号隔开,不可省略,省略后主句语义不完整,核心功能是“限定先行词的范围”。 典型例句: 1. The student who works hard will pass the exam.(努力学习的那个学生将会通过考试,限定“学生”的范围); 2. I need a pen that can write smoothly.(我需要一支写起来流畅的笔,限定“笔”的属性)。 高考关联: 语法填空、短文改错高频考查,侧重关系词的选择与省略规则。 (二)非限制性定语从句(可选,补充说明) 核心定义: 与主句用逗号隔开,可省略,省略后主句语义仍完整,核心功能是“补充说明先行词的细节”。 典型例句: 1. My mother, who is a teacher, loves her students very much.(我妈妈是一名老师,她非常爱她的学生,补充妈妈的职业); 2. Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a long history.(北京是中国的首都,有着悠久的历史,补充北京的身份)。 高考易错: 用that引导非限制性定语从句;逗号遗漏或多余;关系词不可省略却省略。 (三)定语从句的省略规则(基础考点) 省略条件: 关系代词在从句中作宾语(主语不可省略),且不是介词的直接宾语(介词后不可省略)。 典型例句: 1. The book (that/which) I read yesterday is interesting.(that/which作宾语,可省略); 2. The man (who/whom) I talked to is my uncle.(who/whom作宾语,可省略); 3. The pen with which I write is lost.(which作介词with的宾语,不可省略,不可写为The pen with I write...)。 知识点04 易错点警示 (一)关系词与从句成分不匹配(最高频易错) 1. 易错表现:从句缺主语/宾语,却用关系副词;从句缺状语,却用关系代词(如:易错写为“This is the place that I visited last year.”(正确,that作宾语);易错写为“This is the place where I visited last year.”(错误,where是状语,从句缺宾语,需用that/which)); 2. 错误原因:未判断从句的句子成分,仅凭先行词类型选择关系词; 3. 规避技巧:先分析从句是否完整(缺主语/宾语→用关系代词;缺状语→用关系副词),再结合先行词类型确定具体关系词。 (二)that与which的特殊用法混淆 1. 易错表现:非限制性定语从句用that;介词后用that;先行词是不定代词却用which(如:易错写为“The book, that I bought yesterday, is good.”(错误,非限制性从句用which);易错写为“This is the pen about that I talked.”(错误,介词后用which)); 2. 规避技巧:牢记“只能用that”“只能用which”的特殊场景,解题时先判断是否符合特殊情况,再选择关系词。 (三)whose的用法错误 1. 易错表现:误写为who's;指物时不知如何使用whose,或误用of which(如:易错写为“She is the girl who's bag is red.”(错误,who's=who is,应为whose);易错写为“I like the book whose cover is blue.”(正确)→ 易错改为“I like the book of which cover is blue.”(错误,应为the cover of which)); 2. 规避技巧:whose表“……的”,可指人可指物,后接名词;指物时,whose+名词=the+名词+of which,不可直接用of which+名词。 (四)非限制性定语从句的错误 1. 易错表现:无逗号;用that引导;关系词省略(如:易错写为“My father who is a doctor works hard.”(若为非限制性,缺逗号,应为“My father, who is a doctor, works hard.”);易错写为“The city which I visited last year is beautiful.”(若为非限制性,缺逗号,应为“The city, which I visited last year, is beautiful.”); 2. 规避技巧:非限制性定语从句必须用逗号隔开,只能用which/who/whom/whose/when/where引导,不可用that,且关系词不可省略(即使作宾语)。 (五)先行词为time/reason/place时的关系词混淆 1. 易错表现:先行词为time/reason/place,无论从句成分如何,均用when/why/where(如:易错写为“I don't know the reason why he gave.”(错误,从句缺宾语,需用that/which,why作状语,从句需完整);正确:I don't know the reason that he gave.); 2. 规避技巧:先行词为time/reason/place时,先看从句成分——从句完整(缺状语)用when/why/where;从句不完整(缺主语/宾语)用that/which。 知识点05 备考建议 (一)考情分析 1. 考查频率:高频核心考点,覆盖所有语法相关题型,语法填空、短文改错中直接考查占比20%-25%,阅读中通过定语从句拆解长难句,写作中运用定语从句可提升句式丰富度; 2. 考查重点:关系代词与关系副词的辨析、that与which的特殊用法、非限制性定语从句、从句成分判断、关系词省略规则; 3. 易错方向:关系词与从句成分不匹配、特殊用法混淆、非限制性从句错误、whose用法错误。 (二)备考建议 1. 基础层面:牢记关系词的分类、指代对象及从句功能,熟练掌握“只能用that/which”的特殊场景,构建“先行词类型→从句成分→关系词”的对应框架; 2. 能力层面:能精准判断从句成分(缺主语/宾语/状语),灵活区分限制性与非限制性定语从句,结合语境选择正确关系词,掌握关系词的省略规则; 3. 应试层面:针对性练习“关系词选择”“错误修正”“长难句拆解”三类题型,总结错题中的成分判断错误;写作中主动运用定语从句修饰名词,替换简单句,提升文章文采与逻辑严谨性。 【即时检测】 1. This is the dictionary ________ I bought for my brother last week. 2. The girl ________ is standing at the school gate is my best friend. 3. Do you know the reason ________ he was late for the meeting this morning? 4. I will never forget the day ________ I joined the English club. 5. The book, ________ cover is blue, was written by a famous writer. 6. This is the only museum ________ we visited during our trip to Beijing. 7. He talked about the teachers and schools ________ he had visited in his hometown. 8. The hotel ________ we stayed last summer is located by the sea. 9. This is the pen ________ I write my homework every day. 10. My sister, ________ works as a doctor, will come back home next month. 易|错|点|拨 (一)关系代词与关系副词混淆(最高频易错) 1. 易错表现:从句缺主语/宾语却用关系副词,缺状语却用关系代词(如第8题易错写为which/that,误将“stay”当作及物动词,忽视从句缺地点状语需用where;第9题易错写为which/that,未意识到“write”需加介词with表工具,缺方式状语需用“with which”;第3题易错写为that/which,误判从句缺宾语,实际从句完整缺原因状语需用why)。 2. 错误原因:仅根据先行词类型(时间/地点/原因)选关系词,未分析从句成分是否完整,混淆“关系代词作主语/宾语”与“关系副词作状语”的核心功能。 3. 规避技巧:先判断从句完整性——从句缺主语/宾语(及物动词后无宾语、不及物动词加介词后无宾语)→ 用关系代词;从句结构完整(主谓宾齐全)→ 用关系副词(时间用when、地点用where、原因用why)。 (二)“只能用that”的特殊场景遗忘 1. 易错表现:符合特殊场景仍用which/who,违背语法规则(如第6题先行词被the only修饰,易错写为which;第7题先行词既指人又指物,易错写为who/which)。 2. 错误原因:对“只能用that”的特殊情况记忆不牢固,仅掌握关系词的基础用法,忽视高考高频特殊考点。 3. 规避技巧:牢记“先特有序,不定最高”口诀——先行词是不定代词、被序数词/最高级/the only修饰、既指人又指物、主句以who/which开头,均只能用that,解题时优先核对是否符合这些场景。 (三)whose用法错误及等价转换混淆 1. 易错表现:误写为who's,或指物时误用of which(如第5题易错写为who's,混淆whose与who is;易错写为of which,未正确转换“whose+名词=the+名词+of which”,正确转换应为“the cover of which”,不可直接用of which)。 2. 错误原因:对whose的指代范围(可指人可指物)及等价转换规则理解不清,受“who指代人”的思维定式影响。 3. 规避技巧:whose表“……的”,后必须接名词,可指人可指物;指物时需转换为“the+名词+of which”,不可颠倒为“of which+名词”,避免与who's(who is的缩写)混淆。 (四)非限制性定语从句规则违背 1. 易错表现:用that引导、缺逗号、关系词省略(如第10题易错写为that,非限制性从句不可用that;易错漏加逗号,未区分限制性与非限制性从句;易错省略who,非限制性从句关系词作主语不可省略)。 2. 错误原因:未掌握非限制性定语从句的核心特征,混淆其与限制性从句的用法差异。 3. 规避技巧:非限制性从句牢记“三不可”——不可用that引导、不可省略关系词(无论作主语还是宾语)、不可缺逗号分隔主句与从句;关系词优先用which/who/whose/when/where。 (五)“介词+关系代词”结构错误 1. 易错表现:介词选用不当、介词后用that、漏加介词(如第9题易错写为which,漏加介词with;易错写为with that,介词后不可用that;易错写为by which,介词选用错误,“用钢笔”需用with而非by)。 2. 错误原因:对不及物动词的介词搭配记忆模糊,忽视“介词+关系代词”的固定规则,混淆不同介词的含义。 3. 规避技巧:“介词+关系代词”结构中,介词由从句中动词/名词的固定搭配决定(如stay in the hotel→in which、write with the pen→with which);关系代词指代人用whom、指代物用which,不可用that;若介词置于从句末尾,关系代词可省略(如The pen which I write with...=The pen I write with...)。 解|题|技|巧 第一步:找先行词,明确指代对象 通读句子,定位被定语从句修饰的名词/代词(即先行词),判断先行词的类型(指人/指物/时间/地点/原因),初步缩小关系词选择范围(指人优先who/whom/whose/that、指物优先which/that、时间/地点/原因优先对应关系副词)。 第二步:析从句成分,确定关系词类型 分析定语从句的句子结构,判断是否完整: • 缺主语/宾语:用关系代词(根据先行词指人/指物选who/whom/which/that/whose); • 结构完整(缺状语):用关系副词(时间用when、地点用where、原因用why); • 缺介词+宾语:用“介词+关系代词”(介词由固定搭配决定,关系代词用whom/which)。 第三步:核特殊规则,锁定最终答案 结合第二步的判断,核对是否符合特殊语法规则,排除错误选项: • 若符合“只能用that”的场景,直接锁定that,排除which/who; • 若为非限制性从句,排除that,选择which/who/whose等; • 若为whose,确认后接名词,或转换为“the+名词+of which/whom”是否正确。 第四步:验语境逻辑,确保语义连贯 最后代入所选关系词,通读句子验证语义是否通顺、逻辑是否连贯: • 如第8题用where,验证“我们去年住的酒店”语义通顺; • 如第9题用with which,验证“我每天用这支笔写作业”搭配正确,避免介词选用错误导致语义偏差。 基础通关(测试时间:10分钟) 一、单项选择 1. The girl ______ is talking to our teacher is my classmate. A. which B. who C. where D. when 2. This is the park ______ we often have picnics. A. when B. which C. where D. whose 3. Do you know the reason ______ he left early? A. why B. which C. who D. where 4. The book ______ cover is blue was written by Mo Yan. A. who B. whose C. which D. when 5. I still remember the day ______ we met for the first time. A. which B. when C. where D. why 6. The pen ______ I bought yesterday is missing. A. who B. when C. which D. where 7. The man ______ we met at the station is a doctor. A. whom B. where C. when D. why 8. This is the hotel ______ we stayed last summer. A. which B. when C. where D. why 9. The story ______ we heard last night was very moving. A. who B. that C. where D. when 10. The classroom ______ windows are broken needs to be cleaned. A. which B. whose C. who D. where 二、单句语法填空 1. The man ______ (help) us yesterday is a volunteer. 2. This is the city ______ I was born. 3. The reason ______ he was late is not clear. 4. The book ______ I borrowed from the library is very interesting. 5. I still remember the time ______ we spent together. 6. The house ______ windows are open is mine. 7. The pen ______ I write with is broken. 8. This is the museum ______ we visited last week. 9. Do you know the girl ______ is singing on the stage? 10. The park ______ we often walk is very beautiful. 重难突破(测试时间:10分钟) 三、改写句子 1. The woman is my aunt. She is wearing a red dress.(合并为定语从句) 2. We visited a museum. The museum has a lot of ancient relics.(合并为定语从句) 3. I know the reason. He was absent for the reason.(合并为定语从句) 4. This is the day. I won the competition on this day.(合并为定语从句) 5. The house is very old. Its roof is broken.(合并为定语从句) 6. The pen is mine. I write with this pen.(合并为“介词+which”结构的定语从句) 7. The girl is my friend. You met her at the party.(合并为定语从句) 8. This is the school. I studied in this school.(合并为定语从句) 9. The story is very interesting. We read it last night.(合并为定语从句) 10. The man is a doctor. We talked to him just now.(合并为“介词+whom”结构的定语从句) 易混易错(测试时间:10分钟) 四、翻译句子 1. 这是我上周参观的那个博物馆。 2. 你认识正在舞台上跳舞的那个女孩吗? 3. 他迟到的原因是他错过了公交车。 4. 我永远不会忘记我们一起度过的那些日子。 5. 窗户坏了的那间教室正在被修理。 6. 我用来写字的那支笔是我妈妈送的。 7. 这是我出生的城市。 8. 我们在车站遇到的那个男人是一位老师。 9. 这本封面是黄色的书是我爸爸写的。 10. 我们经常散步的那个公园很安静。 链接高考(测试时间:15分钟) 1. (2022全国甲卷)The old man ______ is sitting under the tree is my grandfather. 2. (2022上海秋考)This is the village ______ I grew up. 3. (2021全国乙卷)Do you know the reason ______ he refused the invitation? 4. (2021上海春考)The book ______ I borrowed from the library is lost. 5. (2020全国Ⅰ卷)The house ______ roof was damaged in the storm has been repaired. 6. (2023上海春考)I still remember the day ______ we attended the opening ceremony. 7. (2023全国乙卷)The girl ______ we met at the party is a famous singer. 8. (2024上海秋考)This is the hotel ______ we stayed during our vacation. 9. (2024全国甲卷)The story ______ we heard at the meeting was very inspiring. 10. (2025上海春考)The pen ______ I write with is a birthday gift. 3 / 3 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $ 专题02 必修第二册语法知识 (期末复习讲义) 考情分析 【考向透视】 1. 定语从句1(Unit 1:who/whom/that/which/whose) 考情:高频基础考点,常考查“关系代词指代人/物”的区分(如who指人、which指物),以及whose表所属关系的用法。多出现于单选、语法填空、完形中,也会结合阅读长难句考查理解能力。 2. 定语从句2(Unit 2:when/where/why + “介词+which”) 考情:进阶考点,重点是“关系副词与介词+关系代词的转换”(如“the time when I left = the time at which I left”),易与关系代词混淆。常出现在单选、写作的句式升级题中,是提升文采的关键语法点。 【复习目标】 1. 基础目标 掌握Unit 1中各关系代词的指代规则,能正确选择关系代词引导定语从句; 区分Unit 2中关系副词(when/where/why)的用法,理解“介词+which”与关系副词的转换逻辑。 2. 能力目标 阅读中借助定语从句拆分长难句,快速抓取核心信息; 写作中主动运用定语从句(如用“介词+which”替换简单连接词),提升句式丰富度与逻辑衔接性。 3. 应试目标 单选、语法填空中定语从句题的正确率达90%以上; 写作中至少使用2处不同类型的定语从句,避免关系词误用的错误。 定语从句 知识点01 语法概念 定语从句是“用一个完整句子充当定语”,修饰主句中的名词或代词(即先行词),核心功能是对先行词进行限定、修饰或补充说明,使表达更精准丰富。其本质是“从句作定语”,需满足三大要素:① 先行词(被修饰的名词/代词);② 关系词(引导从句,分关系代词、关系副词);③ 从句语序(陈述句语序)。定语从句是高中英语复合句的核心考点,覆盖单选、语法填空、完形填空、短文改错、书面表达全题型,尤其在长难句分析和写作句式升级中作用关键。 先行词 被定语从句修饰的名词/代词 可指人、物、时间、地点、原因等 1. The girl who is singing is my sister.(先行词:the girl,指人) 2. This is the book that I bought yesterday.(先行词:the book,指物) 关系代词 引导从句,指代先行词,且在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语 1. 指人:who(主/宾)、whom(宾)、whose(定,表“……的”) 2. 指物:which(主/宾)、that(主/宾) 3. 指人/物:whose(定) 1. He is the man who helped me.(who指代人,作主语) 2. The pen which I lost is red.(which指代物,作宾语) 3. She has a friend whose father is a doctor.(whose表“朋友的”,作定语) 关系副词 引导从句,指代先行词,且在从句中充当状语(时间、地点、原因) 1. when(时间状语,先行词为time/day等) 2. where(地点状语,先行词为place/city等) 3. why(原因状语,先行词为reason) 1. I remember the day when we met.(when指代day,作时间状语) 2. This is the school where I studied.(where指代school,作地点状语) 3. Do you know the reason why he was late?(why指代reason,作原因状语) 知识点02 关系词用法 (一)关系代词用法对比(指人/指物/功能差异) who 人 主语、宾语 作宾语时可省略,作主语不可 1. The boy who is sitting there is Tom.(主语,不可省略) 2. The man who I talked to is my teacher.(宾语,可省略) whom 人 宾语 可省略,可替换为who(口语) She is the girl whom I met yesterday.(宾语,可省略为She is the girl I met yesterday.) whose 人/物 定语(表“……的”) 不可省略 1. This is the student whose homework is missing.(指人) 2. I like the house whose windows are big.(指物) which 物 主语、宾语 作宾语时可省略 1. The tree which is tall is an apple tree.(主语,不可省略) 2. The book which I read is interesting.(宾语,可省略) that 人/物 主语、宾语 作宾语时可省略 1. He is the man that I saw.(指人,宾语) 2. This is the bag that I bought.(指物,主语) (二)关系副词用法对比(时间/地点/原因) when 时间名词(day/time/year等) 时间状语 on/in/at + which I will never forget the day when I joined the club.(=I will never forget the day on which I joined the club.) where 地点名词(place/city/school等) 地点状语 in/at/on + which This is the park where we played last week.(=This is the park in which we played last week.) why 原因名词(reason) 原因状语 for + which The reason why he failed is clear.(=The reason for which he failed is clear.) (三)关系代词that与which的特殊用法(高考重点) 1. 只能用that的情况(记“先特有序,不定最高”) • 先行词是不定代词(something/anything/nothing/everything/all等):All that glitters is not gold.(闪光的未必都是金子); • 先行词被序数词(first/second)、形容词最高级(best/worst)修饰:This is the first book that I read.(这是我读的第一本书); • 先行词被the only/the very/the same修饰:He is the only student that passed the exam.(他是唯一通过考试的学生); • 先行词既指人又指物:We talked about the people and things that we saw in the park.(我们谈论了在公园看到的人和事); • 主句以who/which开头的特殊疑问句:Who is the girl that is talking to Tom?(正在和汤姆说话的女孩是谁?)。 2. 只能用which的情况 • 引导非限制性定语从句(从句与主句用逗号隔开,补充说明先行词,不可省略):The book, which I bought yesterday, is very useful.(这本书很有用,是我昨天买的); • 介词后作宾语(介词不可置于that前):This is the pen with which I write.(这是我用来写字的笔,不可写为with that)。 知识点03 核心用法 (一)限制性定语从句(必带,限定先行词) 核心定义: 与主句紧密相连,无逗号隔开,不可省略,省略后主句语义不完整,核心功能是“限定先行词的范围”。 典型例句: 1. The student who works hard will pass the exam.(努力学习的那个学生将会通过考试,限定“学生”的范围); 2. I need a pen that can write smoothly.(我需要一支写起来流畅的笔,限定“笔”的属性)。 高考关联: 语法填空、短文改错高频考查,侧重关系词的选择与省略规则。 (二)非限制性定语从句(可选,补充说明) 核心定义: 与主句用逗号隔开,可省略,省略后主句语义仍完整,核心功能是“补充说明先行词的细节”。 典型例句: 1. My mother, who is a teacher, loves her students very much.(我妈妈是一名老师,她非常爱她的学生,补充妈妈的职业); 2. Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a long history.(北京是中国的首都,有着悠久的历史,补充北京的身份)。 高考易错: 用that引导非限制性定语从句;逗号遗漏或多余;关系词不可省略却省略。 (三)定语从句的省略规则(基础考点) 省略条件: 关系代词在从句中作宾语(主语不可省略),且不是介词的直接宾语(介词后不可省略)。 典型例句: 1. The book (that/which) I read yesterday is interesting.(that/which作宾语,可省略); 2. The man (who/whom) I talked to is my uncle.(who/whom作宾语,可省略); 3. The pen with which I write is lost.(which作介词with的宾语,不可省略,不可写为The pen with I write...)。 知识点04 易错点警示 (一)关系词与从句成分不匹配(最高频易错) 1. 易错表现:从句缺主语/宾语,却用关系副词;从句缺状语,却用关系代词(如:易错写为“This is the place that I visited last year.”(正确,that作宾语);易错写为“This is the place where I visited last year.”(错误,where是状语,从句缺宾语,需用that/which)); 2. 错误原因:未判断从句的句子成分,仅凭先行词类型选择关系词; 3. 规避技巧:先分析从句是否完整(缺主语/宾语→用关系代词;缺状语→用关系副词),再结合先行词类型确定具体关系词。 (二)that与which的特殊用法混淆 1. 易错表现:非限制性定语从句用that;介词后用that;先行词是不定代词却用which(如:易错写为“The book, that I bought yesterday, is good.”(错误,非限制性从句用which);易错写为“This is the pen about that I talked.”(错误,介词后用which)); 2. 规避技巧:牢记“只能用that”“只能用which”的特殊场景,解题时先判断是否符合特殊情况,再选择关系词。 (三)whose的用法错误 1. 易错表现:误写为who's;指物时不知如何使用whose,或误用of which(如:易错写为“She is the girl who's bag is red.”(错误,who's=who is,应为whose);易错写为“I like the book whose cover is blue.”(正确)→ 易错改为“I like the book of which cover is blue.”(错误,应为the cover of which)); 2. 规避技巧:whose表“……的”,可指人可指物,后接名词;指物时,whose+名词=the+名词+of which,不可直接用of which+名词。 (四)非限制性定语从句的错误 1. 易错表现:无逗号;用that引导;关系词省略(如:易错写为“My father who is a doctor works hard.”(若为非限制性,缺逗号,应为“My father, who is a doctor, works hard.”);易错写为“The city which I visited last year is beautiful.”(若为非限制性,缺逗号,应为“The city, which I visited last year, is beautiful.”); 2. 规避技巧:非限制性定语从句必须用逗号隔开,只能用which/who/whom/whose/when/where引导,不可用that,且关系词不可省略(即使作宾语)。 (五)先行词为time/reason/place时的关系词混淆 1. 易错表现:先行词为time/reason/place,无论从句成分如何,均用when/why/where(如:易错写为“I don't know the reason why he gave.”(错误,从句缺宾语,需用that/which,why作状语,从句需完整);正确:I don't know the reason that he gave.); 2. 规避技巧:先行词为time/reason/place时,先看从句成分——从句完整(缺状语)用when/why/where;从句不完整(缺主语/宾语)用that/which。 知识点05 备考建议 (一)考情分析 1. 考查频率:高频核心考点,覆盖所有语法相关题型,语法填空、短文改错中直接考查占比20%-25%,阅读中通过定语从句拆解长难句,写作中运用定语从句可提升句式丰富度; 2. 考查重点:关系代词与关系副词的辨析、that与which的特殊用法、非限制性定语从句、从句成分判断、关系词省略规则; 3. 易错方向:关系词与从句成分不匹配、特殊用法混淆、非限制性从句错误、whose用法错误。 (二)备考建议 1. 基础层面:牢记关系词的分类、指代对象及从句功能,熟练掌握“只能用that/which”的特殊场景,构建“先行词类型→从句成分→关系词”的对应框架; 2. 能力层面:能精准判断从句成分(缺主语/宾语/状语),灵活区分限制性与非限制性定语从句,结合语境选择正确关系词,掌握关系词的省略规则; 3. 应试层面:针对性练习“关系词选择”“错误修正”“长难句拆解”三类题型,总结错题中的成分判断错误;写作中主动运用定语从句修饰名词,替换简单句,提升文章文采与逻辑严谨性。 【即时检测】 1. This is the dictionary ________ I bought for my brother last week. 2. The girl ________ is standing at the school gate is my best friend. 3. Do you know the reason ________ he was late for the meeting this morning? 4. I will never forget the day ________ I joined the English club. 5. The book, ________ cover is blue, was written by a famous writer. 6. This is the only museum ________ we visited during our trip to Beijing. 7. He talked about the teachers and schools ________ he had visited in his hometown. 8. The hotel ________ we stayed last summer is located by the sea. 9. This is the pen ________ I write my homework every day. 10. My sister, ________ works as a doctor, will come back home next month. 答案: 1. 答案:which/that 解析:先行词为物(the dictionary),定语从句中缺宾语(bought后缺宾语,指代dictionary),需用关系代词which或that;关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略,此处也可空着,但填空需填对应代词,故填which/that。 2. 答案:who/that 解析:先行词为人(the girl),定语从句中缺主语(is standing的主语是the girl),需用指人的关系代词who或that;关系代词作主语时不可省略,故填who/that。 3. 答案:why 解析:先行词为reason(原因名词),定语从句“he was late for the meeting this morning”结构完整(不缺主语、宾语),缺原因状语,需用关系副词why,表“……的原因”,故填why。 4. 答案:when 解析:先行词为time类名词(the day),定语从句“I joined the English club”结构完整(主谓宾齐全),缺时间状语,需用关系副词when,表“在……的那天”,故填when。 5. 答案:whose 解析:先行词为物(the book),定语从句中cover(封面)与book存在“所属关系”(书的封面),需用关系代词whose,表“……的”;whose可指人也可指物,此处指代the book,故填whose。 6. 答案:that 解析:先行词为物(the museum),且被the only修饰,符合“只能用that”的特殊场景(先行词被the only修饰);定语从句中缺宾语(visited后缺宾语,指代museum),故只能填that,不可填which。 7. 答案:that 解析:先行词为“the teachers and schools”,既指人又指物,符合“只能用that”的特殊场景;定语从句中缺宾语(visited后缺宾语,指代teachers and schools),故只能填that,不可填which/who。 8. 答案:where/in which 解析:先行词为地点类名词(the hotel),定语从句“we stayed”结构不完整(stay是不及物动词,后接地点需加介词in),缺地点状语,需用关系副词where;where等价于“in + which”(which指代the hotel),故填where或in which均可。 9. 答案:with which 解析:先行词为物(the pen),定语从句“ I write my homework every day”结构不完整(write后接工具需加介词with,即“用钢笔写作业”),缺方式状语;此处需用“介词+关系代词”结构,介词用with,关系代词指代物用which,故填with which(不可填that,介词后不可用that)。 10. 答案:who 解析:句子为非限制性定语从句(主句与从句用逗号隔开,补充说明my sister),先行词为人(my sister),定语从句中缺主语(works的主语是my sister);非限制性定语从句不可用that,需用指人的关系代词who,故填who。 易|错|点|拨 (一)关系代词与关系副词混淆(最高频易错) 1. 易错表现:从句缺主语/宾语却用关系副词,缺状语却用关系代词(如第8题易错写为which/that,误将“stay”当作及物动词,忽视从句缺地点状语需用where;第9题易错写为which/that,未意识到“write”需加介词with表工具,缺方式状语需用“with which”;第3题易错写为that/which,误判从句缺宾语,实际从句完整缺原因状语需用why)。 2. 错误原因:仅根据先行词类型(时间/地点/原因)选关系词,未分析从句成分是否完整,混淆“关系代词作主语/宾语”与“关系副词作状语”的核心功能。 3. 规避技巧:先判断从句完整性——从句缺主语/宾语(及物动词后无宾语、不及物动词加介词后无宾语)→ 用关系代词;从句结构完整(主谓宾齐全)→ 用关系副词(时间用when、地点用where、原因用why)。 (二)“只能用that”的特殊场景遗忘 1. 易错表现:符合特殊场景仍用which/who,违背语法规则(如第6题先行词被the only修饰,易错写为which;第7题先行词既指人又指物,易错写为who/which)。 2. 错误原因:对“只能用that”的特殊情况记忆不牢固,仅掌握关系词的基础用法,忽视高考高频特殊考点。 3. 规避技巧:牢记“先特有序,不定最高”口诀——先行词是不定代词、被序数词/最高级/the only修饰、既指人又指物、主句以who/which开头,均只能用that,解题时优先核对是否符合这些场景。 (三)whose用法错误及等价转换混淆 1. 易错表现:误写为who's,或指物时误用of which(如第5题易错写为who's,混淆whose与who is;易错写为of which,未正确转换“whose+名词=the+名词+of which”,正确转换应为“the cover of which”,不可直接用of which)。 2. 错误原因:对whose的指代范围(可指人可指物)及等价转换规则理解不清,受“who指代人”的思维定式影响。 3. 规避技巧:whose表“……的”,后必须接名词,可指人可指物;指物时需转换为“the+名词+of which”,不可颠倒为“of which+名词”,避免与who's(who is的缩写)混淆。 (四)非限制性定语从句规则违背 1. 易错表现:用that引导、缺逗号、关系词省略(如第10题易错写为that,非限制性从句不可用that;易错漏加逗号,未区分限制性与非限制性从句;易错省略who,非限制性从句关系词作主语不可省略)。 2. 错误原因:未掌握非限制性定语从句的核心特征,混淆其与限制性从句的用法差异。 3. 规避技巧:非限制性从句牢记“三不可”——不可用that引导、不可省略关系词(无论作主语还是宾语)、不可缺逗号分隔主句与从句;关系词优先用which/who/whose/when/where。 (五)“介词+关系代词”结构错误 1. 易错表现:介词选用不当、介词后用that、漏加介词(如第9题易错写为which,漏加介词with;易错写为with that,介词后不可用that;易错写为by which,介词选用错误,“用钢笔”需用with而非by)。 2. 错误原因:对不及物动词的介词搭配记忆模糊,忽视“介词+关系代词”的固定规则,混淆不同介词的含义。 3. 规避技巧:“介词+关系代词”结构中,介词由从句中动词/名词的固定搭配决定(如stay in the hotel→in which、write with the pen→with which);关系代词指代人用whom、指代物用which,不可用that;若介词置于从句末尾,关系代词可省略(如The pen which I write with...=The pen I write with...)。 解|题|技|巧 第一步:找先行词,明确指代对象 通读句子,定位被定语从句修饰的名词/代词(即先行词),判断先行词的类型(指人/指物/时间/地点/原因),初步缩小关系词选择范围(指人优先who/whom/whose/that、指物优先which/that、时间/地点/原因优先对应关系副词)。 第二步:析从句成分,确定关系词类型 分析定语从句的句子结构,判断是否完整: • 缺主语/宾语:用关系代词(根据先行词指人/指物选who/whom/which/that/whose); • 结构完整(缺状语):用关系副词(时间用when、地点用where、原因用why); • 缺介词+宾语:用“介词+关系代词”(介词由固定搭配决定,关系代词用whom/which)。 第三步:核特殊规则,锁定最终答案 结合第二步的判断,核对是否符合特殊语法规则,排除错误选项: • 若符合“只能用that”的场景,直接锁定that,排除which/who; • 若为非限制性从句,排除that,选择which/who/whose等; • 若为whose,确认后接名词,或转换为“the+名词+of which/whom”是否正确。 第四步:验语境逻辑,确保语义连贯 最后代入所选关系词,通读句子验证语义是否通顺、逻辑是否连贯: • 如第8题用where,验证“我们去年住的酒店”语义通顺; • 如第9题用with which,验证“我每天用这支笔写作业”搭配正确,避免介词选用错误导致语义偏差。 基础通关(测试时间:10分钟) 一、单项选择 1. The girl ______ is talking to our teacher is my classmate. A. which B. who C. where D. when 2. This is the park ______ we often have picnics. A. when B. which C. where D. whose 3. Do you know the reason ______ he left early? A. why B. which C. who D. where 4. The book ______ cover is blue was written by Mo Yan. A. who B. whose C. which D. when 5. I still remember the day ______ we met for the first time. A. which B. when C. where D. why 6. The pen ______ I bought yesterday is missing. A. who B. when C. which D. where 7. The man ______ we met at the station is a doctor. A. whom B. where C. when D. why 8. This is the hotel ______ we stayed last summer. A. which B. when C. where D. why 9. The story ______ we heard last night was very moving. A. who B. that C. where D. when 10. The classroom ______ windows are broken needs to be cleaned. A. which B. whose C. who D. where 答案: 1. 答案:B 解析:先行词是人(the girl),从句缺主语,用关系代词who,故选B。 2. 答案:C 解析:先行词是地点(the park),从句缺地点状语,用关系副词where,故选C。 3. 答案:A 解析:先行词是reason,从句缺原因状语,用关系副词why,故选A。 4. 答案:B 解析:先行词是物(the book),从句表所属关系(书的封面),用whose,故选B。 5. 答案:B 解析:先行词是时间(the day),从句缺时间状语,用关系副词when,故选B。 6. 答案:C 解析:先行词是物(the pen),从句缺宾语,用关系代词which/that,故选C。 7. 答案:A 解析:先行词是人(the man),从句缺宾语,用关系代词whom(或who/that),故选A。 8. 答案:C 解析:先行词是地点(the hotel),从句缺地点状语(stay是不及物动词,需加介词in),用关系副词where,故选C。 9. 答案:B 解析:先行词是物(the story),从句缺宾语,用关系代词that/which,故选B。 10. 答案:B 解析:先行词是物(the classroom),从句表所属关系(教室的窗户),用whose,故选B。 二、单句语法填空 1. The man ______ (help) us yesterday is a volunteer. 2. This is the city ______ I was born. 3. The reason ______ he was late is not clear. 4. The book ______ I borrowed from the library is very interesting. 5. I still remember the time ______ we spent together. 6. The house ______ windows are open is mine. 7. The pen ______ I write with is broken. 8. This is the museum ______ we visited last week. 9. Do you know the girl ______ is singing on the stage? 10. The park ______ we often walk is very beautiful. 答案: 1. 答案:who/that helped 解析:先行词是人(the man),从句缺主语,用who/that;“yesterday”提示一般过去时,故填who/that helped。 2. 答案:where 解析:先行词是地点(the city),从句缺地点状语,用where。 3. 答案:why 解析:先行词是reason,从句缺原因状语,用why。 4. 答案:which/that 解析:先行词是物(the book),从句缺宾语,用which/that(可省略)。 5. 答案:which/that 解析:先行词是时间(the time),但从句缺宾语(spent后缺宾语),用关系代词which/that。 6. 答案:whose 解析:先行词是物(the house),从句表所属关系(房子的窗户),用whose。 7. 答案:which/that 解析:先行词是物(the pen),从句缺宾语(write with后缺宾语),用which/that。 8. 答案:which/that 解析:先行词是物(the museum),从句缺宾语,用which/that。 9. 答案:who/that 解析:先行词是人(the girl),从句缺主语,用who/that。 10. 答案:where 解析:先行词是地点(the park),从句缺地点状语,用where。 重难突破(测试时间:10分钟) 三、改写句子 1. The woman is my aunt. She is wearing a red dress.(合并为定语从句) 2. We visited a museum. The museum has a lot of ancient relics.(合并为定语从句) 3. I know the reason. He was absent for the reason.(合并为定语从句) 4. This is the day. I won the competition on this day.(合并为定语从句) 5. The house is very old. Its roof is broken.(合并为定语从句) 6. The pen is mine. I write with this pen.(合并为“介词+which”结构的定语从句) 7. The girl is my friend. You met her at the party.(合并为定语从句) 8. This is the school. I studied in this school.(合并为定语从句) 9. The story is very interesting. We read it last night.(合并为定语从句) 10. The man is a doctor. We talked to him just now.(合并为“介词+whom”结构的定语从句) 答案: 1. 答案:The woman who/that is wearing a red dress is my aunt. 解析:先行词是the woman,从句缺主语,用who/that引导。 2. 答案:The museum which/that we visited has a lot of ancient relics. 解析:先行词是the museum,从句缺宾语,用which/that引导。 3. 答案:I know the reason why he was absent. 解析:先行词是the reason,从句缺原因状语,用why引导。 4. 答案:This is the day when I won the competition. 解析:先行词是the day,从句缺时间状语,用when引导。 5. 答案:The house whose roof is broken is very old. 解析:先行词是the house,从句表所属关系,用whose引导。 6. 答案:The pen with which I write is mine. 解析:先行词是the pen,用“介词+which”结构(with表“用”)。 7. 答案:The girl whom/who/that you met at the party is my friend. 解析:先行词是the girl,从句缺宾语,用whom/who/that引导。 8. 答案:This is the school where I studied. 解析:先行词是the school,从句缺地点状语,用where引导。 9. 答案:The story which/that we read last night is very interesting. 解析:先行词是the story,从句缺宾语,用which/that引导。 10. 答案:The man to whom we talked just now is a doctor. 解析:先行词是the man,用“介词+whom”结构(to表“和……交谈”)。 易混易错(测试时间:10分钟) 四、翻译句子 1. 这是我上周参观的那个博物馆。 2. 你认识正在舞台上跳舞的那个女孩吗? 3. 他迟到的原因是他错过了公交车。 4. 我永远不会忘记我们一起度过的那些日子。 5. 窗户坏了的那间教室正在被修理。 6. 我用来写字的那支笔是我妈妈送的。 7. 这是我出生的城市。 8. 我们在车站遇到的那个男人是一位老师。 9. 这本封面是黄色的书是我爸爸写的。 10. 我们经常散步的那个公园很安静。 答案: 1. 答案:This is the museum which/that I visited last week. 解析:先行词是the museum,从句缺宾语,用which/that引导。 2. 答案:Do you know the girl who/that is dancing on the stage? 解析:先行词是the girl,从句缺主语,用who/that引导。 3. 答案:The reason why he was late is that he missed the bus. 解析:先行词是the reason,从句缺原因状语,用why引导。 4. 答案:I will never forget the days which/that we spent together. 解析:先行词是the days,从句缺宾语,用which/that引导。 5. 答案:The classroom whose windows are broken is being repaired. 解析:先行词是the classroom,从句表所属关系,用whose引导。 6. 答案:The pen with which I write was given by my mother. 解析:先行词是the pen,用“介词+which”结构(with表“用”)。 7. 答案:This is the city where I was born. 解析:先行词是the city,从句缺地点状语,用where引导。 8. 答案:The man whom/who/that we met at the station is a teacher. 解析:先行词是the man,从句缺宾语,用whom/who/that引导。 9. 答案:The book whose cover is yellow was written by my father. 解析:先行词是the book,从句表所属关系,用whose引导。 10. 答案:The park where we often walk is very quiet. 解析:先行词是the park,从句缺地点状语,用where引导。 链接高考(测试时间:15分钟) 1. (2022全国甲卷)The old man ______ is sitting under the tree is my grandfather. 2. (2022上海秋考)This is the village ______ I grew up. 3. (2021全国乙卷)Do you know the reason ______ he refused the invitation? 4. (2021上海春考)The book ______ I borrowed from the library is lost. 5. (2020全国Ⅰ卷)The house ______ roof was damaged in the storm has been repaired. 6. (2023上海春考)I still remember the day ______ we attended the opening ceremony. 7. (2023全国乙卷)The girl ______ we met at the party is a famous singer. 8. (2024上海秋考)This is the hotel ______ we stayed during our vacation. 9. (2024全国甲卷)The story ______ we heard at the meeting was very inspiring. 10. (2025上海春考)The pen ______ I write with is a birthday gift. 答案: 1. 答案:who/that 解析:先行词是人(the old man),从句缺主语,用who/that。 2. 答案:where 解析:先行词是地点(the village),从句缺地点状语,用where。 3. 答案:why 解析:先行词是reason,从句缺原因状语,用why。 4. 答案:which/that 解析:先行词是物(the book),从句缺宾语,用which/that。 5. 答案:whose 解析:先行词是物(the house),从句表所属关系(房子的屋顶),用whose。 6. 答案:when 解析:先行词是时间(the day),从句缺时间状语,用when。 7. 答案:whom/who/that 解析:先行词是人(the girl),从句缺宾语,用whom/who/that。 8. 答案:where 解析:先行词是地点(the hotel),从句缺地点状语,用where。 9. 答案:which/that 解析:先行词是物(the story),从句缺宾语,用which/that。 10. 答案:which/that 解析:先行词是物(the pen),从句缺宾语(write with后缺宾语),用which/that。 3 / 3 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $

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专题02 必修第二册语法知识(期末复习讲义)高一英语上学期沪外版
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专题02 必修第二册语法知识(期末复习讲义)高一英语上学期沪外版
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专题02 必修第二册语法知识(期末复习讲义)高一英语上学期沪外版
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