Unit 5 Into the unknown 课文及词汇 清单 -2024-2025学年高中英语外研版选择性必修第四册

该高中英语选择性必修4 Unit5资料围绕“探索与文明”主题，包含“玛雅之谜”及“潜入深海”两个语篇。前者阐述玛雅文明的成就与衰落，后者介绍深海探索的科学发现，辅以课标词汇（如civilisation, astronomy）、单元短语（如fall into ruin）及超标词汇（如megadrought, barreleye）构成语言学习支架。 知识链路按“历史文明探秘-现代科学探索”逻辑展开，通过分析玛雅文明兴衰原因、推断深海生命适应机制培养思维品质。融入中国“蛟龙”号等科技案例增强文化意识，词汇表分类呈现便于学生运用学习策略，提升语言理解与表达能力。

选择性必修4 Unit5语篇1 The Mysteries of THE MAYA 玛雅之迷 Intrigued by Maya civilisation from a very young age, 15-year-old Canadian William Gadoury thought he had made an incredible discovery from his study of ancient star charts. Through comparison, he found that the locations of the 117 known Maya cities correspond to the positions of the stars. Based on this, he believed he had spotted an unknown Maya city buried deep in the jungle. Although his theory has been dismissed by scholars, it shows how powerful the secrets of Ancient Maya civilisation are among people. 十五岁的加拿大少年威廉·加杜里自幼便对玛雅文明着迷，他认为自己通过研究古老星象图有了惊人发现。通过比较，他发现117座已知玛雅城市的位置和星象的位置是对应的。据此，他相信自己发现了一座隐于丛林深处的未知玛雅城市的位置。尽管学者们对他的理论不予考虑，但是这表明古玛难文明的奥秘在人们心中是如此举足轻重。 It isn’t difficult to see why. Extending south from parts of what we now know as Mexico into Central America, Maya civilisation has been surrounded by mystery since its rediscovery in the 19th century. The Maya built impressive palaces and temples, including their representative step pyramids. What is most extraordinary about these complex structures is how they were built without the use of wheels, metal tools or even animal power. The Maya’s understanding of mathematics and astronomy was also quite amazing. They applied this understanding to the Maya calendar, which was accurate to within 30 seconds per year. On top of all this was an achievement unique in the Americas at that time: a true writing system. It contained more than 800 characters, with some signs representing animals. people and objects and others representing syllables. It was a writing system so complicated that, so far, no one has been able to interpret it completely. 这背后的原因不难发现。玛雅文明的范围从现今墨西哥的部分区域向南延伸至中美洲。自从19世纪玛雅文明再现，层层迷雾便一直围绕着它。玛雅人建造了恢宏的宫殿和庙宇其中包括代表性建筑阶梯金字塔。这些复杂建筑最不同寻常之处在于，在没有使用机轮、金属工具甚至畜力的情况下，玛雅人是如何建造它们的。玛雅人对数学和天文学的认识也十分令人惊叹。他们将这一认识应用到了玛雅历中，该历法精确程度极高，每年误差不超过30秒。除此之外，还有一项当时美洲独有的成就:一个真正的文字系统。这种文字系统中包含800多个字符，有些符号代表动物、人和物，其他代表音节。这种文字系统很复杂，以至于到目前为止没有人可以将其完全解读。 The fact that Maya society was technologically primitive make its achievements all the more incredible and mysterious. But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to abandon most of their great cities. By 700 AD, Maya civilisation was at its peak. Yet, within just a couple of generations, it began to mysteriously decline. The cities were left to be taken back by the jungle. When Europeans arrived in Central America in the early 16th century to claim its riches, the remaining Maya people were living in small settlements. 玛雅社会的科技水平十分原始，这一事实使得玛雅的种种成就更加令人难以置信、神秘莫测。但最大的迷团是为何玛雅人抛弃了绝大部分的大城市。到公元700年时，玛雅文明如日中天。然而，仅仅在几代之内，玛雅文明开始神秘地衰落城市荒废，任凭丛林蚕食取代。16世纪早期，欧洲人来到中美洲攫取财富时，只剩下一些玛雅人居住在小型聚居区里。 Why Maya civilisation collapsed remains a mystery. Was it a natural disaster? A deadly disease? Conflicts between cities? Or was it a combination of several different factors? Some research seems to indicate that Maya people themselves may have played a part in their downfall. They had turned wetlands into fields for growing grains, and had dug huge canal systems. As their population expanded, yet more land was needed for agriculture and more trees for construction. By changing the landscape in this way, it is possible that the Maya people unknowingly reduced their ability to deal with natural disasters. 玛雅文明倾颓的原因一直是一个迷团。究竟是因为自然灾害、致死疾病、城市间的冲突，抑或是几个不同因素叠加所致?某些研究似乎暗示，玛雅人自己也许就是导致衰落的掘墓人。他们将湿地变成了种植庄稼的田地，还开凿了巨大的运河系统。随着人口増长，人们需要更多土地以发展农业，需要更多树木以修建建筑物。通过这样改变地貌，玛雅人可能在不知不觉中减弱了自己应对自然灾害的能力。 Research also suggests that those natural disasters may have led to the decline of the Maya. Some recent studies have found that there were far fewer tropical cyclones than usual between 700 AD and 1000 AD. This is likely to have led to a series of droughts, each lasting for a couple of years, including a megadrought “around 900 AD. Many scientists believe that these droughts were the main reason why Maya civilisation began to collapse at different rates in different places. These droughts would have led to food shortages, conflicts and, ultimately, the downfall of the cities. 研究也表明，那些自然灾害可能导致了玛雅文明的衰落。最近一些研究发现，公元700年到公元1000年之间，热带气旋的数量远远少于往常。这可能导致了一系列旱灾，每一次旱灾都持续若干年，其中就包括公元900年的六场“百年不遇的旱灾”。许多科学家认为，这些旱灾是玛雅文明在不同地方以不同速度衰落的主要原因。这些旱灾会导致食物短缺、冲突发生，最后导致城市的衰败。 Whatever the reasons, Maya civilisation largely disappeared within the deep jungle. Its once-great cities fell into ruin, leaving various mysteries for later people to solve. Meanwhile, the rise and fall of this civilisation must also leave us thinking about our own past present and future. 无论原因如何，玛雅文明几乎消失在了丛林深处。曾经恢宏的城市沦为废墟，留下各种谜团等待后人解开。同时，玛雅文明的崛起与衰落必定也让我们思考自己的过去、现在与将来。 选择性必修4 Unit5语篇2 DIVING DEEP 潜入深海 Lying under waters across the globe are an estimated three million shipwrecks. All of them represent attempts over the centuries to explore Earths furthest corners. Among these is the Esmeralda, the earliest wreck from the age of the European exploration of Asia. Today, some 500 years after the Esmeralda set sail. there is little—if any— land on our planet left unexplored. We have more detailed maps of the Moon, and even of Venus and Mars, than we do of Earth’s own sea bed. 全球水域下大约沉睡着三百万艘沉船残骸，每艘都代表了若干世纪以来探索地球最远端的努力尝试。其中就包括了“埃斯梅拉达”号，它是欧洲国家探索亚洲时代留下的最早残骸。如今，距离“埃斯梅拉达”号起航已有500多年，我们星球上尚未被人类探索的土地己经少之又少了。然而，我们手中关于地球自身海底的地图，甚至比不上关于月球乃至金星、火星的天体图详尽。 Given our limited knowledge, it is perhaps no surprise that exploration of the oceans continues to lead to discoveries in various scientific fields. As with the discovery of the Esmeralda, many archaeological finds are made in shallow waters near the coast. These may sometimes include whole cities buried beneath the waves. One such find is the ancient Roman city of Neapolis discovered off the coast of Tunisia. Believed to have been buried underwater by a tsunami in the fourth century AD, the ruins of Neapolis are almost 2,000 years old. The remaining streets and buildings offer a window into a fascinating period in our history. However, we are only beginning to overcome the challenges of pressure, darkness and extreme cold at vast depths. Fragments of the past lying deep beneath the oceans are still waiting to be discovered. 鉴于我们有限的知识，探索海洋可以带来许多科学领域的新发现，这也许就显得不足为奇了。就像发现“埃斯梅拉达”号的残骸一样，很多考古学发现都发生在近海岸的浅水水域。这些发现有时会包括埋在海浪下的整座城市，其中之便是在突尼斯近海发现的古罗马城市奈阿波利斯。据悉，在公元4世纪，奈阿波利斯被一场海啸淹没，其废墟至今已有近2，000年的历史。存留下来的街道、建筑为我们打开了扇窗，让我们得以窥见那段精彩的历史。然而，我们才刚刚开始克服广袤的海洋深处的压强、黑暗和极寒所带来的挑战。过去的碎片仍深藏在大洋底部，等待被发现。 Amazing biological discoveries are also being made. The dark zones of the oceans may contain up to 90 per cent of the planets fish. In these waters, more than 200 metres deep, where light cannot reach, are extraordinary creatures that appear as if they are straight out of science fiction. Imagine bone-white coral 6,000 metres below the ocean’s surface, growing at the rate of only one or two millimetres per year. Some of these could be 4,000 years old. Swimming through these black depths is the barreleye, a strange fish with eyes that can look through its transparent forehead. In the very deepest ocean trenches that are more than 8,000 metres below the surface. the pressure is equivalent to 50 aeroplanes stacked one on top of another. Yet there is still life to be found, even around the deep-sea volcanic openings. These discoveries all help us understand the capacity for life on our planet, even in the most extreme circumstances. 生物学领域也有惊人的发现。海洋的黑暗区域里或许生存着多达地球上90%的鱼类。在200多米以下、阳光照不到的深水水域里，住着一些看起来就像是刚从科幻小说中走出来的奇异的生物。想象一下，在海平面下6,000米深处，骨白色的珊瑚以每年仅一到两毫米的速度缓慢生长着，它们中有些已经存活了4,000年。漆黑的深海里管眼鱼游来游去，这是种奇特的鱼，其眼睛可以透过透明的前额向上看。在海平面以下8,000多米处最深的海沟里，压强相当于50架飞机堆叠在一起，然而这里仍有生命的存在，甚至在深海海底的火山口周围也有生命。这些深海发现帮助我们理解地球上生命的承受力，甚至是在最极端的环境下的承受力。 Furthermore, the oceans are a valuable source of natural resources. some of which are completely new to us. Most notable of these is China’s discovery of an ice-like substance known as “fire ice”, under the South China Sea. In addition, China’s underwater vessels, such as the Jiaolong and Shenhai Yongshi, have been exploring waters at depths of thousands of metres. The Jiaolong even holds the record for the deepest dive by a manned submarine, at 7, 062 metres, giving China its place alongside the world’s top ocean explorers. The research conducted by these vessels is giving scientists a greater understanding of how the sea bed was formed, as well as helping identify areas for deep-sea drilling, taking deep-sea exploration into a whole new era. 此外，海洋还包含着珍贵的自然资源，其中一些对我们来说，完全是新的资源。最值得一提的便是中国在南海发现的冰状物质——可燃冰。此外，中国的水下舰艇如“蛟龙”号和“深海勇士”号，一直在数千米深的水域探索。“蛟龙”号甚至创造了载人潜舰的最深下潜纪录7,062米，使中国跻身于世界顶级海洋探索国之列。借助这些潜水器所完成的研究有利于科学家进一步了解海床的形成过程，以及帮助识别深海钻探区域，将深海探索带入一个全新的时代。 Being a tough environment of complete darkness, enormous pressure and intense cold, the ocean depths have long been beyond the reach of human exploration. However, through closer international scientific, economic and cultural cooperation, we are all becoming part of a global mission to open up our planet’s final frontier. Humankind is entering a new age of oceanic discovery, and the world beneath the waves may one day be almost as familiar to us as the land we walk upon today. 深海区域环境恶劣，完全黑暗、压强极大、极度寒冷，长期以来都是人类探索无法企及的区域。然而，通过更紧密的国际科学、经济以及文化合作，我们都在成为开拓地球最后疆域这一全球使命的参与者。人类正走向海洋发现的新时代，或许有朝一日，我们会像熟悉脚下的土地一样熟悉那海浪下的世界。 课标词汇序号 单元短语序号 超标词汇序号 单元 词汇及短语 音标 词义 常用搭配 1327 B7U5 civilisation /ˌsivilaiˈzeiʃən/ n. 文明(社会) It would be vital to the progress of human civilisation.它对人类文明的进步至关重要。 1328 B7U5 bury /ˈberi/ v. 将……埋在下面 She had learnt to bury her feelings.她已经学会了感情不外露。Dig a pit and bury the garbage.挖一个坑把垃圾埋掉。 1329 B7U5 astronomy /əsˈtrɔnəmi/ n. 天文学 I have always been fascinated by astronomy.我一直对天文学很着迷。 1330 B7U5 canal /kəˈnæl/ n. 运河 The canal is open to shipping.运河可以通航了。grand canal大运河 1331 B7U5 ruin /ˈruːin/ n. 残垣断壁，废墟 His enemies are determined to ruin him.他的敌人决意要毁了他。 lead to ruin导致毁灭ruin the environment破坏环境 1332 B7U5 abandon /əˈbændən/ v. 离弃，逃离 The captain gave the order to abandon ship.船长下令弃船。 1333 B7U5 dismiss /disˈmis/ v. 拒绝考虑，否定 And I don't dismiss those concerns.我并不否认这些担忧。They dismiss the rumours as ridiculous.他们把传言斥之为荒谬。 1334 B7U5 expansion /iksˈpænʃən/ n. 扩大，增加 Future expansion of the business calls for two new factories.将来业务扩大需要建造两个新工厂。 1335 B7U5 investigation /inˌvestiˈgeiʃən/ n. 调查 She is still under investigation.她仍在接受调查。 1336 B7U5 millimeter /ˈmiliˌmiːtə/ n. 毫米 A micrometer is one thousandth of one millimeter.一微米是一毫米的千分之一。 1337 B7U5 substance /ˈsʌbstəns/ n. 物质 Clay is a plastic substance.黏土是可塑物质。harmful substance有害物质 1338 B7U5 drilling /ˈdriliŋ/ n. 钻探；勘探 They asked a drilling team to dig a deep well.他们让一个钻井队挖一口深井。They were drilling through solid rock.他们正在把实心岩钻通。 1339 B7U5 vol (=volume) /ˈvɔljuːm/ n. (书的)卷，册 He turned down the volume.他调低了音量。 Each volume is bound in bright-coloured cloth.每一册都用颜色鲜亮的布料装订。 664 B7U5 intrigue* /inˈtriːg/ v. (因奇特或神秘而)激起......的兴趣；引起……的好奇心 Sometimes a name would intrigue me enough to pursue it.有时候，一个名字可能引起我极大的兴趣让我长时间的去研究它。 665 B7U5 pyramid* /ˈpirəmid/ n. 金字塔 Many things about the Great Pyramid are still a mystery.关于大金字塔的许多事情仍然是一个谜。 666 B7U5 tropical* /ˈtrɔpikəl/ adj. 来自热带的；产于热带的 The swimming pool is framed by tropical gardens.游泳池四周环绕着热带花园。 667 B7U5 cyclone* /ˈsaikləun/ n.气旋；旋风 The race was called off as a cyclone struck.由于旋风袭击，比赛被取消了。 668 B7U5 megadrought* /me'ɡɒdrɔːt/ n. 超级干旱 A megadrought (or mega-drought) is a prolonged drought lasting two decades or longer. 669 B7U5 downfall* /ˈdaunfɔːl/ n. 衰败 His lack of experience had led to his downfall.他的缺乏经验导致了他的垮台。 670 B7U5 gateway* /ˈgeitwei/ n. 大门口，门道；逃跑，逃走 A good education is the gateway to success.良好的教育是通往成功之路。 671 B7U5 retreat* /riˈtriːt/ v. 后退；离开；退避 He commanded his men to retreat.他命令手下撤退。 672 B7U5 subdue* /səbˈdjuː/ v. 克制，抑制(情绪) Julia had to subdue an urge to stroke his hair.朱莉娅不得不克制住自己，不去抚摩他的头发。 673 B7U5 uncharted* /ˈʌnˈtʃɑːtid/ adj. 地图上没有标明的 The ship hit an uncharted rock.船撞在海图上未标示的岩石上。 674 B7U5 delve* /delv/ v. 探索，探究 She had started to delve into her father's distant past.她开始探究她父亲久已逝去的岁月。 675 B7U5 shrink* / ʃriŋk / v. 退缩，畏缩 Woollen fabrics shrink in the wash.毛织物一洗就缩水。 676 B7U5 shipwreck* /ˈʃiprek/ n. 失事的船；沉船 He was drowned in a shipwreck off the coast of Spain.他在西班牙海岸的一次船只失事中淹死。 677 B7U5 archaeological* /ˌɑːkiəˈlɔdʒikəl/ adj. 考古学的；考古的 These archaeological findings are part of the national patrimony.这些考古发现属于国家文物。 678 B7U5 coral* /ˈkɔrəl/ n. 珊瑚 An unspoiled coral reef encloses the bay.未经破坏的珊瑚礁围绕着该海湾。 679 B7U5 barreleye* /ˈbærəlaɪ/ n. 管眼鱼 Barreleyes are also known as spook fish. 680 B7U5 upwards* /ˈʌpwədz/ adv. 向上；朝上 The path climbed steeply upwards.上去的路很陡。 681 B7U5 trench* /trentʃ/ n. 海沟 A diver explores a continental trench in Silfra Iceland in 2010.一位潜水者正在探索冰岛Silfra附近的大陆海沟，拍摄于2010年。 682 B7U5 equivalent* /iˈkwivələnt/ adj. 同等的；等值的；相当的 The helmets are designed to withstand impacts equivalent to a fall from a bicycle.头盔设计成能承受相当于从自行车上摔下来的力度。 683 B7U5 stack* /stæk/ v. (使)整齐地堆起；摞起 A stack of files awaited me on my desk.我桌上有一堆文件正待我去处理。 684 B7U5 furthermore* /ˌfɜːðə'mɔː(r)/ adv. 此外；而且；不仅如此 Furthermore, one sensory ability may back up another.此外，一种感知能力可能会为另一种感知能力提供支持。 685 B7U5 notable* /ˈnəutəbl/ adj. 显要的；显著的; 值得注意的 His eyes are his most notable feature.他的双眼是他最明显的特征。 686 B7U5 vessel* /ˈvesl/ n. 船; 舰 He loaded his vessel with another cargo and set sail.他又往他的船上装了一件货就启航了。 376 B7U5 fall into ruin (因无人照料而)衰落，败落 Their very shape has made them less likely to fall into ruin.它们的这种形状使它们不太可能倒塌。 377 B7U5 make a gateway 逃跑，逃走 378 B7U5 run for one’s life 逃命 The soldier felt an impulse to run for his life, but fought hard to control it.这个士兵感到一股逃命的冲动，但是努力克制住它。 379 B7U5 check out 调查，检查 Check out the new website. It's the bomb!看一看这新网站。简直是太棒了！ 380 B7U5 test the waters 试水，试探 If they have never done something before, they are eager to test the waters.如果他们以前从未做过某事，他们会急于试水。 381 B7U5 steer clear of 避开……；从……处脱身 I think a lot of people, women in particular, steer clear of these sensitive issues.我认为很多人，尤其是女性，有意避开这些敏感问题。 382 B7U5 the unknown 不为人知的地方，人类尚未到达的地方 I remember the fear and the panic of the unknown.我记得那种对未知的恐慌感。 383 B7U5 set out 动身踏上(漫长的)旅途 When they set out they were well prepared.他们出发时有很充分的准备。 384 B7U5 throw oneself into 积极投入到......中 She threw herself into a modelling career.她投身于模特职业。 385 B7U5 think twice 再三考虑，谨慎考虑 That will make him think twice!那会让他三思而行！ 386 B7U5 shrink from 避免做，不愿做 He is decisive and won't shrink from a fight.他很果断，而且不会逃避战斗。 387 B7U5 look into 调查(问题) A working party has been set up to look into the problem.已成立一个工作小组来调查这个问题。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $