第13讲 概要写作之说明文、实验研究类文体写法详解（复习讲义）（上海高考专用）2026年春季高考英语

专题13 概要写作之说明文、实验研究类文体写法详解 目录 考情分析与命题趋势 1 知识体系构建 2 考点精析与突破 3 考点一：说明文概要写作（重点） 3 考点二：实验研究类文体概要写作（难点） 8 实战精练与提升 13 考情解读 一、考试要求 概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。上海高考概要写作一般以说明文为主、议论文次之，，记叙文少有涉及。近年来实验研究报告类说明文是考查热点。 二、命题分析 题型 概要写作 2023上海秋考 说明文。青少年应远离沙发，多听音乐，多参加运动等活动。 2023上海春考 说明文。讲述阅读小说的益处，实验表明它能培养品性及产生共情。 2022上海秋考 说明文。什么是智商？什么是天才？以及智商与天才之间的关系。 2022上海春考 说明文。脑迹印记并不是孤立于大脑的一个区域，科学家们研究了积极记忆和消极记忆之间的存储位置和相互作用。 2021上海秋考 说明文。介绍一名视觉思想家，她的记忆以时间顺序作为特定的图像出现在她的脑海中。 2021上海春考 说明文。Fluido发布了FluidoPlus，一种通过监控MAC来收集客户信息的产品，从而帮助分析他们的行为来促进市场营销。 （三）、评分标准 一般而言，概要写作的评分分为五个档次，具体如下： 档次 要求 第五档 · 理解准确，涵盖全部要点；能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇；有效使用了语句间的连接成分，使概要结构紧凑；完全使用自己的语言 · 第四档 · 理解准确，涵盖绝大部分要点所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些错误，但完全不影响意义表达比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使概要结构紧凑有个别整句抄自原文 · 第三档 · 理解较为准确，涵盖绝大部分要点所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误，但不影响意义表达能应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使上下文内容连贯出现两句以上整句抄自原文 · 第二档 · 理解有误差，仅涵盖半数要点有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，影响了意义的表达较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺少连贯性出现两句以上整句抄自原文 · 第一档 · 没有理解原文，造成概要内容与原文主题不符有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误，严重影响意义的表达缺乏语句间的连接成分，全文内容不连贯多个句子抄自原文 0分 · 白卷，或内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关 · 知识梳理 考点精讲 · 考点一：说明文概要写作 解题策略 1. 定位核心：通读全文锁定说明对象，标记其核心特征、成因、用途、原理等关键信息，同时明确文章的说明顺序（如时间、因果、总分等）。 2. 筛除冗余：保留核心要点，剔除举例、比喻、数据重复等辅助性细节，合并同类信息，避免被次要属性干扰。 3. 逻辑串联：按原文说明顺序串联要点，用 “Furthermore”“In addition” 等衔接词体现逻辑；通过同义替换和句式简化精简表达，杜绝照抄原文，严控词数。 4. 核对校验：确认说明对象及核心信息无遗漏，语言客观无主观评价，时态统一（多为一般现在时），语法表述准确。 （一）说明文概要写作技巧 说明文（Exposition）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类： 现象揭示类：The article points out the common phenomenon—(主题)，which…(补充解释) 利弊对比类：The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B. A…while B… The passage discusses the impact of sth. On the positive side,…, but it may also… 研究显示类：The study reveals that…; The purpose of the report is to show that… 1. 先 “解构原文”：精准定位核心信息 找主题句（Topic Sentence）：说明文的主旨通常在首段（总起句）或末段（总结句），段落内部的主题句多在段首（少数在段尾）。划逻辑信号词：根据说明文类型，标记逻辑词以区分主次信息。 解释说明型：“define, refer to, namely, such as”（抓定义和特征）； 比较对比型：“like, unlike, similarly, in contrast, on the other hand”（抓异同点）； 因果型：“because, so, as a result, due to, lead to”（抓原因和结果）； 问题解决型：“problem, issue, however, solution, suggest”（抓问题和方案）； 过程型：“first, next, then, finally, step, process”（抓关键步骤）。 筛除次要信息：原文中的举例（for example）、数据（具体数字）、形容词（修饰性描述）、重复内容等，若不影响核心逻辑，可在概要中省略。 2. 再 “重构语言”：简洁客观地表达 用同义替换（Paraphrase）：避免直接抄袭原文句子，通过同义词、句型转换（如主动变被动、从句变短语）改写。 保持客观语气：概要需完全基于原文，不可加入 “in my opinion”“I think” 等个人观点，也不可夸大或缩小原文信息（如原文说 “可能导致”，不可写成 “必然导致”）。 3. 注重 “逻辑连贯”：确保结构清晰 按原文逻辑排序：概要的信息顺序需与原文一致（如过程型按步骤顺序，因果型按 “原因→结果” 顺序），避免打乱逻辑链。 用衔接词串联：适当使用过渡词（如 however, therefore, in addition）使句子间衔接自然，例如对比型概要可加 “while”“whereas”，因果型可加 “thus”“consequently”。 （二）说明文概要写作模板 1. 常用模板 说明文：phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant) 2. 常用句型 · 描述现象： The article highlights the issue of [现象]，which has [影响] · 分析原因： The main reasons for [现象] include [原因1] and [原因2] · 提出建议： To address [问题]，the author suggests [建议] （三）说明文概要写作典例剖析 【来源】上海市延安中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月英语试题 How Ants May Save You from Traffic Jams The free flow of traffic becomes unstable as the density of cars increases on a highway. At 15 vehicles per mile per lane, one driver tapping their brakes can trigger a persistent wave of congestion “It’s a kind of phase transition,” like water turning from a liquid to a solid form, says Katsuhiro Nishinari, a physicist at the University of Tokyo, who studies these jamming transitions. Nishinari’s previous research had shown that foraging (觅食的) ants can maintain their flow even at high densities. In a recent study, researchers recorded Ochetellus ants on foraging trails and used traffic-engineering models to analyze their movement. They found that the ants don’t jam because they travel in groups of three to 20 that move at nearly constant rates while keeping good distances between one another — and they don’t speed up to pass others. Self-driving cars, if they one day become common, could have more cooperative programming. In one vision of this future, autonomous vehicles would share information with nearby cars to optimize traffic flow perhaps, the researchers suggests, by prioritizing constant speeds or by not passing others on the road. “There is no leader,” but this organization emerges anyway. And in both ant and vehicle traffic this type of distributed system can be “very, very strong” and resilient, Nishinari says. “Still, ants can forge trails as wide as they like, unlike drivers stuck on highways. The insects do sometimes jam up when confined in tunnels, but to keep things moving, they’ll find a way to walk on the ceiling” she says. Today’s drivers can learn at least one thing from ants to avoid causing a traffic jam, Nishinari says: don’t drive too closely behind another vehicle. By leaving room between their car and the one ahead of them, drivers can absorb a wave of braking in dense traffic conditions that would otherwise be amplified (放大) into a full-blown “phantom” traffic jam with no obvious cause. “Just keeping away,” he says, can help traffic flow smoothly. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了东京大学物理学家西成胜博的研究，发现觅食蚂蚁高密度下仍能保持流动的原因，进而为缓解交通拥堵提供启示，包括自动驾驶汽车的优化方向和现有司机的驾驶建议。 解题步骤 第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构本文篇章结构为 “现象 — 研究发现 — 应用启示” 式： 1. 第 1 段：提出高速公路车辆密度增加易引发拥堵的现象。 2. 第 2 段：介绍研究发现，觅食蚂蚁因群体匀速移动、保持间距不超车，高密度下仍能顺畅通行，为自动驾驶汽车提供优化思路。 3. 第 3 段：补充蚂蚁与人类交通的差异，蚂蚁可灵活拓展路径。 4. 第 4 段：给出现有司机的建议，保持车距能避免 “幽灵拥堵”。 第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息 段落 关键词 1. 交通现象 ①highway traffic jams，increasing car density 2. 研究发现与自动驾驶启示 ②foraging ants，constant speed，keep distances，no passing；self-driving cars，cooperative programming 3. 蚂蚁与人类交通差异 ③ants forge wide trails，humans stuck on highways 4. 现有司机建议 ④keep safe distance，avoid phantom traffic jams 第三步：归纳要点，合理转换表达 1. 第 1-2 段：Highway traffic jams occur with more cars, but studies show foraging ants avoid jams by moving in groups at constant speeds with distances and no passing, inspiring self-driving cars’ cooperative programming.（高速公路车辆增多易拥堵，但研究表明觅食蚂蚁以群体匀速移动、保持间距不超车避免拥堵，为自动驾驶汽车的协同编程提供启示。） 2. 第 4 段：Current drivers can keep safe distances to prevent phantom jams.（现有司机可保持安全车距以避免 “幽灵拥堵”。） 第四步：句式多样，注意过渡衔接用 “but” 转折引出蚂蚁通行特点与交通启示，逻辑连贯；用 “and” 并列蚂蚁的通行习惯，用 “to” 明确司机建议的目的，表达简洁。 概要写作答案（60 词左右） 【答案01】 Highway traffic jams happen as car density rises, but foraging ants avoid jams by moving in groups at constant speeds with distances and no passing. This inspires self-driving cars’ cooperation, and current drivers can keep safe distances to prevent phantom jams. 【答案02】 Highway traffic tends to get congested as car density increases. However, foraging ants can maintain smooth flow even at high densities by moving in groups with constant speeds, proper distances, and no overtaking. Self-driving cars can draw on this pattern, and today’s drivers should also keep a safe distance from the vehicle ahead to ensure traffic flows smoothly. · 考点二：研究报告类概要写作 解题策略 1. 定位实验框架：通读全文快速锁定实验核心模块，标记实验目的、研究对象、关键操作方法、核心结果及最终结论，忽略实验器材型号、重复操作流程等无关细节。 2. 提炼关键信息：筛选核心要点，合并同类操作或数据，剔除冗余的步骤描述与次要数据；对具体数据做概括处理，避免逐一罗列原始数据。 3. 逻辑串联表达：按 “背景→目的→方法→结果→结论” 的逻辑链条串联要点，用 “To conduct the study”“During the experiment”“As a result” 等衔接词体现实验流程；通过学术词汇同义替换和句式简化精简表达，杜绝照抄原文。 4. 核对校验细节：确认实验核心要素无遗漏、结果与结论匹配；语言保持客观，无主观评价；时态统一（描述实验过程常用过去时，结论常用一般现在时），词数符合要求，语法表述准确。 （一）题型解读 1. 题型特点 文本类型：实验研究报告类文体通常围绕某一实验或研究展开，包括研究背景、目的、方法、结果和结论。 上海高考英语中的实验研究报告类文体概要写作，重点考查考生对这类具有科学性、逻辑性较强文本的理解与概括能力。 2. 常见主题 研究发现类：介绍某项研究的主要发现和结论。 实验过程类：描述实验的具体过程和结果。 问题解决类：通过实验研究提出问题的解决方案。 （二）写作步骤与技巧 · 通读全文，明晰研究目的与背景 · 梳理实验关键要素（如：实验对象、实验方法与步骤） · 提取核心实验结果与结论 · 转换表达，合理精简内容 · 整合内容，注重逻辑连贯 （三）模板及句型 1.通用模板示例 开头：The experiment reported in the article aims to explore...（点明文章所报道实验的研究目的，填入具体研究内容）. 主体内容：Firstly, the experiment was conducted on...（首先，说明实验对象是谁或是什么）. The experimental method adopted was...（接着阐述采用的实验方法）. The main steps included...（然后列举主要的实验步骤，简要概括）. After that, the experiment obtained the following results: （之后，呈现实验所获得的结果，如具体数据、现象等）. 结尾：Based on these results, it can be concluded that...（基于这些结果，可以得出结论是……，清晰写出最终结论）. 2.常用句型 · 说明研究目的： The purpose of this experiment is to investigate...（此次实验的目的是为了研究……） This study aims to find out...（这项研究旨在查明……） · 描述实验对象与方法： The subjects of the experiment were...（实验对象是……） A... method was employed in this experiment.（此次实验采用了…… 方法） · 呈现实验结果： The results showed that...（结果显示……） It was found that...（人们发现……） · 得出结论： From the above, we can draw the conclusion that...（从上述内容，我们可以得出结论……） Consequently, the conclusion is reached that...（因此，得出的结论是……） · 研究报告类概要写作技巧实例分析 【2024届上海市金山区高三上学期一模英语试题】 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Benefits of Green Spaces We all know the value of taking a walk in the fresh spring weather. It allows your mind to relax and forget about the problems in everyday life. Studies have commonly shown the benefits of being around green spaces, including gardens, urban parks and forests. But did you know that being in contact with these natural surroundings during childhood could positively impact your mental health as an adult? A study by the Institute for Global Health surveyed 3,600 people from all over Europe. The all-adult study gave participants a questionnaire (问卷) on how frequently they used natural spaces during childhood — for example, playing in a garden or riding a bike at the park. They were also asked about the importance they put on using such places. Volunteers were then given a psychological test, which included a variety of questionnaires and problem-solving activities, to analyze their nervousness and feelings of depression within a four-week period. The results consistently showed that the people who were more exposed to natural spaces had higher mental health scores compared to those with lower childhood exposure — as did those who attached higher importance to using green spaces. The study’s assistant, Wilma Smith, wrote that the results “show the importance of childhood exposure to natural spaces for the development of a nature-appreciating attitude and a healthy psychological state in adulthood”. She also stressed the importance of “recognizing the implications of growing up in environments with limited opportunities for exposure to nature”. According to the study, 73 percent of Europe’s population only has limited access to natural spaces. So we call on policymakers to improve the availability of natural spaces for children. While this study was based in Europe, a lack of green space can affect anyone, anywhere. So remember to make time to expose yourself to nature, as your mental health is just as important as the physical one. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，研究表明，童年时期接触大自然对成年后的心理健康有积极影响。那些更频繁地使用自然空间并更重视使用自然空间的人在心理测试中得分更高，包括解决问题的能力和消极情绪的分析。因此，政府应该改善自然空间的可用性，并强调与自然接触。 解题步骤 第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构 本文的篇章结构为“总—分—总”式： 第1段：引出话题——在自然环境中散步对心理健康的好处。 第2段：介绍一项研究发现，童年接触自然环境对成年心理健康有积极影响。 第3段：描述研究过程，包括问卷调查和心理测试。 第4段：总结研究结果，强调童年接触自然的重要性。 第5段：呼吁政策制定者改善儿童接触自然环境的机会。 第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息 段落 关键词 1.引言 ①fresh spring weather，relax，green spaces 2.研究发现 ②childhood exposure，mental health，Institute for Global Health 3.研究过程 ③questionnaire，psychological test，nervousness，depression 4.研究结果 ④higher mental health scores，nature-appreciating attitude 5.呼吁 ⑤limited access，policymakers，availability of natural spaces 第三步：归纳要点，合理转换表达 第1段：Walking in natural environments is good for mental health. （在自然环境中散步对心理健康有益。） 第2段：A study found that childhood exposure to nature positively impacts adult mental health. （一项研究发现，童年接触自然对成年心理健康有积极影响。） 第3段：Participants were surveyed on their childhood use of natural spaces and tested for mental health. （参与者被调查童年使用自然空间的情况，并进行了心理健康测试。） 第4段：Results showed that more exposure to nature in childhood leads to better mental health in adulthood. （结果显示，童年更多接触自然的人成年后心理健康状况更好。） 第5段：The study calls on policymakers to improve access to natural spaces for children. （该研究呼吁政策制定者改善儿童接触自然空间的机会。） 第四步：句式多样，注意过渡衔接 各要点之间用合适的连接词衔接，比如用 “Moreover” 连接研究内容和基于研究的现状及呼吁部分，用 “Finally” 引出最后强调接触自然重要性的内容，使整体逻辑连贯。 实战训练 一、名校最新试题 Passage 1 【来源】上海市建平中学2025-2026学年高三上学期10月阶段测试英语试题 Fillings for the “Sandwich Generation” There’s a moment in your late forties or fifties when life seems to become complicated. This should be a time when you enjoy the fruits of your earlier labors: an established career, children largely grown up and the loan mostly paid off. But it’s not so easy, is it? The economic turmoil (动荡) of recent years has hit this age group hard, with many now in financial distress. This group belongs to the Sandwich Generation, sitting awkwardly in the middle of the generational spectrum. At one end, we are likely to have aging parents who will need increasing support — emotional and physical as well as financial. At the other extreme, our young adult children may need parental help during university and, once they join the workforce, they have to find a place to live while struggling with full-time work and managing the emotional roller-coaster of youth. Their top concern is how they can best help at both ends of the spectrum. However, they should not forget that an important consideration is whether they have enough to fund their own retirement. The question is especially pronounced when future investment returns are more uncertain than recent years, and inflation, while declining, is still high. Extending the sandwich analogy, how much filling can one afford? As regards planning for retirement, there are key factors to think about: the average inflation rate during retirement, the expected future investment returns and our own longevity. All are largely outside our control. Parents want to be generous to their children in their wills while there may also be their elderly parents to think of. However, investing sensibly can make a real difference to how long their retirement savings last. So my advice is: face up to being the filling and get on with figuring out just what you can put in your sandwich. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 2 【来源】上海市进才中学2024-2025学年下学期练阶段习题 Endangered Species An endangered species is a group of animals that could soon become extinct. Extinction happens when the last of the species has died out and there will be no more. Many species are nearly extinct and could disappear off the face of the earth very soon if we don’t do anything to save them. There are many reasons why-species become endangered but most of them are due to humans. Habitat destruction is the main reason why animals become endangered and this happens in two ways. When humans move into a new area, the animals’ habitat is destroyed and there is nothing to eat because humans chop down trees and build houses and farms. Animal habitats are also destroyed because of pollution. Chemicals in rivers and poisons on farms cause the destruction of habitats and animals can no longer live there. Endangered species are also the result of hunting and fishing. Animals are killed for their fur, bones or skin, or just for sport (消遣). Some seal species are now on the verge of extinction because they are killed for their fur to make coats. Tigers are shot to make medicine and tea from their bones, and crocodiles are caught to make bags and shoes. Overfishing means that large sea creatures like whales, tuna and sharks have all become endangered species, because too many are caught to make things like shark’s fin soup. So what can individuals and governments do to protect animal and plant species from becoming endangered? We should take care not to pollute natural areas, and farmers or companies who destroy animal habitats should face a financial penalty (处罚). Governments can help, too, by making it against the law to hunt, fish or trade in endangered species. If we all cooperate by taking these steps, we will protect our planet so that our children and their children can enjoy it too. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 3 【来源】上海市向明中学2025-2026学年高三上学期九月月考英语检测 Modifying Your Memories It has always been thought that memory is a recording device, its purpose being to file away and later allow us to recall everything that happens in our lives, rather like a library. When we recall a memory, we go into the brain library, take out a file, look at it and then put it back in the same place. The files may get a little dusty over the years, but they are always there and never change. However, new research shows this understanding of memory is not that accurate. What memory is has been redefined. To start with, there is no central memory bank; elements of memories are stored separately from each other so that things related to a particular memory—the smells, sounds, emotions, physical touch, pictures, etc.—are held in different areas of the brain, and it’s only in the act of recalling that they are all brought together. It now appears that every time we recall a memory, aspects of that memory can change slightly. Memories are flexible. The parallel would be more like bringing up a file on the computer, modifying it slightly and then saving it again. This understanding has been crucial in enabling scientists to erase and replace memories in quite innovative ways. On a positive note, this is paving the way for new treatments of disorders, like depression and alcohol addiction. In a recent study, a mouse is put into a totally new, empty environment where it is depressed and refuses to move. A switch on a laser machine introduces a previously happy memory to the mouse and it runs around satisfied, showing relaxed, normal behavior. Science fiction? No, not at all. It’s happening here and now the impossible is fast becoming possible. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 二、真题演练 Passage 1 2023年1月高考 Fiction Reading For many people, nothing is more enjoyable than spending a whole afternoon reading a good novel. But are novels simply a pleasant way to pass the time, or could it be true that reading fiction actually benefits our lives? One of the joys of fiction is that it can take us to places that our lives won't.It can transport us to 17th-century France, or to war-tom Germany. It can take us to a future world in which artificial intelligence takes over and books are banned , or a fantasy world where people battle it out for food. Fiction can also introduce us to a whole range of people that we haven't yet met. And this, according to Carrie Oates, a novelist and academic , is perhaps the real benefit of stories.In one of her studies, participants were asked to read either a short story by Chekhov, or a version of the story in documentary form. Those who were given the fictionalized version were found to be more likely to sympathize with the characters, thus going through greater changes in personality. in another study, she showed participants photos of the eyes of people who were feeling and thinking different things. The people who read fiction were better able to interpret those thoughts and feelings than those who didn't read. Oates explains that when we read fiction , we enter into the minds of the characters. We think about why they behave in a certain way, and what they are likely to do next. Just as we might become more knowledgeable about psychology and astronomy if we read about psychology and astronomy , we get better at this kind of social thinking if we read fiction. This improves our understanding of the thoughts and feelings of those around us in real life. 71. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________- Passage 2 （2022年7月·上海高考真题） Is there a correlation between high IQ and creative genius? Really , the phrasing of the question contradicts very much correlation, as “creativity” is in no way measured through IQ standardized testing , and creativity is the greatest determinant of a genius as , like you say , it is genius. Innovation upon any subject requires a drive to create. As ones IQ increases, there is an increased probability that they are a genius because their level of creativity has a higher probability of ascending( 升高) them to genius level. However if the odds are against them, there is an average probability that they are a genius since they are average percent genius. This is because genius and IQ are composed of different mental constructs as IO measures a standard comprehension level , while creativity measures the way in which this comprehension is used, For example , if your IQ is 180 , the percentage that you are genius is subtracted by the amount of creativity necessary to become a genius. This is inductive of the influence that the brain has on awareness, The brain gains perceptive awareness upon "creating’ thoughts in a continuous cyclic process, and if you were very "intelligent”but could not generate thoughts. you could not be an intellectual being. However one who is alive can never stop thinking, so the correlation of 1Q and genius would objectively appear as a negative exponential function. There are few exceptionally creative people out there.just as there are few exceptionally intelligent people, and one does not occur with the other. Possessing a high level of intelligence is a platform of understanding for the creative thinking skills to make up originality. When one bears informal thinking skills, they typically occupy heightened intuitive awareness, and vivid imaginative qualities. Critical thinking skills allow one to make sense of the resultant creative output within its surrounding context of knowledge. However, not all“geniuses”from our subjective intelligence range necessarily have high levels of creativity. One's level of intelligence can be so high that their platform of understanding generalizes ideas where a genius with lower levels of intelligence must use creativity in order to attain a sort of qualitative equivalence. Examples of people like this throughout history include the likes of John von Neumann and Christopher Langan. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 / 16 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题13 概要写作之说明文、实验研究类文体写法详解 目录 考情分析与命题趋势 1 知识体系构建 2 考点精析与突破 3 考点一：说明文概要写作（重点） 3 考点二：实验研究类文体概要写作（难点） 8 实战精练与提升 13 考情解读 一、考试要求 概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。上海高考概要写作一般以说明文为主、议论文次之，，记叙文少有涉及。近年来实验研究报告类说明文是考查热点。 二、命题分析 题型 概要写作 2023上海秋考 说明文。青少年应远离沙发，多听音乐，多参加运动等活动。 2023上海春考 说明文。讲述阅读小说的益处，实验表明它能培养品性及产生共情。 2022上海秋考 说明文。什么是智商？什么是天才？以及智商与天才之间的关系。 2022上海春考 说明文。脑迹印记并不是孤立于大脑的一个区域，科学家们研究了积极记忆和消极记忆之间的存储位置和相互作用。 2021上海秋考 说明文。介绍一名视觉思想家，她的记忆以时间顺序作为特定的图像出现在她的脑海中。 2021上海春考 说明文。Fluido发布了FluidoPlus，一种通过监控MAC来收集客户信息的产品，从而帮助分析他们的行为来促进市场营销。 （三）、评分标准 一般而言，概要写作的评分分为五个档次，具体如下： 档次 要求 第五档 · 理解准确，涵盖全部要点；能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇；有效使用了语句间的连接成分，使概要结构紧凑；完全使用自己的语言 · 第四档 · 理解准确，涵盖绝大部分要点所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些错误，但完全不影响意义表达比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使概要结构紧凑有个别整句抄自原文 · 第三档 · 理解较为准确，涵盖绝大部分要点所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误，但不影响意义表达能应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使上下文内容连贯出现两句以上整句抄自原文 · 第二档 · 理解有误差，仅涵盖半数要点有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，影响了意义的表达较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺少连贯性出现两句以上整句抄自原文 · 第一档 · 没有理解原文，造成概要内容与原文主题不符有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误，严重影响意义的表达缺乏语句间的连接成分，全文内容不连贯多个句子抄自原文 0分 · 白卷，或内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关 · 知识梳理 考点精讲 · 考点一：说明文概要写作 解题策略 1. 定位核心：通读全文锁定说明对象，标记其核心特征、成因、用途、原理等关键信息，同时明确文章的说明顺序（如时间、因果、总分等）。 2. 筛除冗余：保留核心要点，剔除举例、比喻、数据重复等辅助性细节，合并同类信息，避免被次要属性干扰。 3. 逻辑串联：按原文说明顺序串联要点，用 “Furthermore”“In addition” 等衔接词体现逻辑；通过同义替换和句式简化精简表达，杜绝照抄原文，严控词数。 4. 核对校验：确认说明对象及核心信息无遗漏，语言客观无主观评价，时态统一（多为一般现在时），语法表述准确。 （一）说明文概要写作技巧 说明文（Exposition）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类： 现象揭示类：The article points out the common phenomenon—(主题)，which…(补充解释) 利弊对比类：The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B. A…while B… The passage discusses the impact of sth. On the positive side,…, but it may also… 研究显示类：The study reveals that…; The purpose of the report is to show that… 1. 先 “解构原文”：精准定位核心信息 找主题句（Topic Sentence）：说明文的主旨通常在首段（总起句）或末段（总结句），段落内部的主题句多在段首（少数在段尾）。划逻辑信号词：根据说明文类型，标记逻辑词以区分主次信息。 解释说明型：“define, refer to, namely, such as”（抓定义和特征）； 比较对比型：“like, unlike, similarly, in contrast, on the other hand”（抓异同点）； 因果型：“because, so, as a result, due to, lead to”（抓原因和结果）； 问题解决型：“problem, issue, however, solution, suggest”（抓问题和方案）； 过程型：“first, next, then, finally, step, process”（抓关键步骤）。 筛除次要信息：原文中的举例（for example）、数据（具体数字）、形容词（修饰性描述）、重复内容等，若不影响核心逻辑，可在概要中省略。 2. 再 “重构语言”：简洁客观地表达 用同义替换（Paraphrase）：避免直接抄袭原文句子，通过同义词、句型转换（如主动变被动、从句变短语）改写。 保持客观语气：概要需完全基于原文，不可加入 “in my opinion”“I think” 等个人观点，也不可夸大或缩小原文信息（如原文说 “可能导致”，不可写成 “必然导致”）。 3. 注重 “逻辑连贯”：确保结构清晰 按原文逻辑排序：概要的信息顺序需与原文一致（如过程型按步骤顺序，因果型按 “原因→结果” 顺序），避免打乱逻辑链。 用衔接词串联：适当使用过渡词（如 however, therefore, in addition）使句子间衔接自然，例如对比型概要可加 “while”“whereas”，因果型可加 “thus”“consequently”。 （二）说明文概要写作模板 1. 常用模板 说明文：phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant) 2. 常用句型 · 描述现象： The article highlights the issue of [现象]，which has [影响] · 分析原因： The main reasons for [现象] include [原因1] and [原因2] · 提出建议： To address [问题]，the author suggests [建议] （三）说明文概要写作典例剖析 【来源】上海市延安中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月英语试题 How Ants May Save You from Traffic Jams The free flow of traffic becomes unstable as the density of cars increases on a highway. At 15 vehicles per mile per lane, one driver tapping their brakes can trigger a persistent wave of congestion “It’s a kind of phase transition,” like water turning from a liquid to a solid form, says Katsuhiro Nishinari, a physicist at the University of Tokyo, who studies these jamming transitions. Nishinari’s previous research had shown that foraging (觅食的) ants can maintain their flow even at high densities. In a recent study, researchers recorded Ochetellus ants on foraging trails and used traffic-engineering models to analyze their movement. They found that the ants don’t jam because they travel in groups of three to 20 that move at nearly constant rates while keeping good distances between one another — and they don’t speed up to pass others. Self-driving cars, if they one day become common, could have more cooperative programming. In one vision of this future, autonomous vehicles would share information with nearby cars to optimize traffic flow perhaps, the researchers suggests, by prioritizing constant speeds or by not passing others on the road. “There is no leader,” but this organization emerges anyway. And in both ant and vehicle traffic this type of distributed system can be “very, very strong” and resilient, Nishinari says. “Still, ants can forge trails as wide as they like, unlike drivers stuck on highways. The insects do sometimes jam up when confined in tunnels, but to keep things moving, they’ll find a way to walk on the ceiling” she says. Today’s drivers can learn at least one thing from ants to avoid causing a traffic jam, Nishinari says: don’t drive too closely behind another vehicle. By leaving room between their car and the one ahead of them, drivers can absorb a wave of braking in dense traffic conditions that would otherwise be amplified (放大) into a full-blown “phantom” traffic jam with no obvious cause. “Just keeping away,” he says, can help traffic flow smoothly. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了东京大学物理学家西成胜博的研究，发现觅食蚂蚁高密度下仍能保持流动的原因，进而为缓解交通拥堵提供启示，包括自动驾驶汽车的优化方向和现有司机的驾驶建议。 解题步骤 第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构本文篇章结构为 “现象 — 研究发现 — 应用启示” 式： 1. 第 1 段：提出高速公路车辆密度增加易引发拥堵的现象。 2. 第 2 段：介绍研究发现，觅食蚂蚁因群体匀速移动、保持间距不超车，高密度下仍能顺畅通行，为自动驾驶汽车提供优化思路。 3. 第 3 段：补充蚂蚁与人类交通的差异，蚂蚁可灵活拓展路径。 4. 第 4 段：给出现有司机的建议，保持车距能避免 “幽灵拥堵”。 第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息 段落 关键词 1. 交通现象 ①highway traffic jams，increasing car density 2. 研究发现与自动驾驶启示 ②foraging ants，constant speed，keep distances，no passing；self-driving cars，cooperative programming 3. 蚂蚁与人类交通差异 ③ants forge wide trails，humans stuck on highways 4. 现有司机建议 ④keep safe distance，avoid phantom traffic jams 第三步：归纳要点，合理转换表达 1. 第 1-2 段：Highway traffic jams occur with more cars, but studies show foraging ants avoid jams by moving in groups at constant speeds with distances and no passing, inspiring self-driving cars’ cooperative programming.（高速公路车辆增多易拥堵，但研究表明觅食蚂蚁以群体匀速移动、保持间距不超车避免拥堵，为自动驾驶汽车的协同编程提供启示。） 2. 第 4 段：Current drivers can keep safe distances to prevent phantom jams.（现有司机可保持安全车距以避免 “幽灵拥堵”。） 第四步：句式多样，注意过渡衔接用 “but” 转折引出蚂蚁通行特点与交通启示，逻辑连贯；用 “and” 并列蚂蚁的通行习惯，用 “to” 明确司机建议的目的，表达简洁。 概要写作答案（60 词左右） 【答案01】 Highway traffic jams happen as car density rises, but foraging ants avoid jams by moving in groups at constant speeds with distances and no passing. This inspires self-driving cars’ cooperation, and current drivers can keep safe distances to prevent phantom jams. 【答案02】 Highway traffic tends to get congested as car density increases. However, foraging ants can maintain smooth flow even at high densities by moving in groups with constant speeds, proper distances, and no overtaking. Self-driving cars can draw on this pattern, and today’s drivers should also keep a safe distance from the vehicle ahead to ensure traffic flows smoothly. · 考点二：研究报告类概要写作 解题策略 1. 定位实验框架：通读全文快速锁定实验核心模块，标记实验目的、研究对象、关键操作方法、核心结果及最终结论，忽略实验器材型号、重复操作流程等无关细节。 2. 提炼关键信息：筛选核心要点，合并同类操作或数据，剔除冗余的步骤描述与次要数据；对具体数据做概括处理，避免逐一罗列原始数据。 3. 逻辑串联表达：按 “背景→目的→方法→结果→结论” 的逻辑链条串联要点，用 “To conduct the study”“During the experiment”“As a result” 等衔接词体现实验流程；通过学术词汇同义替换和句式简化精简表达，杜绝照抄原文。 4. 核对校验细节：确认实验核心要素无遗漏、结果与结论匹配；语言保持客观，无主观评价；时态统一（描述实验过程常用过去时，结论常用一般现在时），词数符合要求，语法表述准确。 （一）题型解读 1. 题型特点 文本类型：实验研究报告类文体通常围绕某一实验或研究展开，包括研究背景、目的、方法、结果和结论。 上海高考英语中的实验研究报告类文体概要写作，重点考查考生对这类具有科学性、逻辑性较强文本的理解与概括能力。 2. 常见主题 研究发现类：介绍某项研究的主要发现和结论。 实验过程类：描述实验的具体过程和结果。 问题解决类：通过实验研究提出问题的解决方案。 （二）写作步骤与技巧 · 通读全文，明晰研究目的与背景 · 梳理实验关键要素（如：实验对象、实验方法与步骤） · 提取核心实验结果与结论 · 转换表达，合理精简内容 · 整合内容，注重逻辑连贯 （三）模板及句型 1.通用模板示例 开头：The experiment reported in the article aims to explore...（点明文章所报道实验的研究目的，填入具体研究内容）. 主体内容：Firstly, the experiment was conducted on...（首先，说明实验对象是谁或是什么）. The experimental method adopted was...（接着阐述采用的实验方法）. The main steps included...（然后列举主要的实验步骤，简要概括）. After that, the experiment obtained the following results: （之后，呈现实验所获得的结果，如具体数据、现象等）. 结尾：Based on these results, it can be concluded that...（基于这些结果，可以得出结论是……，清晰写出最终结论）. 2.常用句型 · 说明研究目的： The purpose of this experiment is to investigate...（此次实验的目的是为了研究……） This study aims to find out...（这项研究旨在查明……） · 描述实验对象与方法： The subjects of the experiment were...（实验对象是……） A... method was employed in this experiment.（此次实验采用了…… 方法） · 呈现实验结果： The results showed that...（结果显示……） It was found that...（人们发现……） · 得出结论： From the above, we can draw the conclusion that...（从上述内容，我们可以得出结论……） Consequently, the conclusion is reached that...（因此，得出的结论是……） · 研究报告类概要写作技巧实例分析 【2024届上海市金山区高三上学期一模英语试题】 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Benefits of Green Spaces We all know the value of taking a walk in the fresh spring weather. It allows your mind to relax and forget about the problems in everyday life. Studies have commonly shown the benefits of being around green spaces, including gardens, urban parks and forests. But did you know that being in contact with these natural surroundings during childhood could positively impact your mental health as an adult? A study by the Institute for Global Health surveyed 3,600 people from all over Europe. The all-adult study gave participants a questionnaire (问卷) on how frequently they used natural spaces during childhood — for example, playing in a garden or riding a bike at the park. They were also asked about the importance they put on using such places. Volunteers were then given a psychological test, which included a variety of questionnaires and problem-solving activities, to analyze their nervousness and feelings of depression within a four-week period. The results consistently showed that the people who were more exposed to natural spaces had higher mental health scores compared to those with lower childhood exposure — as did those who attached higher importance to using green spaces. The study’s assistant, Wilma Smith, wrote that the results “show the importance of childhood exposure to natural spaces for the development of a nature-appreciating attitude and a healthy psychological state in adulthood”. She also stressed the importance of “recognizing the implications of growing up in environments with limited opportunities for exposure to nature”. According to the study, 73 percent of Europe’s population only has limited access to natural spaces. So we call on policymakers to improve the availability of natural spaces for children. While this study was based in Europe, a lack of green space can affect anyone, anywhere. So remember to make time to expose yourself to nature, as your mental health is just as important as the physical one. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，研究表明，童年时期接触大自然对成年后的心理健康有积极影响。那些更频繁地使用自然空间并更重视使用自然空间的人在心理测试中得分更高，包括解决问题的能力和消极情绪的分析。因此，政府应该改善自然空间的可用性，并强调与自然接触。 解题步骤 第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构 本文的篇章结构为“总—分—总”式： 第1段：引出话题——在自然环境中散步对心理健康的好处。 第2段：介绍一项研究发现，童年接触自然环境对成年心理健康有积极影响。 第3段：描述研究过程，包括问卷调查和心理测试。 第4段：总结研究结果，强调童年接触自然的重要性。 第5段：呼吁政策制定者改善儿童接触自然环境的机会。 第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息 段落 关键词 1.引言 ①fresh spring weather，relax，green spaces 2.研究发现 ②childhood exposure，mental health，Institute for Global Health 3.研究过程 ③questionnaire，psychological test，nervousness，depression 4.研究结果 ④higher mental health scores，nature-appreciating attitude 5.呼吁 ⑤limited access，policymakers，availability of natural spaces 第三步：归纳要点，合理转换表达 第1段：Walking in natural environments is good for mental health. （在自然环境中散步对心理健康有益。） 第2段：A study found that childhood exposure to nature positively impacts adult mental health. （一项研究发现，童年接触自然对成年心理健康有积极影响。） 第3段：Participants were surveyed on their childhood use of natural spaces and tested for mental health. （参与者被调查童年使用自然空间的情况，并进行了心理健康测试。） 第4段：Results showed that more exposure to nature in childhood leads to better mental health in adulthood. （结果显示，童年更多接触自然的人成年后心理健康状况更好。） 第5段：The study calls on policymakers to improve access to natural spaces for children. （该研究呼吁政策制定者改善儿童接触自然空间的机会。） 第四步：句式多样，注意过渡衔接 各要点之间用合适的连接词衔接，比如用 “Moreover” 连接研究内容和基于研究的现状及呼吁部分，用 “Finally” 引出最后强调接触自然重要性的内容，使整体逻辑连贯。 概要写作答案（60词左右） 01：Walking in natural environments is good for mental health. A study found that childhood exposure to nature positively impacts adult mental health. Participants were surveyed on their childhood use of natural spaces and tested for mental health. Results showed that more exposure to nature in childhood leads to better mental health in adulthood. The study calls on policymakers to improve access to natural spaces for children. 02：Researches show exposure to nature during childhood has a positive impact on mental health in adulthood. Those using natural spaces more frequently and attaching greater importance to using them score higher in psychological tests including problem-solving abilities and negative feelings’ analysis. Therefore, availability of natural spaces should be improved by governments and being exposed to nature should be highlighted. 03：Taking a walk in spring and being around green spaces are beneficial. Moreover, a study surveyed 3,600 Europeans to explore the impact of childhood contact with nature on adult mental health. It used questionnaires and tests, finding those more exposed to nature in childhood had better mental health. As 73% of Europeans have limited access, policymakers are called on to improve availability. Finally, lack of green space affects people everywhere, so expose yourself to nature for mental health. 实战训练 一、名校最新试题 Passage 1 【来源】上海市建平中学2025-2026学年高三上学期10月阶段测试英语试题 Fillings for the “Sandwich Generation” There’s a moment in your late forties or fifties when life seems to become complicated. This should be a time when you enjoy the fruits of your earlier labors: an established career, children largely grown up and the loan mostly paid off. But it’s not so easy, is it? The economic turmoil (动荡) of recent years has hit this age group hard, with many now in financial distress. This group belongs to the Sandwich Generation, sitting awkwardly in the middle of the generational spectrum. At one end, we are likely to have aging parents who will need increasing support — emotional and physical as well as financial. At the other extreme, our young adult children may need parental help during university and, once they join the workforce, they have to find a place to live while struggling with full-time work and managing the emotional roller-coaster of youth. Their top concern is how they can best help at both ends of the spectrum. However, they should not forget that an important consideration is whether they have enough to fund their own retirement. The question is especially pronounced when future investment returns are more uncertain than recent years, and inflation, while declining, is still high. Extending the sandwich analogy, how much filling can one afford? As regards planning for retirement, there are key factors to think about: the average inflation rate during retirement, the expected future investment returns and our own longevity. All are largely outside our control. Parents want to be generous to their children in their wills while there may also be their elderly parents to think of. However, investing sensibly can make a real difference to how long their retirement savings last. So my advice is: face up to being the filling and get on with figuring out just what you can put in your sandwich. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】    The Sandwich Generation, aged in their late forties or fifties, faces financial strain from supporting both aging parents and adult children. Their main concern is balancing this support while ensuring their own retirement savings are sufficient, given economic uncertainty and inflation. The advice is to invest wisely and realistically assess what they can afford. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了 “三明治一代”（40 多岁或 50 多岁的人群）的困境，他们需同时支持年迈父母和成年子女，面临经济压力，还需考虑自身退休储蓄，文章最后建议他们理性投资并合理评估自身能力。 【详解】1.要点摘录      ①The Sandwich Generation (late forties or fifties) faces financial distress, needing to support aging parents (emotional, physical, financial) and adult children (university, housing, work struggles). ②Their top concern is helping both groups, but they must consider funding their own retirement amid uncertain investment returns and high inflation.   ③Key retirement factors (inflation, investment returns, longevity) are out of control; sensible investment helps, and they should assess what they can afford. 2.缜密构思 将第①个要点中对“三明治一代”的定义与赡养压力整合，第②个要点中平衡赡养与退休储蓄的担忧整合，再结合第③个要点中的投资建议与自我评估需求进行重组。 3.遣词造句 The Sandwich Generation (late forties/fifties) has financial strain from supporting aging parents and adult children. They need to balance this support with their own retirement savings (facing uncertain investments and high inflation) and should invest wisely to assess affordability. 【点睛】[高分句型1] The Sandwich Generation, aged in their late forties or fifties, faces financial strain from supporting both aging parents and adult children.（运用过去分词短语“aged in their late forties or fifties”作后置定语，语意简洁，表达贴切。） [高分句型 2] The advice is to invest wisely and realistically assess what they can afford.（使用了连接代词what引导的宾语从句，表达清晰，语法高级。） Passage 2 【来源】上海市进才中学2024-2025学年下学期练阶段习题 Endangered Species An endangered species is a group of animals that could soon become extinct. Extinction happens when the last of the species has died out and there will be no more. Many species are nearly extinct and could disappear off the face of the earth very soon if we don’t do anything to save them. There are many reasons why-species become endangered but most of them are due to humans. Habitat destruction is the main reason why animals become endangered and this happens in two ways. When humans move into a new area, the animals’ habitat is destroyed and there is nothing to eat because humans chop down trees and build houses and farms. Animal habitats are also destroyed because of pollution. Chemicals in rivers and poisons on farms cause the destruction of habitats and animals can no longer live there. Endangered species are also the result of hunting and fishing. Animals are killed for their fur, bones or skin, or just for sport (消遣). Some seal species are now on the verge of extinction because they are killed for their fur to make coats. Tigers are shot to make medicine and tea from their bones, and crocodiles are caught to make bags and shoes. Overfishing means that large sea creatures like whales, tuna and sharks have all become endangered species, because too many are caught to make things like shark’s fin soup. So what can individuals and governments do to protect animal and plant species from becoming endangered? We should take care not to pollute natural areas, and farmers or companies who destroy animal habitats should face a financial penalty (处罚). Governments can help, too, by making it against the law to hunt, fish or trade in endangered species. If we all cooperate by taking these steps, we will protect our planet so that our children and their children can enjoy it too. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Animals soon to be extinct are called endangered species which are mainly caused by humans. The main reason is habitat destruction caused by humans moving into new areas and pollution. Another reason is hunting and fishing for animals’ fur, bones or skin, and sometimes sport. Individuals and governments should cooperate to protect habitat and ban hunting and fishing. (58 words) 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了濒危物种的概念，阐述了物种濒危主要是由人类活动导致，如栖息地破坏、捕猎和过度捕捞，最后提出个人和政府应合作保护濒危物种。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①An endangered species is a group of animals that could soon become extinct. ②There are many reasons why species become endangered but most of them are due to humans. ③Habitat destruction is the main reason why animals become endangered and this happens in two ways. ④Endangered species are also the result of hunting and fishing. ⑤So what can individuals and governments do to protect animal and plant species from becoming endangered? ⑥If we all cooperate by taking these steps, we will protect our planet so that our children and their children can enjoy it too. 2. 缜密构思 将第1个要点提炼出濒危物种的定义；将第2、3、4三个要点整合说明物种濒危的原因；将第5、6两个要点整合提出个人和政府应合作保护濒危物种。 3. 遣词造句 Animals soon to be extinct are called endangered species. The endangerment of species is mainly caused by humans, including habitat destruction and hunting and fishing. Individuals and governments should cooperate to protect endangered species. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Animals soon to be extinct are called endangered species which are mainly caused by humans. (运用了关系代词which引导限制性定语从句) [高分句型2] Another reason is hunting and fishing for animals’ fur, bones or skin, and sometimes sport. (运用了动名词短语作表语) Passage 3 【来源】上海市向明中学2025-2026学年高三上学期九月月考英语检测 Modifying Your Memories It has always been thought that memory is a recording device, its purpose being to file away and later allow us to recall everything that happens in our lives, rather like a library. When we recall a memory, we go into the brain library, take out a file, look at it and then put it back in the same place. The files may get a little dusty over the years, but they are always there and never change. However, new research shows this understanding of memory is not that accurate. What memory is has been redefined. To start with, there is no central memory bank; elements of memories are stored separately from each other so that things related to a particular memory—the smells, sounds, emotions, physical touch, pictures, etc.—are held in different areas of the brain, and it’s only in the act of recalling that they are all brought together. It now appears that every time we recall a memory, aspects of that memory can change slightly. Memories are flexible. The parallel would be more like bringing up a file on the computer, modifying it slightly and then saving it again. This understanding has been crucial in enabling scientists to erase and replace memories in quite innovative ways. On a positive note, this is paving the way for new treatments of disorders, like depression and alcohol addiction. In a recent study, a mouse is put into a totally new, empty environment where it is depressed and refuses to move. A switch on a laser machine introduces a previously happy memory to the mouse and it runs around satisfied, showing relaxed, normal behavior. Science fiction? No, not at all. It’s happening here and now the impossible is fast becoming possible. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章先介绍了人们对记忆的传统认知，再通过新研究揭示记忆的真实特性，最后说明这一认知对相关疾病治疗的创新意义。 解题步骤 第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构本文篇章结构为 “传统认知 — 新发现 — 应用价值” 式： 1. 第 1 段：阐述传统观点，认为记忆像图书馆文件，固定不变、可随时调取。 2. 第 2 段：介绍新研究结论，指出记忆无中央存储库，元素分散存储，回忆时会轻微改变。 3. 第 3 段：说明新认知的应用，助力科学家创新记忆干预方式，为抑郁症等疾病治疗带来新可能。 第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息 段落 关键词 1. 传统认知 ①memory=library files，unchangeable，recall directly 2. 新研究结论 ②no central bank，separately stored elements，flexible，change when recalled 3. 应用价值 ③innovative memory treatments，depression，alcohol addiction，mouse study example 第三步：归纳要点，合理转换表达 1. 第 1-2 段：Memory was traditionally seen as unchangeable like library files, but new research shows its elements are stored separately and it changes slightly when recalled.（记忆传统上被视为如图书馆文件般不可改变，但新研究表明其元素分散存储，回忆时会轻微变化。） 2. 第 3 段：This helps develop innovative treatments for disorders like depression, as shown in a successful mouse study.（这一发现助力研发抑郁症等疾病的创新疗法，一项小鼠研究已证实其有效性。） 第四步：句式多样，注意过渡衔接用 “but” 转折引出新旧认知差异，逻辑清晰；用 “as shown in” 举例佐证，精简表达且增强说服力。 概要写作答案（60 词左右） 【01】Traditionally regarded as unchangeable like library files, memory, new research shows, has separately stored elements and changes slightly when recalled. This enables innovative treatments for depression etc., proven by a successful mouse study. 【02】In a traditional view, memory works like a library, where everything recorded remains permanent and fixed. Now it is found that different memory elements are saved in separate brain areas and can be modified upon recall. This perception makes it possible for scientists to modify memories in creative ways, which may help treat some diseases. 二、真题演练 Passage 1 2023年1月高考 Fiction Reading For many people, nothing is more enjoyable than spending a whole afternoon reading a good novel. But are novels simply a pleasant way to pass the time, or could it be true that reading fiction actually benefits our lives? One of the joys of fiction is that it can take us to places that our lives won't.It can transport us to 17th-century France, or to war-tom Germany. It can take us to a future world in which artificial intelligence takes over and books are banned , or a fantasy world where people battle it out for food. Fiction can also introduce us to a whole range of people that we haven't yet met. And this, according to Carrie Oates, a novelist and academic , is perhaps the real benefit of stories.In one of her studies, participants were asked to read either a short story by Chekhov, or a version of the story in documentary form. Those who were given the fictionalized version were found to be more likely to sympathize with the characters, thus going through greater changes in personality. in another study, she showed participants photos of the eyes of people who were feeling and thinking different things. The people who read fiction were better able to interpret those thoughts and feelings than those who didn't read. Oates explains that when we read fiction , we enter into the minds of the characters. We think about why they behave in a certain way, and what they are likely to do next. Just as we might become more knowledgeable about psychology and astronomy if we read about psychology and astronomy , we get better at this kind of social thinking if we read fiction. This improves our understanding of the thoughts and feelings of those around us in real life. 71. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________- 参考答案01： Fiction reading is joyful and good for our lives. Fiction can lead us to where we can't go in real life and let us know different people. Carrie Oates finds that fiction reading enables us to better understand the characters and thus change our personality and that this understanding helps us identify with real people around us. 参考答案02： Reading fiction benefits our lives by exposing us to new places we cannot go and people we haven't met. It helps us understand others' thoughts and feelings by immersing ourselves in the minds of fictional characters. Studies have shown that fiction readers are more skilled at interpreting the thoughts and feelings of others, enhancing their empathy. 原文文本结构： 1. Introduction: The passage begins by questioning whether reading fiction benefits our lives. 2. Benefits of Fiction: The passage explores the joys of fiction, such as transporting readers to different places and introducing them to a variety of people. 3. Study 1: Carrie Oates' study is introduced, where participants read either a fictional story or a documentary version of the same story. Participants who read the fictionalized version showed greater changes in personality and were more likely to sympathize with the characters. 4. Study 2: Another study conducted by Oates is mentioned, where participants who read fiction were better at interpreting the thoughts and feelings of others based on photos of their eyes. 5. Explanation: Oates explains that reading fiction allows us to enter the minds of characters, improving our social thinking and understanding of people in real life. 概要写作框架： · Introduction: 1. Whether reading fiction benefits our lives. 1. 读小说是否对我们的生活有益。 · Benefits of Fiction: · Transporting readers to different places. · Introducing readers to new people. · 将读者带到不同的地方。 · 让读者认识新的人。 · Study 1: 3. Carrie Oates' study: 0. Participants read either a fictional or documentary version of a story. 0. Fiction readers showed greater changes in personality and empathy. 3. Carrie Oates的研究： · 参与者阅读故事的虚构或纪实版本。 · 阅读虚构版本的人在个性和同情心上表现出更大的变化。 · Study 2: 4. Participants who read fiction better interpreted others' thoughts and feelings. 4. 阅读小说的参与者更好地解读他人的想法和感受。 · Explanation: 5. Reading fiction allows us to understand people better. 5. 进入角色的思维，提高社交思维和对他人的理解。 Passage 2 （2022年7月·上海高考真题） Is there a correlation between high IQ and creative genius? Really , the phrasing of the question contradicts very much correlation, as “creativity” is in no way measured through IQ standardized testing , and creativity is the greatest determinant of a genius as , like you say , it is genius. Innovation upon any subject requires a drive to create. As ones IQ increases, there is an increased probability that they are a genius because their level of creativity has a higher probability of ascending( 升高) them to genius level. However if the odds are against them, there is an average probability that they are a genius since they are average percent genius. This is because genius and IQ are composed of different mental constructs as IO measures a standard comprehension level , while creativity measures the way in which this comprehension is used, For example , if your IQ is 180 , the percentage that you are genius is subtracted by the amount of creativity necessary to become a genius. This is inductive of the influence that the brain has on awareness, The brain gains perceptive awareness upon "creating’ thoughts in a continuous cyclic process, and if you were very "intelligent”but could not generate thoughts. you could not be an intellectual being. However one who is alive can never stop thinking, so the correlation of 1Q and genius would objectively appear as a negative exponential function. There are few exceptionally creative people out there.just as there are few exceptionally intelligent people, and one does not occur with the other. Possessing a high level of intelligence is a platform of understanding for the creative thinking skills to make up originality. When one bears informal thinking skills, they typically occupy heightened intuitive awareness, and vivid imaginative qualities. Critical thinking skills allow one to make sense of the resultant creative output within its surrounding context of knowledge. However, not all“geniuses”from our subjective intelligence range necessarily have high levels of creativity. One's level of intelligence can be so high that their platform of understanding generalizes ideas where a genius with lower levels of intelligence must use creativity in order to attain a sort of qualitative equivalence. Examples of people like this throughout history include the likes of John von Neumann and Christopher Langan. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【参考答案】 The higher a person's IQ, the more likely he is to be a genius, IQ measures standard level of comprehension, while creativity measures how comprehension is used. relationship between intelligence and genius is objectively a negative exponential function. Extremely creative people and extremely smart people don't coexist. 1 / 16 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $