Unit 3 Period 3 课时学案 语言知识讲练(Reading and Thinking)-【名师导航】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第四册教师用书word（人教版）

本讲义聚焦高中英语Reading and Thinking模块的语言知识讲练，系统梳理教材原句中的核心词汇（如extend, negotiate）、短语（如set sail, in hand）及句型（what引导宾语从句、with复合结构），通过词义拓展、搭配归纳、单句练习到语段写作、综合作业，构建“输入—内化—输出”的连贯学习支架。 该资料突出语言能力与思维品质培养，词汇讲练结合应用文写作（如建议信、人物介绍）提升表达准确性，阅读理解题（海洋探索、人类进化题材）训练推理归纳能力。多样化练习兼顾课中讲练效率与课后自主巩固，助力学生查漏补缺，符合新课标综合语言运用能力要求。

Period 3　 语言知识讲练(Reading and Thinking) 1．(教材原句)However，merchants and explorers from the East set sail from east to west many years before Columbus first did． *set sail 起航；开航 set sail for　　　　 开船去(某地)；起航前往…… set sail from 　 从……起航 set foot on 　 踏上；踏足于 set off 动身；出发；引爆；引发 set out to do sth． 开始做某事 set about doing sth． 着手做某事 set down 写下；放下；记下 单句语法填空/单句写作/语段填空 ①With night approaching，we decided to set sail for the island from home by kayaking． ②我们在黎明起程，希望早点踏上那片土地。 We set sail at dawn，hoping to set foot on the soil earlier． ③I decided to set off on a journey to the ocean to learn about the ocean's mysteries．First，I set about researching the ocean's various aspects．After that，I set down my findings in a notebook．Finally，I set out to share my knowledge with others．I hope to raise awareness about the importance of protecting the ocean． 2．(教材原句)A trading route across the sea was also extended along the coasts of the Indian Ocean，centred around Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)． *extend vt．扩展；使伸长；延长；提供；给予；伸展(extension n．扩大；延伸；延期　extensive adj．广阔的；大量的) extend from...to...　　　 从……延伸到…… extend out 　 伸出 extend through...　 贯穿……；持续经过(某段时间或范围) extend to/by　 延长到/了 extend a helping hand to sb． 向某人伸出援手 extend one's gratitude to sb． 向某人表达感激之情 单句语法填空/单句写作 ①The tourist season extends from May to October． ②The girls competed for it，and their hands extended out into the air． ③I mean to be talking about a single thing that extends through time． ④(应用文写作之人物介绍)即使他身处困境，他也会伸出援手。我要向他表示衷心的感谢。 Even when he is in trouble himself，he will still extend his helping hand to me．I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to him． 3．(教材原句)Here，merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals，which also led to more awareness of each other's cultures． *negotiate vt．商定；达成(协议) vi．谈判；磋商；协商(negotiation n．谈判；磋商；协商) (1)negotiate with sb．for/about/on sth．＝negotiate sth．with sb． 与某人商议/谈判某事 (2)under negotiation 在商讨中 in negotiation with　 和……协商中 enter into/open/begin/conduct negotiation with sb． 和某人开始/进行谈判 单句语法填空/单句写作 ①He is negotiating for/about/on a promotion and a pay raise with his boss． ②I'll enter into negotiation with their coach on the date of the match． ③The division of household chores is under negotiation between my roommate and me． ④(应用文写作之建议信)你可以和老师协商延长作业的最后期限。 You can negotiate with the teacher to extend the deadline for the assignment． 4．(教材原句)These fleets were a sight to behold and were in a league of their own at that time． *in a league of one's own 独领风骚(league n．等级；水平；联合会；联赛) (1)in a different league 在不同的水平/等级/档次上 be in league with...　 与……秘密串通，勾结 out of one's league　 超出某人的能力(或地位、理解力等)范 围 (2)of one's own 　 属于某人自己的 on one's own 　 独立地；独自地；主动地 单句语法填空/单句写作 ①He has a mind of his own and doesn't follow others' opinions easily． ②It is against the rule to be in league with anyone of the team． ③She's so beautiful and intelligent that I feel she's out of my league． ④(应用文写作之人物介绍)谈到文学领域，莎士比亚独树一帜。他的作品对西方文化产生了很大的影响。 When it comes to literature，Shakespeare is in a league of his own．His works have had a great impact on Western culture． 5．(教材原句)Although China withdrew from further expeditions after 1433，these land and sea routes remained active channels between other cultures for centuries． *withdraw vi．& vt．(使)撤回；撤离(withdrawal n．撤回；撤离；退回；取款) withdraw from　　　　　 从……撤离/退出/离开 withdraw (sb．/sth．)(from sth．) (从……)撤回/撤离(……) withdraw some cash 取现金 withdraw one's statement 撤回声明 单句语法填空/单句写作 ①Tell the men to withdraw from their new position． ②I'd like to withdraw 1，000 dollars from my savings account and put it in my cheque account． ③He has made several withdrawals(withdraw) from his bank account． ④由于受伤，他不得不退出比赛。 He was forced to withdraw from the competition due to injury． 6．(教材原句)Hundreds of years on，and with the latest technology in hand，the need to trade and the desire to enhance relationships will drive China to reach out across the sea far into the future． *in hand在手头；可供使用；在掌握中；在控制中；正在处理中 at hand　　　　　　　 (在时间或距离上)接近 at first hand 　 第一手；亲自 by hand 手工(而非机器等其他方式) with one's/a/the hand 用某人的/一只/这只手(而非其他部位或 工具) on hand 现有(可使用) out of hand 难以(或无法)控制 hand in hand 　 手拉手；密切关联 give sb．a hand with (doing) sth． 帮助某人(做)某事 单句语法填空/单句写作 ①There is no need to be worried，because help is at hand． ②He arrived in Natal to see at first hand the effects of the recent heavy fighting． ③My washing machine is being repaired this week，so I have to wash my clothes by hand． ④The police said the situation was now in hand and there was no need to panic． ⑤(应用文写作之求助信)如果你能帮我给我的文章润色，我会不胜感激。 I'd appreciate it if you could give me a hand with polishing my essay． ⑥目标在握，我们正在努力实现。 With the goal in hand，we are working hard to achieve it． 词汇 ①bond n．纽带；关系 vt．& vi．增强信任关系；使牢固结合 ②coverage n．新闻报道；覆盖范围 ③profession n．职业；行业 微练 ①但是我和每个人都相处得很好。你知道的，我们真的已经开始建立互信关系了。能够看到我们这个团队每天都在成长真好。 But I get along well with everybody．You know，we are really starting to bond．It's great to see how we grow each day as a team． ②这个事件已被新闻界广泛报道。 The incident has received wide coverage in the press． ③巴里于1859年退休，她一生都在医疗行业工作和生活。 Barry retired in 1859，having practiced her entire medical profession living and working in the medical field． 1．(教材原句)In ancient times，silk from China found its way overland to India，the Middle East，and Rome，along what became known as the Silk Road． *what引导宾语从句 what引导的宾语从句放在介词或动词之后，从句中使用陈述语序。what在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，表示“……的事物”。 单句写作 ①首先，我们可以随时随地学习我们喜欢的东西。此外，我们可以利用各种资源使学习更有趣。 First of all，we can learn what we like at any time wherever we are．Besides，we can use all kinds of resources to make learning more interesting． ②激烈的讨论似乎持续了一个世纪，冈特放下手机，启动了汽车。 After a heated discussion that lasted for what seemed like a century，Gunter put his phone down and started the car． ③首先，我们能做的就是重视我们的日常行为。例如，不能将垃圾扔进海洋。 First of all，what we can do is (to) place importance on our daily actions．For example，garbage can't be thrown into the ocean． ④他们走了几个小时，最后到达了一座看似荒废的村庄。 They walked for hours and finally reached what appeared to be an abandoned village． 2．(教材原句)Hundreds of years on，and with the latest technology in hand，the need to trade and the desire to enhance relationships will drive China to reach out across the sea far into the future． *with复合结构 “with＋名词＋介词短语”构成的复合结构除了在句中作状语外，还可以作定语。主要结构如下： with＋名词＋ 单句语法填空/单句写作 ①She had to go home on foot with her bike stolen(steal)． ②My teacher entered the classroom with an infectious smile spreading (spread) on his face． ③With many books to buy (buy)，our teacher went to the biggest bookstore． ④这段经历根植于我的脑海中，我逐渐认识到，每个人都有自己的闪光点。 With this experience rooted in my mind，I came to realize that everyone has his own flash point． ⑤好像过了几个世纪，我终于看到他出现了，额头上大汗淋漓。 After what seemed like centuries，I finally saw he showed up with his forehead sweating heavily． 课时提升作业(七)　(Reading and Thinking) (建议用时：45分钟　满分：100分) Ⅰ．品句填词(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分) 1．In his plays he takes simple traditional tales (故事) and rewrites them． 2．As to the attendance time，I have to negotiate (商定) it with my present superior． 3．Now this former royal (皇室的) palace is open to the public as a major tourist attraction． 4．The newsletter is a useful channel (渠道) of communication between teachers and students． 5．You can use a directory (目录) service to search for people on the Internet． Ⅱ．词性转换(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分) 1．The extension (extend) of the railway will open up new areas for development． 2．The local newspaper provided comprehensive coverage (cover) of the community activities． 3．This book provides an in-depth analysis of different political (politics) systems． 4．The city is a fascinating mixture (mix) of old and new architecture． 5．My teacher has a professional (profession) attitude towards her work． Ⅲ．短语填空(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分) set sail，withdraw from，in hand，search for，for the benefit of 1．They set sail for a distant island in search of adventure． 2．Scientists are searching for a new method to solve this problem． 3．He withdrew from his previous statement when he realized it was wrong． 4．Teachers often use vivid examples in class for the benefit of making complex knowledge easier to understand． 5．With the Spring Festival in hand，people are busy preparing for it． Ⅳ．完成句子(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分) 1．没有最好的，就充分利用现有的。(what引导宾语从句) If you can't have the best，make the best of what you have． 2．阳光灿烂地照耀着天空，我们出发去野餐。(with复合结构) With the sun shining brightly in the sky，we set out on our picnic． 3．作为一名科学家，爱因斯坦独树一帜，他的理论对现代物理学的发展产生了深远影响。(league) As a scientist，Einstein was in a league of his own，and his theories had a profound impact on the development of modern physics． 4．北京的故宫，有着宏伟的宫殿和丰富的历史，是一个值得观赏的景观。(behold) The Forbidden City in Beijing，with its magnificent palaces and rich history，is a sight to behold． 5．随着全球垃圾问题日益严重，迫切需要推进回收利用和减少垃圾。(need) With the increasing global waste problem，there is an urgent need to promote recycling and waste reduction． Ⅴ．补全短文(共10小题；每小题2分，满分20分) The Ming Dynasty desired to 1．strengthen the bonds with some Western countries (加强与一些西方国家的联系) and between 1405 and 1433，seven large fleets under the command of Zheng He 2．set sail from the South China Sea (从中国南海起航)．They sailed across the Indian Ocean to the east coast of Africa，3．along the maritime channels (沿着海上航道) which had been 4．extended by the former merchants and explorers (被从前的商人和探险家扩展)．They took gold，silk and spices to 5．the African royal families (非洲王室) and 6．negotiated trade deals (达成贸易协议)with them．7．Despite having advanced weapons in hand (尽管手头有先进的武器)，they were friendly to the people in other countries，who in turn greeted them warmly．They also 8．recorded the tales that had happened along the way(记录一路上发生的故事)．Although China 9．withdrew from further expeditions (退出了进一步的远征) after 1433，these fleets were a sight to behold and were 10．in a league of their own (独领风骚) at that time． Ⅰ．阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分) A The ocean is a huge body of saltwater that covers about 71 percent of the Earth's surface．An estimated 97 percent of the world's water is found in the ocean．Because of this，the ocean has a considerable impact on weather，temperature，and the food supply of humans and other organisms．Despite its size and impact on the lives of every organism on Earth，the ocean remains a mystery．More than 80 percent of the ocean has never been mapped，explored，or even seen by humans．A far greater percentage of the surfaces of the moon and the planet Mars have been mapped and studied than that of our own ocean floor． Although there is much more to learn，oceanographers (海洋学家) have already made some amazing discoveries．For example，we know that the ocean contains towering mountain ranges and deep canyons，known as trenches (海沟)，just like those on land．The peak of the world's tallest mountain—Mount Qomolangma in the Himalayas，measuring 8，848.86 meters (29，032 feet) high—would not even break the surface of the water if it was placed in the Pacific Ocean's Mariana Trench or Philippine Trench，two of the deepest parts of the ocean．On the other hand，the Atlantic Ocean is relatively shallow because large parts of its seafloor are made up of continental shelves—parts of the continents that extend far out into the ocean．The average depth of the entire ocean is 3，688 meters (12，100 feet)． It is unknown how many different species call the ocean their home．It could be that more than 90 percent of the ocean's species are still undiscovered，with some scientists estimating that there are anywhere between a few hundred thousand and a few million more to be discovered．Currently，scientists know of ten thousand ocean species．Since the ocean is so vast，there is plenty for future oceanographers from all corners of the globe to explore and discover． 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人类对海洋知之甚少，海洋的众多奥秘仍需要科学家去探索研究。 1．Why does the author mention the research on the moon and Mars in paragraph 1? A．To emphasize the wide impact of the ocean． B．To show how scientists do space exploration． C．To prove people's deep fascination with space． D．To stress how little humans know about the ocean． D　[推理判断题。根据第一段最后三句可知，作者在第一段提到对月球和火星的探索，是为了突出人类对海洋的研究和认识很少。故选D。] 2．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．Physical features of the seafloor． B．Scientists' discoveries about the ocean． C．Varieties of landforms on the Earth． D．Similarities between the land and sea． B　[段落大意题。根据第二段内容尤其第一句可知，本段主要介绍了海洋学家对海洋的探索和发现。故选B。] 3．What can we know from the last paragraph? A．Ocean exploration has great potential． B．The number of ocean species is declining． C．Ocean pollution has become more serious． D．Oceanographers need to do more to protect the ocean． A　[推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，目前还不知道有多少不同的物种以海洋为家。可能有90%以上的海洋物种仍未被发现，一些科学家估计还有几十万到几百万不等的物种有待发现。由于海洋如此广阔，未来来自世界各地的海洋学家有很多东西可以探索和发现。由此可得知，仍然有很多海洋物种没有被科学家发现，海洋勘探具有巨大的潜力。故选A。] 4．Which is the best title for the text? A．A Big Discovery in the Deep Sea B．The Ocean: A Mystery to Mankind C．A Challenging Exploration of the Sea D．The Ocean: A Vast Home to Sea Animals B　[标题归纳题。根据文章内容尤其第一段可知，本文主要介绍了人类对海洋知之甚少，海洋的众多奥秘仍需要科学家去探索研究。故选B。] B We are the products of evolution，and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago．As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因)，they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years．People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes．Cattle-raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults． On Thursday in an article published in Cell，a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation—not to air or to food，but to the ocean．A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia has evolved into better divers．The Bajau，as these people are known，number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia，Malaysia and the Philippines．They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times，they've also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters．“They are simply a stranger to the land，” said Redney C．Jubilado，a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau． Dr．Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines．They made a living as divers，spearfishing or harvesting shellfish．“We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders，” Dr．Jubilado said．“I could see them actually walking under the sea．” In 2015，Melissa Ilardo，then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen，heard about the Bajau．She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them．“It seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population，” said Dr．Ilardo．She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive． 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员对东南亚海洋民族巴瑶族的观察，并探讨了其因潜水生活产生的进化特征及生活方式。 5．What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1? A．Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers． B．New knowledge of human evolution． C．Recent findings of human origin． D．Significance of food selection． B　[推理判断题。根据第一段中“As scientists look deeper into our genes，they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years．”可知，下面的例子都是为了进一步说明科学家在深入地研究我们的基因，发现人类在过去几千年仍在持续进化。故选B。] 6．Where do the Bajau build their houses? A．In valleys．　　　　　 B．Near rivers． C．On the beach． D．Off the coast． D　[细节理解题。根据第二段中“They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times，they've also built houses on stilts in coastal waters．”可知，他们在沿海水域搭建高脚屋居住。故选D。] 7．Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau? A．They could walk on stilts all day． B．They had a superb way of fishing． C．They could stay long underwater． D．They lived on both land and water． C　[细节理解题。根据第三段中“‘We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders’”可知，他惊奇的原因是巴瑶人能在水下待很长的时间，甚至比当地人待的时间还要久。amazed与astonished同义，意为“惊奇的”。故选C。] 8．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea B．Highlanders' Survival Skills C．Basic Methods of Genetic Research D．The World's Best Divers A　[标题归纳题。根据第二段中“On Thursday in an article published in Cell，a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation—not to air or to food，but to the ocean．A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia has evolved into better divers．”可知，巴瑶人为适应海洋生活而进化成更好的潜水者，故本文主要介绍了适应海洋生活的身体。故选A。] Ⅱ．阅读七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分) Like space exploration，deep sea exploration requires new instruments and technology．The ocean depths are cold and dark and are under high pressure． 1 ． Finding the Bottom In the 8th century，lead weights which were attached to ropes were dropped to measure water depth．Beginning in the 19th century，researchers used wire rather than rope to take sounding measurements．In the modern era，acoustic (声学的) depth measurement devices are widely used． 2 ． Human Exploration Once people knew where the sea floor was， 3 ．Science has progressed far beyond the diving bell—a huge bottle containing air that could be lowered into the water．The first submarine was built by Cornelius Drebbel in 1620．The first underwater breathing device was invented in 1865．In 1964，Alvin was tested．Alvin was built by General Mills and operated by the US Navy．Alvin allowed three people to remain underwater for as long as nine hours and as deep as 14，800 feet．Modern submarines can travel as deep as 20，000 feet． Robotic Exploration While humans have visited the bottom of the Mariana Trench， 4 ．Further exploration relies on modern robotic systems． Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) are controlled by researchers on a ship．ROVs typically carry cameras，manipulator (操作) arms，sonar equipment，and sample containers． Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) operate without human control． 5 ．Some vehicles，such as the Nereus，act as either a ROV or AUV． A．But diving deep never ends B．Humans are curious about the sea C．they have made a lot of discoveries D．they wanted to visit and examine it E．the trips only allowed limited exploration F．Basically，they produce a loud sound and listen for echoes to measure distance G．They generate maps，measure temperature and chemicals，and take photographs 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人类对深海的探索从未停止过，并且利用各种方式来探测深海的底部有多深。 1．A　[根据前文“The ocean depths are cold and dark and are under high pressure．”以及后文“In the 8th century，lead weights which were attached to ropes were dropped to measure water depth．”和“Science has progressed far beyond the diving bell—a huge bottle containing air that could be lowered into the water．”可知，尽管深海又黑又冷压力又大，但是人类一直在尝试用各种方式来探测深海。因此选项A与前文构成转折关系，同时引起下文，符合语意。故选A。] 2．F　[根据前文“Beginning in the 19th century，researchers used wire rather than rope to take sounding measurements．In the modern era，acoustic depth measurement devices are widely used．”可知，研究者们通过测量声音来判断海底的深度，选项F中的“a loud sound”与前文的“take sounding measurements”相对应。F选项符合语意，they指代上文的acoustic depth measurement devices。故选F。] 3．D　[根据后文的“The first submarine was built ... Modern submarines can travel as deep as 20，000 feet．”可知，人们发明和创造了很多东西来帮助自己去探索深海，因此可知，人们对于深海是充满了兴趣和好奇的，一旦确定海底位置后，他们一定会去看看深海是什么样的。故选项D引起下文内容，符合语意。故选D。] 4．E　[根据后文“Further exploration relies on modern robotic systems．”可知，人类探索的能力有限，更进一步的探索需要借助现代的机器人系统。故选项E说明了人类探索的局限性，同时引出下文借助机器人系统来探索的重要性。故选E。] 5．G　[根据前文“Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) are controlled by researchers on a ship．ROVs typically carry cameras，manipulator arms，sonar equipment，and sample containers．”和“Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) operate without human control．”以及后文“Some vehicles，such as the Nereus，act as either a ROV or AUV．”可知，这些远程操控的机器配备摄像机、机械臂、声呐设备和样本容器，具有拍照等多种功能。故选项G符合语意。故选G。] Ⅲ．语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分) I've always loved the ocean．In the 1． (seven) grade，I started volunteering at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California．I was upset to learn that many sea animals eat plastic garbage，2． (think) it is food． I decided to do something 3． (educate) people about this problem．I held presentations at schools to teach kids about plastic waste．I wanted to reach businesses too．I decided that if I learned of a company 4． used a lot of plastic，I'd send it an email urging it to cut back． One day，I saw a commercial for a health-care company．People in the ad were using plastic straws (吸管)．I found the contact information of the company 5． emailed its president．I told him how 6． (harm) plastic could be to the environment and asked him to consider using more eco-friendly options．I was so 7． (excite) when he wrote back to me．He said he would make sure that the company cut its use of plastic straws in half． I kept going．Whenever I heard of businesses using plastic，I'd send an email．One of the biggest companies I wrote to 8． (be) Alaska Airlines．A company 9． (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over 10． plastic to paper cups on all of its 1，200 daily flights． 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者为了保护海洋、减少塑料垃圾所做的努力。 1．seventh　[考查序数词。表示“七年级”用序数词，所以填seventh。] 2．thinking　[考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构， (think) it is food用作状语，think与其逻辑主语many sea animals之间是主动关系，用动词-ing形式，所以填thinking。] 3．to educate　[考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构， (educate) people about this problem用作目的状语，用不定式，所以填to educate。] 4．which/that　[考查定语从句。分析句子结构， used a lot of plastic是一个定语从句，修饰先行词a company，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，用which或that引导该从句，所以填which/that。] 5．and　[考查连词。found和emailed之间是并列关系，用and连接两个并列的谓语动词，所以填and。] 6．harmful　[考查形容词。该处为how引导的感叹句，how之后接形容词，所以填harmful。] 7．excited　[考查形容词。该空作was之后的表语，用形容词，修饰人，用v．＋ed形式的形容词，所以填excited。] 8．was　[考查时态和主谓一致。根据定语从句的谓语动词wrote可知，这里描述发生在过去的事情，用一般过去时；在“one of ＋ 形容词最高级 ＋ 可数名词复数”结构中，谓语动词用单数，所以填was。] 9．representative　[考查名词。该空作句子主语，用名词，前面有不定冠词修饰，用名词单数，所以填representative。] 10．from　[考查介词。“from...to...”为固定搭配，意为“从……到……”，此处指“从塑料杯到纸杯”，所以填from。] 1 / 16 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $