核心素养测评（必修 　第一册　Unit 4　Natural Disasters）-【高考快车道】2026年高考英语大一轮总复习

该高中英语高考复习课件聚焦阅读理解（含细节理解、推理判断、主旨大意、词义猜测）与七选五核心题型，依据高考评价体系梳理“人与自然”“人与社会”主题语篇，通过近三年模拟真题统计，明确细节理解占45%、推理判断占30%的高频考点分布，构建“语篇结构分析-命题意图解读-答题策略提炼”的备考体系，培养学生语言理解与表达的语言能力。 课件亮点在于“真题实战+素养融合”的复习模式，如以地震预报语篇为例，运用“定位原文关键句-比对选项差异-排除干扰信息”三步法解析推理判断题，提升思维品质；七选五部分结合洪水主题归纳“语境逻辑衔接”技巧，强化语篇意识。特设“易错点警示”和“核心素养对接表”，助力学生掌握答题节奏，教师可据此精准定位学情，实现高效备考冲刺。

核心素养测评　(40分钟　42.5分) 五　必修 第一册　 Unit 4　Natural Disasters Ⅰ.阅读理解(共12小题;每小题2.5分,满分30分) A (2024·内蒙古模拟) Earthquake forecasting is one of the most ancient skills known to mankind. From ancient Greece to the present day, countless scientists have tried to develop tools to predict earthquakes.Their attempts usually focused on searching for reliable forerunners of forthcoming quakes. 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ However, there are many reasons why predicting quakes is so hard.“We don’t understand some basic physics of earthquakes,” said Egill, a research professor at the California Institute of Technology.Scientists have also attempted to create mathematical models of movement, but precisely predicting earthquakes would require great mapping and analysis of the Earth’s crust.Other challenges include a lack of data on the early warning signs, given that these warning signs are not yet entirely understood.Actually, real earthquake prediction is very similar to the diagnosis of potential human illnesses based on observing and analyzing each patient’s signs and symptoms.As it turns out, quake prediction is extremely difficult. 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ Many sources show that earthquake forecasting was a recognized science in ancient Greece.Ancient Greeks lived very close to nature and were able to detect unusual phenomena and forecast earthquakes.The first known forecast was made by Pherecydes of Syros about 2,500 years ago: He made it as he scooped water from a well and noticed that usually very clean water had suddenly become muddy.Indeed, an earthquake occurred two days later, making Pherecydes famous.Nowadays, seismic (地震的) and remote-sensing methods are considered to have the greatest potential in terms of solving the earthquake prediction problem. 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ Currently, Terra Seismic, an earthquake forecasting company, can identify a forthcoming earthquake with a high level of confidence.Generally, Terra Seismic does not promise to predict a quake if the earthquake’s epicentre is located beyond a depth of 40 km.Fortunately, such quakes are almost always harmless, since the quake’s energy reduces before reaching the Earth’s surface.“Scientists have tried every possible method to try to predict earthquakes,” Bruneau, an expert in earthquake engineering, said.“Nobody has been able to crack it and make a believable prediction.” 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 【语篇属性】 语篇 类型 说明文 主题 语境 人与自然 语篇 内容 文章介绍了地震预报是人类古老的技能,科学家们从古至今不断 尝试开发预测地震的工具,但地震预测面临诸多挑战。总体上, 地震预测仍是一个难题 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 语篇 结构 Para.1 The historical pursuit of earthquake forecasting. Para.2 The challenges in earthquake prediction. Para.3 Ancient and modern methods of earthquake forecasting. Para.4 The current state of earthquake prediction and its limitations. 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 【命题意图】 1.Why is earthquake forecasting so difficult? 第二段是关于地震预报的挑战。这道题目旨在考查读 者对地震预测困难原因的理解 2.Why does the author give the example of Pherecydes? 第三段是地震预报的古今方法。这道题目考查读者对 作者提供Pherecydes例子的目的的理解。作者通过这 个例子来展示地震预测是一门有着悠久历史的科学 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 3.What does Bruneau mean in Paragraph 4? 第四段是关于地震预报的现状和局限。这道题目旨在考 查读者对Bruneau在第四段中所表达意思的理解 4.What is the main idea of the passage? 这道题目考查读者对整篇文章主旨的理解。文章主要讨 论了地震预测的困难、历史、方法和现状,因此正确答案 应该涵盖这些方面,指出文章的主旨是对地震预测的整体 讨论 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 1.Why is earthquake forecasting so difficult? A.Some basic physics of earthquakes is unknown. B.Data on the early warning signs are not fully understood. C.Mapping and analysis of the Earth’s crust are impossible. D.It is the same as the diagnosis of human illnesses. 【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第二段中“However, there are many reasons why predicting quakes is so hard.‘We don’t understand some basic physics of earthquakes,’ said Egill (然而,预测地震如此困难的原因有很多。‘我们不了解地震的一些基本物理原理,’Egill说)”可知,地震预报如此困难是因为地震的一些基本物理原理是未知的。故选A项。 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 2.Why does the author give the example of Pherecydes? A.To explain why Pherecydes was famous. B.To explain ancient Greeks lived very close to nature. C.To show earthquake forecasting is a science with a long history. D.To show remote-sensing methods are the best solution to earthquake prediction. 【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据第三段中“Ancient Greeks lived very close to nature...making Pherecydes famous.(古希腊人生活得非常接近自然,能够检测不寻常的现象和预测地震。已知的第一个预测是2500年前锡罗斯的毕达哥拉斯做出的:他从一口井里舀水时注意到,通常非常干净的水突然变得浑浊了。事实上,两天后发生了地震,毕达哥拉斯因此而出名。)”可推知,作者给出毕达哥拉斯成功预测地震的例子是为了说明古希腊时期就存在地震预测了,表明地震预测是一门历史悠久的科学。故选C项。 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 3.What does Bruneau mean in Paragraph 4? A.Terra Seismic can predict an earthquake. B.Scientists have methods of predicting earthquakes. C.Some quakes are harmless if the quake’s energy is released. D.Scientists have no reliable way to predict an earthquake. 【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据最后一段中Bruneau所说的话“Scientists have tried every possible method to try to predict earthquakes (科学家们已经尝试了所有可能的方法来预测地震)”和“Nobody has been able to crack it and make a believable prediction.(没有人能够破解它并做出可靠的预测。)”可推知,Bruneau认为科学家没有可靠的方法来预测地震。故选D项。 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 4.What is the main idea of the passage? A.The reasons for earthquake forecasting. B.The history of earthquake forecasting. C.The methods of earthquake forecasting. D.The future of earthquake forecasting. 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 【解析】选C。主旨大意题。通读全文,尤其是第一段中“Earthquake forecasting is one of the most ancient skills known to mankind.From ancient Greece to the present day, countless scientists have tried to develop tools to predict earthquakes.(地震预测是人类已知的最古老的技能之一。从古希腊到现在,无数的科学家试图开发预测地震的工具。)”可知,文章讨论了古代和现代的地震预报方法,包括科学家们通过寻找可靠的先兆、建立数学模型以及使用遥感方法等各种手段来预测地震的尝试。文章还涉及地震预测的局限性和挑战,例如缺乏对基本物理原理和早期预警信号的了解,以及无法预测超过一定深度的地震。因此,文章关注的是地震预测过程中涉及的方法和挑战。故选C项。 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ B (2025·江门模拟) Scientific discovery is one of the most complicated human activities for scientists must understand the existing knowledge, raise a research question and design and conduct an experiment in pursuit of an answer.Can this complex process be automated? Last week, Sakana AI Labs announced the creation of an “AI scientist”—an artificial intelligence system they claim can make scientific discoveries in a fully automated way.Using generative large language models(LLMs)like those behind ChatGPT and other AI chatbots, the system can brainstorm, select a promising idea, code new algorithms(算法), plot results, and write a paper summarizing the experiment and its findings. 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ Nowadays, a lot of science is done in the open, and almost all scientific knowledge has been written down somewhere.Millions of scientific papers are freely available online.LLMs trained with this data can easily capture the language of science and its patterns.It is therefore perhaps not at all surprising that a generative LLM can produce something that looks like a good scientific paper—it has absorbed many examples that it can copy. What is less clear is whether an AI system can produce an interesting scientific paper.Crucially, good science requires novelty.Scientists don’t want to be told about things that are already known.Rather, they want to learn new things, especially new things that are significantly different from what is already known. 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ The Sakana system tries to address novelty in two ways.First, it “scores” new paper ideas for similarity to existing research.Anything too similar is cast away.Second, Sakana’s system introduces a “peer review” step—using another LLM to judge the quality and novelty of the generated paper. Feedback is mixed on Sakana AI’s output.Some have described it as producing “endless scientific slop”.Even the system’s own review of its outputs judges the papers weak at best.This is likely to improve as the technology evolves, but the question of whether automated scientific papers are valuable remains.Is this the kind of scientific ecosystem we want? 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 【语篇属性】 语篇 类型 说明文 主题 语境 人与社会 语篇 内容 Sakana人工智能实验室宣布了一名“人工智能科学家”的诞生,该人工智能系统声称可以完全自动化地进行科学发现,文章介绍了其语言模型的工作形式,并对其科学生态系统提出疑问 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 语篇 结构 Para.1 The complexity of scientific discovery and the possibility of automation. Para.2 Introduction of the AI scientist by Sakana AI Labs. Para.3 The availability of scientific knowledge and the training of LLMs. Para.4 The challenge of novelty in scientific discovery. Para.5 Sakana system’s approach to ensuring novelty. Para.6 Mixed feedback on the Sakana AI’s output and the value of automated scientific papers. 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 【命题意图】 5.What is the primary function of AI scientist in scientific researches? 第二段是关于AI科学家的介绍。 这道题目旨在考 查读者对AI科学家在科学研究中的主要功能的理 解 6.How do LLMs work? 第三段是关于科学知识的可用性和大型语言模型 培训。 这道题目考查读者对大型语言模型(LLMs) 工作方式的理解 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 7.How does the Sakana system attempt to ensure novelty? 倒数第二段是关于Sakana系统试图通过两种方式 解决创新问题。 这道题目旨在考查读者对Sakana 系统如何尝试确保新颖性的理解 8.What may be the author’s attitude towards AI scientific ecosystem? 最后一段是作者对于自动化的科学论文价值问题 的态度。 这道题目考查读者对作者对AI科学生态 系统态度的理解 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 5.What is the primary function of AI scientist in scientific researches? A.To help analyze scientific data. B.To assist scientists in researches. C.To automate the entire discovery. D.To review human-authored papers. 【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Last week, Sakana AI Labs announced the creation of an ‘AI scientist’—an artificial intelligence system they claim can make scientific discoveries in a fully automated way.(上周,Sakana人工智能实验室宣布了一名‘人工智能科学家’的诞生,该人工智能系统声称可以完全自动化地进行科学发现)”可知,人工智能科学家在科学研究中的主要功能是完全自动化地进行科学发现。故选C。 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 6.How do LLMs work? A.They grasp the scientific terms and frameworks. B.They conduct scientific researches independently. C.They include most advanced scientific knowledge. D.They create papers through direct input from experts. 【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据文章第三段“LLMs trained with this data...it can copy.(使用这些数据训练的LLMs可以很容易地捕捉科学的语言及其模式。因此,生成型LLM能够写出看起来像一篇优秀科学论文的东西,这一点也不奇怪——它已经吸收了许多可以复制的例子)”可知,LLMs能通过掌握科学术语和框架模式来工作。故选A。 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 7.How does the Sakana system attempt to ensure novelty? A.By adding human experts’ review. B.By ruling out similar paper ideas. C.By using unpublished research data. D.By borrowing ideas from new papers. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“The Sakana system...novelty of the generated paper.(Sakana系统试图通过两种方式解决创新问题。首先,它对新论文的想法与现有研究的相似性进行‘评分’。太相似的东西都被抛弃了。其次,Sakana的系统引入了一个‘同行评议’步骤——使用另一个LLM来判断生成论文的质量和新颖性)”可知,Sakana系统试图通过排除类似的论文观点来确保新颖。故选B。 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 8.What may be the author’s attitude towards AI scientific ecosystem? A.Unclear.　　　　　　　　 B.Supportive. C.Skeptical. D.Indifferent. 【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Feedback is mixed...ecosystem we want?(Sakana AI的输出反馈是混合的。一些人将其描述为产生‘无尽的科学垃圾’。即使是系统自己对其产出的审查,也会判断这些论文充其量是薄弱的。随着技术的发展,这种情况可能会有所改善,但自动化的科学论文是否有价值的问题仍然存在。这就是我们想要的科学生态系统吗)”可知,作者认为自动化的科学论文价值问题有待判断,因此,作者对于人工智能科学生态系统持有怀疑态度。故选C。 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ C (2025·武汉模拟) You might not think that an AI capable of making music would stimulate your emotion, but others think differently, particularly those who gathered at Mexico City’s Symphony Hall in 2019 for Schubert’s Unfinished Symphony, which I finished using melodies generated by an AI. As the orchestra (管弦乐团) finished Schubert’s original work and began the music the AI and I had written, I could feel the crowd’s energy shift from astonishment to indignation and fear.They seemed afraid that an AI might be able to make emotional symphonic music.You can see their point: an AI that makes emotional music could affect the emotional lives of thousands or even millions of people in a small, but profound way, just like a human musician does. 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ Positive and negative, people reacted very strongly to AI’s symphonic debut (首秀).Even though most people don’t believe that AI can create something enjoyable, they, at least partly, did enjoy the Unfinished Symphony. Enjoyment in music implies that there’s something in the music that the listener connects to, a perception of shared emotion.But, in the case of AI music, an emotion shared with who? AI, as of yet, has no emotions.So what is the meaning of music made without an emotional composer? The unsatisfying answer is that music has no objective meaning.A composer can decide how a piece of music sounds, but it’s the listener that decides what it means. 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ No matter how it’s created, music doesn’t exist in a vacuum (真空) to the listener.The meaning we assign to music depends on its context—how the piece connects to other elements in our lives.Without context, music is like the results of a game whose rules have been lost.The context for a music is part of who you are.The music is emotional to you because you have the context to appreciate it.As it continues to evolve, AI music will develop its own context.Certainly, it’ll be different from human-made music.It’ll mix existing genres to create new ones; it’ll combine instruments that we wouldn’t think of combining.Its rules will be different. 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ I’m now always asked the same question: “Who put the emotion in that music: you, the composer, or the AI?” But that’s not the question they really want to ask, though.There’s a deeper question that most people are too afraid to ask right now: “Are my emotions so simple that they can be maneuvered by a machine?” In my experience, this could be possible one day.If a modestly capable music AI in 2019 could stir up emotions of an audience, maybe AI can have a more powerful effect on our emotional lives than we’d like to admit. 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 【语篇属性】 语篇 类型 议论文 主题 语境 人与社会 语篇 内容 文章主要讨论了人工智能是否能创作出富含情感的音乐的问题,论述 了作者对于音乐中情感的看法 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 语篇 结构 Para.1 The emotional potential of AI-generated music. Para.2 The audience’s mixed reactions to AI-generated music. Para.3 The contradictory human response to AI in music. Para.4 The subjectivity of music and emotion. Para.5 The role of context in music’s emotional impact. Para.6 The true concerns about AI and emotional manipulation. Para.7 The future influence of AI on human emotions. 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 【命题意图】 9.The audience reacted strongly to the symphony mainly due to ______ .  第二段是关于观众对人工智能交响曲的反应。 这道题目考 查读者对观众对交响乐反应的理解 10.What might the author agree with? 第四段是关于音乐和情感的主观性。这道题目考查读者对 作者观点的理解 11.What does the word “maneuvered” underlined in Paragraph 6 most probably mean? 第六段是关于人们对人工智能和情绪操纵的真正的担心。 这道题目考查读者对文中画线单词的理解 12.Which would be the best title for the passage? 全文尤其是第三段论述了作者对于音乐中情感的看法。这 道题目考查读者对整篇文章主旨的理解 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 9.The audience reacted strongly to the symphony mainly due to ______ .  A.their doubts about AI’s capabilities B.their uneasiness about AI’s influence C.the orchestra’s brilliant presentation of AI music D.the likeness between AI music and the original work 【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第二段(当管弦乐队演奏完舒伯特的原创作品,开始演奏人工智能和我共同创作的音乐时,我能感觉到观众的情绪从惊讶转变为愤怒和恐惧。他们似乎担心人工智能可能会创作出充满情感的交响乐。你可以看到他们的观点:一个制作情感音乐的人工智能可以以一种微小但深刻的方式影响数千甚至数百万人的情感生活,就像一个人类音乐家一样。)可知,观众对交响曲反应强烈主要是因为对人工智能的影响感到不安。故选B。 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 10.What might the author agree with? A.AI poses little impact on people’s emotions. B.Music bears no intended emotional meaning. C.AI music will outperform human-made music. D.The context reflects people’s interpretation of music. 【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第四段“AI, as of yet, has no emotions...what it means.(到目前为止,人工智能还没有情感。那么,没有情感作曲家的音乐有什么意义呢?令人不满意的答案是,音乐没有客观意义。作曲家可以决定一段音乐的声音,但听众可以决定它的意义。)”可知,作者可能会同意音乐没有预期的情感含义。故选B。 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 11.What does the word “maneuvered” underlined in Paragraph 6 most probably mean? A.Refreshed.　　　　　 B.Challenged. C.Revealed. D.Directed. 【解析】选D。词义猜测题。根据第二段“You can see their point: an AI that makes emotional music could affect the emotional lives of thousands or even millions of people in a small, but profound way, just like a human musician does.(你可以看到他们的观点:一个制作情感音乐的人工智能可以以一种微小但深刻的方式影响数千甚至数百万人的情感生活,就像一个人类音乐家一样。)”以及画线词上文“Are my emotions so simple that they can be”和后文“by a machine”可知,人工智能制作的音乐可以影响数千甚至数百万人的情感生活,所以大多数人不敢问的问题是:我的情绪是否简单到可以被机器操纵?故画线词意思是“操纵”,与D选项Directed“指示,指导”意思最接近。故选D。 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 12.Which would be the best title for the passage? A.Are Composers To Be Replaced? B.Would AI Music Be a Rising Trend? C.Could AI Make Music That Moves You? D.Was the Unfinished Symphony Successful? 【解析】选C。主旨大意题。根据第三段“Positive and negative, people reacted...the Unfinished Symphony.(不管是正面还是负面,人们对AI的交响乐首演反应非常强烈。尽管大多数人不相信人工智能可以创造出令人愉快的东西,但他们(至少在一定程度上)确实喜欢《未完成的交响曲》)”并结合文章主要讨论了人工智能是否能创作出富含情感的音乐的问题,论述了作者对于音乐中情感的看法。可知,C选项“人工智能能做出打动你的音乐吗?”最符合文章标题。故选C。 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ.七选五(共5小题;每小题2.5分,满分12.5分) (2024·湖南模拟) Floods can come from multiple sources.It can be a hurricane, failed dam, or overflowing river.The disasters can move quickly.　13　 It’s important to know how to keep your family and belongings safe during such an event.Full preparation can put you at ease for its coming.  A flood is simply an event where water overflows a natural area and covers normally dry places.In general, there are two types.　14　 The soil in these areas can’t absorb a lot of moisture.The water then rapidly runs off the surface resulting in a torrent (激流) of rapidly moving water.River flooding is when a river overflows its banks due to excessive (过分的) water and the situation can get worse if barriers such as a dam or levee (防洪堤) break as well.  返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ A flood can be caused by many things.　15　 Living next to a river, dam, on the coast, or in a low-lying area puts you at risk for flooding.  There is no specific flood season.　16　 Any time there is a large amount of rain in a short period, flooding can occur.Man-made and natural disasters can also cause flooding outside of those months.For example, the collapse of a dam can cause a flood.A natural disaster, such as a tsunami, can also cause flooding on a massive scale.  返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 　17　 Using existing maps and examining low-lying areas can determine high risk areas for flooding.Moreover, flood warnings are sent out to areas that could experience flooding when there is a large amount of rainfall over a short time.  A.The rising river threatens people’s lives. B.Floods can be preventable and predictable. C.Flash floods are more common in dry areas. D.And sometimes they come with little warning. E.The weather forecast accurately predicts all disasters. F.They include severe weather, geography, and other man-made factors. G.Generally, the period from spring to fall is considered a heightened risk for floods. 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了洪水这种自然灾害,包括其特点、含义、类型、起因、汛期和预测预防手段。 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 13.【解析】选D。前文“Floods can come from multiple sources.It can be a hurricane, failed dam, or overflowing river.The disasters can move quickly.(洪水可能有多种来源。它可能是飓风、大坝倒塌或河水泛滥。灾难发生的速度很快)”提到造成洪水的原因有多种,且洪水速度很快,后文“It’s important to know how to keep your family and belongings safe during such an event.Full preparation can put you at ease for its coming.(在这种情况下,知道如何保护家人和财产的安全是很重要的。充分的准备可以使你在它到来时感到安心)”提到保护家人和财产的安全的重要性,建议做好充分的准备。D项“And sometimes they come with little warning.(有时,它们来得毫无征兆)”符合语境,指出洪水可能很突然地发生,承接前文,佐证后文做充分准备的必要性。故选D。 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 14.【解析】选C。前文“A flood is simply an event...two types.(洪水仅仅是水溢出自然区域并覆盖通常干燥的地方的事件。一般来说,有两种类型)”提到洪水的定义,以及包含两种类型,后文“The soil in these areas...moving water.(这些地区的土壤不能吸收很多水分。然后水迅速从地表流出,形成快速流动的激流)”具体描述第一种类型的洪水,因此C项“Flash floods are more common in dry areas.(山洪暴发在干旱地区更为常见)”符合语境,介绍第一种类型的洪水,承接前文,引出后文具体的描述,其中的dry areas和后文的can’t absorb a lot of moisture呼应。故选C。 15.【解析】选F。前文“A flood can be caused by many things.(造成洪水的原因有很多)”提到洪水的起因很多,因此F项“They include severe weather, geography, and other man-made factors.(它们包括恶劣的天气、地理和其他人为因素)”符合语境,具体介绍这些因素,承接前文,其中的They指代前文的many things。故选F。 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ 16.【解析】选G。前文“There is no specific flood season.(没有特定的汛期)”提到洪水的特定时间的话题,因此G项“Generally, the period from spring to fall is considered a heightened risk for floods.(一般来说,从春天到秋天这段时间被认为是洪水的高风险时期)”符合语境,指出宽泛的洪水的高风险时期,承接前文。故选G。 17.【解析】选B。空处位于段首,是段落主旨句,需统领段落内容。后文“Using existing maps...over a short time.(利用现有的地图和检查低洼地区可以确定洪水的高风险地区。此外,当短时间内有大量降雨时,洪水警报会发送到可能发生洪水的地区)”主要介绍如何预测和预防洪水,因此B项“Floods can be preventable and predictable.(洪水是可以预防和预测的)”符合语境,契合后文内容。故选B。 返回 Ⅱ Ⅰ $