内容正文:
专题03 词性转换“铁三角”—名/形/副词高频互转
目录
第一部分 考情精析 锁定靶心 高效备考
第二部分 重难考点深解 深度溯源 扫清盲区
【考点01】 名词的构成
【考点02】 名词单复数
【考点03】 名词所有格
【考点04】形容词和副词的构成
【考点05】形容词和副词的句法功能
【考点06】形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
【考点07】形容词和副词固定句型
【考点08】易混易错形容词和副词词义辨析
第三部分 解题思维优化 典例精析+方法提炼+变式巩固
【题型01】名词词形转换
【题型02】名词的数与主谓一致
【题型03】名词所有格与双重所有格
【题型04】形容词和副词词形转换
【题型05】形容词和副词的级
【题型06】形容词和副词固定句型
【题型07】形容词和副词在语境中的运用
核心考向聚焦
核心价值:本专题旨在夯实学生词汇学习的核心基石,即从单一词义识记上升到对词汇词性、功能和构词法的深度理解与灵活应用。它直接服务于语法填空、完形填空及书面表达,是衡量学生语言准确性与综合运用能力的关键标尺。
关键能力与思维瓶颈
关键能力:本专题重点考查名、形、副三大词性在高频语境中的精准互转能力,具体包括:①根据句子成分准确判断所需词性的能力;②熟练掌握并应用高频名词、形容词、副词后缀构词规则的能力;③在具体语境中辨析易混词义与词性的能力。。
培优瓶颈:
①规则混淆与应用不熟:对构词法后缀记忆不清,尤其在形容词变副词(如去e、变y、-ic结尾等)和名词不规则复数上易错。
②语境判断失准:无法快速分析句子结构(如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语),导致词性判断错误。
③忽视语义连贯:仅考虑语法形式正确,而忽略转换后的词汇在具体语境中的语义和搭配是否通顺。
命题前瞻与备考策略
预测:①命题将继续以“语境填空”为核心形式,对名、形、副词的考查覆盖面广,且对派生词(尤其是多词缀、多词性词汇)的考查比重可能增加。
②题目将更注重对句子逻辑和语义连贯的考查,单纯靠记规则可能无法得分,要求考生具备更强的综合分析能力。
策略:①构建“词群”网络:以核心词根为中心,系统性梳理其派生的名词、形容词、副词形式,形成“词性转换铁三角”记忆模块。
②强化句法分析:通过大量专项练习,训练学生快速定位空格所在句子的成分,养成“先定词性,再变形式”的解题习惯。
③聚焦高频易错点:集中梳理和反复巩固高频后缀(如 -tion/-ment, -ive/-able, -ly 等)的添加规则及特例,建立错题本,针对性突破。
◇考点 01 名词的构成
1.形容词转化为名词后缀
后缀
例词
-age
short→shortage 短缺 percent→percentage 百分比
-cy
efficient→efficiency效率 fluent→fluency流利
accurate→accuracy准确性 private→privacy隐私
-dom
free→freedom自由 wise→wisdom明智;智慧
-ence
different→difference差异 evident →evidence 证据
-ness
weak→weakness虚弱;弱点 thick→thickness厚度
kind→kindness仁慈,友好 careless→carelessness粗心大意
-th
strong→strength力气;优势 warm→warmth温暖;热情
-y/-ty/-ity
difficult→difficulty困难 disable→disability缺陷;伤残
responsible→responsibility责任 honest→honesty诚实
①careless→ carelessness粗心大意helpless→ helplessness无助safe→ safeness安全性(易混:safety安全)
【注意】以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i再加-ness lonely→ loneliness孤独
②strong→ strength力气;强项true→ truth真实wide→ width宽度deep→ depth深度long→ length长度young→ youth年轻人
【高频再现】
①absent→ absence缺席confident→ confidence自信心different→ difference不同evident→ evidence证据patient→ patience耐心
②bored→ boredom厌烦free→ freedom自由;自主wise→ wisdom明智;智慧
③difficult→ difficulty困难discover→ discovery发现deliver→delivery递送recover→recovery恢复;痊愈honest→ honesty诚实
④certain→ certainty必然的事cruel→ cruelty残酷;残暴safe→ safety安全
⑤able→ ability能力disable→ disability无能;残疾active→ activity活动real→ reality现实responsible→ responsibility责任 visible→visibility知名度
2.动词转化为名词后缀
后缀
例词
-ion/
-tion/
-sion/
attract→attraction吸引力 celebrate→celebration庆祝
conclude→conclusion结论;结束 discuss→discussion讨论;论述
decide→decision决定 admit→admission承认;准许加入
permit→permission允许,许可 invite→invitation邀请
explain→explanation解释 expect→expectation期望
-er/
-or
sail→sailor海员,水手 drive→driver司机;驾驶员
gather→gatherer收集者,采集者 teach→teacher老师
announce→announcer广播员 conduct→conductor指挥;售票员
-ment
punish→punishment惩罚 achieve→achievement成就
argue→argument辩论;论据 treat→treatment对待;治疗
equip →equipment装备;设备 govern→government政府
astonish→astonishment惊奇 develop→development发展
-ance/
-ence
appear→appearance出现;外貌 guide→guidance指引;指导
perform→performance表演;表现 exist→existence存在;生存
prefer→preference偏爱 refer→reference参考,查阅
-ure/
-ture
fail→failure失败;倒闭 press→pressure压力
depart→departure离开;出发 mix→mixture混合(物)
-ing
hear→hearing听力,听觉 begin→beginning开始
build→building建筑 warn→warning 警告
-y
recover→recovery恢复 discover→discovery发现
①enter→ entrance进入exist→ existence存在;生存prefer→ preference偏爱refer→ reference参考;查阅differ→ difference不同
②imagine→ imagination想象力starve→ starvation挨饿occupy→ occupation工作,职业;占领
③cover→ coverage覆盖范围short→ shortage不足;短缺marry→ marriage婚姻pack→ package包裹
④serve→ servant仆人participate→ participant参加者assist→ assistant助手apply→ applicant申请人
⑤clean→ cleaner清洁剂contain→ container容器cook→ cooker炊具draw→ drawer抽屉
dry→ drier干燥剂;干燥机sharpen→ sharpener铅笔刀shave→ shaver剃须刀thrill→ thriller惊悚小说/电影calculate→ calculator计算器tract→ tractor拖拉机
【高频再现】
①approve→approval赞成;批准arrive→arrival到来;到达survive→survival幸存propose→proposal提议;建议refuse→refusal拒绝
②press→pressure压力mix→mixture混合;混合物depart→departure离开;出发fail→failure失败please→pleasure愉快
③educate→education教育evaluate→evaluation评估graduate→graduation毕业
④equip→equipment设备employ→employment雇用treat→treatment对待;治疗
⑤employ→employee雇员interview→interviewee参加面试者train→trainee受训者;实习生escape→escapee逃亡者
3.名词转化为名词后缀
后缀
例词
-ian/
-ist/
music→ musician音乐家politics→ politician政治家
science→ scientist科学家piano→ pianist钢琴家
①history→ historian历史学家library→ librarian图书管理员
②cycle→ cyclist骑自行车的人
◇考点 02 名词单复数
1. 牢记名词变复数的5种变化形式
(1)一般情况下,在词尾直接加-s:book→ books, mouth→ mouths, house→ houses, girl→ girls
(2)以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词,在词尾加-es:glass→ glasses, box→ boxes, match→ matches
(3)以辅音字母+-y结尾的名词,变y为i再加-es;city→ cities, country→ countries, party→ parties
(4) 【注意】以o结尾的名词常在词尾加-s:radios, zoos, pianos, kilos, photos;加-es的有以下词:heroes, Negroes, tomatoes, potatoes。
(5) 【注意】以-f,-fe结尾的名词
①少数直接加-s:roof→ roofs,belief→ beliefs。
②一般以-f或-fe结尾的名词要变f或fe为v再加-es:self, life, thief, wife, knife, leaf, shelf, wolf, half。
2.复合名词的单复数变化
复合名词
将主体名词变为复数
son-in-law→sons-in-law looker-on→lookers-on
passer-by→passers-by story-teller→story-tellers
无主体名词时,通常把最后一个词变为复数
grown-up→grown-ups standby→standbys
"man/woman+名词"构成的复合名词变复数时,man/woman和名词通常均变为复数
woman singer→women singers
man servant→men servants
3.外来名词的单复数变化
criterion → criteria 标准 phenomenon → phenomena 现象
analysis → analyses 分析 basis → bases 基础
crisis → crises 危机 thesis → theses 论文
diagnosis → diagnoses 诊断 bacterium → bacteria 细菌
medium → media媒体 datum → data 数据
curriculum → curricula/curriculums 全部课程
4.常考的不可数名词
(1)表物质的不可数名词:baggage/luggage(行李)、cash(现金)、meat(肉)、paper(纸张)等。
(2)表抽象概念的不可数名词:work(工作)、knowledge(知识)、luck(运气)、scenery(风景)、traffic(交通)等。
高频考点纯不可数名词:advice(建议)、equipment(设备)、fun(乐趣)、furniture(家具)、progress(进步)、等。
5.名词单复数的形式比较复杂,注意掌握好以下的情况
(1)有些名词一般不用复数形式,但可用复数形式来表达不同的类别
fishes各种鱼;fruits各种水果;steels各种钢材
(2)有些名词的单复数形式表达不同的含义
snow雪, snows积雪; two people两个人,two peoples两个民族
(3)glass一词作 “玻璃”解时,为物质名词,不可数
The cup is made of glass. 作 “玻璃杯”解时,则为个体名词,可数;如I bought ten glasses this morning. 作 “眼镜”解时,须用复数形式glasses.如: a man with thick glasses
(4)paper一词作“纸”解时,不可数
write on paper; 作“报纸”“文件”“考卷”解时,则可数,如: hand in your test papers
(5)物质名词表示数量时,一般用表示数量的短语来表示。of之前的数量名词,要根据情况使用单数或复数形式
a cup of tea; four pieces of bread; a cake of soap
(6)有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义
time(时间)→times( 时代,次,倍数) work(工作)→ works( 著作,工厂,工事)
air(空气) →airs( 气派,架子,姿态 ) look(看)→looks(容貌)
custom(习惯) →customs(海关) advice(劝告)→advices(消息)
arm(手臂)→arms(军火) damage(损坏)→damages(赔偿金)
glass(玻璃)→glasses(眼镜,玻璃杯) good(利益)→ goods(货物)
compass(指南针)→compasses(圆规) manner(态度) →manners(礼貌,习俗)
6.名词易错点
(1).名词在不定代词few, a few, other, all, both, many, several等后时,要想到用复数形式。
(2).谓语动词为复数形式,要想到作主语的名词用复数形式。
(3).注意一些不规则变化的名词复数,如child→ children, man→ men, tooth→ teeth, foot→ feet, woman→ women等。但human→ humans(准确记住不规则变化是二轮复习的重点,这样防止知识漏洞。)
(4).有些词用复数形式表示特殊意义如祝愿、礼貌或客气等,如congratulations(祝贺)、regards(问候)、respects(敬意)、thanks(谢谢)、wishes(祝愿)等。
(5).一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式,常见的有:make friends with(与……交朋友)、shake hands with...(与……握手)、take measures(采取措施)、make preparations for(为……作准备)、in high spirits(兴高采烈地)。
◇考点 03 名词所有格
所有格作定语,修饰另一名词,表示所有关系。它有两种形式:一种在名词后加-'s,另一种由"介词of+名词"构成。前者多用于有生命的事物或人,后者多用于无生命的事物。
1. -'s所有格
1).-'s所有格的构成规则:
构成
例子
单数名词词尾通常加-'s;复数名词词尾没有-s时,也要加-'s
the boy's schoolbag那个男孩的书包the children's toys那些孩子的玩具
以-s结尾的复数名词后直接加"'"
teachers' office 教师办公室
以-s结尾的单数名词或专有名词之后加"'"或-'s均可
my boss's/boss' plan我老板的计划James'/James's eyes詹姆斯的眼睛
复合名词一般在最后一个词的词尾加-'s
my brother-in-law's birthday我姐夫的生日
2)-'s所有格的用法
主要用于表示有生命的东西的名词,也可用于表示时间、距离、重量、城市、国家等无生命的事物的名词。
a week's holiday一周的假期
a thirty minutes' ride 三十分钟的车程
an hour and a half's walk 步行一个半小时的路程
1.并列的名词变所有格时的情况:
若表示不同的所有关系,则分别在两个名词后加-'s;若表示共有关系,则只在最后一个名词后加-'s。如:
Kate and Mary's room凯特和玛丽共有的房间
Kate's and Mary's rooms 凯特和玛丽各自的房间
2.可将所有格后面的名词省略的情况:
(1)名词所有格所修饰的词如果在前面已经出现过,往往可以省略,以免重复。
►This bike is not mine, nor Tom's.这辆自行车不是我的,也不是汤姆的。
(2)用于表示店铺、医院、住宅及公共建筑等的名词时,所有格之后的office, shop, house等常省去。如:
at the doctor's (office)在(医生的)诊所里
at the barber's (shop) 在理发店
at Mr. Green's (house)在格林先生家
3.不定代词后接 else时,-'s加在 else之后。如:
somebody else's bag别人的包
2. of所有格
用法
例子
表示所属关系
the title of the book书的标题
表示主谓关系
the arrival of the visitors参观者的到来
表示同位关系
the city of Beijing北京市
表示部分与整体关系
some of the students学生中的一些
表示内容
the news of victory捷报
后跟较长定语的名词要用of所有格
the advice of the old man experiencing a lot
这位饱经沧桑的老人的建议
含有一系列名词时要用of所有格
a friend of Jim, Jack and Mark吉姆、杰克和马克的一位朋友
3. 双重所有格
构成及用法
例子
构成
名词+of+-'s所有格
a friend of my brother's我弟弟的一位朋友
名词+of+名词性物主代词
a good friend of mine 我的一个好朋友
用法
表示部分概念,被双重所有格修饰的名词前往往有表示数量的词,如a, one,two,some, several, a few, many等
Some friends of my brother's have arrived. 我哥哥的几位朋友已经到了。
So far,I have read a few books of Mo Yan's.到目前为止,我已经读了莫言的一些书。
表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩,被双重所有格修饰的名词前常有指示代词 this, that, these, those等
This little cat of your sister's is really cute.你妹妹的这只小猫真可爱。
I hate those words of Mary's.我讨厌玛丽的那些话。
◇考点 04 形容词和副词的构成
1. 形容词的构成
类别
例词
词尾加-y
cloud→cloudy, luck→lucky, health→healthy, sleep→sleepy
词尾加-(e)d
gift→gifted, talent→talented, advance→advanced, excite→excited
词尾加ing
surprise→surprising, convince→convincing, frighten→frightening
词尾加-ful/-less
meaning→meaningful/meaningless, care→careful/careless, help→helpful/helpless, harm→harmful/harmless, home→homeless, colour→colourful/colourless, use→useful/useless, thank→thankful/thankless, peace→peaceful/peaceless
词尾加-able
comfort→comfortable, knowledge→knowledgeable, accept→acceptable, respect→respectable
词尾加-ous
danger→dangerous, courage→courageous, humour→humorous
词尾的-ce变为-t
confidence→confident, difference→different
词尾加-al
music→musical, person→personal, nation→national, education→educational, tradition→traditional
词尾加-ly
friend→friendly, week→weekly, love→lovely
词尾加-en
wood→wooden, wool→woolen
其他常见变化
energy→energetic, fool→foolish, pleasure→pleasant/pleased, science→scientific
以重读闭音节结尾的名词变成形容词时,要双写该辅音字母再加-y(如sun→sunny, fun→funny等),以e结尾的名词要去掉e再加-y(如noise→noisy, ice→icy, taste→tasty等)
动词词尾加ive/ative
attract→attractive, talk→talkative, prevent→preventive, protect→protective
1.如何区分-ed形容词与-ing形容词
解决此类问题有两个切入点:第一,看语境表示的是“令人……”(-ing),还是“感到……”(-ed);第二,看语境说明的是性质特征(-ing),还是感受(-ed)。具体如下:
(1)-ing型形容词主要用于修饰物或事,表示事物的性质特征,常译为“令人……的”。
(2)-ed型形容词通常用于说明人的感受,常译为“感到……的”,强调人自身的情感波动;修饰事物时,则多修饰smile(微笑), feeling(感觉), appearance(外貌), cry(哭), face(面部表情), voice(声音), mood(情绪), look(表情)等表示人的情绪状况的名词。
2.词形转换的易混易错提醒:
(1)形容词后缀-able
1)能……的;可……的
rely→reliable 可信赖的,可依靠的
特别提醒1:词尾的e去还是不去,一定记清楚,考试出错就在一瞬间
change→changeable 易变的
admire→admirable 可钦佩的
believe→believable 可相信的
2)具有……的特点
enjoy→enjoyable 令人愉快的
特别提醒2:词尾的e去还是不去,一定记清楚,考试出错就在一瞬间
value→valuable 有价值的
knowledge→knowledgeable有丰富知识的,博学的
(2)形容词后缀-ful/-less
harm→harmful 有害的→harmless 无害的
help→helpful 有帮助的→helpless 无助的;无能的
hope→hopeful 有希望的→hopeless 绝望的
use→useful 有用的→useless 无用的;无效的
power→powerful 强有力的→powerless 无力的
meaning→meaningful 有意义的→meaningless 无意义的
(3)形容词后缀-ive/-ative
impress→impressive 给人深刻印象的
instruct→instructive 有教育意义的
create→creative 创造性的
progress→progressive 进步的
talk→talkative 健谈的(别忘了字母a)
effect→effective 有效的
(4)形容词后缀-ous(ous还是ious一定要记清楚)
continue→continuous 不断的;持续的
caution→cautious 小心的;谨慎的
curiosity→curious 好奇的
mountain→mountainous 多山的
ambition→ambitious 有野心的
space→spacious 宽敞的;广阔的
(5)形容词后缀-ble/-ible
horror→horrible 可怕的;恐怖的
terror→terrible 可怕的;糟糕的
vision→visible 看得见的
access→accessible 容易达到的;容易取得的
(6)形容词后缀-y
fog→foggy 多雾的
taste→tasty 美味的;可口的
luck→lucky 幸运的
sun→sunny 阳光明媚的
wealth→wealthy 富裕的;丰富的
(7)形容词后缀-al/-ial
culture→cultural 文化的
practice→practical 实际的
person→personal 个人的;私人的
center→central 中央的;中心的
nature→natural 自然的;天生的
benefit→beneficial 有益的
face→facial 面部的(看起来很简单但很容易错)
(8)形容词后缀-ic
science→scientific 科学的
economy→economic 经济的
history→historic 历史上著名的
history→historical 具有重大历史意义的
energy→energetic 精力充沛的
class→classic 经典的
(9)形容词后缀-en
wood→wooden 木制的
gold→golden 金色的
wool→wool(l)en 羊毛的
(10)形容词后缀-ly(不要和副词混淆)
dead→deadly 致命的
live→lively 活跃的
friend→friendly 友好的
year→yearly 每年的
month→monthly 每月的
week→weekly 每周的
day→daily 每日的;日常的
cost→costly 昂贵的
order→orderly 有次序的
2. 副词的词形转换规律总结
类别
例词
形容词+后缀-ly
clear→clearly, great→greatly, loud→loudly, sudden→suddenly, sincere→sincerely
以辅音字母加-y结尾的形容词,把y变成i再加-ly
happy→happily, heavy→heavily, angry→angrily, lucky→luckily, noisy→noisily* shy→shyly, dry→dryly (y的发音为/aɪ/,直接加ly)
词尾为ble/le的形容词,去掉e,再加-y
terrible→terribly, possible→possibly, gentle→gently, probable→probably, comfortable→comfortably, responsible→responsibly, suitable→suitably
(例外:whole→wholly)
词尾为-ue的形容词,去掉e再加-ly
true→truly, due-duly (高中阶段仅此2例)
词尾为-ll的形容词,直接加-y
full→fully, dull→dully
词尾为-ic的形容词,加-ally
basic→basically, scientific→scientifically, specific→specifically, automatic→automatically public→publicly
1.形容词变副词去e还是不去e
(1)大部分以字母e结尾的形容词不去e,形容词变副词直接加-ly
immediate→immediately 立刻地
fortunate→fortunately 幸运地
absolute→absolutely 绝对地;完全地
polite→politely 有礼貌地;客气地
expensive→expensively 昂贵地
(2)-le结尾的形容词变为-ly
simple→simply 简单地;仅仅
gentle→gently 轻轻地;温柔地
terrible→terribly 非常;可怕地;极度地
possible→possibly 可能地;也许
probable→probably 大概;或许
comfortable→comfortably 舒服地;安乐地
(3)以“元音字母+e”结尾的形容词去e加-ly
true→truly 真实地
(4)特殊情况【易错提醒】
whole→wholly 完全地;全部
shy→shyly 害羞地
dry→dryly 干燥地
full→fully 充分地
dull→dully 单调地
2.以字母ic结尾的形容词加-ally变为副词
specific→specifically 特别地;明确地
basic→basically 主要地,基本上
scientific→scientifically 系统地;合乎科学地
academic→academically 学术上;学业上
historic→historically 关于历史事件,从历史观点上说
classic→classically 古典主义地
enthusiastic→enthusiastically热情地
◇考点 05 形容词和副词的句法功能
1.形容词的句法功能:
1)作定语: 形容词作定语一般位于被修饰的词的前面。
My mother tells me a funny story.
妈妈给我讲了一个非常有趣的故事。
易混点:副词作定语多表示时间或地点,位于被修饰的词的后面,如here, there, up, down, below, above等。
The people here are very friendly to us.
这儿的人对我们很友好。
易混点:由“形容词+介词短语/不定式短语”构成的形容词短语作定语时要后置。
It is a problem difficult to solve.
这是一个难解决的问题
2)作状语:形容词作状语用来说明主语的情况,表示原因、结果、伴随、时间、条件或方式,可位于句首、句中或句末,一般用逗号将其与其他部分隔开。
Careful with money, my mother managed to send me to college.
妈妈小心地用着钱,把我送去上了大学。
The survivors lay on the beach, exhausted and shocked.
幸存者们躺在沙滩上,疲惫不堪,心有余悸。
易混点:副词作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词和句子。
3)作表语:形容词作表语位于系动词be, feel, get, become, turn, prove, seem等之后。
The painting is not representative of his work of the period.
这幅画并不能代表他在那个时期的作品。
易混点:副词作表语,表示主语的方位、方向、动作和状态等。
4)作补足语:
Doing regular exercise can help to make one energetic.
做有规律的锻炼可以帮助使一个人精力充沛。
Please keep the classroom clean and tidy.
请保持教室干净、整洁。
2.副词的句法功能:
1)作状语:
修饰动词:Although living in a hut, we can think globally.
修饰形容词:I’m fully convinced that you will make it sooner or later.
修饰副词:He left the room secretly.
修饰句子:Actually, it would be much more sensible to do it later.
2)作表语:I hear that he is abroad now.
易混点:表示位置的副词(above, across, inside, upstairs等)作表语时说明主语的状态或特征;表示动作方向的副词(up, down, on, in, off, out等)作表语时含有动作意义。
Isn't he up yet? 他还没起床吗?
3)作定语:Please write to me at the address below.
4) 作补语:Keep the coat on if you feel cold.
◇考点 06 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
1.形容词比较级和最高级的规则构成(+er/est)转换
以e结尾
+r/st
late—later—latest
以“辅音字母+y”结尾
变-y为i,+er/est
early—earlier—earliest
以重读闭音节结尾(末尾只有一个辅音字母)
双写结尾字母+er/est
big—bigger—biggest
多音节和部分双音节结尾
前面加more/most
beautiful—more beautiful—most beautiful
(1)有少数几个双音节形容词,既可以加er和est,又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词有:common, handsome, quiet, pleasant, cruel, stupid, friendly等。
(2)有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度,因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有:right (正确的), wrong (错误的), excellent (优秀的), possible (可能的), empty (空的), first (第一的), wooden (木制的), final (最后的), east (东方的), last (最后的), favourite (最喜欢的)等。
2. 形容词比较级和最高级的不规则构成
原级
比较级
最高级
good, well
better
best
bad, badly, ill
worse
worst
many, much
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther(指时间或空间上“更远的”)
farthest(指时间或空间上“最久的;最远的”)
further(指空间距离“更远的”;在更大程度上)
furthest(指空间距离“最远的”;在最大程度上)
old
older/elder
oldest/eldest
3. 形容词的比较级应用
1.比较级的修饰语常见的有rather,much,still,even,far,any(用于否定句或疑问句),a lot,a little,a great deal,by far,a bit等。
2.比较级+than...“比……更”;less...than“不如……”。
3.the+比较级,the+比较级“越……,越……”。
4.the+比较级+of (the)+名词/代词“(两者中)较……的”。
①If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work,you should take a step back and identify (识别) those of greater and less importance.
如果你因为工作责任而感到有压力的话,那么你应该暂缓一下,识别哪些事情更重要,哪些不太重要。
②The earlier the treatment is given,the better the patient's chances.
病人越早接受治疗,康复的可能性就越大。
③Of the two cameras,I would prefer the smaller one,which is very easy for me to carry.
这两个照相机,我喜欢较小的一个,它便于携带。
4.形容词的最高级应用
1.三者或三者以上的比较用最高级。
2.最高级的修饰语常见的有序数词,by far,nearly,almost,by no means,not really,not quite,nothing like等。
3.“否定词+比较级”表示最高级意义。
4.the last表示“最不可能的”“最不适合的”“最不希望的”等。
①The happiest are not those who own all the best things,but those who can appreciate the beauty of life.
最幸福的人不是那些拥有最好的事物的人,而是那些懂得欣赏生活的美好的人。
②This is the best song by far that I've ever heard.
这是我听过的最好听的歌。
③—Are you pleased with what he has done?
—Not a bit.It couldn't be any worse.
——你对他做的事满意吗?
——一点也不满意。他做的事情糟糕透顶。
④I'm sure I was the last person in the word he want to accept assistance from.
我确信在这个世界上,他最不希望接受我的帮助了。
◇考点 07 形容词和副词固定句型
`1. 同级比较句型
①as+adj./adv. (原形)+as... “和……一样”;not as/so+adj./adv. (原形)+as... “和……不一样”
②当as... as结构中有名词时,可用以下结构:
as+形容词原级+a(n)+n. +as...
as+many+可数名词复数+as...
as+much+不可数名词+as...
2.比较级句型
“形容词/副词比较级+than”表示“两者中一方比另一方更……”。“less+形容词/副词原级+than”结构,表示“一方不及另一方……”。
the+比较级+of the two+名词/代词“两者中较……的”。
Who is the younger of the two boys?
这两个男孩中较小的是哪一个?
介词in和of引导的短语说明比较的范围。如果在一定的地域空间内进行比较用in;如果在同一类事物范围内进行比较用of。
修饰比较等级的副词:much, even, still, far, yet, a little, a lot, a bit, rather, any等。more, very等副词不可修饰比较级。
3.最高级句型
①表示三者或三者以上的比较,常见的结构:“the+最高级+表示比较范围的短语或从句”,表示“……是……中最……的”。
②最高级的其他表达法
否定词+比较级
比较级+than+any other+单数名词
比较级+than+all the other+复数名词
比较级+than+any of the other+复数名词
比较级+than anything/anyone else
有些词本身就有最高级含义,不能再用最高级形式,常见的:favourite,wonderful,exhausted等;有些词本身有比较级含义,故不与than连用,如be senior to等。
4.含有比较等级的特殊句型
①the+adj. /adv. 比较级, the+adj. /adv. 比较级 “越……,越……”
②adj. /adv. 比较级+and+adj. /adv. 比较级“越来越……”
③the+adj. 比较级+of the two+名词“某人或某物是两者中较……的那个”
④no more than“仅仅”, not more than“至多;不超过”
⑤more... than... “与其说……不如说……”
⑥no+比较级+than “和……一样不……”
⑦not+比较级+than “不比……更……”
⑧倍数句型
A is+倍数+比较级+than+B
A is+倍数+as+原级+as+B
A is+倍数+the+名词(size, length, height等)+of+B
◇考点 08 形容词和副词词义
1.高频形容词词义辨析
1). 易混形容词辨析
形容词
含义
典型例句
surprised
感到惊讶的(修饰人)
She was surprised by the news.
surprising
令人惊讶的(修饰物)
It was a surprising result.
interested
感兴趣的(修饰人)
He is interested in music.
interesting
有趣的(修饰物)
It's an interesting book.
confused
感到困惑的(修饰人)
The student looked confused.
confusing
令人困惑的(修饰物)
The instructions are confusing.
exhausted
筋疲力尽的(修饰人)
After the long run, he was exhausted.
exhausting
令人筋疲力尽的(修饰物)
It was an exhausting journey.
2). 常见近义词辨析
形容词
含义区别
典型例句
big
强调体积大,口语化
He has a big house.
large
强调面积、范围大,书面语
China is a large country.
huge
强调程度远超常规
There was a huge crowd.
high
指物体高度
The mountain is very high.
tall
指人或细长物体高度
He is a tall man.
fast
强调速度快
He runs fast.
quick
强调时间短,迅速
She gave a quick answer.
rapid
强调变化快
There has been rapid growth.
2、高频副词词义辨析
1). 易混副词辨析
hard vs hardly
hard: 努力地
He works hard every day.
hardly: 几乎不
I can hardly believe my eyes.
late vs lately
late: 迟,晚
He arrived late for the meeting.
lately: 最近
I haven't seen her lately.
close vs closely
close: 接近地
Stand close to me.
closely: 仔细地,密切地
We followed the instructions closely.
high vs highly
high: 具体高度
The bird flew high in the sky.
highly: 抽象地,高度地
She is highly respected by her colleagues.
2. 常见副词用法区别
副词
含义
典型例句
too
太,过于(含否定意义)
This shirt is too small for me.
very
非常(不含否定意义)
She is very beautiful.
so
如此(常与that连用)
He was so tired that he slept all day.
such
如此(修饰名词)
It was such a beautiful day.
quite
相当(程度副词)
She is quite good at playing the piano.
rather
相当(可修饰贬义形容词)
It's rather cold today.
3、高频形容词和副词熟词生义
1). 形容词熟词生义
形容词
熟义
生义
例句(生义)
absent
缺席的
心不在焉的
She looked at her mother in an absent way.
bare
赤裸的
仅仅的,勉强的
We only have bare essentials in the office.
fine
好的,晴朗的
细微的,精致的
There's a fine line between love and hate.
fresh
新鲜的
无经验的,新的
He is fresh to this kind of work.
heavy
重的
大量的,猛烈的
We had heavy rain last night.
ill
生病的
坏的,不良的
He has an ill temper.
low
低的
不足的,情绪低落的
We were low on cash ourselves.
plain
平原,简单的
明显的,清楚的
It was plain to see that she was upset.
2) . 副词熟词生义
副词
熟义
生义
例句(生义)
deeply
深深地
非常,极其
She was deeply moved by the story.
fairly
公平地
相当,还算
The book is fairly interesting.
just
刚刚,正好
仅仅,只是
He is just a child.
most
最
非常,极其
She was most kind to me.
pretty
漂亮地
相当,非常
The movie was pretty good.
right
正确地
正好,完全
He was standing right in front of me.
well
好地
充分地,彻底地
You need to think well about this.
◇题型 01 名词的词形转换
典|例|精|析
典例1(2025年全国一卷)“In a Go game each move should serve a long-term goal. You try to lead the opponent into your trap and force them to follow your ‘____59____ (guide)’ till they lose,” explains Wang Wei, a Go player among the visitors to the exhibition.
【答案】 59. guidance
【解析】
1. 确定词形转换需求
空格前有形容词性物主代词 “your”,后接名词作动词 “follow” 的宾语,需将括号内的词(guide)转换为符合语境的名词形式。
2. 辨析词义与语境匹配
guide 作名词时,常见含义为 “向导、指南”(具体概念,如 “a tour guide” 导游、“a user guide” 使用指南),不符合此处 “围棋策略中的抽象指引” 语境;
需用 guide 对应的抽象名词 guidance(不可数名词,含义为 “指导、指引”),表 “遵循你的策略指引”,符合围棋场景中 “通过长期规划引导对手” 的逻辑,且 “follow one's guidance” 是固定搭配,意为 “遵循某人的指导”。
3. 语法与搭配验证
空格处无需变复数(guidance 为不可数名词),直接填入 “guidance” 即可满足 “your + 抽象名词” 的语法结构,同时契合 “迫使对手遵循策略指引” 的语境需求。
典例2(2025年全国二卷)The sun-dried clothes smell especially pleasant where I live, thanks to the ____43____ (absent) of smog and plenty of blue sky ____afternoon44____ (afternoon) with lots of fresh air.
【答案】 43. absence 44. afternoons
【解析】
1. 词形转换需求
空格前有定冠词 “the”,后接介词 “of”,构成 “the + 名词 + of” 结构,需将括号内的形容词 “absent”(缺席的、不存在的)转换为名词形式。
2. 词义与语境匹配
“absent” 的名词形式为 “absence”(不可数名词,意为 “缺乏、不存在”),“the absence of smog” 表示 “雾霾的不存在”,符合 “晒干的衣服气味宜人” 的原因描述,逻辑通顺。
3. 语法验证:“absence” 为不可数名词,无需变复数,直接填入即可满足 “the + 名词” 的语法结构。
方|法|提|练
变|式|巩|固
变式1【2025·广东省清远市一模】According to the organizers, Dunhuang culture is an essential part of the (diverse) of world culture.
【答案】diversity
【解析】考查名词。句意:据组织者介绍,敦煌文化是世界文化多样性的重要组成部分。空处在名词所有格结构the…of中,作of的宾语,需要名词,结合句意推知,应用diversity表示“多样性”。故填diversity。
变式2【2025·云南省保山市摸底】The (convenient) of the service has greatly promoted international passenger travel in Laos and cross-border cargo transportation in the region.
【答案】convenience
【解析】考查名词。句意:这项服务的便利性极大地促进了老挝的国际客运和该地区的跨境货物运输。设空处作主语,用名词convenience,意为“便利”,不可数名词。故填convenience。
变式3【2025·浙江Z20名校联盟第一次联考】Thus, the Indian movie industry’s further development solely depends on domestic companies’ (capable) to cooperate with western filmmakers, which will facilitate the promotion of a product appealing to diverse audiences.
【答案】capability
【解析】考查名词。句意:因此,印度电影业的进一步发展完全取决于国内公司与西方电影人的合作能力,这将有助于推广一种吸引不同观众的产品。空格处位于名词所有格之后,因此需要填入名词capable的名词为capability,意为“能力”为不可数名词。故填capability。
变式4[原创题]The research team placed several hidden cameras)throughout the forest to monitor the wildlife without disturbing their natural ________ (behave).
【答案】behavior/behaviour
【解析】 考查名词。空格前有形容词性物主代词 their(它们的)和形容词 natural(自然的)。这些词共同修饰空格,提示此处需要填入一个名词。括号中给出的词是动词 behave(行为)。根据句意“在不打扰它们自然______的情况下”,此处需要表达“行为”这一抽象概念。因此,需将动词 behave 转换为其抽象名词形式 behavior (美式拼写) 或 behaviour (英式拼写)。
◇题型 02 名词的数与主谓一致
典|例|精|析
典例1【2025年1月浙江卷】 As people now choose to wear more clothes fewer ____57____ (time), clothing rental services have become increasingly popular.
【答案】times
【57解析】考查名词。句意:由于人们现在选择少穿的衣服更多了,服装租赁服务越来越受欢迎。time表示“次数”时是可数名词,fewer修饰可数名词复数形式。故填times。
典例2【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】These plants included modern Western ____62____ (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel. The garden also contains a winding path that guides visitors through the twelve regions of the Silk Road. The path offers over 300 plant species for visitors to see, too.
62.【答案】favorites
【解析】考查名词的数。句意:这些植物包括现代西方最受喜爱的迷迭香、薰衣草和茴香。favorite是可数名词,意为“特别受喜爱的东西”,根据空后such as rosemary, lavender and fennel可知,空处应用名词的复数形式。故填favorites。
方|法|提|练
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变式1(2025·福建福州·名校高三下学期5月适应性联考)Creating shadow-play puppets (木偶) requires both choice 60 (material) and skills.
【答案】 60.materials
【解析】考查名词的数。句意:制作皮影戏的木偶需要既选择合适的材料,又具备相应的技艺。根据后文skills可知为复数。故填materials。
变式2(2025·山东肥城·高考适应性测试) The outside surface of the branch’s buildings has red walls and golden 59 (roof) to match the Palace Museum’s architectural aesthetics.
【答案】 59.roofs
【解析】考查名词的数。句意:该分支建筑的外立面采用了红色的墙壁和金色的屋顶,与故宫的建筑风格相得益彰。根据上文red walls and可知数量大于一用复数形式。故填roofs。
变式3(2025·东北三省四市·教研联合体模拟预测)Yunjin’s 39 (category) include Kujin, Kuduan and Zhuanghua, of which Zhuanghua is the most complex, featuring vivid colors and 3D effects.
【答案】 39.categories
【解析】39.考查名词复数。句意:云锦的品类包括库锦、库缎和妆花,其中妆花最为复杂,以鲜艳的色彩和3D效果为特色。此处为名词作主语,根据后文“Kujin, Kuduan and Zhuanghua”列举的多种品类可知,category需用复数形式。故填categories。
变式4[原创题]Adapting to a new environment is one of the biggest ________ (challenge) that international students face, but it also brings valuable experiences.
【答案】 challenges
【解析】 1.定词性 & 辨词义:空格处于 one of the... 这一固定结构中。该结构意为“...其中之一”,其后必须接可数名词的复数形式,表示在多个事物中选取一个。
2. 由义定形:challenge(挑战)是可数名词。根据 one of the biggest 的语法规则,此处必须填其复数形式 challenges。
◇题型 03 名词所有格与双重所有格
典|例|精|析
典例1(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)“He saved my 64 (son) life,” said Mrs. Brown.
【答案】son’s
【解析】考查名词所有格。句意:他拯救了我儿子的生命。根据句意,life与提示词son之间是所属关系,故应该使用名词所有格。故填son’s。
典例2(2021·浙江卷)It is calculated by dividing a 58 (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.
【答案】person’s
【解析】考查名词所有格。此空后接名词,且根据句意“它的计算方法是用一个人的体重公斤数除以身高米数的平方……”,故此处填person的所有格形式。
方|法|提|练
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变式1(2025·浙江省杭州市七彩阳光新高考研究联盟联考)Panda enthusiasts in both China and the US will have various means of learning about the (pair) daily lives and adjustment process, according to the National Forestry and Grassland Administration.
【答案】pair’s
【解析】考查名词所有格。句意:据国家林业和草原局介绍,中美两国的熊猫爱好者可以通过各种方式了解这对大熊猫的日常生活和适应过程。空白处需要名词所有格形式作定语修饰daily lives,表示“这对大熊猫的日常生活”。因此,应使用pair的名词所有格形式pair’s。故填pair’s。
变式2(2025·浙江省金华第一中学月考)The bus was not a performance group of any kind but a mobile science class jointly organized by the Ministry of Education, the China Science and Technology Museum and a social media platform, aiming to sow seeds of passion for science among children in the (country) vast rural areas.
【答案】country’s
【解析】考查所有格。句意:这辆巴士不是任何形式的表演团体,而是由教育部、中国科技馆和一个社交媒体平台联合组织的移动科学班,旨在向广大农村地区的孩子们播下科学热情的种子。此处country与areas构成所属关系,应用名词所有格形式。故填country’s。
变式3(2025·湖南长沙雅礼中学·高三模拟试卷) Whether it be the tile (瓷砖) technology used to represent ancient wisdom in the reading area, or the bamboo sea display in the 64 (children) reading area that captures a sense of happiness and innocence, or the portrayal of natural scenery in the literary area, the design elements aim to create an ideal destination for the soul, marked by the harmonious coexistence of livability and natural ecology.
【答案】 64.children’s
【解析】64.考查名词所有格。句意同上。此处修饰名词reading area,表示“儿童的”,应用名词所有格形式。故填children’s。
◇题型 04 形容词和副词词形转换
典|例|精|析
典例1【2025年全国一卷】Tu says that the balance between the black and white pieces, the beauty in the ____63____ (strategy) placement of the pieces, ___and ___ the energy flow following each move inspired artists to create oil paintings, sculptures, ____65___ (digital) generated pictures and silk-screen prints for the exhibition.
【答案】 63. strategic(al) 65. digitally
【解析】考查形容词。句意:屠宁宁说,黑白棋子之间的平衡,棋子在策略布局上的美感,以及每一步棋所蕴含的能量流动,都激发了艺术家们为展览创作油画、雕塑、数字生成的图片和丝网版画。此处修饰名词placement,需用形容词strategic“战略性的,策略的”,作定语。故填strategic(al)。
【解析】64. 考查连词。句意同上。the balance between the black and white pieces, the beauty in the strategic placement of the pieces, the energy flow following each move三者为并列关系,作并列主语,所以空处需用连词and。故填and。
【解析】考查副词。句意同上。此处修饰形容词generated,需用副词digitally“数字地”,作状语。故填digitally。
典例2【2025年北京卷】Most days after school, I love walking in the forest with my dog Nick. It’s ____11____ (peace), especially around sunset. Nick has a fun time smelling the leaves and running after rabbits.
【答案】peaceful
【解析】考查形容词。句意:这里很宁静,尤其是在日落时分。“is”后接形容词作表语,“peace”的形容词形式是“peaceful”,意为“宁静的”。故填peaceful。
方|法|提|练
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变式1(2025·河北省石家庄市第二中学月考)They underwent three weeks of training, but the first two weeks were really (challenge).
【答案】challenging
【解析】考查形容词。句意:他们接受了三周的训练,但前两周真的很有挑战性。分析句子成分可知,空处考查形容词形式的担当表语,意为“有挑战性的”。故填challenging。
变式2(2025·东北三省三校联考)Through these celebrations, we can gain a deeper understanding of each other’s traditions and form mutual respect, which can in turn make for (harmony) relationships and a truly global community.
【答案】harmonious
【解析】考查形容词。句意:通过这些庆祝活动,我们可以更深入地了解彼此的传统,形成相互尊重,从而建立和谐的关系和真正的全球社区。空格处用形容词作定语,修饰名词relationships,harmony的形容词是harmonious,意为“和谐的”。故填harmonious。
变式3(2025·安徽省皖豫名校联盟高三联考)Besides live performances, Hu also showed how suona fitted in with various musical pieces in an impressive way, offering the local audience a ________ (value) opportunity to experience the Chinese musical instrument.
【答案】valuable
【解析】考查形容词。句意:除了现场表演,胡还以一种令人印象深刻的方式展示了唢呐如何与各种乐曲相配,为当地观众提供了一个宝贵的机会来体验中国传统乐器。空处用形容词valuable“宝贵的”,作定语,修饰名词opportunity。故填valuable。
变式4[原创题]The new environmental policy has been __________ (effect) in reducing plastic waste, with a reported 50% drop in single-use plastic bag consumption within the first year.
【答案】effective
【解析】考查形容词。句意:这项新的环境政策在减少塑料垃圾方面一直很有效,据报道,在第一年内,一次性塑料袋的消耗量下降了50%。分析句子结构可知,空处在句中作表语,说明主语“policy”的特征,意为“有效的”。effect的形容词形式为effective。故填effective。
◇题型 05 形容词和副词的级
典|例|精|析
典例1【2024·全国甲卷】Yellowstone was the 49 (large)United States national park—2.2 million acres—until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, which became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
【答案】largest
【解析】考查形容词最高级。句意:黄石公园是美国最大的国家公园,占地220万英亩,直到1978年成为国家纪念碑的阿拉斯加南部的弗兰格尔-圣伊莱亚斯在1980年以1230万英亩的面积作为国家公园获得这项荣誉。本空前有the,为形容词最高级标志词,结合下文“1978年成为国家纪念碑的阿拉斯加南部的弗兰格尔-圣伊莱亚斯在1980年以1230万英亩的面积获得国家公园的荣誉”可知,用large的最高级largest作定语,故填largest。
典例2【2025年北京卷】When was the last time you took on a tough choice? Maybe this morning you debated whether to get up or stay in bed slightly ____14____ (long).
【答案】14. longer
【解析】考查形容词比较级。句意:也许今天早上你还在纠结是起床还是多睡一会儿。此处表示“多睡一会儿”,应用比较级longer,表示“更久”。故填longer。
典例3【2023·1月新高考浙江卷】 Farther from the center lived the commoners and laborers. Their siheyuan were far smaller in scale and ________ (simple)in design and decoration, and the hutongs were narrower.
【答案】simpler
【解析】考查形容词比较级。句意:他们的四合院规模要小很多,并且在设计和装饰上更加简单,并且胡同也更窄。根据句子结构和and可知,空格处需要填形容词比较级和前面的smaller构成并列结构作表语。故填simpler。
方|法|提|练 “四看”法应用
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变式1(2025·广东省清远市高三一模)Civilizations have become (rich) and more colorful with exchanges and mutual learning.
【答案】richer
【解析】考查形容词比较级。句意:通过交流互鉴,文明变得更加丰富多彩。由and并列的另一表语more colorful可知,这里应用形容词比较级。故填richer。
变式2(2025·沧州市普通高中高三复习质量监测)China is the world’s ________ (large) producer of flowers and an important trader and consumer of them.
【答案】 largest
【解析】考查形容词最高级。句意:中国是世界上最大的花卉生产国,也是重要的花卉贸易方和消费方。由空前名词所有格the world’s辖定的范围推知,此处符合形容词最高级。故填largest。
变式3(2025·广东省深圳市罗湖区高三上学期第一次摸底)The birth of Sora videos might make the situation
(bad).
【答案】worse
【解析】考查形容词比较级。句意:Sora视频的诞生可能会使情况变得更糟。结合句意,此处表示“更糟”,应用形容词比较级worse。故填worse。
变式4[原创题] Among all the candidates, Alice is widely recognized as the ________ (suitable) person for the leadership role due to her extensive experience and excellent communication skills.
【案】most suitable
【解析】考查形容词最高级。句意:在所有候选人中,Alice被广泛认为是担任该领导职位的最合适人选,因为她经验丰富且沟通能力出色。由空前的定冠词the和空后的短语Among all the candidates(在所有候选人中)可知,此处表示在特定群体(所有候选人)中进行比较,应用形容词最高级。suitable为多音节形容词,其最高级形式为the most suitable。故填most suitable。
◇题型 06 形容词和副词固定句型
典|例|精|析
典例1.【2020年浙江卷1月】 The first is declining birthrates, which means old generations are large compared to younger generations, and so, on average, the population becomes _________(old)than before.
【答案】older
【解析】考查形容词比较级。句意:首先是出生率的下降,这意味着老一代比年轻一代人口多,因此,平均而言,人口比以前老龄化。根据下文than before可知应用形容词比较级,故填older。
典例2【2019新课标I卷】Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are ________ (high) than they actually are.
【答案】higher
【解析】考查形容词比较级。句意:科学家们回应说,饥饿的熊可能聚集在人类定居区周围,这导致了一种错觉,认为它们的数量比实际数量要高。根据其后than they actually are可知,此处为形容词的比较级,故填higher。
典例3 The area of the new wetland park in Yancheng is three times ________ (large) than that of the former one.
【答案】larger
【解析】考查形容词比较级及倍数表达。句意:盐城新湿地公园的面积是前一个的三倍大。根据"than”可知,此处需用形容词比较级,且"threetimes+比较级 +than”为固定倍数表达结构。故填larger。
方|法|提|练
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变式1(2025·河南省部分学校高三大联考)No drink reflects the story of modern China (well) than Moutai, from winning awards to easing international relations, from antique auctions to contemporary cocktails.
【答案】better
【解析】考查副词的比较级。句意:从获奖到缓和国际关系,从古董拍卖到当代鸡尾酒,没有什么酒能比茅台更能反映现代中国的故事了。根据空后than可知,空处需填副词well的比较级better,作状语修饰动词reflect。故填better。
变式2(2025·广西名校联盟高三适应性检测)Drones are much ______ (fast), taking 5 minutes compared to a worker’s 50-minute hike from the depot to the watchtower.
【答案】faster
【解析】考查形容词比较级。句意:无人机的速度要快得多,只需5分钟,而工人从仓库到瞭望塔需要步行50分钟。空处需填形容词作表语,much修饰形容词比较级。故填faster。
变式3 I can think of nothing ________ (good) than a nice cold drink on a hot summer afternoon.
【答案】better
【解析】考查形容词比较级。句意:在炎热的夏日午后,我想不出比一杯冰爽的饮料更好的东西了。句中than是比较级的标志性词,提示需用形容词的比较级形式;good的比较级为不规则变化,即better,故填better。
变式4[原创题]The secret to learning a language is constant practice. ________ (much) you use it, ________ (fluent) you will become.
【答案】The more, the more fluent
【解析】考查比较级固定句型。句意:学习语言的秘诀在于持续练习。你用得越多,就会变得越流利。分析句子结构可知,此处考查“The + 比较级, the + 比较级”这一固定句型,意为“越……,越……”。第一个空后是句子“you use it”,需用“The more”来修饰动词use,表示“使用得越多”;第二个空后是句子“you will become”,需用“the more fluent”作become的表语,表示“变得越流利”。故填The more, the more fluent。
◇题型 07 形容词和副词在语境中的运用
典|例|精|析
典例1【2025全国一卷】My husband and I had just sold our house and we were busy emptying out 41 the beloved home our family had spent 23 years filling up. We had decided on key items for the apartment 42 we were moving to in town, donated what we could, and rented a place to store 43 our supposedly important objects. That left a house still 44 with things that, while not particularly 45 , didn’t belong in a landfill (垃圾填埋场).
44.A.covered B.decorated C.stuffed D.equipped
45.A.conventional B.valuable C.complicated D.tolerable
【答案】44. C 45. B
【解析】44.考查形容词词义辨析。句意:这使得房子里仍然堆满了那些虽然不是特别值钱,但不应该放在垃圾填埋场的东西。A. covered 覆盖的;B. decorated 装饰的;C. stuffed 塞满的;D. equipped 配备的。根据上文“rented a place to 3 our supposedly important objects”以及下文“with things”可推知,此处指房子里仍塞满物品。故选C。
45.考查形容词词义辨析。句意:这使得房子里仍然堆满了那些虽然不是特别值钱,但不应该放在垃圾填埋场的东西。A. conventional 传统的;B. valuable 有价值的;C. complicated 复杂的;D. tolerable 可容忍的。根据上文“while not particularly”以及下文“didn’t belong in a landfill”可推知,此处指虽不贵重但不应丢弃的物品。故选B。
典例2【2025全国二卷】Evelyn Donohue is a 65-year-old grandma. She only started to 41 seven years ago after having a 42 call. She’d been struggling with eating disorders and health issues, which 43 led her to getting surgery. After that experience, she knew that she needed to make a 44 . Determined to turn her life around, Ms Donohue began to work out and follow a 45 lifestyle, before discovering a 46 for weightlifting.
45.A.risky B.traditional C.comfortable D.healthy
【答案】45.D
【答案】45.考查形容词词义辨析。句意:Donohue女士决心改变生活,开始锻炼身体并遵循健康的生活方式,之后她发现了对举重的热爱。A. risky有风险的;B. traditional传统的;C. comfortable舒适的;D. healthy健康的。根据上文“Ms Donohue began to work out”可推知,此处指她选择健康的生活方式。故选D。
典例3【2025北京卷】 Little did I realize that single moment would ruin everything.
The following day, called to the headmaster’s office, I found myself accused of stealing the missing parts. “I didn’t do it, sir,” I argued, but suspicion ____.clouded5____ his eyes. His repeated ____questioning 6____ intensified, pushing me to the edge of fear and tears. In a desperate attempt to escape the mounting pressure, I ____7____ confessed (承认).
The headmaster asked my father to come to school, whose shaky faith in me brought a mix of relief and ___shame_8____. My father gently asked me if I understood the gravity of my actions. ____9____, I confessed my misguided longing for recognition. In the headmaster’s office, my father listened attentively, and then spoke with quiet authority: “I trust my son. He is not a thief.”
With my father’s support, I learned a valuable lesson: ____attention10____ cannot be forced; true recognition comes from honourable acts.
7. A. warmly B. readily C. randomly D. falsely
9. A. Generously B. Tearfully C. Carelessly D. Strangely
【答案】 7. D 9. B
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意:为了摆脱不断增加的压力,我谎称自己有罪。A. warmly热情地;B. readily乐意地;C. randomly随机地;D. falsely错误地,不实地。根据前文“I didn’t do it, sir”可知,作者没偷东西,结合“In a desperate attempt to escape the mounting pressure”可知,作者为了摆脱压力,所以虚假地承认。故选D项。
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意:我泪流满面地承认了自己对认可的错误渴望。A. Generously慷慨地;B. Tearfully含泪地;C. Carelessly粗心地;D. Strangely奇怪地。根据前文“pushing me to the edge of fear and tears”和“In a desperate attempt to escape the mounting pressure, I ___7___confessed (承认).”可知,作者因为害怕和委屈流泪了,并被迫承认偷了东西。父亲来时,作者是含泪承认自己为了引起关注而犯下的错误。故选B项。
变|式|巩|固
变式1(2025·甘青宁三省多校高三九月联考)As she worked, she caught the eye of a(n) 43 admirer — a months-old baby named Romey, staring at her from across the aisle (通道). Moved by the baby’s attention and noticing her outfit, Rubin decided to make a little gift for her new fan.
43.A.unlikely B.considerate C.ambitious D.famous
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:当她工作时,她吸引了一个不太可能的仰慕者的目光——一个名叫Romey的、只有几个月大的婴儿,正从过道对面盯着她看。A. unlikely不太可能的;B. considerate体贴的;C. ambitious有野心的;D. famous著名的。根据后文“a months-old baby named Romey”可知,几个月大的婴儿应是不太可能的仰慕者。故选A。
变式2 (2025·云南省保山市摸底)When reading the law school acceptance emails, Staton and his friends were in shock and excitement. 53 , Staton chose to attend Harvard Law School — and he’ll never forget all the supportive people who helped him get there.
53.A.Gradually B.Incredibly C.Eventually D.Literally
【答案】
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意:最终,斯塔顿选择进入哈佛法学院——他永远不会忘记所有支持他的人。A. Gradually逐渐地;B. Incredibly难以置信地;C. Eventually最后;D. Literally字面地。根据后文“Staton chose to attend Harvard Law School”指他最终选择进入哈佛法学院。故选C。
变式3【2026届广东省大湾区高三上学期普通高中毕业年级联合模拟】 Chandra was born in a small town. 21 other children, she was half paralyzed below the waist.
21.A.Equal to B.Different from C.Separate from D.Close to
【答案】B
【解析】21.考查形容词短语辨析。句意:和其他孩子不同,她腰部以下半身瘫痪。A. Equal to等同于;B. Different from与……不同;C. Separate from与……分离;D. Close to靠近。根据后文“she was half paralyzed below the waist.”可知,提到Chandra半身瘫痪,这是她与其他孩子的“不同之处”,故选B项。
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专题03 词性转换“铁三角”—名/形/副词高频互转
目录
第一部分 考情精析 锁定靶心 高效备考
第二部分 重难考点深解 深度溯源 扫清盲区
【考点01】 名词的构成
【考点02】 名词单复数
【考点03】 名词所有格
【考点04】形容词和副词的构成
【考点05】形容词和副词的句法功能
【考点06】形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
【考点07】形容词和副词固定句型
【考点08】易混易错形容词和副词词义辨析
第三部分 解题思维优化 典例精析+方法提炼+变式巩固
【题型01】名词词形转换
【题型02】名词的数与主谓一致
【题型03】名词所有格与双重所有格
【题型04】形容词和副词词形转换
【题型05】形容词和副词的级
【题型06】形容词和副词固定句型
【题型07】形容词和副词在语境中的运用
核心考向聚焦
核心价值:本专题旨在夯实学生词汇学习的核心基石,即从单一词义识记上升到对词汇词性、功能和构词法的深度理解与灵活应用。它直接服务于语法填空、完形填空及书面表达,是衡量学生语言准确性与综合运用能力的关键标尺。
关键能力与思维瓶颈
关键能力:本专题重点考查名、形、副三大词性在高频语境中的精准互转能力,具体包括:①根据句子成分准确判断所需词性的能力;②熟练掌握并应用高频名词、形容词、副词后缀构词规则的能力;③在具体语境中辨析易混词义与词性的能力。。
培优瓶颈:
①规则混淆与应用不熟:对构词法后缀记忆不清,尤其在形容词变副词(如去e、变y、-ic结尾等)和名词不规则复数上易错。
②语境判断失准:无法快速分析句子结构(如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语),导致词性判断错误。
③忽视语义连贯:仅考虑语法形式正确,而忽略转换后的词汇在具体语境中的语义和搭配是否通顺。
命题前瞻与备考策略
预测:①命题将继续以“语境填空”为核心形式,对名、形、副词的考查覆盖面广,且对派生词(尤其是多词缀、多词性词汇)的考查比重可能增加。
②题目将更注重对句子逻辑和语义连贯的考查,单纯靠记规则可能无法得分,要求考生具备更强的综合分析能力。
策略:①构建“词群”网络:以核心词根为中心,系统性梳理其派生的名词、形容词、副词形式,形成“词性转换铁三角”记忆模块。
②强化句法分析:通过大量专项练习,训练学生快速定位空格所在句子的成分,养成“先定词性,再变形式”的解题习惯。
③聚焦高频易错点:集中梳理和反复巩固高频后缀(如 -tion/-ment, -ive/-able, -ly 等)的添加规则及特例,建立错题本,针对性突破。
◇考点 01 名词的构成
1.形容词转化为名词后缀
后缀
例词
-age
short→shortage 短缺 percent→percentage 百分比
-cy
efficient→efficiency效率 fluent→fluency流利
accurate→accuracy准确性 private→privacy隐私
-dom
free→freedom自由 wise→wisdom明智;智慧
-ence
different→difference差异 evident →evidence 证据
-ness
weak→weakness虚弱;弱点 thick→thickness厚度
kind→kindness仁慈,友好 careless→carelessness粗心大意
-th
strong→strength力气;优势 warm→warmth温暖;热情
-y/-ty/-ity
difficult→difficulty困难 disable→disability缺陷;伤残
responsible→responsibility责任 honest→honesty诚实
①careless→ carelessness粗心大意helpless→ helplessness无助safe→ safeness安全性(易混:safety安全)
【注意】以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i再加-ness lonely→ loneliness孤独
②strong→ strength力气;强项true→ truth真实wide→ width宽度deep→ depth深度long→ length长度young→ youth年轻人
【高频再现】
①absent→ absence缺席confident→ confidence自信心different→ difference不同evident→ evidence证据patient→ patience耐心
②bored→ boredom厌烦free→ freedom自由;自主wise→ wisdom明智;智慧
③difficult→ difficulty困难discover→ discovery发现deliver→delivery递送recover→recovery恢复;痊愈honest→ honesty诚实
④certain→ certainty必然的事cruel→ cruelty残酷;残暴safe→ safety安全
⑤able→ ability能力disable→ disability无能;残疾active→ activity活动real→ reality现实responsible→ responsibility责任 visible→visibility知名度
2.动词转化为名词后缀
后缀
例词
-ion/
-tion/
-sion/
attract→attraction吸引力 celebrate→celebration庆祝
conclude→conclusion结论;结束 discuss→discussion讨论;论述
decide→decision决定 admit→admission承认;准许加入
permit→permission允许,许可 invite→invitation邀请
explain→explanation解释 expect→expectation期望
-er/
-or
sail→sailor海员,水手 drive→driver司机;驾驶员
gather→gatherer收集者,采集者 teach→teacher老师
announce→announcer广播员 conduct→conductor指挥;售票员
-ment
punish→punishment惩罚 achieve→achievement成就
argue→argument辩论;论据 treat→treatment对待;治疗
equip →equipment装备;设备 govern→government政府
astonish→astonishment惊奇 develop→development发展
-ance/
-ence
appear→appearance出现;外貌 guide→guidance指引;指导
perform→performance表演;表现 exist→existence存在;生存
prefer→preference偏爱 refer→reference参考,查阅
-ure/
-ture
fail→failure失败;倒闭 press→pressure压力
depart→departure离开;出发 mix→mixture混合(物)
-ing
hear→hearing听力,听觉 begin→beginning开始
build→building建筑 warn→warning 警告
-y
recover→recovery恢复 discover→discovery发现
①enter→ entrance进入exist→ existence存在;生存prefer→ preference偏爱refer→ reference参考;查阅differ→ difference不同
②imagine→ imagination想象力starve→ starvation挨饿occupy→ occupation工作,职业;占领
③cover→ coverage覆盖范围short→ shortage不足;短缺marry→ marriage婚姻pack→ package包裹
④serve→ servant仆人participate→ participant参加者assist→ assistant助手apply→ applicant申请人
⑤clean→ cleaner清洁剂contain→ container容器cook→ cooker炊具draw→ drawer抽屉
dry→ drier干燥剂;干燥机sharpen→ sharpener铅笔刀shave→ shaver剃须刀thrill→ thriller惊悚小说/电影calculate→ calculator计算器tract→ tractor拖拉机
【高频再现】
①approve→approval赞成;批准arrive→arrival到来;到达survive→survival幸存propose→proposal提议;建议refuse→refusal拒绝
②press→pressure压力mix→mixture混合;混合物depart→departure离开;出发fail→failure失败please→pleasure愉快
③educate→education教育evaluate→evaluation评估graduate→graduation毕业
④equip→equipment设备employ→employment雇用treat→treatment对待;治疗
⑤employ→employee雇员interview→interviewee参加面试者train→trainee受训者;实习生escape→escapee逃亡者
3.名词转化为名词后缀
后缀
例词
-ian/
-ist/
music→ musician音乐家politics→ politician政治家
science→ scientist科学家piano→ pianist钢琴家
①history→ historian历史学家library→ librarian图书管理员
②cycle→ cyclist骑自行车的人
◇考点 02 名词单复数
1. 牢记名词变复数的5种变化形式
(1)一般情况下,在词尾直接加-s:book→ books, mouth→ mouths, house→ houses, girl→ girls
(2)以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词,在词尾加-es:glass→ glasses, box→ boxes, match→ matches
(3)以辅音字母+-y结尾的名词,变y为i再加-es;city→ cities, country→ countries, party→ parties
(4) 【注意】以o结尾的名词常在词尾加-s:radios, zoos, pianos, kilos, photos;加-es的有以下词:heroes, Negroes, tomatoes, potatoes。
(5) 【注意】以-f,-fe结尾的名词
①少数直接加-s:roof→ roofs,belief→ beliefs。
②一般以-f或-fe结尾的名词要变f或fe为v再加-es:self, life, thief, wife, knife, leaf, shelf, wolf, half。
2.复合名词的单复数变化
复合名词
将主体名词变为复数
son-in-law→sons-in-law looker-on→lookers-on
passer-by→passers-by story-teller→story-tellers
无主体名词时,通常把最后一个词变为复数
grown-up→grown-ups standby→standbys
"man/woman+名词"构成的复合名词变复数时,man/woman和名词通常均变为复数
woman singer→women singers
man servant→men servants
3.外来名词的单复数变化
criterion → criteria 标准 phenomenon → phenomena 现象
analysis → analyses 分析 basis → bases 基础
crisis → crises 危机 thesis → theses 论文
diagnosis → diagnoses 诊断 bacterium → bacteria 细菌
medium → media媒体 datum → data 数据
curriculum → curricula/curriculums 全部课程
4.常考的不可数名词
(1)表物质的不可数名词:baggage/luggage(行李)、cash(现金)、meat(肉)、paper(纸张)等。
(2)表抽象概念的不可数名词:work(工作)、knowledge(知识)、luck(运气)、scenery(风景)、traffic(交通)等。
高频考点纯不可数名词:advice(建议)、equipment(设备)、fun(乐趣)、furniture(家具)、progress(进步)、等。
5.名词单复数的形式比较复杂,注意掌握好以下的情况
(1)有些名词一般不用复数形式,但可用复数形式来表达不同的类别
fishes各种鱼;fruits各种水果;steels各种钢材
(2)有些名词的单复数形式表达不同的含义
snow雪, snows积雪; two people两个人,two peoples两个民族
(3)glass一词作 “玻璃”解时,为物质名词,不可数
The cup is made of glass. 作 “玻璃杯”解时,则为个体名词,可数;如I bought ten glasses this morning. 作 “眼镜”解时,须用复数形式glasses.如: a man with thick glasses
(4)paper一词作“纸”解时,不可数
write on paper; 作“报纸”“文件”“考卷”解时,则可数,如: hand in your test papers
(5)物质名词表示数量时,一般用表示数量的短语来表示。of之前的数量名词,要根据情况使用单数或复数形式
a cup of tea; four pieces of bread; a cake of soap
(6)有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义
time(时间)→times( 时代,次,倍数) work(工作)→ works( 著作,工厂,工事)
air(空气) →airs( 气派,架子,姿态 ) look(看)→looks(容貌)
custom(习惯) →customs(海关) advice(劝告)→advices(消息)
arm(手臂)→arms(军火) damage(损坏)→damages(赔偿金)
glass(玻璃)→glasses(眼镜,玻璃杯) good(利益)→ goods(货物)
compass(指南针)→compasses(圆规) manner(态度) →manners(礼貌,习俗)
6.名词易错点
(1).名词在不定代词few, a few, other, all, both, many, several等后时,要想到用复数形式。
(2).谓语动词为复数形式,要想到作主语的名词用复数形式。
(3).注意一些不规则变化的名词复数,如child→ children, man→ men, tooth→ teeth, foot→ feet, woman→ women等。但human→ humans(准确记住不规则变化是二轮复习的重点,这样防止知识漏洞。)
(4).有些词用复数形式表示特殊意义如祝愿、礼貌或客气等,如congratulations(祝贺)、regards(问候)、respects(敬意)、thanks(谢谢)、wishes(祝愿)等。
(5).一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式,常见的有:make friends with(与……交朋友)、shake hands with...(与……握手)、take measures(采取措施)、make preparations for(为……作准备)、in high spirits(兴高采烈地)。
◇考点 03 名词所有格
所有格作定语,修饰另一名词,表示所有关系。它有两种形式:一种在名词后加-'s,另一种由"介词of+名词"构成。前者多用于有生命的事物或人,后者多用于无生命的事物。
1. -'s所有格
1).-'s所有格的构成规则:
构成
例子
单数名词词尾通常加-'s;复数名词词尾没有-s时,也要加-'s
the boy's schoolbag那个男孩的书包the children's toys那些孩子的玩具
以-s结尾的复数名词后直接加"'"
teachers' office 教师办公室
以-s结尾的单数名词或专有名词之后加"'"或-'s均可
my boss's/boss' plan我老板的计划James'/James's eyes詹姆斯的眼睛
复合名词一般在最后一个词的词尾加-'s
my brother-in-law's birthday我姐夫的生日
2)-'s所有格的用法
主要用于表示有生命的东西的名词,也可用于表示时间、距离、重量、城市、国家等无生命的事物的名词。
a week's holiday一周的假期
a thirty minutes' ride 三十分钟的车程
an hour and a half's walk 步行一个半小时的路程
1.并列的名词变所有格时的情况:
若表示不同的所有关系,则分别在两个名词后加-'s;若表示共有关系,则只在最后一个名词后加-'s。如:
Kate and Mary's room凯特和玛丽共有的房间
Kate's and Mary's rooms 凯特和玛丽各自的房间
2.可将所有格后面的名词省略的情况:
(1)名词所有格所修饰的词如果在前面已经出现过,往往可以省略,以免重复。
►This bike is not mine, nor Tom's.这辆自行车不是我的,也不是汤姆的。
(2)用于表示店铺、医院、住宅及公共建筑等的名词时,所有格之后的office, shop, house等常省去。如:
at the doctor's (office)在(医生的)诊所里
at the barber's (shop) 在理发店
at Mr. Green's (house)在格林先生家
3.不定代词后接 else时,-'s加在 else之后。如:
somebody else's bag别人的包
2. of所有格
用法
例子
表示所属关系
the title of the book书的标题
表示主谓关系
the arrival of the visitors参观者的到来
表示同位关系
the city of Beijing北京市
表示部分与整体关系
some of the students学生中的一些
表示内容
the news of victory捷报
后跟较长定语的名词要用of所有格
the advice of the old man experiencing a lot
这位饱经沧桑的老人的建议
含有一系列名词时要用of所有格
a friend of Jim, Jack and Mark吉姆、杰克和马克的一位朋友
3. 双重所有格
构成及用法
例子
构成
名词+of+-'s所有格
a friend of my brother's我弟弟的一位朋友
名词+of+名词性物主代词
a good friend of mine 我的一个好朋友
用法
表示部分概念,被双重所有格修饰的名词前往往有表示数量的词,如a, one,two,some, several, a few, many等
Some friends of my brother's have arrived. 我哥哥的几位朋友已经到了。
So far,I have read a few books of Mo Yan's.到目前为止,我已经读了莫言的一些书。
表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩,被双重所有格修饰的名词前常有指示代词 this, that, these, those等
This little cat of your sister's is really cute.你妹妹的这只小猫真可爱。
I hate those words of Mary's.我讨厌玛丽的那些话。
◇考点 04 形容词和副词的构成
1. 形容词的构成
类别
例词
词尾加-y
cloud→cloudy, luck→lucky, health→healthy, sleep→sleepy
词尾加-(e)d
gift→gifted, talent→talented, advance→advanced, excite→excited
词尾加ing
surprise→surprising, convince→convincing, frighten→frightening
词尾加-ful/-less
meaning→meaningful/meaningless, care→careful/careless, help→helpful/helpless, harm→harmful/harmless, home→homeless, colour→colourful/colourless, use→useful/useless, thank→thankful/thankless, peace→peaceful/peaceless
词尾加-able
comfort→comfortable, knowledge→knowledgeable, accept→acceptable, respect→respectable
词尾加-ous
danger→dangerous, courage→courageous, humour→humorous
词尾的-ce变为-t
confidence→confident, difference→different
词尾加-al
music→musical, person→personal, nation→national, education→educational, tradition→traditional
词尾加-ly
friend→friendly, week→weekly, love→lovely
词尾加-en
wood→wooden, wool→woolen
其他常见变化
energy→energetic, fool→foolish, pleasure→pleasant/pleased, science→scientific
以重读闭音节结尾的名词变成形容词时,要双写该辅音字母再加-y(如sun→sunny, fun→funny等),以e结尾的名词要去掉e再加-y(如noise→noisy, ice→icy, taste→tasty等)
动词词尾加ive/ative
attract→attractive, talk→talkative, prevent→preventive, protect→protective
1.如何区分-ed形容词与-ing形容词
解决此类问题有两个切入点:第一,看语境表示的是“令人……”(-ing),还是“感到……”(-ed);第二,看语境说明的是性质特征(-ing),还是感受(-ed)。具体如下:
(1)-ing型形容词主要用于修饰物或事,表示事物的性质特征,常译为“令人……的”。
(2)-ed型形容词通常用于说明人的感受,常译为“感到……的”,强调人自身的情感波动;修饰事物时,则多修饰smile(微笑), feeling(感觉), appearance(外貌), cry(哭), face(面部表情), voice(声音), mood(情绪), look(表情)等表示人的情绪状况的名词。
2.词形转换的易混易错提醒:
(1)形容词后缀-able
1)能……的;可……的
rely→reliable 可信赖的,可依靠的
特别提醒1:词尾的e去还是不去,一定记清楚,考试出错就在一瞬间
change→changeable 易变的
admire→admirable 可钦佩的
believe→believable 可相信的
2)具有……的特点
enjoy→enjoyable 令人愉快的
特别提醒2:词尾的e去还是不去,一定记清楚,考试出错就在一瞬间
value→valuable 有价值的
knowledge→knowledgeable有丰富知识的,博学的
(2)形容词后缀-ful/-less
harm→harmful 有害的→harmless 无害的
help→helpful 有帮助的→helpless 无助的;无能的
hope→hopeful 有希望的→hopeless 绝望的
use→useful 有用的→useless 无用的;无效的
power→powerful 强有力的→powerless 无力的
meaning→meaningful 有意义的→meaningless 无意义的
(3)形容词后缀-ive/-ative
impress→impressive 给人深刻印象的
instruct→instructive 有教育意义的
create→creative 创造性的
progress→progressive 进步的
talk→talkative 健谈的(别忘了字母a)
effect→effective 有效的
(4)形容词后缀-ous(ous还是ious一定要记清楚)
continue→continuous 不断的;持续的
caution→cautious 小心的;谨慎的
curiosity→curious 好奇的
mountain→mountainous 多山的
ambition→ambitious 有野心的
space→spacious 宽敞的;广阔的
(5)形容词后缀-ble/-ible
horror→horrible 可怕的;恐怖的
terror→terrible 可怕的;糟糕的
vision→visible 看得见的
access→accessible 容易达到的;容易取得的
(6)形容词后缀-y
fog→foggy 多雾的
taste→tasty 美味的;可口的
luck→lucky 幸运的
sun→sunny 阳光明媚的
wealth→wealthy 富裕的;丰富的
(7)形容词后缀-al/-ial
culture→cultural 文化的
practice→practical 实际的
person→personal 个人的;私人的
center→central 中央的;中心的
nature→natural 自然的;天生的
benefit→beneficial 有益的
face→facial 面部的(看起来很简单但很容易错)
(8)形容词后缀-ic
science→scientific 科学的
economy→economic 经济的
history→historic 历史上著名的
history→historical 具有重大历史意义的
energy→energetic 精力充沛的
class→classic 经典的
(9)形容词后缀-en
wood→wooden 木制的
gold→golden 金色的
wool→wool(l)en 羊毛的
(10)形容词后缀-ly(不要和副词混淆)
dead→deadly 致命的
live→lively 活跃的
friend→friendly 友好的
year→yearly 每年的
month→monthly 每月的
week→weekly 每周的
day→daily 每日的;日常的
cost→costly 昂贵的
order→orderly 有次序的
2. 副词的词形转换规律总结
类别
例词
形容词+后缀-ly
clear→clearly, great→greatly, loud→loudly, sudden→suddenly, sincere→sincerely
以辅音字母加-y结尾的形容词,把y变成i再加-ly
happy→happily, heavy→heavily, angry→angrily, lucky→luckily, noisy→noisily* shy→shyly, dry→dryly (y的发音为/aɪ/,直接加ly)
词尾为ble/le的形容词,去掉e,再加-y
terrible→terribly, possible→possibly, gentle→gently, probable→probably, comfortable→comfortably, responsible→responsibly, suitable→suitably
(例外:whole→wholly)
词尾为-ue的形容词,去掉e再加-ly
true→truly, due-duly (高中阶段仅此2例)
词尾为-ll的形容词,直接加-y
full→fully, dull→dully
词尾为-ic的形容词,加-ally
basic→basically, scientific→scientifically, specific→specifically, automatic→automatically public→publicly
1.形容词变副词去e还是不去e
(1)大部分以字母e结尾的形容词不去e,形容词变副词直接加-ly
immediate→immediately 立刻地
fortunate→fortunately 幸运地
absolute→absolutely 绝对地;完全地
polite→politely 有礼貌地;客气地
expensive→expensively 昂贵地
(2)-le结尾的形容词变为-ly
simple→simply 简单地;仅仅
gentle→gently 轻轻地;温柔地
terrible→terribly 非常;可怕地;极度地
possible→possibly 可能地;也许
probable→probably 大概;或许
comfortable→comfortably 舒服地;安乐地
(3)以“元音字母+e”结尾的形容词去e加-ly
true→truly 真实地
(4)特殊情况【易错提醒】
whole→wholly 完全地;全部
shy→shyly 害羞地
dry→dryly 干燥地
full→fully 充分地
dull→dully 单调地
2.以字母ic结尾的形容词加-ally变为副词
specific→specifically 特别地;明确地
basic→basically 主要地,基本上
scientific→scientifically 系统地;合乎科学地
academic→academically 学术上;学业上
historic→historically 关于历史事件,从历史观点上说
classic→classically 古典主义地
enthusiastic→enthusiastically热情地
◇考点 05 形容词和副词的句法功能
1.形容词的句法功能:
1)作定语: 形容词作定语一般位于被修饰的词的前面。
My mother tells me a funny story.
妈妈给我讲了一个非常有趣的故事。
易混点:副词作定语多表示时间或地点,位于被修饰的词的后面,如here, there, up, down, below, above等。
The people here are very friendly to us.
这儿的人对我们很友好。
易混点:由“形容词+介词短语/不定式短语”构成的形容词短语作定语时要后置。
It is a problem difficult to solve.
这是一个难解决的问题
2)作状语:形容词作状语用来说明主语的情况,表示原因、结果、伴随、时间、条件或方式,可位于句首、句中或句末,一般用逗号将其与其他部分隔开。
Careful with money, my mother managed to send me to college.
妈妈小心地用着钱,把我送去上了大学。
The survivors lay on the beach, exhausted and shocked.
幸存者们躺在沙滩上,疲惫不堪,心有余悸。
易混点:副词作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词和句子。
3)作表语:形容词作表语位于系动词be, feel, get, become, turn, prove, seem等之后。
The painting is not representative of his work of the period.
这幅画并不能代表他在那个时期的作品。
易混点:副词作表语,表示主语的方位、方向、动作和状态等。
4)作补足语:
Doing regular exercise can help to make one energetic.
做有规律的锻炼可以帮助使一个人精力充沛。
Please keep the classroom clean and tidy.
请保持教室干净、整洁。
2.副词的句法功能:
1)作状语:
修饰动词:Although living in a hut, we can think globally.
修饰形容词:I’m fully convinced that you will make it sooner or later.
修饰副词:He left the room secretly.
修饰句子:Actually, it would be much more sensible to do it later.
2)作表语:I hear that he is abroad now.
易混点:表示位置的副词(above, across, inside, upstairs等)作表语时说明主语的状态或特征;表示动作方向的副词(up, down, on, in, off, out等)作表语时含有动作意义。
Isn't he up yet? 他还没起床吗?
3)作定语:Please write to me at the address below.
4) 作补语:Keep the coat on if you feel cold.
◇考点 06 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
1.形容词比较级和最高级的规则构成(+er/est)转换
以e结尾
+r/st
late—later—latest
以“辅音字母+y”结尾
变-y为i,+er/est
early—earlier—earliest
以重读闭音节结尾(末尾只有一个辅音字母)
双写结尾字母+er/est
big—bigger—biggest
多音节和部分双音节结尾
前面加more/most
beautiful—more beautiful—most beautiful
(1)有少数几个双音节形容词,既可以加er和est,又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词有:common, handsome, quiet, pleasant, cruel, stupid, friendly等。
(2)有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度,因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有:right (正确的), wrong (错误的), excellent (优秀的), possible (可能的), empty (空的), first (第一的), wooden (木制的), final (最后的), east (东方的), last (最后的), favourite (最喜欢的)等。
2. 形容词比较级和最高级的不规则构成
原级
比较级
最高级
good, well
better
best
bad, badly, ill
worse
worst
many, much
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther(指时间或空间上“更远的”)
farthest(指时间或空间上“最久的;最远的”)
further(指空间距离“更远的”;在更大程度上)
furthest(指空间距离“最远的”;在最大程度上)
old
older/elder
oldest/eldest
3. 形容词的比较级应用
1.比较级的修饰语常见的有rather,much,still,even,far,any(用于否定句或疑问句),a lot,a little,a great deal,by far,a bit等。
2.比较级+than...“比……更”;less...than“不如……”。
3.the+比较级,the+比较级“越……,越……”。
4.the+比较级+of (the)+名词/代词“(两者中)较……的”。
①If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work,you should take a step back and identify (识别) those of greater and less importance.
如果你因为工作责任而感到有压力的话,那么你应该暂缓一下,识别哪些事情更重要,哪些不太重要。
②The earlier the treatment is given,the better the patient's chances.
病人越早接受治疗,康复的可能性就越大。
③Of the two cameras,I would prefer the smaller one,which is very easy for me to carry.
这两个照相机,我喜欢较小的一个,它便于携带。
4.形容词的最高级应用
1.三者或三者以上的比较用最高级。
2.最高级的修饰语常见的有序数词,by far,nearly,almost,by no means,not really,not quite,nothing like等。
3.“否定词+比较级”表示最高级意义。
4.the last表示“最不可能的”“最不适合的”“最不希望的”等。
①The happiest are not those who own all the best things,but those who can appreciate the beauty of life.
最幸福的人不是那些拥有最好的事物的人,而是那些懂得欣赏生活的美好的人。
②This is the best song by far that I've ever heard.
这是我听过的最好听的歌。
③—Are you pleased with what he has done?
—Not a bit.It couldn't be any worse.
——你对他做的事满意吗?
——一点也不满意。他做的事情糟糕透顶。
④I'm sure I was the last person in the word he want to accept assistance from.
我确信在这个世界上,他最不希望接受我的帮助了。
◇考点 07 形容词和副词固定句型
`1. 同级比较句型
①as+adj./adv. (原形)+as... “和……一样”;not as/so+adj./adv. (原形)+as... “和……不一样”
②当as... as结构中有名词时,可用以下结构:
as+形容词原级+a(n)+n. +as...
as+many+可数名词复数+as...
as+much+不可数名词+as...
2.比较级句型
“形容词/副词比较级+than”表示“两者中一方比另一方更……”。“less+形容词/副词原级+than”结构,表示“一方不及另一方……”。
the+比较级+of the two+名词/代词“两者中较……的”。
Who is the younger of the two boys?
这两个男孩中较小的是哪一个?
介词in和of引导的短语说明比较的范围。如果在一定的地域空间内进行比较用in;如果在同一类事物范围内进行比较用of。
修饰比较等级的副词:much, even, still, far, yet, a little, a lot, a bit, rather, any等。more, very等副词不可修饰比较级。
3.最高级句型
①表示三者或三者以上的比较,常见的结构:“the+最高级+表示比较范围的短语或从句”,表示“……是……中最……的”。
②最高级的其他表达法
否定词+比较级
比较级+than+any other+单数名词
比较级+than+all the other+复数名词
比较级+than+any of the other+复数名词
比较级+than anything/anyone else
有些词本身就有最高级含义,不能再用最高级形式,常见的:favourite,wonderful,exhausted等;有些词本身有比较级含义,故不与than连用,如be senior to等。
4.含有比较等级的特殊句型
①the+adj. /adv. 比较级, the+adj. /adv. 比较级 “越……,越……”
②adj. /adv. 比较级+and+adj. /adv. 比较级“越来越……”
③the+adj. 比较级+of the two+名词“某人或某物是两者中较……的那个”
④no more than“仅仅”, not more than“至多;不超过”
⑤more... than... “与其说……不如说……”
⑥no+比较级+than “和……一样不……”
⑦not+比较级+than “不比……更……”
⑧倍数句型
A is+倍数+比较级+than+B
A is+倍数+as+原级+as+B
A is+倍数+the+名词(size, length, height等)+of+B
◇考点 08 形容词和副词词义
1.高频形容词词义辨析
1). 易混形容词辨析
形容词
含义
典型例句
surprised
感到惊讶的(修饰人)
She was surprised by the news.
surprising
令人惊讶的(修饰物)
It was a surprising result.
interested
感兴趣的(修饰人)
He is interested in music.
interesting
有趣的(修饰物)
It's an interesting book.
confused
感到困惑的(修饰人)
The student looked confused.
confusing
令人困惑的(修饰物)
The instructions are confusing.
exhausted
筋疲力尽的(修饰人)
After the long run, he was exhausted.
exhausting
令人筋疲力尽的(修饰物)
It was an exhausting journey.
2). 常见近义词辨析
形容词
含义区别
典型例句
big
强调体积大,口语化
He has a big house.
large
强调面积、范围大,书面语
China is a large country.
huge
强调程度远超常规
There was a huge crowd.
high
指物体高度
The mountain is very high.
tall
指人或细长物体高度
He is a tall man.
fast
强调速度快
He runs fast.
quick
强调时间短,迅速
She gave a quick answer.
rapid
强调变化快
There has been rapid growth.
2、高频副词词义辨析
1). 易混副词辨析
hard vs hardly
hard: 努力地
He works hard every day.
hardly: 几乎不
I can hardly believe my eyes.
late vs lately
late: 迟,晚
He arrived late for the meeting.
lately: 最近
I haven't seen her lately.
close vs closely
close: 接近地
Stand close to me.
closely: 仔细地,密切地
We followed the instructions closely.
high vs highly
high: 具体高度
The bird flew high in the sky.
highly: 抽象地,高度地
She is highly respected by her colleagues.
2. 常见副词用法区别
副词
含义
典型例句
too
太,过于(含否定意义)
This shirt is too small for me.
very
非常(不含否定意义)
She is very beautiful.
so
如此(常与that连用)
He was so tired that he slept all day.
such
如此(修饰名词)
It was such a beautiful day.
quite
相当(程度副词)
She is quite good at playing the piano.
rather
相当(可修饰贬义形容词)
It's rather cold today.
3、高频形容词和副词熟词生义
1). 形容词熟词生义
形容词
熟义
生义
例句(生义)
absent
缺席的
心不在焉的
She looked at her mother in an absent way.
bare
赤裸的
仅仅的,勉强的
We only have bare essentials in the office.
fine
好的,晴朗的
细微的,精致的
There's a fine line between love and hate.
fresh
新鲜的
无经验的,新的
He is fresh to this kind of work.
heavy
重的
大量的,猛烈的
We had heavy rain last night.
ill
生病的
坏的,不良的
He has an ill temper.
low
低的
不足的,情绪低落的
We were low on cash ourselves.
plain
平原,简单的
明显的,清楚的
It was plain to see that she was upset.
2) . 副词熟词生义
副词
熟义
生义
例句(生义)
deeply
深深地
非常,极其
She was deeply moved by the story.
fairly
公平地
相当,还算
The book is fairly interesting.
just
刚刚,正好
仅仅,只是
He is just a child.
most
最
非常,极其
She was most kind to me.
pretty
漂亮地
相当,非常
The movie was pretty good.
right
正确地
正好,完全
He was standing right in front of me.
well
好地
充分地,彻底地
You need to think well about this.
◇题型 01 名词的词形转换
典|例|精|析
典例1(2025年全国一卷)“In a Go game each move should serve a long-term goal. You try to lead the opponent into your trap and force them to follow your ‘____59____ (guide)’ till they lose,” explains Wang Wei, a Go player among the visitors to the exhibition.
典例2(2025年全国二卷)The sun-dried clothes smell especially pleasant where I live, thanks to the ____43____ (absent) of smog and plenty of blue sky ____afternoon44____ (afternoon) with lots of fresh air.
方|法|提|练
变|式|巩|固
变式1【2025·广东省清远市一模】According to the organizers, Dunhuang culture is an essential part of the (diverse) of world culture.
变式2【2025·云南省保山市摸底】The (convenient) of the service has greatly promoted international passenger travel in Laos and cross-border cargo transportation in the region.
变式3【2025·浙江Z20名校联盟第一次联考】Thus, the Indian movie industry’s further development solely depends on domestic companies’ (capable) to cooperate with western filmmakers, which will facilitate the promotion of a product appealing to diverse audiences.
变式4[原创题]The research team placed several hidden cameras)throughout the forest to monitor the wildlife without disturbing their natural ________ (behave).
◇题型 02 名词的数与主谓一致
典|例|精|析
典例1【2025年1月浙江卷】 As people now choose to wear more clothes fewer ____57____ (time), clothing rental services have become increasingly popular.
典例2【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】These plants included modern Western ____62____ (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel. The garden also contains a winding path that guides visitors through the twelve regions of the Silk Road. The path offers over 300 plant species for visitors to see, too.
方|法|提|练
变|式|巩|固
变式1(2025·福建福州·名校高三下学期5月适应性联考)Creating shadow-play puppets (木偶) requires both choice 60 (material) and skills.
变式2(2025·山东肥城·高考适应性测试) The outside surface of the branch’s buildings has red walls and golden 59 (roof) to match the Palace Museum’s architectural aesthetics.
变式3(2025·东北三省四市·教研联合体模拟预测)Yunjin’s 39 (category) include Kujin, Kuduan and Zhuanghua, of which Zhuanghua is the most complex, featuring vivid colors and 3D effects.
变式4[原创题]Adapting to a new environment is one of the biggest ________ (challenge) that international students face, but it also brings valuable experiences.
◇题型 03 名词所有格与双重所有格
典|例|精|析
典例1(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)“He saved my 64 (son) life,” said Mrs. Brown.
典例2(2021·浙江卷)It is calculated by dividing a 58 (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.
方|法|提|练
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变式1(2025·浙江省杭州市七彩阳光新高考研究联盟联考)Panda enthusiasts in both China and the US will have various means of learning about the (pair) daily lives and adjustment process, according to the National Forestry and Grassland Administration.
变式2(2025·浙江省金华第一中学月考)The bus was not a performance group of any kind but a mobile science class jointly organized by the Ministry of Education, the China Science and Technology Museum and a social media platform, aiming to sow seeds of passion for science among children in the (country) vast rural areas.
变式3(2025·湖南长沙雅礼中学·高三模拟试卷) Whether it be the tile (瓷砖) technology used to represent ancient wisdom in the reading area, or the bamboo sea display in the 64 (children) reading area that captures a sense of happiness and innocence, or the portrayal of natural scenery in the literary area, the design elements aim to create an ideal destination for the soul, marked by the harmonious coexistence of livability and natural ecology.
◇题型 04 形容词和副词词形转换
典|例|精|析
典例1【2025年全国一卷】Tu says that the balance between the black and white pieces, the beauty in the ____63____ (strategy) placement of the pieces, ___and ___ the energy flow following each move inspired artists to create oil paintings, sculptures, ____65___ (digital) generated pictures and silk-screen prints for the exhibition.
典例2【2025年北京卷】Most days after school, I love walking in the forest with my dog Nick. It’s ____11____ (peace), especially around sunset. Nick has a fun time smelling the leaves and running after rabbits.
方|法|提|练
变|式|巩|固
变式1(2025·河北省石家庄市第二中学月考)They underwent three weeks of training, but the first two weeks were really (challenge).
变式2(2025·东北三省三校联考)Through these celebrations, we can gain a deeper understanding of each other’s traditions and form mutual respect, which can in turn make for (harmony) relationships and a truly global community.
变式3(2025·安徽省皖豫名校联盟高三联考)Besides live performances, Hu also showed how suona fitted in with various musical pieces in an impressive way, offering the local audience a ________ (value) opportunity to experience the Chinese musical instrument.
变式4[原创题]The new environmental policy has been __________ (effect) in reducing plastic waste, with a reported 50% drop in single-use plastic bag consumption within the first year.
◇题型 05 形容词和副词的级
典|例|精|析
典例1【2024·全国甲卷】Yellowstone was the 49 (large)United States national park—2.2 million acres—until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, which became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
典例2【2025年北京卷】When was the last time you took on a tough choice? Maybe this morning you debated whether to get up or stay in bed slightly ____14____ (long).
典例3【2023·1月新高考浙江卷】 Farther from the center lived the commoners and laborers. Their siheyuan were far smaller in scale and ________ (simple)in design and decoration, and the hutongs were narrower.
方|法|提|练 “四看”法应用
变|式|巩|固
变式1(2025·广东省清远市高三一模)Civilizations have become (rich) and more colorful with exchanges and mutual learning.
变式2(2025·沧州市普通高中高三复习质量监测)China is the world’s ________ (large) producer of flowers and an important trader and consumer of them.
变式3(2025·广东省深圳市罗湖区高三上学期第一次摸底)The birth of Sora videos might make the situation
(bad).
变式4[原创题] Among all the candidates, Alice is widely recognized as the ________ (suitable) person for the leadership role due to her extensive experience and excellent communication skills.
◇题型 06 形容词和副词固定句型
典|例|精|析
典例1.【2020年浙江卷1月】 The first is declining birthrates, which means old generations are large compared to younger generations, and so, on average, the population becomes _________(old)than before.
典例2【2019新课标I卷】Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are ________ (high) than they actually are.
典例3 The area of the new wetland park in Yancheng is three times ________ (large) than that of the former one.
方|法|提|练
变|式|巩|固
变式1(2025·河南省部分学校高三大联考)No drink reflects the story of modern China (well) than Moutai, from winning awards to easing international relations, from antique auctions to contemporary cocktails.
变式2(2025·广西名校联盟高三适应性检测)Drones are much ______ (fast), taking 5 minutes compared to a worker’s 50-minute hike from the depot to the watchtower.
变式3 I can think of nothing ________ (good) than a nice cold drink on a hot summer afternoon.
变式4[原创题]The secret to learning a language is constant practice. ________ (much) you use it, ________ (fluent) you will become.
◇题型 07 形容词和副词在语境中的运用
典|例|精|析
典例1【2025全国一卷】My husband and I had just sold our house and we were busy emptying out 41 the beloved home our family had spent 23 years filling up. We had decided on key items for the apartment 42 we were moving to in town, donated what we could, and rented a place to store 43 our supposedly important objects. That left a house still 44 with things that, while not particularly 45 , didn’t belong in a landfill (垃圾填埋场).
44.A.covered B.decorated C.stuffed D.equipped
45.A.conventional B.valuable C.complicated D.tolerable
典例2【2025全国二卷】Evelyn Donohue is a 65-year-old grandma. She only started to 41 seven years ago after having a 42 call. She’d been struggling with eating disorders and health issues, which 43 led her to getting surgery. After that experience, she knew that she needed to make a 44 . Determined to turn her life around, Ms Donohue began to work out and follow a 45 lifestyle, before discovering a 46 for weightlifting.
45.A.risky B.traditional C.comfortable D.healthy
典例3【2025北京卷】 Little did I realize that single moment would ruin everything.
The following day, called to the headmaster’s office, I found myself accused of stealing the missing parts. “I didn’t do it, sir,” I argued, but suspicion ____.clouded5____ his eyes. His repeated ____questioning 6____ intensified, pushing me to the edge of fear and tears. In a desperate attempt to escape the mounting pressure, I ____7____ confessed (承认).
The headmaster asked my father to come to school, whose shaky faith in me brought a mix of relief and ___shame_8____. My father gently asked me if I understood the gravity of my actions. ____9____, I confessed my misguided longing for recognition. In the headmaster’s office, my father listened attentively, and then spoke with quiet authority: “I trust my son. He is not a thief.”
With my father’s support, I learned a valuable lesson: ____attention10____ cannot be forced; true recognition comes from honourable acts.
7. A. warmly B. readily C. randomly D. falsely
9. A. Generously B. Tearfully C. Carelessly D. Strangely
变|式|巩|固
变式1(2025·甘青宁三省多校高三九月联考)As she worked, she caught the eye of a(n) 43 admirer — a months-old baby named Romey, staring at her from across the aisle (通道). Moved by the baby’s attention and noticing her outfit, Rubin decided to make a little gift for her new fan.
43.A.unlikely B.considerate C.ambitious D.famous
变式2 (2025·云南省保山市摸底)When reading the law school acceptance emails, Staton and his friends were in shock and excitement. 53 , Staton chose to attend Harvard Law School — and he’ll never forget all the supportive people who helped him get there.
53.A.Gradually B.Incredibly C.Eventually D.Literally
变式3【2026届广东省大湾区高三上学期普通高中毕业年级联合模拟】 Chandra was born in a small town. 21 other children, she was half paralyzed below the waist.
21.A.Equal to B.Different from C.Separate from D.Close to
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