专题01必修第一册语法知识(期末复习讲义)高一英语上学期沪教版

2025-12-02
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学段 高中
学科 英语
教材版本 高中英语沪教版必修第一册
年级 高一
章节 -
类型 教案-讲义
知识点 -
使用场景 同步教学-期末
学年 2025-2026
地区(省份) 上海市
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发布时间 2025-12-02
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审核时间 2025-12-02
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专题01 必修第一册语法知识 (期末复习讲义) 考情分析 【考向透视】 1. 现在进行时的被动语态(Unit 1) 考情:常结合“动作正在被执行”的语境,出现在单选、完成句子题中,需注意“be being done”结构的语境判断。 2. 过去将来时(Unit 2) 考情:多与“过去视角描述未来动作”的记叙文/语境结合,常考“would+动词原形”的用法,易与一般将来时混淆。 3. 定语从句(Unit 3-4) 考情:高频考点,覆盖单选、完形、写作等题型: Unit 3(who/whom/which/that/whose):侧重“关系代词指代人/物”的区分; Unit 4(when/where/why):侧重“关系副词与介词+关系代词”的转换(如“the place where I live = the place in which I live”)。 【复习目标】 1. 基础目标 掌握4个语法点的基本结构、用法规则,能准确判断语境并写出正确形式; 区分易混点(如“过去将来时vs一般将来时”“关系代词vs关系副词”)。 2. 能力目标 能在阅读中快速识别语法结构,辅助理解长难句; 能在写作中主动运用定语从句、被动语态等语法,提升句式丰富度。 3. 应试目标 单选、完成句子题型中,语法题正确率达到85%以上; 写作中能正确使用至少2种本单元语法结构,避免语法错误。 现在进行时被动语态 知识点01 语法概念 现在进行时的被动语态核心是“动作正在发生+主语是动作承受者”,侧重强调“此时此刻或现阶段,主语正被施加某一动作”。其本质是结合“现在进行时的时态特征(表进行)”与“被动语态的语态特征(表被动)”,常用于不知道动作执行者、无需提及执行者或强调动作承受者的语境中。 知识点02 核心结构 核心公式:am/is/are + being + 过去分词(done) 1. am/is/are:根据主语人称和数变化,体现“现在时”; 2. being:固定结构,体现“进行时”,不可省略; 3. 过去分词(done):体现“被动语态”,需准确记忆不规则动词的过去分词形式。 肯定句 主语 + am/is/are + being + done 1. A new library is being built in our school now.(我校正在建一座新图书馆。) 2. The babies are being taken care of by their aunt.(这些婴儿正由姨妈照看。) 否定句 主语 + am/is/are + not + being + done 1. Some animals are not being protected well enough.(有些动物没有得到足够好的保护。) 2. The plan is not being discussed at the meeting now.(这个计划现在没在会上讨论。) 一般疑问句 Am/Is/Are + 主语 + being + done? 1. Is the bridge being repaired now?(那座桥现在正在修吗?) 2. Are the documents being signed right now?(这些文件此刻正在被签署吗?) 特殊疑问句 疑问词(what/who/where等) + am/is/are + 主语 + being + done? 1. What is being done to protect wildlife?(正在采取什么措施保护野生动物?) 2. Where is the new school being built?(这所新学校正在哪里修建?) 知识点03 核心用法 (一)表“此时此刻正在进行的被动动作” • 标志:句中常含 now、at the moment、right now、look 等时间/语境提示词; • 例句:The report is being written by the top student at the moment.(这份报告此刻正由优等生撰写。) • 高考关联:基础考点,多出现于单选、语法填空的语境辨析题,侧重时间标志词与语法结构的匹配。 (二)表“现阶段正在进行的被动动作” • 特点:动作在当前阶段持续进行,但说话瞬间不一定正在发生; • 标志:常含 this year、these days、recently 等时间状语; • 例句:Many new buildings are being built in our city this year.(今年我们城市正在修建很多新建筑。) • 高考关联:高频考点,易与一般现在时被动语态混淆,需通过“阶段持续性”语境判断。 (三)表“习惯性被动动作,含感情色彩” • 特点:与 always、constantly、frequently、often 等频率副词连用,隐含说话者的赞扬、责备、厌烦等情绪; • 例句: 1. Tom is always being praised by the teacher for his hard work.(汤姆因勤奋总是被老师表扬。——赞扬) 2. The window of our classroom is often being broken.(我们教室的窗户老是被打碎。——厌烦) • 高考关联:难点考点,侧重“语法结构+情感态度”的双重判断,多出现于完形填空的语境题。 (四)表“按计划/安排将要发生的被动动作” • 特点:仅限少数及物动词(如 hold、take、hold、sing 等),体现“被动的计划安排”; • 例句: 1. A party is being held tonight in the school hall.(今晚学校礼堂将举行一场晚会。) 2. A folk song is being sung next at the concert.(音乐会接下来将演唱一首民歌。) • 高考关联:低频考点,易与一般将来时被动语态混淆,需通过“计划确定性”语境区分。 (五)与情态动词连用,表“对正在发生的被动动作的推测” • 结构:情态动词(may/might/must/can 等) + be + being + done; • 例句: 1. He may be being scolded by his father at the very moment.(此刻他也许正被父亲责骂。) 2. The machine must be being checked by the engineer now.(这台机器现在一定正在被工程师检修。) • 高考关联:中档考点,侧重“情态动词含义+进行时被动结构”的结合,多出现于单选的综合考查题。 知识点04 易错点警示 (一)不可遗漏“being” • 错误原因:混淆“现在进行时被动”与“一般现在时被动/系表结构”; • 对比辨析: 1. 正确:The letter is being written by her.(这封信正在被她写。——现在进行时被动) 2. 错误:The letter is written by her.(这封信被她写。——一般现在时被动,无“进行”含义) 3. 易混:The letter is well written.(这封信写得好。——系表结构,表状态,非被动动作) (二)动词短语的被动语态,不可省略介词 • 核心规则:take care of、look after、talk about、think of 等动词短语变被动时,需保留短语中的介词; • 例句: 1. 主动:They are talking about the new policy. 2. 被动:The new policy is being talked about.(正确,保留介词 about) 3. 错误:The new policy is being talked.(遗漏介词,结构不完整) (三)部分动词无现在进行时被动语态 以下两类动词不可用于该结构: 1. 表状态、情感、心理活动的动词:have(拥有)、like、love、hate、want、hope、belong to 等; ◦ 错误:The book is being belonged to him.(正确表达:The book belongs to him.) 2. 不及物动词(无宾语,无法构成被动):happen、take place、appear、disappear 等; ◦ 错误:The accident is being happened now.(正确表达:The accident is happening now.) (四)同义替换结构 “be + under/in + 名词”可替代现在进行时被动语态,简洁表达“正在被……”的含义: • 例句: 1. The bridge is under repair. = The bridge is being repaired.(这座桥正在维修。) 2. The telephone is in use. = The telephone is being used.(这部电话正在使用。) 知识点05 备考建议 (一)考情分析 1. 考查频率:中频考点,虽不如一般现在时被动、现在完成时被动考查密集,但属于“必掌握基础语法”,覆盖单选、语法填空、完形填空三大题型; 2. 考查重点:核心结构识别、语境辨析(尤其是“此时此刻vs现阶段”“含感情色彩的习惯性动作”)、动词短语的被动变形、与其他时态被动的区分; 3. 易错方向:遗漏“being”、省略动词短语中的介词、误用无被动的动词。 (二)备考建议 1. 基础层面:牢记“am/is/are + being + done”核心结构,熟练掌握四大句式变形,背诵不规则动词过去分词; 2. 能力层面:结合时间标志词(now/these days等)和语境情感,精准判断是否使用该语法; 3. 应试层面:针对性练习“动词短语被动”“情态动词+进行时被动”“同义替换结构”三类易错题,提升正确率。 【即时检测】 1. Look! The old photos ________ (sort) out by my mom in the living room. 2. A new subway line ________ (build) in our city these days to improve traffic. 3. The problem ________ (discuss) by the experts at the meeting right now. 4. Many endangered animals ________ (protect) by the government in this nature reserve. 5. The patient ________ (examine) by three doctors together at the moment. 6. These valuable paintings ________ (restore) carefully by the workers in the museum recently. 7. Why ________ the classroom windows ________ (clean) by the students now? 8. A report on environmental protection ________ (write) by the senior student for the competition. 9. The traditional skills ________ (pass) down by the elders to the young generation these years. 10. It is said that the ancient temple ________ (repair) to attract more tourists. 答案: 1. 答案:are being sorted 解析:标志词“Look!”提示动作此时此刻正在进行,主语“The old photos”是动作承受者,用现在进行时被动语态;主语为复数,be动词用are,“sort”的过去分词为“sorted”。 2. 答案:is being built 解析:标志词“these days”提示动作现阶段正在进行,主语“A new subway line”是单数,be动词用is;“build”的过去分词为“built”,符合“被修建”的被动含义。 3. 答案:is being discussed 解析:标志词“right now”表“此时此刻”,主语“The problem”是单数,be动词用is;“discuss”为及物动词,此处表“被讨论”,过去分词为“discussed”。 4. 答案:are being protected 解析:主语“Many endangered animals”是复数,be动词用are;结合语境,“保护动物”是现阶段持续的动作,用现在进行时被动,“protect”的过去分词为“protected”。 5. 答案:is being examined 解析:标志词“at the moment”提示进行时,主语“The patient”是单数,be动词用is;“examine”表“检查”,主语是动作承受者,过去分词为“examined”。 6. 答案:are being restored 解析:标志词“recently”表现阶段,主语“These valuable paintings”是复数,be动词用are;“restore”意为“修复”,被动形式需用过去分词“restored”。 7. 答案:are; being cleaned 解析:特殊疑问句结构为“疑问词+be动词+主语+being+过去分词”,标志词“now”提示进行时,主语“the classroom windows”是复数,be动词用are;“clean”的过去分词为“cleaned”。 8. 答案:is being written 解析:主语“A report”是单数,be动词用is;结合语境,“写报告”是正在进行的动作,且报告是“被写”,“write”的过去分词为“written”。 9. 答案:are being passed 解析:标志词“these years”表现阶段,主语“The traditional skills”是复数,be动词用are;“pass down”意为“传承”,被动形式需保留介词,过去分词为“passed”。 10. 答案:is being repaired 解析:主语“the ancient temple”是单数,be动词用is;结合语境,“修复寺庙”是正在进行的动作,表被动含义,“repair”的过去分词为“repaired”。 易|错|点|拨 (一)遗漏“being”,混淆时态语态 1. 易错表现:误将“am/is/are + done”当作现在进行时被动,忽略“being”的核心作用(如第2题易错写为“is built”,第5题易错写为“is examined”)。 2. 错误原因:未区分“一般现在时被动(表常态)”与“现在进行时被动(表进行)”,忘记“being”是“进行时”的标志。 3. 规避技巧:看到“Look!/right now/at the moment/these days/recently”等时间标志词,优先判断“进行时”,必须包含“being”;无时间标志词则结合语境,若表“当前正在发生”,也需加“being”。 (二)be动词形式错配,忽略主谓一致 1. 易错表现:be动词(am/is/are)未根据主语单复数调整(如第1题主语“photos”是复数,易错写为“is being sorted”;第3题主语“the problem”是单数,易错写为“are being discussed”)。 2. 错误原因:聚焦“被动结构”时,忽视主语的人称和数,尤其易混淆“单数可数名词/不可数名词”与“复数名词”的be动词搭配。 3. 规避技巧:解题第一步先判断主语单复数——单数主语(a subway line/the problem)用is,复数主语(photos/animals)用are,第一人称I用am,确保be动词与主语匹配后,再补全“being + 过去分词”。 (三)过去分词变形错误,不规则动词记混 1. 易错表现:不规则动词的过去分词写错(如第8题“write”易错写为“wrote”,第10题“repair”易错写为“repairred”)。 2. 错误原因:仅记忆规则动词“加-ed”,忽视不规则动词的特殊变形,或拼写时出现双写错误、漏写错误。 3. 规避技巧:重点背诵高频不规则动词的过去分词(如write-written、build-built、restore-restored、pass-passed),解题时先确认动词类型,再精准写出过去分词;规则动词注意“以e结尾加-d,重读闭音节双写尾字母加-ed”。 (四)特殊疑问句结构混乱 1. 易错表现:特殊疑问句中be动词位置错误、遗漏成分(如第7题易错写为“Why is the classroom windows being cleaned?”“Why the classroom windows are being cleaned?”)。 2. 错误原因:未掌握现在进行时被动特殊疑问句的固定结构,混淆“疑问词+be动词+主语”的语序。 3. 规避技巧:牢记特殊疑问句公式“疑问词 + am/is/are + 主语 + being + 过去分词”,先放疑问词,再紧跟be动词,最后补全剩余结构,同时注意be动词与主语的单复数匹配。 (五)语境判断失误,误判动作时态 1. 易错表现:无明显时间标志词时,无法判断“是否为进行时”(如第4题、第9题,无明确“now”,易错写为“are protected”“are passed”)。 2. 错误原因:仅依赖时间标志词,忽视语境中“现阶段持续进行”的隐含含义。 3. 规避技巧:无时间标志词时,结合句意判断——若动作是“当前一段时间内正在发生、未结束”(如“保护动物”“传承技能”),即使无now,也需用现在进行时被动;若表“常态、规律”,则用一般现在时被动。 解|题|技|巧 第一步:判语境,定时态——锁定“进行时” 通过时间标志词或句意,判断动作是否为“此时此刻/现阶段正在进行”: • 有标志词:Look!/right now/at the moment(此时此刻)、these days/recently/these years(现阶段),直接确定“现在进行时”; • 无标志词:结合句意,若表“当前持续的被动动作”(如“动物正在被保护”“寺庙正在被修复”),也确定为现在进行时。 第二步:看主语,定be动词——匹配单复数 根据主语的人称和数,选择对应的be动词: • 主语为单数(a subway line/the problem/the patient)→ is; • 主语为复数(photos/animals/paintings)→ are; • 主语为I → am。 第三步:辨动词,写分词——确保变形准确 确认谓语动词的类型,精准写出过去分词: • 规则动词:按“加-ed/-d/双写尾字母加-ed”变形(如sort-sorted、discuss-discussed、clean-cleaned); • 不规则动词:直接调用记忆库,写出正确过去分词(如write-written、build-built)。 第四步:查结构,补成分——避免遗漏错误 最后检查语法结构是否完整: • 肯定句:主语 + am/is/are + being + 过去分词(无遗漏成分); • 否定句:主语 + am/is/are + not + being + 过去分词(未漏“not”); • 疑问句:一般疑问句(Am/Is/Are + 主语 + being + 过去分词?); 特殊疑问句(疑问词 + am/is/are + 主语 + being + 过去分词?)(语序正确、无遗漏)。 过去将来时 句型01 语法概念 过去将来时核心是“站在过去的时间视角,描述未来将要发生的动作或存在的状态”,本质是“过去的‘将来时’”。它并非独立的时态,而是结合“过去时的时间背景”与“将来时的动作特征”,常用于宾语从句、状语从句等复合句中,也可用于简单句描述过去语境中的未来规划。 句型02 核心结构 would + 动词原形 主语 + would + do 1. He said he would visit his grandparents the next weekend.(他说下周末要去看望祖父母。) 2. I knew she would pass the exam.(我知道她会通过考试。) was/were going to + 动词原形 主语 + was/were going to + do 1. They were going to hold a party last night, but it rained.(他们昨晚本打算办派对,但下雨了。) 2. She told me she was going to learn French.(她告诉我她要学法语。) was/were to + 动词原形 主语 + was/were to + do 1. The students were to meet at the school gate at 7 a.m.(学生们原定早上7点在校门口集合。) 2. He was to become a famous writer later.(后来他成了一名著名作家。) was/were about to + 动词原形 主语 + was/were about to + do 1. I was about to leave when the phone rang.(我正要出门,电话响了。) 2. The meeting was about to start when he arrived.(会议正要开始,他到了。) 特殊结构:过去进行时表过去将来 • 核心规则:少数表“位移、计划”的动词(come、go、leave、arrive、start、travel等),其过去进行时(was/were + doing)可表过去将来的“计划动作”; • 例句: 1. My mom said she was leaving for Beijing the next day.(妈妈说她第二天要去北京。) 2. They told us the train was arriving in 10 minutes.(他们告诉我们火车10分钟后到达。) • 本质:用“过去的进行状态”体现“未来的计划安排”,比was/were going to更强调“动作的确定性”。 肯定句 主语 + would + do She would help me with my homework. 否定句 主语 + would not + do(= wouldn't do) He wouldn't attend the meeting. 一般疑问句 Would + 主语 + do? Would they come to the party? 特殊疑问句 疑问词 + would + 主语 + do? What would you do next? 句型03 核心用法 (一)用于宾语从句,表“主句动作发生时,从句的未来动作” • 核心场景:主句谓语动词为过去时(said、told、knew、thought、hoped等),从句描述“主句动作发生后的未来事”; • 例句: 1. The teacher told us we would have a test the next week.(老师告诉我们下周要考试。) 2. I thought I would never see him again.(我以为再也见不到他了。) • 高考关联:高频基础考点,多出现于单选、语法填空的复合句考查,侧重“主句过去时+从句过去将来时”的时态匹配。 (二)用于状语从句,表“过去语境中的未来条件/时间” • 常见从句类型:时间状语从句(when、as soon as、before等引导)、条件状语从句(if、unless引导); • 例句: 1. He said he would call me as soon as he arrived in Shanghai.(他说他一到上海就给我打电话。) 2. If it rained, we would cancel the picnic.(他当时说如果下雨,我们就取消野餐。) • 高考关联:中档考点,易与“一般将来时”混淆,关键是判断“从句是否处于过去的时间背景中”。 (三)表“过去的计划、打算或意图”(优先用was/were going to) • 特点:动作多为说话人事先规划好的,常结合“过去的时间点”或“上下文语境”体现; • 例句: 1. I was going to buy a new bike, but I didn't have enough money.(我本来打算买辆新自行车,但钱不够。) 2. They were going to climb the mountain last Sunday, but the weather was bad.(他们上周日打算去爬山,但天气不好。) • 高考关联:高频考点,侧重“计划未实现”的语境辨析,多出现于完形填空的语境题。 (四)表“过去看来即将发生的动作”(用was/were going to或was/were about to) • 区别:was/were about to更强调“瞬间性”,动作即将发生;was/were going to侧重“短期内的趋势”; • 例句: 1. The sky was dark, and it was going to rain.(天很黑,眼看就要下雨了。) 2. She was about to speak when the bell rang.(她正要说话,铃声响了。) • 高考关联:难点考点,需区分两个结构的“动作紧迫性”,多出现于单选的辨析题。 (五)表“过去的习惯性未来动作”(用would) • 特点:与used to类似,但used to可表“过去的状态”,would仅表“过去重复的动作”,常与often、always、every day等频率副词连用; • 例句: 1. When I was a child, my grandma would tell me stories every night.(我小时候,奶奶每晚都会给我讲故事。) 2. He would go for a walk after dinner when he lived in the countryside.(他住在乡下时,晚饭后总会去散步。) • 高考关联:低频考点,易与used to混淆,侧重“动作的习惯性”,多出现于语法填空的词义辨析题。 句型04 高频易错点 (一)混淆“过去将来时”与“一般将来时” • 易错表现:忽略“过去的时间背景”,误将过去将来时写为一般将来时(如:He said he will go to Beijing. 正确:He said he would go to Beijing.); • 错误原因:未判断“动作描述的视角”,一般将来时是“站在现在看未来”,过去将来时是“站在过去看未来”; • 规避技巧:先找句子中的“过去时间标志”(如said、told、last year、yesterday等),若存在,描述未来的动作需用过去将来时。 (二)was/were going to与would的误用 • 易错表现:不分语境随意替换(如:I was about to leave when he came. 易错写为I would leave when he came.); • 错误原因:未掌握两者的语义侧重——would表“单纯的过去未来”,was/were going to表“计划/即将发生”,was/were about to表“瞬间即将”; • 规避技巧:根据句意判断:表“计划/未实现的打算”用was/were going to;表“瞬间即将”用was/were about to;无特殊含义,仅表“过去的未来”用would。 (三)过去进行时表过去将来的动词范围混淆 • 易错表现:任意动词的过去进行时都用来表过去将来(如:He said he was reading a book the next day. 正确:He said he would read a book the next day.); • 错误原因:忽视“仅位移、计划类动词”可用于该结构; • 规避技巧:牢记高频适用动词:come、go、leave、arrive、start、travel、meet、return,其余动词需用常规结构(would/was/were going to)。 (四)时间状语的搭配错误 • 易错表现:误用“now、this week”等现在时间状语(如:She said she would come now. 正确:She said she would come then.); • 错误原因:未替换“过去语境中的时间状语”; • 规避技巧:过去将来时需搭配“过去视角的未来时间状语”,如:the next day(次日,对应现在的tomorrow)、the following week(第二周,对应now的next week)、then(那时,对应now)。 知识点05 备考建议 (一)考情分析 1. 考查频率:中频考点,核心附着于“复合句时态匹配”,覆盖单选、语法填空、完形填空、短文改错四大题型; 2. 考查重点:宾语从句中的时态转换(主句过去时+从句过去将来时)、was/were going to与would的辨析、过去进行时表过去将来的特殊用法、时间状语的替换; 3. 易错方向:时态视角混淆、结构误用、动词范围错配、时间状语搭配错误。 (二)备考建议 1. 基础层面:牢记四大核心结构及适用场景,熟练掌握“主句过去时→从句过去将来时”的转换规则,背诵高频适用动词; 2. 能力层面:结合语境判断“动作视角”,精准区分不同结构的语义侧重,尤其是“计划/即将/习惯性”的差异; 3. 应试层面:针对性练习“宾语从句时态转换”“结构辨析”“时间状语替换”三类题型,总结错题中的易错点,提升正确率。 【即时检测】 1. The manager said that a new office building ________ (build) in the business district the next year. 2. She told me that the broken machine ________ (repair) by the engineer before the end of the week. 3. They announced that the sports meeting ________ (not hold) because of the bad weather. 4. My teacher told us that we ________ (invite) to visit the science museum the following month. 5. The guide said that the ancient relics ________ (protect) by the local government soon. 6. He promised that the problem ________ (solve) as soon as possible after he took office. 7. It was reported that more trees ________ (plant) along the street to improve the environment. 8. Why did they say that the meeting ________ (put off) until the next Monday? 9. The boss told his secretary that all the documents ________ (check) carefully before submission. 10. She was sure that her dream ________ (realize) with the help of her family and friends. 答案: 1. 答案:would be built 解析:主句谓语“said”为过去时,提示从句用过去将来时;主语“a new office building”是动作承受者,需用被动语态,核心结构为“would + be + 过去分词”;“build”的过去分词为“built”,故填此形式。 2. 答案:would be repaired 解析:主句“told”是过去时,从句表“过去视角的未来动作”,用过去将来时;“the broken machine”被维修,需被动,“repair”的过去分词为“repaired”,符合“would be + 过去分词”的结构。 3. 答案:would not be held/wouldn't be held 解析:主句“announced”为过去时,从句用过去将来时;“sports meeting”是“被举办”,被动结构为“be held”,否定形式需在“would”后加“not”,“hold”的过去分词为“held”,故填此答案。 4. 答案:would be invited 解析:主句“told”提示过去时间背景,从句用过去将来时;“we”是“被邀请”,被动语态的核心是“be + 过去分词”,“invite”的过去分词为“invited”,结合结构填“would be invited”。 5. 答案:would be protected 解析:主句“said”为过去时,从句表未来的被动动作,用过去将来时被动;“ancient relics”被保护,“protect”的过去分词为“protected”,符合“would be + 过去分词”的语法规则。 6. 答案:would be solved 解析:主句“promised”是过去时,从句用过去将来时;“the problem”是“被解决”,被动结构需用“be solved”,“solve”的过去分词为“solved”,故填“would be solved”。 7. 答案:would be planted 解析:主句“It was reported”为过去时,从句表过去视角的未来计划,用过去将来时;“trees”是“被种植”,“plant”的过去分词为“planted”,结合被动结构填此答案。 8. 答案:would be put off 解析:主句“did they say”提示过去时,从句用过去将来时;“the meeting”是“被推迟”,固定短语“put off”的被动形式需保留介词“off”,“put”的过去分词为“put”,故填“would be put off”。 9. 答案:would be checked 解析:主句“told”为过去时,从句表未来的被动动作,用过去将来时被动;“documents”被检查,“check”的过去分词为“checked”,符合“would be + 过去分词”的核心结构。 10. 答案:would be realized 解析:主句“was sure”是过去时,从句用过去将来时;“her dream”是“被实现”,“realize”的过去分词为“realized”,结合被动语态规则,填“would be realized”。 易|错|点|拨 (一)时态视角混淆,漏用“would” 1. 易错表现:忽略主句的过去时背景,误将过去将来时被动写为一般将来时被动(如第1题易错写为“will be built”,第4题易错写为“will be invited”)。 2. 错误原因:未把握“过去将来时”的核心逻辑——“站在过去看未来”,只要主句谓语是过去时(said/told/announced等),从句描述未来动作就需用“would”表过去视角。 3. 规避技巧:解题第一步先找主句谓语动词,若为过去时(如said、told、promised、was reported),直接锁定“过去将来时”,必须包含“would”,排除“will”相关形式。 (二)被动结构残缺,漏写“be”动词 1. 易错表现:只记“would + 过去分词”,遗漏被动语态核心的“be”动词(如第2题易错写为“would repaired”,第7题易错写为“would planted”)。 2. 错误原因:混淆“过去将来时主动”与“过去将来时被动”的结构,忘记被动语态必须包含“be + 过去分词”,仅用“would + 过去分词”无法体现被动含义。 3. 规避技巧:牢记核心结构“would + be + 过去分词”,“be”动词是被动的标志,不可省略;可简化记忆为“过去将来时(would do)+ 被动语态(be done)= would be done”。 (三)动词短语被动变形,遗漏介词/副词 1. 易错表现:动词短语变被动时,误删短语中的介词或副词(如第8题“put off”易错写为“would be put”,遗漏“off”)。 2. 错误原因:将动词短语拆分为“动词+介词”,误以为仅需动词变被动,忽视“动词短语整体为及物动词”,介词/副词是短语不可分割的部分。 3. 规避技巧:遇到动词短语(put off、take care of、look after等),先确认短语完整性,变被动时需保留所有成分,确保结构完整(如“put off → be put off”“take care of → be taken care of”)。 (四)过去分词变形错误,不规则动词记混 1. 易错表现:不规则动词的过去分词写错,或规则动词变形出错(如第10题“realize”易错写为“realized”之外的形式,第3题“hold”易错写为“holded”)。 2. 错误原因:对高频不规则动词的过去分词记忆不牢固,或规则动词变形(如“以e结尾加-d”“重读闭音节双写尾字母加-ed”)掌握不熟练。 3. 规避技巧:重点背诵本题涉及的高频动词过去分词(build-built、repair-repaired、hold-held、invite-invited、protect-protected、solve-solved、plant-planted、put-put、check-checked、realize-realized),解题时先确认动词类型,再精准书写。 (五)否定形式位置错误,误用“be not” 1. 易错表现:将否定词“not”放在“be”动词后,而非“would”后(如第3题易错写为“would be not held”,正确形式为“would not be held”)。 2. 错误原因:混淆“过去将来时被动”与“一般现在时被动”的否定结构,忘记“would”作为情态动词类的助动词,否定词需直接加在其后。 3. 规避技巧:牢记否定结构公式“would not + be + 过去分词”(缩写为“wouldn't + be + 过去分词”),否定词“not”紧跟“would”,不可放在“be”动词之间。 解|题|技|巧 第一步:判时态视角——锁定“过去将来时” 通过主句谓语动词判断时间背景: • 若主句谓语为过去时(said、told、announced、promised、was sure、was reported等),且从句描述“未来动作”,直接确定时态为“过去将来时”,核心标志词为“would”。 第二步:判动作关系——确定“被动语态” 分析主语与谓语动词的关系: • 若主语是动作的承受者(如“office building被修建”“machine被维修”“meeting被推迟”),确定用被动语态,需包含“be + 过去分词”; • 若主语是动作的执行者,用主动语态,本题聚焦被动,重点判断“承受者”属性。 第三步:补完整结构——套用“核心公式” 结合前两步,套用过去将来时被动的核心结构: • 肯定句:would + be + 过去分词; • 否定句:would not + be + 过去分词(= wouldn't + be + 过去分词); • 确保“would”“be”“过去分词”三大成分无遗漏,动词短语需保留完整。 第四步:查细节纠错——规避常见错误 最后检查关键细节,排除易错点: • 检查“would”是否正确(无“will”)、“be”动词是否存在; • 检查过去分词变形是否准确(尤其是不规则动词); • 检查动词短语是否完整(无遗漏介词/副词); • 检查否定形式位置是否正确(“not”在“would”后)。 定语从句 句型01 语法概念 定语从句核心是“用一个句子充当定语,修饰名词或代词”,本质是“句子作定语”。被修饰的名词/代词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词(分关系代词、关系副词)。其作用是丰富句子信息,将两个简单句整合为复合句,使表达更简洁、逻辑更紧密,是高中英语从句体系的核心考点,也是高考语法的高频重难点。 句型02 核心构成 先行词 被定语从句修饰的名词/代词(人/物/时间/地点/原因) 人(student, teacher, who)、物(book, computer, which)、时间(day, moment, when)、地点(place, city, where)、原因(reason, why) 关系代词 指代先行词,在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语 who(指人,主/宾)、whom(指人,宾)、which(指物,主/宾)、that(指人/物,主/宾)、whose(指人/物,定语,表所属) 关系副词 指代先行词,在从句中充当状语(时间/地点/原因) when(时间状语)、where(地点状语)、why(原因状语) 关系词的核心功能 1. 指代先行词:明确从句修饰的对象(如“The girl who is singing is my sister.”中,who指代先行词the girl); 2. 连接主句与从句:起连接作用,无需额外连词; 3. 在从句中充当成分:不可省略(除非关系代词在从句中作宾语且无介词提前)。 句型03 关系代词的用法 who 人(先行词为人) 主语、宾语(宾语可省略) 1. 作主语:The teacher who teaches us English is very kind.(教我们英语的老师很友善。) 2. 作宾语:The boy who I met yesterday is my cousin.(我昨天遇到的那个男孩是我表弟。) whom 人(先行词为人) 宾语(可省略,或与介词连用置于句首) 1. 常规用法:The girl whom you helped is my classmate.(你帮助过的那个女孩是我同学。) 2. 介词提前:The man with whom I talked just now is our headmaster.(我刚才交谈的那个男人是我们校长。) which 物(先行词为物) 主语、宾语(宾语可省略) 1. 作主语:The book which lies on the desk is mine.(放在桌子上的那本书是我的。) 2. 作宾语:The pen which I bought yesterday is lost.(我昨天买的钢笔丢了。) that 人/物(先行词为人或物) 主语、宾语(宾语可省略) 1. 指人:The student that won the prize is very hard-working.(获奖的那个学生很勤奋。) 2. 指物:The house that we visited last week is very beautiful.(我们上周参观的那栋房子很漂亮。) whose 人/物(先行词为人或物,表所属) 定语(修饰从句中的名词) 1. 指人:The girl whose hair is long is my sister.(那个长头发的女孩是我妹妹。) 2. 指物:This is the factory whose products are very popular.(这就是那家产品很受欢迎的工厂。) 关系代词的特殊用法(只能用that的6种情况) 1. 先行词是不定代词(all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much等): ◦ 例句:Everything that he said is true.(他说的每一句话都是真的。) 2. 先行词被不定代词all, any, every, no, some等修饰: ◦ 例句:All the books that are on the shelf are mine.(书架上所有的书都是我的。) 3. 先行词被序数词(first, second, last等)或形容词最高级(best, most, worst等)修饰: ◦ 例句:This is the first film that I have seen this year.(这是我今年看的第一部电影。) 4. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰: ◦ 例句:He is the only student that can speak French in our class.(他是我们班唯一会说法语的学生。) 5. 先行词既有人又有物: ◦ 例句:I still remember the people and the things that we met in the countryside.(我还记得乡下遇到的人和事。) 6. 主句以who/which开头的特殊疑问句: ◦ 例句:Who is the girl that is talking with your mother?(正在和你妈妈说话的那个女孩是谁?) 关系代词的省略规则 仅当关系代词在从句中作宾语时,可省略: • 可省略:The book (which/that) I borrowed from the library is interesting.(我从图书馆借的书很有趣。) • 不可省略:The book which/that is on the desk is mine.(放在桌子上的书是我的。)(关系代词作主语) • 不可省略:The man with whom I talked is my teacher.(我交谈过的那个男人是我的老师。)(介词提前,关系代词作宾语也不可省略) 句型04 关系副词的用法 when 时间(先行词为time, day, moment, year等) 时间状语 I still remember the day when I first came to this school.(我还记得第一次来这所学校的那天。) 从句谓语为不及物动词,或谓语动词后无宾语(句子完整,缺时间状语) where 地点(先行词为place, city, village, room等) 地点状语 This is the place where I grew up.(这是我长大的地方。) 从句谓语为不及物动词,或谓语动词后无宾语(句子完整,缺地点状语) why 原因(先行词为reason) 原因状语 The reason why he was late is that he missed the bus.(他迟到的原因是错过了公交车。) 从句谓语为不及物动词,或谓语动词后无宾语(句子完整,缺原因状语) 关系副词与“介词+关系代词”的转换(高频考点) 关系副词本质是“介词+关系代词”的简化形式,可相互转换,写作中转换可提升句式丰富度: 1. when = 介词(at/in/on等)+ which: ◦ 原句:I remember the day when I joined the club. ◦ 转换:I remember the day on which I joined the club.(具体某天用介词on) 2. where = 介词(in/at/on等)+ which: ◦ 原句:This is the city where I was born. ◦ 转换:This is the city in which I was born.(在城市里用介词in) 3. why = 介词(for)+ which: ◦ 原句:The reason why she cried is unknown. ◦ 转换:The reason for which she cried is unknown.(表原因用介词for) 易错区分:关系代词vs关系副词 核心判断方法:看从句是否完整(是否缺主语/宾语) • 从句缺主语/宾语 → 用关系代词(who/whom/which/that/whose); • 从句完整(不缺主语/宾语,缺状语) → 用关系副词(when/where/why)。 • 对比示例: 1. This is the school which I visited last year.(从句缺宾语visited sth.,用关系代词which) 2. This is the school where I studied last year.(从句完整I studied,缺地点状语,用关系副词where) 知识点05 高频易错 (一)关系词与先行词搭配错误 1. 易错表现:先行词是时间/地点,盲目用when/where(如:I remember the day which I spent with you. 易错 写为when); 2. 错误原因:未判断从句是否完整,仅靠先行词类型判断; 3. 规避技巧:严格按“从句是否完整”判断,而非先行词类型,即使先行词是时间/地点,若从句缺主语/宾语, 仍用关系代词。 (二)介词提前时的关系词误用 1. 易错表现:介词提前后用that/who(如:The book from which I learned a lot. 易错写为from that/who); 2. 错误原因:忘记“介词提前时,关系代词只能用which/whom,不可用that/who”; 3. 规避技巧:牢记“介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)”,介词后无that/who。 (三)非限制性定语从句用that 1. 易错表现:非限制性定语从句中用that(如:My mother, that is a doctor, works in a hospital. 易错写为that); 2. 错误原因:混淆限制性与非限制性定语从句的关系词用法; 3. 规避技巧:非限制性定语从句中,关系词仅可用who/whom/which/whose/when/where/why,绝对不可用that。 (四)whose与of which/whom的转换错误 1. 易错表现:转换时遗漏介词或所有格(如:The house whose windows are broken. 易错转换为The house the windows of which are broken); 2. 错误原因:未掌握转换规则; 3. 规避技巧:whose + 名词 = the + 名词 + of + which/whom(如whose windows = the windows of which)。 (五)重复指代(画蛇添足) 1. 易错表现:从句中额外加代词指代先行词(如:The girl who she is my classmate is very nice. 多余“she”); 2. 错误原因:忘记关系词已指代先行词,从句中无需再加代词; 3. 规避技巧:关系词在从句中充当成分,从句主语/宾语由关系词承担,不可额外加代词。 知识点06 备考建议 (一)考情分析 1. 考查频率:高频核心考点,覆盖单选、语法填空、完形填空、短文改错、书面表达五大题型,占语法类 考题的20%-30%; 2. 考查重点:关系代词与关系副词的辨析、“介词+关系代词”的用法、只能用that的特殊情况、限制性与非 限制性定语从句的区分、写作中的句式运用; 3. 易错方向:关系词判断错误、介词搭配错误、非限制性定语从句用that、重复指代。 (二)备考建议 1. 基础层面:牢记关系词的指代对象、充当成分,熟练掌握“从句完整性判断法”,背诵只能用that的特殊 情况; 2. 能力层面:结合语境区分限制性与非限制性定语从句,灵活运用“关系副词与介词+关系代词”的转换,提 升句式丰富度; 3. 应试层面:针对性练习“关系词辨析”“介词搭配”“特殊用法”三类题型,总结错题中的易错点;写作中 动运用定语从句,避免语法错误,提升文章文采。 【即时检测】 1. This is the hospital ________ my grandfather was treated for his illness last year. 2. The girl ________ we met at the school gate yesterday is our new classmate. 3. I still remember the day ________ I first attended the English corner. 4. He is the only student in our class ________ has won the national English competition. 5. The book ________ cover is blue was written by a famous writer. 6. She told me a story ________ made me realize the importance of honesty. 7. This is the reason ________ he didn't attend the meeting yesterday. 8. The city ________ I was born and grew up is in the south of China. 9. We visited the factory ________ products are very popular among young people. 10. He passed the exam, ________ made his parents very proud of him. 答案: 1. 答案:where 解析:先行词是“the hospital”(地点),从句“my grandfather was treated...”结构完整(不缺主语、宾语),缺地点状语,故用关系副词where;where在从句中指代“in the hospital”。 2. 答案:who/whom/that 解析:先行词是“the girl”(人),从句中“met”后缺宾语(met sb.),故用关系代词who/whom/that;三者均可指代人,且在从句中作宾语时可省略。 3. 答案:when 解析:先行词是“the day”(时间),从句“I first attended the English corner”结构完整,缺时间状语,故用关系副词when;when在从句中指代“on the day”。 4. 答案:that 解析:先行词是“the only student”,被“the only”修饰,且从句中缺主语,根据“只能用that的特殊情况”,需用关系代词that,不可用who。 5. 答案:whose 解析:先行词是“the book”(物),从句中“cover”(封面)与先行词存在所属关系(书的封面),故用关系代词whose;whose在此处相当于“the cover of which”。 6. 答案:which/that 解析:先行词是“a story”(物),从句中“made”前缺主语(sth. made sb. ...),故用关系代词which/that,指代先行词在从句中作主语。 7. 答案:why/for which 解析:先行词是“the reason”,从句“he didn't attend the meeting”结构完整,缺原因状语,故用关系副词why;也可转换为“for which”(why = for which)。 8. 答案:where/in which 解析:先行词是“the city”(地点),从句“I was born and grew up”结构完整,缺地点状语,故用关系副词where;也可转换为“in which”(where = in the city = in which)。 9. 答案:whose 解析:先行词是“the factory”(物),从句中“products”(产品)与先行词是所属关系(工厂的产品),故用关系代词whose;相当于“the products of which”。 10. 答案:which 解析:此句是非限制性定语从句(有逗号隔开),先行词是前面整个主句“He passed the exam”,从句中缺主语,故用关系代词which;非限制性定语从句中不可用that指代主句内容。 易|错|点|拨 (一)关系代词与关系副词混淆(高频易错) 1. 易错表现:仅看先行词类型盲目选关系词,忽略从句完整性(如第1题先行词“hospital”是地点,易错写为which;第3题先行词“day”是时间,易错写为that)。 2. 错误原因:未掌握核心判断逻辑,误以为“时间用when、地点用where”,忽视从句是否缺主语/宾语。 3. 规避技巧:先判断从句是否完整——从句缺主语/宾语,用关系代词(who/which/that等);从句完整(缺状语),再结合先行词类型用关系副词(when/where/why)。如第1题从句“my grandfather was treated”完整,缺地点状语,才用where。 (二)“只能用that”的特殊情况遗漏 1. 易错表现:先行词符合特殊条件仍用who/which(如第4题先行词“the only student”被the only修饰,易错写为who)。 2. 错误原因:对“只能用that”的6种情况记忆不牢固,尤其忽略“the only/very/same”修饰先行词的场景。 3. 规避技巧:看到先行词被the only、the very、序数词、形容词最高级修饰,或先行词是不定代词、既有人又有物时,直接锁定关系代词that,不可用who/which。 (三)whose的用法误解 1. 易错表现:不会用whose表所属关系,或误写为of which/whom的错误形式(如第5题易错写为which,第9题易错写为the products of which的简化形式)。 2. 错误原因:未理解whose的核心功能是“表所属”,且对“whose与of which/whom的转换”掌握不熟练。 3. 规避技巧:从句中名词与先行词存在“所属关系”(如书的封面、工厂的产品),直接用whose;转换时牢记公式“whose + 名词 = the + 名词 + of + which/whom”,不可省略“the + 名词”。 (四)非限制性定语从句的关系词误用 1. 易错表现:非限制性定语从句中用that,或指代主句时用错关系词(如第10题易错写为that)。 2. 错误原因:混淆限制性与非限制性定语从句的关系词用法,忘记“非限制性从句不可用that”。 3. 规避技巧:看到从句前有逗号,直接排除that;若指代整个主句内容,只能用which,不可用that/who。 (五)关系代词省略的错误判断 1. 易错表现:误将作主语的关系代词省略,或介词提前时省略关系词(如第6题从句中that作主语,易错省略;若改为“the story about which I told you”,易错省略which)。 2. 错误原因:未掌握省略规则,仅知道“作宾语可省略”,忽略“作主语不可省略”“介词提前不可省略”。 3. 规避技巧:仅当关系代词在从句中“作宾语且无介词提前”时可省略;作主语、介词提前作宾语时,均不可省略。 解|题|技|巧 第一步:找先行词——锁定修饰对象 先定位句中被定语从句修饰的名词/代词(即先行词),明确先行词的类型(人/物/时间/地点/原因),为后续选关系词铺垫。 • 示例:第2题先行词是“the girl”(人),第5题先行词是“the book”(物),第7题先行词是“the reason”(原因)。 第二步:析从句——判断句子完整性 分析定语从句的句子结构,核心看“是否缺主语或宾语”: • 从句缺主语/宾语:需用关系代词(who/whom/which/that/whose); • 从句完整(不缺主语/宾语,仅缺状语):需用关系副词(when/where/why)或“介词+关系代词”。 • 示例:第3题从句“I first attended the English corner”完整(主语I,谓语attended,宾语the English corner),缺时间状语,用when;第6题从句“made me realize...”缺主语,用which/that。 第三步:定关系词——结合规则匹配 根据“先行词类型+从句成分”,结合语法规则精准选关系词: 1. 先行词人+从句缺主/宾→who/whom/that; 2. 先行词物+从句缺主/宾→which/that; 3. 先行词表时间/地点/原因+从句完整→when/where/why(或“介词+which”); 4. 表所属关系→whose; 5. 符合特殊情况(the only/不定代词等)→that; 6. 非限制性从句+指代主句→which。 第四步:查细节——规避易错点 最后检查关键细节,确保答案无误: • 检查关系词是否符合“只能用that”的特殊情况; • 检查非限制性从句是否误用that; • 检查whose的所属关系是否成立; • 检查关系代词是否存在不当省略。 基础通关(测试时间:10分钟) 一、单项选择 1. This is the museum ______ we visited during our trip. A. who B. where C. which D. whose 2. The novel ______ cover is blue was written by my favorite author. A. which B. whose C. who D. where 3. Look! The bridge ______ now will connect the two villages. A. builds B. is built C. is being built D. built 4. Do you know the reason ______ he was absent from school? A. when B. why C. where D. which 5. The girl ______ is standing at the gate is my cousin. A. whom B. which C. who D. whose 6. The room ______ we held the meeting last week is being cleaned. A. where B. which C. that D. when 7. A new library ______ in our school last year. A. builds B. built C. was built D. is built 8. This is the only book ______ can help you with the problem. A. which B. that C. who D. where 9. The film ______ we saw last night was very moving. A. who B. when C. where D. that 10. The students ______ are from Class 1 won the competition. A. which B. who C. where D. whose 答案: 1. 答案:C 解析:先行词是物(museum),从句缺宾语(visited后缺宾语),用关系代词which/that,故选C。 2. 答案:B 解析:先行词是物(novel),从句中cover与novel是所属关系(小说的封面),用whose,故选B。 3. 答案:C 解析:标志词“now”提示现在进行时,主语bridge是动作承受者(被建造),用现在进行时被动语态“is being built”,故选C。 4. 答案:B 解析:先行词是reason,从句结构完整(缺原因状语),用关系副词why,故选B。 5. 答案:C 解析:先行词是人(girl),从句缺主语,用关系代词who/that,故选C。 6. 答案:A 解析:先行词是地点(room),从句结构完整(缺地点状语),用关系副词where,故选A。 7. 答案:C 解析:标志词“last year”提示一般过去时,主语library是动作承受者(被建造),用一般过去时被动语态“was built”,故选C。 8. 答案:B 解析:先行词被the only修饰,只能用关系代词that,故选B。 9. 答案:D 解析:先行词是物(film),从句缺宾语,用关系代词that/which,故选D。 10. 答案:B 解析:先行词是人(students),从句缺主语,用关系代词who/that,故选B。 二、单句语法填空 1. The book ______ (write) by Lu Xun is very popular. 2. This is the park ______ we often take a walk. 3. A new hospital ______ (build) in our city now. 4. Do you know the man ______ is talking to our teacher? 5. The letter ______ I received yesterday was from my friend. 6. The girl ______ (help) by the policeman is my classmate. 7. This is the reason ______ he refused the invitation. 8. The house ______ windows are broken needs to be repaired. 9. The project ______ (finish) next month. 10. We visited the school ______ my father used to study. 答案: 1. 答案:written 解析:主语book是动作承受者(被写),用过去分词written作定语。 2. 答案:where 解析:先行词是地点(park),从句缺地点状语,用关系副词where。 3. 答案:is being built 解析:标志词“now”提示现在进行时,主语hospital是动作承受者,用现在进行时被动语态。 4. 答案:who/that 解析:先行词是人(man),从句缺主语,用关系代词who/that。 5. 答案:which/that 解析:先行词是物(letter),从句缺宾语,用关系代词which/that(可省略)。 6. 答案:helped 解析:主语girl是动作承受者(被帮助),用过去分词helped作定语。 7. 答案:why 解析:先行词是reason,从句缺原因状语,用关系副词why。 8. 答案:whose 解析:先行词是物(house),从句中windows与house是所属关系,用whose。 9. 答案:will be finished 解析:标志词“next month”提示一般将来时,主语project是动作承受者,用一般将来时被动语态。 10. 答案:where 解析:先行词是地点(school),从句缺地点状语,用关系副词where。 重难突破(测试时间:10分钟) 三、改写句子 1. The girl is my sister. She is wearing a red dress.(合并为定语从句) 2. They built a new bridge last year.(改为被动语态) 3. This is the school. I studied in this school.(合并为定语从句) 4. The teacher corrected our homework.(改为现在进行时被动语态) 5. I know the man. His son is a doctor.(合并为定语从句) 6. We will hold the sports meeting next week.(改为被动语态) 7. The book is very interesting. I bought it yesterday.(合并为定语从句) 8. The workers are repairing the road.(改为被动语态) 9. Do you remember the day? We met on that day.(合并为定语从句) 10. She has finished the task.(改为现在完成时被动语态) 答案: 1. 答案:The girl who/that is wearing a red dress is my sister. 解析:先行词是girl,从句缺主语,用who/that引导。 2. 答案:A new bridge was built by them last year. 解析:一般过去时被动语态:was/were + 过去分词。 3. 答案:This is the school where I studied. 解析:先行词是school,从句缺地点状语,用where引导。 4. 答案:Our homework is being corrected by the teacher. 解析:现在进行时被动语态:am/is/are + being + 过去分词。 5. 答案:I know the man whose son is a doctor. 解析:先行词是man,从句表所属关系,用whose引导。 6. 答案:The sports meeting will be held by us next week. 解析:一般将来时被动语态:will be + 过去分词。 7. 答案:The book which/that I bought yesterday is very interesting. 解析:先行词是book,从句缺宾语,用which/that引导。 8. 答案:The road is being repaired by the workers. 解析:现在进行时被动语态:am/is/are + being + 过去分词。 9. 答案:Do you remember the day when we met? 解析:先行词是day,从句缺时间状语,用when引导。 10. 答案:The task has been finished by her. 解析:现在完成时被动语态:have/has + been + 过去分词。 易混易错(测试时间:10分钟) 四、翻译句子 1. 这是我昨天买的那本书。 2. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 3. 我们去年参观的博物馆很有名。 4. 他拒绝邀请的原因很清楚。 5. 昨天被警察帮助的男孩是我的邻居。 6. 我们明天要参加的会议将在大厅举行。 7. 这是我父亲曾经工作过的工厂。 8. 这个城市以其历史建筑而闻名。 9. 上周完工的新图书馆对学生开放了。 10. 你认识正在和我妈妈说话的那个女人吗? 答案: 1. 答案:This is the book which/that I bought yesterday. 解析:先行词是book,从句缺宾语,用which/that引导。 2. 答案:The problem that/which is being discussed is very important. 解析:现在进行时被动语态作定语,用that/which引导从句。 3. 答案:The museum which/that we visited last year is very famous. 解析:先行词是museum,从句缺宾语,用which/that引导。 4. 答案:The reason why he refused the invitation is clear. 解析:先行词是reason,从句缺原因状语,用why引导。 5. 答案:The boy who/that was helped by the policeman yesterday is my neighbor. 解析:一般过去时被动语态作定语,用who/that引导从句。 6. 答案:The meeting which/that we will attend tomorrow will be held in the hall. 解析:先行词是meeting,从句缺宾语,用which/that引导。 7. 答案:This is the factory where my father used to work. 解析:先行词是factory,从句缺地点状语,用where引导。 8. 答案:This city, which is famous for its historical buildings, is very popular. 解析:非限定性定语从句,用which引导补充说明城市特征。 9. 答案:The new library which/that was finished last week is open to students. 解析:一般过去时被动语态作定语,用which/that引导从句。 10. 答案:Do you know the woman who/that is talking to my mother? 解析:先行词是woman,从句缺主语,用who/that引导。 链接高考(测试时间:15分钟) 1. (2022上海秋考)Conversations with consumers also facilitate the identification of their frustrations and negative experiences, (27) ______ they may use to enhance a firm. 2. (2022上海春考)Usually you can see it only at the very north of the earth, (23) ______ it is called aurora borealis. 3. (2021上海秋考)The earth has a kind of “wall” around it (26) ______ defends it against these particles. 4. (2021上海春考)If you are lucky enough to have a band member (24) ______ a drumkit, you can practise at home for free. 5. (2020上海秋考)This would be impossible (28) ______ clocks and watches, which are all around us. 6. (2023上海春考)The gym (25) ______ is being built will open to the public next month. 7. (2023上海秋考)The novel (30) ______ was written by Mo Yan has been translated into many languages. 8. (2024上海春考)The park (22) ______ we often have picnics is being renovated. 9. (2024上海秋考)A new railway (27) ______ connects the two cities will be completed next year. 10. (2025上海春考)The old house (29) ______ windows are broken is going to be pulled down. 答案: 1. 答案:which 解析:先行词是“frustrations and negative experiences”(物),从句缺宾语,非限定性定语从句用which。 2. 答案:where 解析:先行词是“the very north of the earth”(地点),从句缺地点状语,用where。 3. 答案:that/which 解析:先行词是“wall”(物),从句缺主语,用that/which。 4. 答案:with 解析:固定搭配“have sb. with sth.”(有某人带着某物),填介词with。 5. 答案:without 解析:语境表“没有钟表的话这是不可能的”,填介词without。 6. 答案:which/that 解析:先行词是“gym”(物),从句缺主语,用which/that。 7. 答案:which/that 解析:先行词是“novel”(物),从句缺主语,用which/that。 8. 答案:where 解析:先行词是“park”(地点),从句缺地点状语,用where。 9. 答案:which/that 解析:先行词是“railway”(物),从句缺主语,用which/that。 10. 答案:whose 解析:先行词是“old house”(物),从句表所属关系(房子的窗户),用whose。 3 / 3 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $ 专题01 必修第一册语法知识 (期末复习讲义) 考情分析 【考向透视】 1. 现在进行时的被动语态(Unit 1) 考情:常结合“动作正在被执行”的语境,出现在单选、完成句子题中,需注意“be being done”结构的语境判断。 2. 过去将来时(Unit 2) 考情:多与“过去视角描述未来动作”的记叙文/语境结合,常考“would+动词原形”的用法,易与一般将来时混淆。 3. 定语从句(Unit 3-4) 考情:高频考点,覆盖单选、完形、写作等题型: Unit 3(who/whom/which/that/whose):侧重“关系代词指代人/物”的区分; Unit 4(when/where/why):侧重“关系副词与介词+关系代词”的转换(如“the place where I live = the place in which I live”)。 【复习目标】 1. 基础目标 掌握4个语法点的基本结构、用法规则,能准确判断语境并写出正确形式; 区分易混点(如“过去将来时vs一般将来时”“关系代词vs关系副词”)。 2. 能力目标 能在阅读中快速识别语法结构,辅助理解长难句; 能在写作中主动运用定语从句、被动语态等语法,提升句式丰富度。 3. 应试目标 单选、完成句子题型中,语法题正确率达到85%以上; 写作中能正确使用至少2种本单元语法结构,避免语法错误。 现在进行时被动语态 知识点01 语法概念 现在进行时的被动语态核心是“动作正在发生+主语是动作承受者”,侧重强调“此时此刻或现阶段,主语正被施加某一动作”。其本质是结合“现在进行时的时态特征(表进行)”与“被动语态的语态特征(表被动)”,常用于不知道动作执行者、无需提及执行者或强调动作承受者的语境中。 知识点02 核心结构 核心公式:am/is/are + being + 过去分词(done) 1. am/is/are:根据主语人称和数变化,体现“现在时”; 2. being:固定结构,体现“进行时”,不可省略; 3. 过去分词(done):体现“被动语态”,需准确记忆不规则动词的过去分词形式。 肯定句 主语 + am/is/are + being + done 1. A new library is being built in our school now.(我校正在建一座新图书馆。) 2. The babies are being taken care of by their aunt.(这些婴儿正由姨妈照看。) 否定句 主语 + am/is/are + not + being + done 1. Some animals are not being protected well enough.(有些动物没有得到足够好的保护。) 2. The plan is not being discussed at the meeting now.(这个计划现在没在会上讨论。) 一般疑问句 Am/Is/Are + 主语 + being + done? 1. Is the bridge being repaired now?(那座桥现在正在修吗?) 2. Are the documents being signed right now?(这些文件此刻正在被签署吗?) 特殊疑问句 疑问词(what/who/where等) + am/is/are + 主语 + being + done? 1. What is being done to protect wildlife?(正在采取什么措施保护野生动物?) 2. Where is the new school being built?(这所新学校正在哪里修建?) 知识点03 核心用法 (一)表“此时此刻正在进行的被动动作” • 标志:句中常含 now、at the moment、right now、look 等时间/语境提示词; • 例句:The report is being written by the top student at the moment.(这份报告此刻正由优等生撰写。) • 高考关联:基础考点,多出现于单选、语法填空的语境辨析题,侧重时间标志词与语法结构的匹配。 (二)表“现阶段正在进行的被动动作” • 特点:动作在当前阶段持续进行,但说话瞬间不一定正在发生; • 标志:常含 this year、these days、recently 等时间状语; • 例句:Many new buildings are being built in our city this year.(今年我们城市正在修建很多新建筑。) • 高考关联:高频考点,易与一般现在时被动语态混淆,需通过“阶段持续性”语境判断。 (三)表“习惯性被动动作,含感情色彩” • 特点:与 always、constantly、frequently、often 等频率副词连用,隐含说话者的赞扬、责备、厌烦等情绪; • 例句: 1. Tom is always being praised by the teacher for his hard work.(汤姆因勤奋总是被老师表扬。——赞扬) 2. The window of our classroom is often being broken.(我们教室的窗户老是被打碎。——厌烦) • 高考关联:难点考点,侧重“语法结构+情感态度”的双重判断,多出现于完形填空的语境题。 (四)表“按计划/安排将要发生的被动动作” • 特点:仅限少数及物动词(如 hold、take、hold、sing 等),体现“被动的计划安排”; • 例句: 1. A party is being held tonight in the school hall.(今晚学校礼堂将举行一场晚会。) 2. A folk song is being sung next at the concert.(音乐会接下来将演唱一首民歌。) • 高考关联:低频考点,易与一般将来时被动语态混淆,需通过“计划确定性”语境区分。 (五)与情态动词连用,表“对正在发生的被动动作的推测” • 结构:情态动词(may/might/must/can 等) + be + being + done; • 例句: 1. He may be being scolded by his father at the very moment.(此刻他也许正被父亲责骂。) 2. The machine must be being checked by the engineer now.(这台机器现在一定正在被工程师检修。) • 高考关联:中档考点,侧重“情态动词含义+进行时被动结构”的结合,多出现于单选的综合考查题。 知识点04 易错点警示 (一)不可遗漏“being” • 错误原因:混淆“现在进行时被动”与“一般现在时被动/系表结构”; • 对比辨析: 1. 正确:The letter is being written by her.(这封信正在被她写。——现在进行时被动) 2. 错误:The letter is written by her.(这封信被她写。——一般现在时被动,无“进行”含义) 3. 易混:The letter is well written.(这封信写得好。——系表结构,表状态,非被动动作) (二)动词短语的被动语态,不可省略介词 • 核心规则:take care of、look after、talk about、think of 等动词短语变被动时,需保留短语中的介词; • 例句: 1. 主动:They are talking about the new policy. 2. 被动:The new policy is being talked about.(正确,保留介词 about) 3. 错误:The new policy is being talked.(遗漏介词,结构不完整) (三)部分动词无现在进行时被动语态 以下两类动词不可用于该结构: 1. 表状态、情感、心理活动的动词:have(拥有)、like、love、hate、want、hope、belong to 等; ◦ 错误:The book is being belonged to him.(正确表达:The book belongs to him.) 2. 不及物动词(无宾语,无法构成被动):happen、take place、appear、disappear 等; ◦ 错误:The accident is being happened now.(正确表达:The accident is happening now.) (四)同义替换结构 “be + under/in + 名词”可替代现在进行时被动语态,简洁表达“正在被……”的含义: • 例句: 1. The bridge is under repair. = The bridge is being repaired.(这座桥正在维修。) 2. The telephone is in use. = The telephone is being used.(这部电话正在使用。) 知识点05 备考建议 (一)考情分析 1. 考查频率:中频考点,虽不如一般现在时被动、现在完成时被动考查密集,但属于“必掌握基础语法”,覆盖单选、语法填空、完形填空三大题型; 2. 考查重点:核心结构识别、语境辨析(尤其是“此时此刻vs现阶段”“含感情色彩的习惯性动作”)、动词短语的被动变形、与其他时态被动的区分; 3. 易错方向:遗漏“being”、省略动词短语中的介词、误用无被动的动词。 (二)备考建议 1. 基础层面:牢记“am/is/are + being + done”核心结构,熟练掌握四大句式变形,背诵不规则动词过去分词; 2. 能力层面:结合时间标志词(now/these days等)和语境情感,精准判断是否使用该语法; 3. 应试层面:针对性练习“动词短语被动”“情态动词+进行时被动”“同义替换结构”三类易错题,提升正确率。 【即时检测】 1. Look! The old photos ________ (sort) out by my mom in the living room. 2. A new subway line ________ (build) in our city these days to improve traffic. 3. The problem ________ (discuss) by the experts at the meeting right now. 4. Many endangered animals ________ (protect) by the government in this nature reserve. 5. The patient ________ (examine) by three doctors together at the moment. 6. These valuable paintings ________ (restore) carefully by the workers in the museum recently. 7. Why ________ the classroom windows ________ (clean) by the students now? 8. A report on environmental protection ________ (write) by the senior student for the competition. 9. The traditional skills ________ (pass) down by the elders to the young generation these years. 10. It is said that the ancient temple ________ (repair) to attract more tourists. 易|错|点|拨 (一)遗漏“being”,混淆时态语态 1. 易错表现:误将“am/is/are + done”当作现在进行时被动,忽略“being”的核心作用(如第2题易错写为“is built”,第5题易错写为“is examined”)。 2. 错误原因:未区分“一般现在时被动(表常态)”与“现在进行时被动(表进行)”,忘记“being”是“进行时”的标志。 3. 规避技巧:看到“Look!/right now/at the moment/these days/recently”等时间标志词,优先判断“进行时”,必须包含“being”;无时间标志词则结合语境,若表“当前正在发生”,也需加“being”。 (二)be动词形式错配,忽略主谓一致 1. 易错表现:be动词(am/is/are)未根据主语单复数调整(如第1题主语“photos”是复数,易错写为“is being sorted”;第3题主语“the problem”是单数,易错写为“are being discussed”)。 2. 错误原因:聚焦“被动结构”时,忽视主语的人称和数,尤其易混淆“单数可数名词/不可数名词”与“复数名词”的be动词搭配。 3. 规避技巧:解题第一步先判断主语单复数——单数主语(a subway line/the problem)用is,复数主语(photos/animals)用are,第一人称I用am,确保be动词与主语匹配后,再补全“being + 过去分词”。 (三)过去分词变形错误,不规则动词记混 1. 易错表现:不规则动词的过去分词写错(如第8题“write”易错写为“wrote”,第10题“repair”易错写为“repairred”)。 2. 错误原因:仅记忆规则动词“加-ed”,忽视不规则动词的特殊变形,或拼写时出现双写错误、漏写错误。 3. 规避技巧:重点背诵高频不规则动词的过去分词(如write-written、build-built、restore-restored、pass-passed),解题时先确认动词类型,再精准写出过去分词;规则动词注意“以e结尾加-d,重读闭音节双写尾字母加-ed”。 (四)特殊疑问句结构混乱 1. 易错表现:特殊疑问句中be动词位置错误、遗漏成分(如第7题易错写为“Why is the classroom windows being cleaned?”“Why the classroom windows are being cleaned?”)。 2. 错误原因:未掌握现在进行时被动特殊疑问句的固定结构,混淆“疑问词+be动词+主语”的语序。 3. 规避技巧:牢记特殊疑问句公式“疑问词 + am/is/are + 主语 + being + 过去分词”,先放疑问词,再紧跟be动词,最后补全剩余结构,同时注意be动词与主语的单复数匹配。 (五)语境判断失误,误判动作时态 1. 易错表现:无明显时间标志词时,无法判断“是否为进行时”(如第4题、第9题,无明确“now”,易错写为“are protected”“are passed”)。 2. 错误原因:仅依赖时间标志词,忽视语境中“现阶段持续进行”的隐含含义。 3. 规避技巧:无时间标志词时,结合句意判断——若动作是“当前一段时间内正在发生、未结束”(如“保护动物”“传承技能”),即使无now,也需用现在进行时被动;若表“常态、规律”,则用一般现在时被动。 解|题|技|巧 第一步:判语境,定时态——锁定“进行时” 通过时间标志词或句意,判断动作是否为“此时此刻/现阶段正在进行”: • 有标志词:Look!/right now/at the moment(此时此刻)、these days/recently/these years(现阶段),直接确定“现在进行时”; • 无标志词:结合句意,若表“当前持续的被动动作”(如“动物正在被保护”“寺庙正在被修复”),也确定为现在进行时。 第二步:看主语,定be动词——匹配单复数 根据主语的人称和数,选择对应的be动词: • 主语为单数(a subway line/the problem/the patient)→ is; • 主语为复数(photos/animals/paintings)→ are; • 主语为I → am。 第三步:辨动词,写分词——确保变形准确 确认谓语动词的类型,精准写出过去分词: • 规则动词:按“加-ed/-d/双写尾字母加-ed”变形(如sort-sorted、discuss-discussed、clean-cleaned); • 不规则动词:直接调用记忆库,写出正确过去分词(如write-written、build-built)。 第四步:查结构,补成分——避免遗漏错误 最后检查语法结构是否完整: • 肯定句:主语 + am/is/are + being + 过去分词(无遗漏成分); • 否定句:主语 + am/is/are + not + being + 过去分词(未漏“not”); • 疑问句:一般疑问句(Am/Is/Are + 主语 + being + 过去分词?); 特殊疑问句(疑问词 + am/is/are + 主语 + being + 过去分词?)(语序正确、无遗漏)。 过去将来时 句型01 语法概念 过去将来时核心是“站在过去的时间视角,描述未来将要发生的动作或存在的状态”,本质是“过去的‘将来时’”。它并非独立的时态,而是结合“过去时的时间背景”与“将来时的动作特征”,常用于宾语从句、状语从句等复合句中,也可用于简单句描述过去语境中的未来规划。 句型02 核心结构 would + 动词原形 主语 + would + do 1. He said he would visit his grandparents the next weekend.(他说下周末要去看望祖父母。) 2. I knew she would pass the exam.(我知道她会通过考试。) was/were going to + 动词原形 主语 + was/were going to + do 1. They were going to hold a party last night, but it rained.(他们昨晚本打算办派对,但下雨了。) 2. She told me she was going to learn French.(她告诉我她要学法语。) was/were to + 动词原形 主语 + was/were to + do 1. The students were to meet at the school gate at 7 a.m.(学生们原定早上7点在校门口集合。) 2. He was to become a famous writer later.(后来他成了一名著名作家。) was/were about to + 动词原形 主语 + was/were about to + do 1. I was about to leave when the phone rang.(我正要出门,电话响了。) 2. The meeting was about to start when he arrived.(会议正要开始,他到了。) 特殊结构:过去进行时表过去将来 • 核心规则:少数表“位移、计划”的动词(come、go、leave、arrive、start、travel等),其过去进行时(was/were + doing)可表过去将来的“计划动作”; • 例句: 1. My mom said she was leaving for Beijing the next day.(妈妈说她第二天要去北京。) 2. They told us the train was arriving in 10 minutes.(他们告诉我们火车10分钟后到达。) • 本质:用“过去的进行状态”体现“未来的计划安排”,比was/were going to更强调“动作的确定性”。 肯定句 主语 + would + do She would help me with my homework. 否定句 主语 + would not + do(= wouldn't do) He wouldn't attend the meeting. 一般疑问句 Would + 主语 + do? Would they come to the party? 特殊疑问句 疑问词 + would + 主语 + do? What would you do next? 句型03 核心用法 (一)用于宾语从句,表“主句动作发生时,从句的未来动作” • 核心场景:主句谓语动词为过去时(said、told、knew、thought、hoped等),从句描述“主句动作发生后的未来事”; • 例句: 1. The teacher told us we would have a test the next week.(老师告诉我们下周要考试。) 2. I thought I would never see him again.(我以为再也见不到他了。) • 高考关联:高频基础考点,多出现于单选、语法填空的复合句考查,侧重“主句过去时+从句过去将来时”的时态匹配。 (二)用于状语从句,表“过去语境中的未来条件/时间” • 常见从句类型:时间状语从句(when、as soon as、before等引导)、条件状语从句(if、unless引导); • 例句: 1. He said he would call me as soon as he arrived in Shanghai.(他说他一到上海就给我打电话。) 2. If it rained, we would cancel the picnic.(他当时说如果下雨,我们就取消野餐。) • 高考关联:中档考点,易与“一般将来时”混淆,关键是判断“从句是否处于过去的时间背景中”。 (三)表“过去的计划、打算或意图”(优先用was/were going to) • 特点:动作多为说话人事先规划好的,常结合“过去的时间点”或“上下文语境”体现; • 例句: 1. I was going to buy a new bike, but I didn't have enough money.(我本来打算买辆新自行车,但钱不够。) 2. They were going to climb the mountain last Sunday, but the weather was bad.(他们上周日打算去爬山,但天气不好。) • 高考关联:高频考点,侧重“计划未实现”的语境辨析,多出现于完形填空的语境题。 (四)表“过去看来即将发生的动作”(用was/were going to或was/were about to) • 区别:was/were about to更强调“瞬间性”,动作即将发生;was/were going to侧重“短期内的趋势”; • 例句: 1. The sky was dark, and it was going to rain.(天很黑,眼看就要下雨了。) 2. She was about to speak when the bell rang.(她正要说话,铃声响了。) • 高考关联:难点考点,需区分两个结构的“动作紧迫性”,多出现于单选的辨析题。 (五)表“过去的习惯性未来动作”(用would) • 特点:与used to类似,但used to可表“过去的状态”,would仅表“过去重复的动作”,常与often、always、every day等频率副词连用; • 例句: 1. When I was a child, my grandma would tell me stories every night.(我小时候,奶奶每晚都会给我讲故事。) 2. He would go for a walk after dinner when he lived in the countryside.(他住在乡下时,晚饭后总会去散步。) • 高考关联:低频考点,易与used to混淆,侧重“动作的习惯性”,多出现于语法填空的词义辨析题。 句型04 高频易错点 (一)混淆“过去将来时”与“一般将来时” • 易错表现:忽略“过去的时间背景”,误将过去将来时写为一般将来时(如:He said he will go to Beijing. 正确:He said he would go to Beijing.); • 错误原因:未判断“动作描述的视角”,一般将来时是“站在现在看未来”,过去将来时是“站在过去看未来”; • 规避技巧:先找句子中的“过去时间标志”(如said、told、last year、yesterday等),若存在,描述未来的动作需用过去将来时。 (二)was/were going to与would的误用 • 易错表现:不分语境随意替换(如:I was about to leave when he came. 易错写为I would leave when he came.); • 错误原因:未掌握两者的语义侧重——would表“单纯的过去未来”,was/were going to表“计划/即将发生”,was/were about to表“瞬间即将”; • 规避技巧:根据句意判断:表“计划/未实现的打算”用was/were going to;表“瞬间即将”用was/were about to;无特殊含义,仅表“过去的未来”用would。 (三)过去进行时表过去将来的动词范围混淆 • 易错表现:任意动词的过去进行时都用来表过去将来(如:He said he was reading a book the next day. 正确:He said he would read a book the next day.); • 错误原因:忽视“仅位移、计划类动词”可用于该结构; • 规避技巧:牢记高频适用动词:come、go、leave、arrive、start、travel、meet、return,其余动词需用常规结构(would/was/were going to)。 (四)时间状语的搭配错误 • 易错表现:误用“now、this week”等现在时间状语(如:She said she would come now. 正确:She said she would come then.); • 错误原因:未替换“过去语境中的时间状语”; • 规避技巧:过去将来时需搭配“过去视角的未来时间状语”,如:the next day(次日,对应现在的tomorrow)、the following week(第二周,对应now的next week)、then(那时,对应now)。 知识点05 备考建议 (一)考情分析 1. 考查频率:中频考点,核心附着于“复合句时态匹配”,覆盖单选、语法填空、完形填空、短文改错四大题型; 2. 考查重点:宾语从句中的时态转换(主句过去时+从句过去将来时)、was/were going to与would的辨析、过去进行时表过去将来的特殊用法、时间状语的替换; 3. 易错方向:时态视角混淆、结构误用、动词范围错配、时间状语搭配错误。 (二)备考建议 1. 基础层面:牢记四大核心结构及适用场景,熟练掌握“主句过去时→从句过去将来时”的转换规则,背诵高频适用动词; 2. 能力层面:结合语境判断“动作视角”,精准区分不同结构的语义侧重,尤其是“计划/即将/习惯性”的差异; 3. 应试层面:针对性练习“宾语从句时态转换”“结构辨析”“时间状语替换”三类题型,总结错题中的易错点,提升正确率。 【即时检测】 1. The manager said that a new office building ________ (build) in the business district the next year. 2. She told me that the broken machine ________ (repair) by the engineer before the end of the week. 3. They announced that the sports meeting ________ (not hold) because of the bad weather. 4. My teacher told us that we ________ (invite) to visit the science museum the following month. 5. The guide said that the ancient relics ________ (protect) by the local government soon. 6. He promised that the problem ________ (solve) as soon as possible after he took office. 7. It was reported that more trees ________ (plant) along the street to improve the environment. 8. Why did they say that the meeting ________ (put off) until the next Monday? 9. The boss told his secretary that all the documents ________ (check) carefully before submission. 10. She was sure that her dream ________ (realize) with the help of her family and friends. 易|错|点|拨 (一)时态视角混淆,漏用“would” 1. 易错表现:忽略主句的过去时背景,误将过去将来时被动写为一般将来时被动(如第1题易错写为“will be built”,第4题易错写为“will be invited”)。 2. 错误原因:未把握“过去将来时”的核心逻辑——“站在过去看未来”,只要主句谓语是过去时(said/told/announced等),从句描述未来动作就需用“would”表过去视角。 3. 规避技巧:解题第一步先找主句谓语动词,若为过去时(如said、told、promised、was reported),直接锁定“过去将来时”,必须包含“would”,排除“will”相关形式。 (二)被动结构残缺,漏写“be”动词 1. 易错表现:只记“would + 过去分词”,遗漏被动语态核心的“be”动词(如第2题易错写为“would repaired”,第7题易错写为“would planted”)。 2. 错误原因:混淆“过去将来时主动”与“过去将来时被动”的结构,忘记被动语态必须包含“be + 过去分词”,仅用“would + 过去分词”无法体现被动含义。 3. 规避技巧:牢记核心结构“would + be + 过去分词”,“be”动词是被动的标志,不可省略;可简化记忆为“过去将来时(would do)+ 被动语态(be done)= would be done”。 (三)动词短语被动变形,遗漏介词/副词 1. 易错表现:动词短语变被动时,误删短语中的介词或副词(如第8题“put off”易错写为“would be put”,遗漏“off”)。 2. 错误原因:将动词短语拆分为“动词+介词”,误以为仅需动词变被动,忽视“动词短语整体为及物动词”,介词/副词是短语不可分割的部分。 3. 规避技巧:遇到动词短语(put off、take care of、look after等),先确认短语完整性,变被动时需保留所有成分,确保结构完整(如“put off → be put off”“take care of → be taken care of”)。 (四)过去分词变形错误,不规则动词记混 1. 易错表现:不规则动词的过去分词写错,或规则动词变形出错(如第10题“realize”易错写为“realized”之外的形式,第3题“hold”易错写为“holded”)。 2. 错误原因:对高频不规则动词的过去分词记忆不牢固,或规则动词变形(如“以e结尾加-d”“重读闭音节双写尾字母加-ed”)掌握不熟练。 3. 规避技巧:重点背诵本题涉及的高频动词过去分词(build-built、repair-repaired、hold-held、invite-invited、protect-protected、solve-solved、plant-planted、put-put、check-checked、realize-realized),解题时先确认动词类型,再精准书写。 (五)否定形式位置错误,误用“be not” 1. 易错表现:将否定词“not”放在“be”动词后,而非“would”后(如第3题易错写为“would be not held”,正确形式为“would not be held”)。 2. 错误原因:混淆“过去将来时被动”与“一般现在时被动”的否定结构,忘记“would”作为情态动词类的助动词,否定词需直接加在其后。 3. 规避技巧:牢记否定结构公式“would not + be + 过去分词”(缩写为“wouldn't + be + 过去分词”),否定词“not”紧跟“would”,不可放在“be”动词之间。 解|题|技|巧 第一步:判时态视角——锁定“过去将来时” 通过主句谓语动词判断时间背景: • 若主句谓语为过去时(said、told、announced、promised、was sure、was reported等),且从句描述“未来动作”,直接确定时态为“过去将来时”,核心标志词为“would”。 第二步:判动作关系——确定“被动语态” 分析主语与谓语动词的关系: • 若主语是动作的承受者(如“office building被修建”“machine被维修”“meeting被推迟”),确定用被动语态,需包含“be + 过去分词”; • 若主语是动作的执行者,用主动语态,本题聚焦被动,重点判断“承受者”属性。 第三步:补完整结构——套用“核心公式” 结合前两步,套用过去将来时被动的核心结构: • 肯定句:would + be + 过去分词; • 否定句:would not + be + 过去分词(= wouldn't + be + 过去分词); • 确保“would”“be”“过去分词”三大成分无遗漏,动词短语需保留完整。 第四步:查细节纠错——规避常见错误 最后检查关键细节,排除易错点: • 检查“would”是否正确(无“will”)、“be”动词是否存在; • 检查过去分词变形是否准确(尤其是不规则动词); • 检查动词短语是否完整(无遗漏介词/副词); • 检查否定形式位置是否正确(“not”在“would”后)。 定语从句 句型01 语法概念 定语从句核心是“用一个句子充当定语,修饰名词或代词”,本质是“句子作定语”。被修饰的名词/代词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词(分关系代词、关系副词)。其作用是丰富句子信息,将两个简单句整合为复合句,使表达更简洁、逻辑更紧密,是高中英语从句体系的核心考点,也是高考语法的高频重难点。 句型02 核心构成 先行词 被定语从句修饰的名词/代词(人/物/时间/地点/原因) 人(student, teacher, who)、物(book, computer, which)、时间(day, moment, when)、地点(place, city, where)、原因(reason, why) 关系代词 指代先行词,在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语 who(指人,主/宾)、whom(指人,宾)、which(指物,主/宾)、that(指人/物,主/宾)、whose(指人/物,定语,表所属) 关系副词 指代先行词,在从句中充当状语(时间/地点/原因) when(时间状语)、where(地点状语)、why(原因状语) 关系词的核心功能 1. 指代先行词:明确从句修饰的对象(如“The girl who is singing is my sister.”中,who指代先行词the girl); 2. 连接主句与从句:起连接作用,无需额外连词; 3. 在从句中充当成分:不可省略(除非关系代词在从句中作宾语且无介词提前)。 句型03 关系代词的用法 who 人(先行词为人) 主语、宾语(宾语可省略) 1. 作主语:The teacher who teaches us English is very kind.(教我们英语的老师很友善。) 2. 作宾语:The boy who I met yesterday is my cousin.(我昨天遇到的那个男孩是我表弟。) whom 人(先行词为人) 宾语(可省略,或与介词连用置于句首) 1. 常规用法:The girl whom you helped is my classmate.(你帮助过的那个女孩是我同学。) 2. 介词提前:The man with whom I talked just now is our headmaster.(我刚才交谈的那个男人是我们校长。) which 物(先行词为物) 主语、宾语(宾语可省略) 1. 作主语:The book which lies on the desk is mine.(放在桌子上的那本书是我的。) 2. 作宾语:The pen which I bought yesterday is lost.(我昨天买的钢笔丢了。) that 人/物(先行词为人或物) 主语、宾语(宾语可省略) 1. 指人:The student that won the prize is very hard-working.(获奖的那个学生很勤奋。) 2. 指物:The house that we visited last week is very beautiful.(我们上周参观的那栋房子很漂亮。) whose 人/物(先行词为人或物,表所属) 定语(修饰从句中的名词) 1. 指人:The girl whose hair is long is my sister.(那个长头发的女孩是我妹妹。) 2. 指物:This is the factory whose products are very popular.(这就是那家产品很受欢迎的工厂。) 关系代词的特殊用法(只能用that的6种情况) 1. 先行词是不定代词(all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much等): ◦ 例句:Everything that he said is true.(他说的每一句话都是真的。) 2. 先行词被不定代词all, any, every, no, some等修饰: ◦ 例句:All the books that are on the shelf are mine.(书架上所有的书都是我的。) 3. 先行词被序数词(first, second, last等)或形容词最高级(best, most, worst等)修饰: ◦ 例句:This is the first film that I have seen this year.(这是我今年看的第一部电影。) 4. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰: ◦ 例句:He is the only student that can speak French in our class.(他是我们班唯一会说法语的学生。) 5. 先行词既有人又有物: ◦ 例句:I still remember the people and the things that we met in the countryside.(我还记得乡下遇到的人和事。) 6. 主句以who/which开头的特殊疑问句: ◦ 例句:Who is the girl that is talking with your mother?(正在和你妈妈说话的那个女孩是谁?) 关系代词的省略规则 仅当关系代词在从句中作宾语时,可省略: • 可省略:The book (which/that) I borrowed from the library is interesting.(我从图书馆借的书很有趣。) • 不可省略:The book which/that is on the desk is mine.(放在桌子上的书是我的。)(关系代词作主语) • 不可省略:The man with whom I talked is my teacher.(我交谈过的那个男人是我的老师。)(介词提前,关系代词作宾语也不可省略) 句型04 关系副词的用法 when 时间(先行词为time, day, moment, year等) 时间状语 I still remember the day when I first came to this school.(我还记得第一次来这所学校的那天。) 从句谓语为不及物动词,或谓语动词后无宾语(句子完整,缺时间状语) where 地点(先行词为place, city, village, room等) 地点状语 This is the place where I grew up.(这是我长大的地方。) 从句谓语为不及物动词,或谓语动词后无宾语(句子完整,缺地点状语) why 原因(先行词为reason) 原因状语 The reason why he was late is that he missed the bus.(他迟到的原因是错过了公交车。) 从句谓语为不及物动词,或谓语动词后无宾语(句子完整,缺原因状语) 关系副词与“介词+关系代词”的转换(高频考点) 关系副词本质是“介词+关系代词”的简化形式,可相互转换,写作中转换可提升句式丰富度: 1. when = 介词(at/in/on等)+ which: ◦ 原句:I remember the day when I joined the club. ◦ 转换:I remember the day on which I joined the club.(具体某天用介词on) 2. where = 介词(in/at/on等)+ which: ◦ 原句:This is the city where I was born. ◦ 转换:This is the city in which I was born.(在城市里用介词in) 3. why = 介词(for)+ which: ◦ 原句:The reason why she cried is unknown. ◦ 转换:The reason for which she cried is unknown.(表原因用介词for) 易错区分:关系代词vs关系副词 核心判断方法:看从句是否完整(是否缺主语/宾语) • 从句缺主语/宾语 → 用关系代词(who/whom/which/that/whose); • 从句完整(不缺主语/宾语,缺状语) → 用关系副词(when/where/why)。 • 对比示例: 1. This is the school which I visited last year.(从句缺宾语visited sth.,用关系代词which) 2. This is the school where I studied last year.(从句完整I studied,缺地点状语,用关系副词where) 知识点05 高频易错 (一)关系词与先行词搭配错误 1. 易错表现:先行词是时间/地点,盲目用when/where(如:I remember the day which I spent with you. 易错 写为when); 2. 错误原因:未判断从句是否完整,仅靠先行词类型判断; 3. 规避技巧:严格按“从句是否完整”判断,而非先行词类型,即使先行词是时间/地点,若从句缺主语/宾语, 仍用关系代词。 (二)介词提前时的关系词误用 1. 易错表现:介词提前后用that/who(如:The book from which I learned a lot. 易错写为from that/who); 2. 错误原因:忘记“介词提前时,关系代词只能用which/whom,不可用that/who”; 3. 规避技巧:牢记“介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)”,介词后无that/who。 (三)非限制性定语从句用that 1. 易错表现:非限制性定语从句中用that(如:My mother, that is a doctor, works in a hospital. 易错写为that); 2. 错误原因:混淆限制性与非限制性定语从句的关系词用法; 3. 规避技巧:非限制性定语从句中,关系词仅可用who/whom/which/whose/when/where/why,绝对不可用that。 (四)whose与of which/whom的转换错误 1. 易错表现:转换时遗漏介词或所有格(如:The house whose windows are broken. 易错转换为The house the windows of which are broken); 2. 错误原因:未掌握转换规则; 3. 规避技巧:whose + 名词 = the + 名词 + of + which/whom(如whose windows = the windows of which)。 (五)重复指代(画蛇添足) 1. 易错表现:从句中额外加代词指代先行词(如:The girl who she is my classmate is very nice. 多余“she”); 2. 错误原因:忘记关系词已指代先行词,从句中无需再加代词; 3. 规避技巧:关系词在从句中充当成分,从句主语/宾语由关系词承担,不可额外加代词。 知识点06 备考建议 (一)考情分析 1. 考查频率:高频核心考点,覆盖单选、语法填空、完形填空、短文改错、书面表达五大题型,占语法类 考题的20%-30%; 2. 考查重点:关系代词与关系副词的辨析、“介词+关系代词”的用法、只能用that的特殊情况、限制性与非 限制性定语从句的区分、写作中的句式运用; 3. 易错方向:关系词判断错误、介词搭配错误、非限制性定语从句用that、重复指代。 (二)备考建议 1. 基础层面:牢记关系词的指代对象、充当成分,熟练掌握“从句完整性判断法”,背诵只能用that的特殊 情况; 2. 能力层面:结合语境区分限制性与非限制性定语从句,灵活运用“关系副词与介词+关系代词”的转换,提 升句式丰富度; 3. 应试层面:针对性练习“关系词辨析”“介词搭配”“特殊用法”三类题型,总结错题中的易错点;写作中 动运用定语从句,避免语法错误,提升文章文采。 【即时检测】 1. This is the hospital ________ my grandfather was treated for his illness last year. 2. The girl ________ we met at the school gate yesterday is our new classmate. 3. I still remember the day ________ I first attended the English corner. 4. He is the only student in our class ________ has won the national English competition. 5. The book ________ cover is blue was written by a famous writer. 6. She told me a story ________ made me realize the importance of honesty. 7. This is the reason ________ he didn't attend the meeting yesterday. 8. The city ________ I was born and grew up is in the south of China. 9. We visited the factory ________ products are very popular among young people. 10. He passed the exam, ________ made his parents very proud of him. 易|错|点|拨 (一)关系代词与关系副词混淆(高频易错) 1. 易错表现:仅看先行词类型盲目选关系词,忽略从句完整性(如第1题先行词“hospital”是地点,易错写为which;第3题先行词“day”是时间,易错写为that)。 2. 错误原因:未掌握核心判断逻辑,误以为“时间用when、地点用where”,忽视从句是否缺主语/宾语。 3. 规避技巧:先判断从句是否完整——从句缺主语/宾语,用关系代词(who/which/that等);从句完整(缺状语),再结合先行词类型用关系副词(when/where/why)。如第1题从句“my grandfather was treated”完整,缺地点状语,才用where。 (二)“只能用that”的特殊情况遗漏 1. 易错表现:先行词符合特殊条件仍用who/which(如第4题先行词“the only student”被the only修饰,易错写为who)。 2. 错误原因:对“只能用that”的6种情况记忆不牢固,尤其忽略“the only/very/same”修饰先行词的场景。 3. 规避技巧:看到先行词被the only、the very、序数词、形容词最高级修饰,或先行词是不定代词、既有人又有物时,直接锁定关系代词that,不可用who/which。 (三)whose的用法误解 1. 易错表现:不会用whose表所属关系,或误写为of which/whom的错误形式(如第5题易错写为which,第9题易错写为the products of which的简化形式)。 2. 错误原因:未理解whose的核心功能是“表所属”,且对“whose与of which/whom的转换”掌握不熟练。 3. 规避技巧:从句中名词与先行词存在“所属关系”(如书的封面、工厂的产品),直接用whose;转换时牢记公式“whose + 名词 = the + 名词 + of + which/whom”,不可省略“the + 名词”。 (四)非限制性定语从句的关系词误用 1. 易错表现:非限制性定语从句中用that,或指代主句时用错关系词(如第10题易错写为that)。 2. 错误原因:混淆限制性与非限制性定语从句的关系词用法,忘记“非限制性从句不可用that”。 3. 规避技巧:看到从句前有逗号,直接排除that;若指代整个主句内容,只能用which,不可用that/who。 (五)关系代词省略的错误判断 1. 易错表现:误将作主语的关系代词省略,或介词提前时省略关系词(如第6题从句中that作主语,易错省略;若改为“the story about which I told you”,易错省略which)。 2. 错误原因:未掌握省略规则,仅知道“作宾语可省略”,忽略“作主语不可省略”“介词提前不可省略”。 3. 规避技巧:仅当关系代词在从句中“作宾语且无介词提前”时可省略;作主语、介词提前作宾语时,均不可省略。 解|题|技|巧 第一步:找先行词——锁定修饰对象 先定位句中被定语从句修饰的名词/代词(即先行词),明确先行词的类型(人/物/时间/地点/原因),为后续选关系词铺垫。 • 示例:第2题先行词是“the girl”(人),第5题先行词是“the book”(物),第7题先行词是“the reason”(原因)。 第二步:析从句——判断句子完整性 分析定语从句的句子结构,核心看“是否缺主语或宾语”: • 从句缺主语/宾语:需用关系代词(who/whom/which/that/whose); • 从句完整(不缺主语/宾语,仅缺状语):需用关系副词(when/where/why)或“介词+关系代词”。 • 示例:第3题从句“I first attended the English corner”完整(主语I,谓语attended,宾语the English corner),缺时间状语,用when;第6题从句“made me realize...”缺主语,用which/that。 第三步:定关系词——结合规则匹配 根据“先行词类型+从句成分”,结合语法规则精准选关系词: 1. 先行词人+从句缺主/宾→who/whom/that; 2. 先行词物+从句缺主/宾→which/that; 3. 先行词表时间/地点/原因+从句完整→when/where/why(或“介词+which”); 4. 表所属关系→whose; 5. 符合特殊情况(the only/不定代词等)→that; 6. 非限制性从句+指代主句→which。 第四步:查细节——规避易错点 最后检查关键细节,确保答案无误: • 检查关系词是否符合“只能用that”的特殊情况; • 检查非限制性从句是否误用that; • 检查whose的所属关系是否成立; • 检查关系代词是否存在不当省略。 基础通关(测试时间:10分钟) 一、单项选择 1. This is the museum ______ we visited during our trip. A. who B. where C. which D. whose 2. The novel ______ cover is blue was written by my favorite author. A. which B. whose C. who D. where 3. Look! The bridge ______ now will connect the two villages. A. builds B. is built C. is being built D. built 4. Do you know the reason ______ he was absent from school? A. when B. why C. where D. which 5. The girl ______ is standing at the gate is my cousin. A. whom B. which C. who D. whose 6. The room ______ we held the meeting last week is being cleaned. A. where B. which C. that D. when 7. A new library ______ in our school last year. A. builds B. built C. was built D. is built 8. This is the only book ______ can help you with the problem. A. which B. that C. who D. where 9. The film ______ we saw last night was very moving. A. who B. when C. where D. that 10. The students ______ are from Class 1 won the competition. A. which B. who C. where D. whose 二、单句语法填空 1. The book ______ (write) by Lu Xun is very popular. 2. This is the park ______ we often take a walk. 3. A new hospital ______ (build) in our city now. 4. Do you know the man ______ is talking to our teacher? 5. The letter ______ I received yesterday was from my friend. 6. The girl ______ (help) by the policeman is my classmate. 7. This is the reason ______ he refused the invitation. 8. The house ______ windows are broken needs to be repaired. 9. The project ______ (finish) next month. 10. We visited the school ______ my father used to study. 重难突破(测试时间:10分钟) 三、改写句子 1. The girl is my sister. She is wearing a red dress.(合并为定语从句) 2. They built a new bridge last year.(改为被动语态) 3. This is the school. I studied in this school.(合并为定语从句) 4. The teacher corrected our homework.(改为现在进行时被动语态) 5. I know the man. His son is a doctor.(合并为定语从句) 6. We will hold the sports meeting next week.(改为被动语态) 7. The book is very interesting. I bought it yesterday.(合并为定语从句) 8. The workers are repairing the road.(改为被动语态) 9. Do you remember the day? We met on that day.(合并为定语从句) 10. She has finished the task.(改为现在完成时被动语态) 易混易错(测试时间:10分钟) 四、翻译句子 1. 这是我昨天买的那本书。 2. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 3. 我们去年参观的博物馆很有名。 4. 他拒绝邀请的原因很清楚。 5. 昨天被警察帮助的男孩是我的邻居。 6. 我们明天要参加的会议将在大厅举行。 7. 这是我父亲曾经工作过的工厂。 8. 这个城市以其历史建筑而闻名。 9. 上周完工的新图书馆对学生开放了。 10. 你认识正在和我妈妈说话的那个女人吗? 链接高考(测试时间:15分钟) 1. (2022上海秋考)Conversations with consumers also facilitate the identification of their frustrations and negative experiences, (27) ______ they may use to enhance a firm. 2. (2022上海春考)Usually you can see it only at the very north of the earth, (23) ______ it is called aurora borealis. 3. (2021上海秋考)The earth has a kind of “wall” around it (26) ______ defends it against these particles. 4. (2021上海春考)If you are lucky enough to have a band member (24) ______ a drumkit, you can practise at home for free. 5. (2020上海秋考)This would be impossible (28) ______ clocks and watches, which are all around us. 6. (2023上海春考)The gym (25) ______ is being built will open to the public next month. 7. (2023上海秋考)The novel (30) ______ was written by Mo Yan has been translated into many languages. 8. (2024上海春考)The park (22) ______ we often have picnics is being renovated. 9. (2024上海秋考)A new railway (27) ______ connects the two cities will be completed next year. 10. (2025上海春考)The old house (29) ______ windows are broken is going to be pulled down. 3 / 3 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $

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专题01必修第一册语法知识(期末复习讲义)高一英语上学期沪教版
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专题01必修第一册语法知识(期末复习讲义)高一英语上学期沪教版
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专题01必修第一册语法知识(期末复习讲义)高一英语上学期沪教版
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