Unit 1 Period 4 课时学案 单元语法讲练(Learning About Language)-【名师导航】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第四册教师用书word（人教版）

本讲义聚焦高中英语被动语态核心知识点，系统梳理被动语态的概念（主语为动作承受者）、构成（be+动词过去分词），详细讲解一般现在/过去/将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时等时态的被动结构，延伸至非谓语动词被动形式（不定式to be done/完成式、ing形式being done/完成式），并突破主动表被动等难点，构建从基础到进阶的学习支架。 该资料以美文诵读为语境导入，将被动语态语法点融入语篇，助力学生在真实语言情境中体悟用法，提升语言能力。通过表格对比时态结构培养逻辑思维品质，配套单句填空、短文语法填空等分层练习，课中辅助教师情境教学，课后帮助学生自主巩固，查漏补缺，强化学习能力。

Period 4　 单元语法讲练(Learning About Language) 复习被动语态 美文诵读 语法体悟 Our city is known for its rapid development．Many tall buildings ①are built every year to meet the increasing demand for housing．The infrastructure of the city ②is constantly being improved．In the past，a lot of historic buildings ③were preserved，which have become important tourist attractions．These buildings ④were built with great wisdom and craftsmanship，and they ⑤have been protected carefully over the years． Nowadays，more attention ⑥is being paid to environmental protection．Many measures ⑦have been taken to reduce pollution．⑧It is believed that by doing so，our city will become more sustainable and livable in the future．In addition，a new subway line ⑨will be built next year．We are proud to live in such a dynamic and beautiful city． ①⑧为一般现在时的被动语态，构成：is/am/are＋动词的过去分词； ②⑥为现在进行时的被动语态，构成：is/am/are＋being＋动词的过去分词； ③④为一般过去时的被动语态，构成：was/were＋动词的过去分词； ⑤⑦为现在完成时的被动语态，构成：have/has ＋been＋动词的过去分词； ⑨为一般将来时的被动语态，构成：will＋be＋动词的过去分词。 一、被动语态的概念及构成 1．概念：英语动词有主动语态和被动语态之分。如果主语是动作的发出者，动词就用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，动词就用被动语态。 2．构成：被动语态由“be＋动词的过去分词”构成。被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在助动词be的变化上，其变化形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。 二、各种时态的被动语态 一般式 进行式 完成式 现在 am/is/are done am/is/are being done has/have been done 过去 was/were done was/were being done had been done 将来 shall/will be done 无 shall/will have been done A lot of skills are needed for the job．(一般现在时的被动语态) 做这项工作需要很多技能。 It was built originally to protect the city in the Tang Dynasty．(一般过去时的被动语态) 它在唐朝最初是为了保护城市而建造的。 A new railway will be built in this city next year．(一般将来时的被动语态) 这个城市明年将修建一条新铁路。 I feel that not enough is being done to protect the local wild animal life．(现在进行时的被动语态) 我觉得对当地野生动物的保护力度还不够。 三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题 1．否定词not的位置：在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。 He was extremely disappointed to hear that he would not be given a doctor's degree． 得知不会获得博士学位，他失望透顶。 2．主动句的谓语动词带有复合宾语时，应将宾语变成被动句的主语，而将宾语补足语保留不动，这时的宾语补足语变成了主语补足语。 We saw him sitting there without doing anything． ＝He was seen sitting there without doing anything． 我们看见他坐在那儿，什么也没做。 He gave me a gift． ＝A gift was given to me by him． 他给了我一个礼物。 [名师点津]　在主动语态中，make，hear，see等词后接动词不定式时要省略to，但在被动语态中不能省略。 3．带双宾语的动词作谓语的主动句转换为被动句时，可将表示物的直接宾语变为主语，用for或to引出表示人的间接宾语，或将表示人的间接宾语变为主语，保留直接宾语。 My father is telling me an interesting story now． ＝An interesting story is being told to me by my father now． ＝I'm being told an interesting story by my father now． 爸爸正在给我讲一个有趣的故事。 4．短语动词在主动结构中是不可分割的，在被动结构中也是如此，不可去掉动词后面的介词或副词。 The naughty child was often laughed at． 那个调皮的小孩经常被嘲笑。 单句语法填空 ①Some words and phrases are used (use) to compare and contrast information． ②It is a great relief to hear that all the work has been finished (finish) by now． ③Some volunteers will be sent (send) to the remote village next term to help improve the education there． ④The idea was supported (support) by those who wished to make much money． ⑤My classmates and I went to the museum last Monday，only to be told that it was being decorated(decorate)． 四、非谓语动词的被动形式及用法 1．动词不定式的被动形式及用法 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动式可分为一般式和完成式。 时态 被动结构 用法 一般式 to be done 表示发生在谓语动词之后或同时发生的被动动作 完成式 to have been done 表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动动作 It is a great honor to be invited to host the opening ceremony． 很荣幸被邀请主持开幕式。 He is said to have been admitted to Tsinghua University． 据说他已经被清华大学录取了。 2．动词-ing形式的被动形式及用法 时态 被动结构 用法 一般式 being done 被动的动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生 完成式 having been done 被动的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前 The bridge being built now was designed by a famous designer． 现在正修建的桥是一位著名的设计师设计的。 Having been told many times，he still repeated the same mistakes． 已经被告知多次了，他仍然犯同样的错误。 What made his parents happy was his being admitted to a famous university． 让他父母高兴的是他被一所名牌大学录取了。 单句语法填空 ①The next thing to be done(do) is to clean the classroom． ②Sometimes to be understood (understand) is not an easy job． ③To be adopted (adapt) by a key university is difficult for him． ④The museum being repaired (repair) will be reopened to visitors next year． ⑤She doesn't remember having been given/being given (give) a chance to go abroad． 五、难点突破 1．主动语态表示被动意义 (1)连系动词(如look，sound，smell，feel，taste，remain，seem，hear，appear，prove等)后接表语时，一般用主动形式表示被动意义。 The food tastes delicious． 这种食物尝起来美味可口。 What he said at the meeting sounded encouraging． 他在会上说的话听起来令人备受鼓舞。 (2)当wash，write，sell，open，close，shut，lock，cook等不及物动词后加副词(easily，well等)时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。 This kind of cloth washes easily and lasts long． 这种布料很容易洗，并且耐穿。 The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift writes smoothly． 父亲送给我的作为生日礼物的钢笔写起来很流畅。 (3)need，want，require，deserve等后接动词-ing形式时，用主动形式表示被动意义。 His hair needs cutting． ＝His hair needs to be cut． 他的头发需要剪了。 (4)be worth doing是主动形式表示被动意义。 The novel is worth reading again． ＝The novel is worthy to be read again． 这部小说值得再读一次。 2．动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义的三种情况 (1)在“主语＋be＋形容词＋不定式”句型中，形容词后跟不定式作状语，而句子的主语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，常用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这样的形容词常见的有：amusing，comfortable，dangerous，difficult，easy，fit，hard，important，impossible，interesting，nice，pleasant，funny等。 The water is not fit to drink，so hold out until we get to the shop． 这水不适合饮用，所以坚持住，直到我们到达商店。 (2)不定式虽然与它所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，但同时又与句中另一个名词或代词构成逻辑上的主谓关系，这时不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。 He gave me some books to read． 他给我一些书看。 (3)某些动词，如blame，let(出租)等的不定式用在be后作表语时，用主动形式表示被动意义。 The house is to let． 此房出租。 单句语法填空 ①This problem is difficult to work (work) out． ②I have a lot of things to do (do) this afternoon． ③The blackboard needs cleaning/to be cleaned(clean) before the next class starts． ④The broken window wants repairing/to be repaired (repair)． ⑤This idea is well worth considering (consider)． 课时提升作业(二)　(Learning About Language) (建议用时：45分钟　满分：92.5分) Ⅰ．单句语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分) 1．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Riders have printed nearly 20，000 short stories and poems since the program was launched (launch) last March． 2．(2024·北京卷)Typically，cruelty and cheating are discouraged，while cooperation，humbleness and courage are praised(praise)． 3．(2024·北京卷)Once a pair has been determined to be suitable，the students will be contacted (contact) individually with a special permission number to register for the programme． 4．(2023·全国乙卷)Having visited several times over the last 10 years，I was amazed (amaze) by the co-existence of old and new，and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage while constantly growing． 5．Carson proves that a simple lyric form that has been passed down through the ages can still be employed(employ) today to draw attention to important truths． 6．No matter where I buy them，one steamer is rarely enough，yet two seems greedy，so I am always left (always leave) wanting more next time． 7．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Not all great writers are great spellers．If you want to be published(publish)，it's vital to submit a perfect，professionally presented manuscript． 8．Her skin feels (feel) really smooth，which makes many peers admire her． 9．Before the end of the meeting，I have something important to declare (declare)． 10．When I returned home，I found that my baby was being attended (attend) by a robot that looked so human，and it was disturbing． Ⅱ．完成句子(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分) 1．我原计划乘飞机去维也纳，然后乘公共汽车去布拉格参加一个会议。由于一场大风暴，我乘坐的航班延误了一个半小时。 I had planned to fly to Vienna and take a bus to Prague for a conference．Due to a big storm，my flight had been delayed by an hour and a half． 2．我被告知我在写作比赛中获得了一等奖，两天后将举行颁奖典礼。 I was informed that I won first prize in the writing contest and that there would be an award presentation in two days． 3．玛丽的侄女写道：“小房子被漆成了白色。它又甜美又清新。” Mary's niece wrote，“The little home was painted white．It was sweet and fresh．” 4．博物馆对外开放的部分被称为展览馆或陈列室。 The parts of a museum open to the public are called galleries or rooms． 5．画家确信自己会被选中，但当他把自己的杰作拿给皇帝的首席大臣时，老人笑了。 The artist was sure he would be chosen，but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor's chief minister，the old man laughed． Ⅲ．短文语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分) In Alaska，the wolf seemed 1．to disappear (disappear) a few years ago，because hundreds of them 2．were killed(kill) by hunters for sport．However，laws 3．were established(establish) to protect the wolves．So the wolf population has greatly increased．Now there are so many wolves that their own food supplies 4．are being destroyed (destroy) by themselves． Animals in the deer family 5．are eaten (eat) by wolves naturally．People in the wilderness also hunt deer for food．Many of the animals 6．have been destroyed (destroy) by the very cold winters recently and by changes in the wilderness plant life．When the deer can't find enough food，they 7．(will) die (die)． If the wolves continue to kill large numbers of deer，their prey(猎物) 8．will disappear (disappear) some day．And the wolves will，too．So we must change the cycle of life in the wilderness to balance the ecology．If more wolves 9．were hunted (hunt)，we would save them and their prey from dying out．We'd also save some farm animals． In another northern state，wolves attack cows and chickens for food．Farmers want the government to send biologists to study the problem．It 10．is believed (believe) that it is necessary to kill wolves in some areas and to protect them in places where there is a small wolf population． Ⅰ．阅读理解(共4小题；每小题2.5分，满分10分) An artificial intelligence system has shown it can save lives by warning doctors to check on patients whose heart test results show a high risk of dying．In a test with almost 16，000 patients，the AI helped reduce the total deaths by 31% among people who were at high risk． “This is actually quite amazing，” says Eric Topol at the Scripps Research Translational Institute in California．“It is quite uncommon for any drug to result in a 31% reduction in the number of deaths，and then even more unusual for a non-drug — this is just monitoring people with AI．” Chin Lin at Texas Medical Center and his colleagues trained their AI on more than 450，000 electrocardiogram (ECG) (心电图) tests，which measure the heart's electrical activity，along with the survival data of the ECG subjects．The AI learned to produce a percentile (百分位) score representing each patient's risk of death，whose score in the 95th percentile or higher would be considered high risk． The researchers then tested the AI warning system with 39 doctors at two different hospitals．As nurses transmitted each new patient's ECG tests to a computer server，the AI system would analyse the results and warn doctors if it identified someone as being high risk．In addition to reducing the risk of death from all causes，the AI system also reduced the death rate from heart issues in high-risk patients by more than 90%． Lin and his colleagues say the AI warnings may help focus attention on the highest risk group．During the research，doctors usually followed up warnings with more tests and treatment．The system is already being used across 14 hospitals in Texas．“This can be put into effect in every hospital around the world，” says Topol．“It should be the standard of care when you see such a significant benefit．” 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人工智能系统在医疗领域的应用，特别是通过分析心电图测试结果来预测患者的心脏死亡风险，并向医生发出预警，从而帮助挽救生命。 1．What made the AI system stand out in the test? A．Its speed in analysing ECG tests． B．Its function of testing heart diseases． C．Its application in hospitals nationwide． D．Its ability to reduce deaths without drugs． D　[推理判断题。根据第一段可知，一种人工智能系统表明，它可以通过警告医生检查心脏测试结果显示死亡风险高的患者来挽救生命。在对近1.6万名患者进行的一项测试中，人工智能帮助高风险人群的总死亡人数减少了31%。故答案为D。] 2．What could the AI system do according to paragraph 3? A．Train doctors and nurses． B．Record patients' survival data． C．Analyse each patient's risk of cancer． D．Provide patients' death-risk percentiles． D　[细节理解题。根据第三段中“The AI learned to produce a percentile score representing each patient's risk of death，whose score in the 95th percentile or higher would be considered high risk．”可知，AI系统能提供患者死亡风险的百分位数。故选D。] 3．What did the doctors tend to do after receiving AI warnings? A．Identify high-risk patients． B．Transmit the data． C．Conduct further tests and treatment． D．Study the results of tests． C　[细节理解题。根据最后一段中“During the research，doctors usually followed up warnings with more tests and treatment．”可知，医生在收到人工智能警告后往往会对患者进行进一步的检查和治疗。故选C。] 4．What is Topol's attitude to the AI system? A．Confident．　　　　　 B．Uncertain． C．Doubtful． D．Objective． A　[推理判断题。根据最后一段中Topol说的“This can be put into effect in every hospital around the world”以及“It should be the standard of care when you see such a significant benefit．”可知，Topol对AI系统的态度是有信心的。故选A。] Ⅱ．阅读七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分) Rise of the Robots The word “robot” was created in 1920 by the Czech playwright Karel Capek，who imagined artificial，fully functional servants．For most of their history，however，robots have been silent，inelegant devices sitting out of sight in factories． Things are starting to change，however．Robots have benefited from rapid innovations in smartphones，which brought cameras，sensors and wireless communications． 1 Robots are leaving industrial settings for everyday life and，will work in supermarkets，social care and much more． 2 Many industries are facing a shortage of labour nowadays when emergencies appear now and then．Robots are now indispensable，picking items off shelves and helping people pack a rising numbers of boxes．They are even beginning to deliver goods or food right to people's doors． 3 And yet many people fear that robots will destroy jobs． 4 The evidence suggests robots will be disruptive(扰乱性的) but ultimately beneficial for labour markets．A Yale University study that looked at Japanese manufacturing between 1978 and 2017 found that an increase of one robot unit per 1，000 workers boosted a company's employment by 2.2%． For all that，the march of the robots will bring big changes to workplaces． 5 The potential gains from the robot revolution are huge．In Capek's play，the robots go against their human masters and cause mass unemployment and worse．The beginnings of the world's real robots have not matched Capek's satire (讽刺)．There is no need to concern about their future． A．They could not be coming at a better time． B．But that need not be the disaster many fear． C．In fact，concerns about mass unemployment are overblown． D．The use of advanced technologies lead to increases in hiring． E．Having more robots to boost productivity would be a good thing． F．Firms should recognize the value of retraining and lifelong learning． G．Recent advances in machine learning have equipped them to make wiser decisions． 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“机器人”这个词的来历以及后来“机器人”的崛起。 1．G　[设空处上一句介绍科技创新带给机器人的进步和发展，而G项“机器学习的最新进展使它们能够作出更明智的决定”则是这种发展的结果，“Recent advances”与上一句中的“rapid innovations”呼应。] 2．A　[根据设空处下句的“Many industries are facing a shortage of labour nowadays”可知，这是对A选项“它们来得正是时候”的解释。] 3．E　[根据空前两句可知，机器人的广泛应用可以提高效率，而E选项“拥有更多的机器人来提高生产率将是一件好事”承接上文，符合语境。] 4．C　[空前一句提到很多人担心机器人将摧毁岗位，空后两句则表明机器人实际对就业有促进作用，所以C选项“事实上，对大规模失业的担忧被夸大了”承上启下，符合语境。] 5．B　[设空处上句指出机器人的进步将为工作场所带来巨大变化，下句则说到机器人变革的潜在收益是巨大的。所以B选项“但机器人的发展不会成为许多人担心的灾难”承上启下，符合语境。] Ⅲ．完形填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分) What will the future be like? Good or bad? A lot of science fiction writing imagines a dark and 1 world．Planet of the Apes shows a miserable future for humankind． There's a word to 2 the kind of future world which often appears in science fiction: dystopia (反乌托邦)，a(n) 3 unpleasant or bad place．The 4 is utopia．But does tomorrow's world have to be so disappointing? No．A new project wants to use the power of science fiction to 5 a better future．The 6 of Project Hieroglyph is to bring together writers，scientists，engineers and artists to create optimistic stories about a 7 society in the next 50 years． It's 8 to create a dystopia than write a feel-good story．There's more conflict in a world full of problems，and stories are interesting when there are a lot of problems to solve．No 9 ，no story! But the project produced a book with some 10 plots．One of them is about environmentalists who fight to 11 people from building the first hotel in the polar areas． But will these stories actually change anything or merely keep us entertained? A good science fiction story can be 12 ．It is plain to see that stories can inspire hundreds thousands millions of people to 13 something that they want to do．The influence of science fiction has already been well 14 in modern research． Time will tell how far we can go．Let's dream big and think 15 the box． 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了未来是美好的还是糟糕的，作者并不认同当前很多科幻小说所描绘的未来，而是认为未来有无限可能，我们应该大胆梦想，打破常规。 1．A．elegant B．splendid C．dynamic D．frightening D　[考查形容词词义辨析。根据后文“Planet of the Apes shows a miserable future for humankind．”及并列连词and前的dark可推断，科幻小说描述的是一个黑暗且可怕的世界。故选D项。] 2．A．improve B．describe C．comprise D．develop B　[考查动词词义辨析。根据后文“dystopia，a(n) unpleasant or bad place”可知，dystopia这个词是对于科幻小说中的世界的一种描述。故选B项。] 3．A．pictured B．argued C．realized D．recognized A　[考查形容词词义辨析。根据前文“There's a word to the kind of future world which often appears in science fiction”可知，这种不愉快的或糟糕的地方是科幻小说里面所描绘的。故选A项。] 4．A．original B．opposite C．alternative D．acceptable B　[考查形容词词义辨析。根据前文可知，反乌托邦是一个不愉快或糟糕的地方；结合常识可知，乌托邦是一个过分美好而不可能实现的世界，两者是相反的。故选B项。] 5．A．extend B．unfold C．sustain D．occupy B　[考查动词词义辨析。根据后文“The of Project Hieroglyph is to bring together writers，scientists，engineers and artists to create optimistic stories about a society in the next 50 years．”可知，这个计划是向读者呈现一个更加积极美好的世界。故选B项。] 6．A．advantage B．result C．motive D．maintenance C　[考查名词词义辨析。根据后文“to bring together writers，scientists，engineers and artists to create optimistic stories about a society in the next 50 years”中的不定式表目的可知，此处是在说明这个计划的目的。故选C项。] 7．A．harmonious B．permanent C．messy D．conventional A　[考查形容词词义辨析。根据前文“But does tomorrow's world have to be so disappointing? No．A new project wants to use the power of science fiction to a better future．”可知，Project Hieroglyph是要描绘一个更加美好的未来，所以要呈现的是一个和谐的社会。故选A项。] 8．A．funnier B．harder C．newer D．easier D　[考查形容词词义辨析。根据前文可知，反乌托邦是很多科幻小说中都会创造的社会，可推断创作一个反乌托邦故事是相对简单的。故选D项。] 9．A．challenge B．mission C．welfare D．surprise A　[考查名词词义辨析。根据前文“There's more conflict in a world full of problems，and stories are interesting when there are a lot of problems to solve．”可知，反乌托邦小说是以解决问题为故事线索，可推断在解决问题的过程中会出现各种挑战，从而形成故事情节。故选A项。] 10．A．disgusting B．terrifying C．demanding D．promising D　[考查形容词词义辨析。根据前文和后文可知，这个计划意在呈现一个更美好的未来，在环保问题上也有更加科学的内容安排，可推断这本书设计了很多有希望的情节。故选D项。] 11．A．risk B．delay C．prevent D．bother C　[考查动词词义辨析。根据前文“But the project produced a book with some plots．”可知，这本书的情节充满了希望，而在极地建酒店是有违自然规律的，环保主义者极力阻止这种行为，符合这本书的情节。故选C项。] 12．A．abnormal B．artificial C．constant D．mighty D　[考查形容词词义辨析。根据后文可知，好的科幻小说的影响和力量是强大的。故选D项。] 13．A．cast new light on B．make their way to C．gather around D．beat down C　[考查动词短语辨析。根据前文“A good science fiction story can be ．”及“stories can inspire hundreds thousands millions of people”可知，好的故事有强大的影响力，可推断这样的故事可以让无数的人为他们想做的事情团结在一起，聚集在一起。故选C项。] 14．A．neglected B．denied C．exposed D．seen D　[考查动词词义辨析。根据前文“It is plain to see that stories can inspire hundreds thousands millions of people to something that they want to do．”中的plain可知，故事的力量和影响是很明显的，科幻小说也属于故事的一种，其影响力也是显而易见的。故选D项。] 15．A．inside B．beside C．outside D．beneath C　[考查介词词义辨析。根据上文“Time will tell how far we can go．”可知，未来无法预知；再结合上文Project Hieroglyph中所描绘的世界可知，我们不能以当前科幻小说所呈现的可怕黑暗的未来作为我们思考的方向，而是应该跳出这个思维框架，从另一个角度去看待未来；think outside the box意为“打破常规，跳出思维定式”。故选C项。] Ⅳ．语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分) Science fiction is a form of fiction that relates 1． the impact of actual or imagined science upon society or individuals．By 2． Beginning of the 20th century，a series of standard science fiction had developed around certain themes，such as space travel，robots，alien beings and time travel．Science fiction 3． (author) often seek out new technical and 4． (science) developments in order to predict the techno-social changes．Since the 21st century，science fiction 5． (become) much more than a literary work．Its fans have enjoyed the seemingly endless things，books，movies，television shows，magazines，websites and toys 6． (include)．Science fiction has had people's daily life changed and lifted the human spirit to a high level．As a matter of fact，a number of technologies are predicted and imagined first in science fiction．Gradually，with the help of the development of the science，the 7． (imagine) of technologies is becoming reality，8． has made a great influence on human beings．Therefore，9． is hard to imagine that people in modern society can be 10． (full) unaffected by the contents and prediction of the science fiction． 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科幻小说的特点及发展过程。 1．to　[考查介词。设空处为介词，固定短语relate to涉及；与……相关；谈到。故填to。] 2．the　[考查冠词。设空后为名词beginning，设空处应为冠词，空后为“of the 20th century (20世纪)”，表示特指。故填the。] 3．authors　[考查名词复数。设空处在句中作主语，应为名词，表示泛指，为名词复数形式。故填authors。] 4．scientific　[考查形容词。设空处应为形容词修饰空后的名词developments。故填scientific。] 5．has become　[考查时态和主谓一致。设空处在句中作谓语，根据时间状语“Since the 21st century”可知，句子的时态为现在完成时，主语为science fiction，结合主谓一致原则。故填has become。] 6．included　[考查非谓语动词。设空处为非谓语动词，和其逻辑主语之间是被动关系，应用动词的过去分词形式作后置定语。故填included。] 7．imagination　[考查名词。设空处为句子的主语，应用名词形式，imagination“想象”不可数名词。故填imagination。] 8．which　[考查定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，且在句中作主语，先行词为前面整个句子。故填which。] 9．it　[考查代词。分析句子结构可知，该句为：It＋ is＋ adj．＋to do sth．，设空处为形式主语it，真正的主语为动词不定式短语to imagine...。故填it。] 10．fully　[考查副词。设空处为副词修饰空后的动词unaffected。故填fully。] 1 / 16 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $