内容正文:
Unit 5 China the World单元核心知识(背诵版)
一、核心词汇
1 / 4
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
1._____________ v. 吸引;引起……的好感
2._____________ v. (去)拿来;(去)请来
3._____________ v. 介绍
4._____________ n. 详情;全部细节
5._____________ adj. 奇怪的;陌生的
6._____________ n. 长;长度
7._____________ n. 瀑布
8._____________ n. 高度;身高
9._____________ adj. 壮丽的;堂皇的
10._____________ adj. 皇帝的;帝国的
11._____________ v. 雕刻;刻
12._____________ n. 石头;石料;岩石
13._____________ v. 守卫;保卫;看守
14._____________ n. 天堂
15._____________ n. 评论 v. 做评论
16._____________ n. 责任;义务
17._____________ adv. 逐步地;渐进地
18._____________ adj. 全部的;整个的
19._____________ n. 支线;分支
20._____________ n. 建筑(物)
21._____________ n. 国家;州;政府;状态
v. 陈述;说明
22._____________ v. 剩余;遗留;仍然是
23._____________ n. 砖;砖块
24._____________ n. 敌人;反对者
25._____________ v. 预料;预期;期待;盼望
26._____________ n. 财富;珍宝
27._____________ n. 文明
28._____________ v. 假定;假设;推断
29._____________ n. 向往的地方;吸引力
30._____________ adj. 主要的;重大的
31._____________ n. 可可饮料;可可粉
32._____________ n. 出口产品;出口 v. 出口
33._____________ adj. 温暖的;暖和的
34._____________ adj. 独特的;独一无二的
35._____________ v. 包含;包括
36._____________ n. 话题;题目
37._____________ adj. 举世闻名的
38._____________ n. 木柴
39._____________ n. 酱;调味汁
40._____________ n. 醋
41._____________ n.先锋;拓荒者
42._____________ n.思想家
43._____________ adj.明智的;高明的
44._____________ n.仁慈;善良
45._____________ n.哲学家;深思的人
46._____________ v. & n.影响
47._____________ pron.谁;什么人
48._____________ v.统一;联合;团结
49._____________ v.击败;战胜
50._____________ n.帝国
51._____________ n.船长;机长;(海军)上校
52._____________ v.率领;领导;引领
53._____________ n.指南针;罗盘;圆规
54._____________ v.航行;起航
55._____________ n.海岸;海滨
56._____________ adv.不幸地
57._____________ n.出生
58._____________ n. v.贸易;买卖;交易
59._____________ n.毕业
60._____________ n.大学
61._____________ adj.进一步的
62._____________ n.(大学)学位;度
63._____________ v. n.毕业生
64._____________ n.研究员
65._____________ n.理论;原理
66._____________ n.祖国
67._____________ n.空白;空白处;空格
68._____________ n.机构
69._____________ n.宇宙飞船
70._____________ adj.相关的;有联系的
71._____________ n.青年;年轻人
72._____________ n.关爱;奉献;忠诚
73._____________ v.表达;表露
74._____________ n.事业;职业
75._____________ n.目的地;终点
76._____________ n.印刷;印刷术
77._____________ n.水手;海员
78._____________ n.发现
79._____________ n.烟花;焰火
80._____________ n. adj.阿拉伯的;阿拉伯人的
81._____________ adj.东方的,东部的
82._____________ n.树皮;狗叫声
83._____________ n.破布;抹布
84._____________ n.黏土
85._____________ v. 悬挂;吊
86._____________ n. 形容;说明
87._____________ n. 澳大利亚人
adj.澳大利亚人的
88._____________ adv. & prep. 在......下面
89._____________ n. 港口;港湾
90._____________ n. 领袖;领导者
91._____________ n. 展览;展出
92._____________ v. 倾斜
93._____________ adj. 私人的;私有的
94._____________ n. 总统;国家主席
95._____________ n. 奖;奖励;奖品
96._____________ n. 一生;有生之年
97._____________ n. 电报
98._____________ adj. 摄影的
99._____________ n. 责任;义务;职责
100._____________ pron. 两者都不 adv. 也不
101._____________ conj. 也不
102._____________ v. 再婚
103._____________ n. 继母
104._____________ n. 执照;许可证
105._____________ n. 律师
106._____________ v. & n. 信任;信赖;相信
107._____________ adv. 很;非常
108._____________ n. 从政者;政治家
109._____________ v. 选举;推选
110._____________ n. 联邦;协会
111._____________ n. 奴隶
112._____________ v. 开(枪或其他武器);射击
113._____________ n. 单元;单位
114._____________ n. 步行者
115._____________ adv. 向后;朝反方向
116._____________ n. 担心;忧虑
v. 与……有关;让(某人)担忧
117._____________ n. 满意的;满足的 n. 内容
118._____________ n. 失败
119._____________ adj. 简单的;短暂的
120._____________ n. 功绩;成就
121._____________ adj. 埃及的;埃及人的
n. 埃及人(语)
122._____________ n. (古埃及的)金字塔
123._____________ n. 坟墓;冢
124.__________ v. 结束;完成 adj. 完整的;彻底的
125._____________ abbr. 公元
126._____________ adj. 科学的;关于科学的
127._____________ n. 吨
128._____________ v. 安装;修理
129._____________ n. 工具
130._____________ n. 不可理解的事;奥秘
131._____________ n. 完成;竣工
二、核心短语
1._______________________ 因……而著名
2._______________________ 位于
3._______________________ 许多;大量
4._______________________ 对……几乎不了解
5._______________________名胜古迹
6._______________________中华文化的发源地
7._______________________ 吸引了成百万的游客
8._______________________……的数目
9._______________________ 第二长河
10._______________________ 为某人取某物
11._______________________ 详细地介绍……
12._______________________ 把A介绍给 B
13._______________________自我介绍
14._______________________流经;途经
15._______________________ 很值得做某事
16._______________________ 把……看成……
17._______________________ 被当作
18._______________________ 帝王权利的象征
19._______________________ 把……刻在石头上
20._______________________ 守卫整个民族
21._______________________ 在……发挥重要作用
22._______________________ 由……制成
23._______________________从……延伸到……
24._______________________ 中华民族的瑰宝
25._______________________ 磨损
26._______________________ 把……从……分开
27._______________________ 一项很重要的中国出口产品
28._______________________ 听起来和……很相像
29._______________________ 发展独一无二的茶文化
30._______________________制作烟花
31._______________________在……结尾
32._______________________起初
33._______________________在……岁时
34._______________________返回
35._______________________为……做贡献
36._______________________毕业于
37._______________________死于疾病
38._______________________成功地做某事
39._______________________在……起重要作用
40._______________________是……的骄傲
41._______________________为……感到自豪
42._______________________一名伟大的思想家
43._______________________在教育领域
44._______________________去世
45._______________________充满……的
46._______________________彻底消灭;全部摧毁
47._______________________主管;掌管;负责
48._______________________结束
49._______________________建立;创建;设置
50._______________________ 看见……正在做某事
51._______________________ 发出清脆的响声
52._______________________ 既不……也不……
53._______________________爆发
54._______________________丢弃;摆脱;扔掉
55._______________________ 拆开;解散;粉碎
56._______________________很久以前
57._______________________ 要么……要么……
58._______________________……的象征
59._______________________ 某一天
60._______________________ 做有关……的报告
61._______________________课堂上
62._______________________ 放弃做某事
63._______________________ 不仅……而且……
64._______________________ 因某事钦佩某人
65._______________________探索精神
66._______________________ 出生
67._______________________ 鼓励某人做某事
68._______________________ 在接下来的几年里
69._______________________ 积极参加
70._______________________ 高度受人尊重的律师
71._______________________ 释放某人
72._______________________ 少于
73._______________________ 多于
74._______________________ 自学
75._______________________在那时
76._______________________ 根据
77._______________________命令某人做某事
78._______________________ 劳动人民
三、重点句型
1.It goes through nine provinces and finally joins the Bohai Sea. 它流经九个省份,最终汇入渤海湾。
2.It (The Yellow River) is the second longest river in China. 它(黄河)是中国的第二长河。
3.If you want to learn more, I can fetch you Guide to China. 如果你想了解更多,我可以给你拿一本《中国指南》。
4.The Great Wall was first built by ancient people to separate them from their enemies.
起初古人建筑长城是为了将自己和敌人分离开。
5. These early walls that were made of packed earth and wood wore away in the rain and wind.
由成袋的泥土和木头制成的早期城墙在风雨中磨损了。
6. The first emperor, QinShihuang, joined all these smaller walls together to make the Great Wall.
第一个皇帝,秦始皇,将所有小城墙连接起来成了长城。
7. It stretches from Shanghaiguan in the east to Jiayuguan in the west.
它从东部山海关一直延伸到西部嘉峪关。
8.It’s a mountain with lots of strange pine trees. 它是一座长着很多奇松的山。
9.What grand buildings! 多么壮丽的建筑物啊!
10.And many of them are famous, such as Mount Song, Mount Huang and Mount Emei.
它们当中许多很有名,比如嵩山、黄山和峨眉山。
11.He is really the pride of China.
他真是中国的骄傲。
12.He was honored as “The Father of China’s Missiles”.
他被誉为“中国导弹之父”。
13.He was in charge of developing China’s missiles, rocket, and spacecraft research programs.
他负责发展中国的导弹、火箭和宇宙飞船的研究项目。
14.He became a teacher as well as a researcher who studied rockets and missile theories.
他成为了一名教师,同时也是一名研究火箭和导弹理论的研究员。
15.Qian Xuesen graduated from Shanghai Jiao Tong University.
钱学森毕业于上海交通大学。
16.What a shame!真可惜!
17.Unfortunately, he died of illness on his way home from Africa in 1433.
不幸的是,他在1433年从非洲回家的路上死于疾病。
18.It’s hard to believe.这难以置信。
19.He even succeeded in sailing to the east coast of Africa.
他甚至成功航行到非洲东海岸。
20.At that time, the compass played an important role in his sailing.
那时,指南针在航海中起到了重要的作用。
21.He was really a great man from whom I can learn a lot.
他的确是一个我们能从他身上学到很多东西的了不起的人。
22.He was also a famous philosopher whose wise sayings have influenced many people in different countries.
他也是一名著名的哲学家;他的至理名言影响了不同国家的许多人。
23.He was a great thinker who had many wise ideas about human nature and behavior.
他是一名对人类本性与行为有着真知灼见的伟大思想家。
24.The biggest stone weighs as much as 15 tons. 最大的石头重达15吨。
25.Studies show that it took 100,000 people over 20 years to complete it.
研究表明,10万人花了20多年的时间来建成它(金字塔)。
26. During the following years, he took a more active part in politics.
在接下来的几年里,他更积极地参加政治活动。
27. I admire Thomas Edison both for his exploring spirit and for his great inventions.
我钦佩托马斯·爱迪生,不仅因为他的探索精神,也因为他伟大的发明。
28. Not only did she discover radium but also she won the Nobel Prize twice in her lifetime.
她不仅发现了镭,而且在她的一生中两度获得诺贝尔奖。
29. I think we have learned a lot from the famous people around the world.
我认为我们从世界著名人物身上学到了很多。
30.I really hope I can visit some of these places. 我真的希望我能参观这些地方中的一部分。
四、核心语法
定语从句
在复合句中修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。定语从句所修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose。
【图示】
定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
定语从句三要素即:
1.先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词(通常出现在定语从句前面)
2.关系词:连接先行词和定语从句的引导词(关系代词和关系副词)
3.做成分:关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当相应成分
关系代词that /which/who /whom/whose的用法
I. 定语从句引导词之关系代词
关系词
先行词
从句成分
例 句
备 注
关系代 词
who
人
主语
Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?
whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用that
whom
人
宾语
Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..
whose
人或物
定语
I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.
that
人或物
主语,宾语
A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
which
物
主语,宾语
The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
as
人或物
主语,宾语
He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.
As we all know,she is a kind-hearted girl.
as做宾语一般不省略
II. 定语从句中的重要考点
1. 只能用that的情况:
⑴ 先行词为不定代词 all, none, few, little, much, something, anything, nothing, everything,etc。
⑵ 先行词被all, each, few, little, much, some, any, no, every,等修饰时。
⑶ 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、形容词最高级。
⑷ 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, the next修饰时。
⑸ 先行词同时指人和指物时。
⑹ 在以which, who开头的的特殊疑问句时,为避免重复。
2.只能用which,不能用that的情况
⑴ 介词后面不能用that ,指人只能用whom, 指物只能用which
⑵ 在非限制性定语从句中,即逗号后面不能用that ,指人,做主语用who, 宾语用whom; 指物只能用which
⑶ 指代前面整个句子,不能用that,只能用which,翻译成中文为“这”。
3.which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which
as
位置上
只能放在主句的后面
位置灵活,可放在主句前也可放在主句后,有时还可插入主句中
搭配上
无动词的限制
谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词,as (it) often happens, as I remember, as is often the case, as is expected, as is known to us, as is shown
意思上
意为“这一点”
意为“正如……,正像……的那样”
注意:先行词被such, as many(much)和the same修饰,从句用 as 引导。
“the same…that表示同一个人或物,而 “the same...as...”表示同种类的人或物
I would like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.
I would like to use the same tool that you used yesterday.
4. the way 做先行词时 :the way 做先行词,在从句中做状语时,关系词可用in which, that, 或者省略。作主语或者宾语时,关系词用which/that.(作宾语时,可省略)
①What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.
②You speak to her in the way which/ that I don't like.
关系副词when /where/why的用法
关系副词的指代及功能
关系副词
先行词
功能
when
表示时间的名词
时间状语
可用on which
where
表示地点的名词
地点状语
可用in which
why
reason
原因状语
可用for which
例句:
①.I will never forget the day when (on which)I met her. 我将永远不会忘记我见到她的那一天。
②.Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。
③.Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
具体用法辨析
1.关系副词when引导定语从句时,先行词应是表示时间的名词,关系词在从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the time when I first travelled by plane.
我仍然记得第一次坐飞机旅行的时候。
We will never forget the year when the 29th Olympic Games were held in Beijing.
我们将永远不会忘记第29届奥运会在北京举办的那一年。
2.关系副词where引导定语从句时,先行词应是表示地点或抽象地点的名词,关系词在从句中作地点状语。
I'd like to live in the house where there is plenty of sunshine.
我喜欢住在那个阳光充足的房子里。
3.关系副词why引导定语从句时,先行词常常为reason,关系词在从句中作原因状语。
Can you explain the reason(=for which)why you don't help him?
你能解释一下不帮助他的理由吗?
I don't know the reason why he didn't turn to his good friend for help yesterday.
我不知道昨天他为什么没向他的好朋友求助。(why作原因状语)
I won't listen to the reason that/which you have given us.
我坚决不听你提供给我们的那个理由。(定语从句中缺少宾语,所以用which/that,不用why)
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,我们通常用“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句。如果指“人”,用“介词+whom”;如果指“物”,用“介词+which”;关系代词有时也用whose(作定语)。
选用介词的依据:
1.根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯(即固定短语)。
Yesterday we visited the West Lake for which Hangzhou is famous.
昨天我们参观了西湖,杭州因其而出名。(be famous for)
2.根据先行词的搭配习惯(约定俗成,不一定是短语)。
This is the camera with which he often takes photos.
这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。(with the camera)
The boss in whose company Mr. King worked heard about the accident.
金先生所工作的公司的老板听到了这起事故。(in the boss' company)
3.根据句子的意思来选择。
The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.
这种无色的、离了它我们就无法生存的气体是氧气。
4.表示“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时,通常用介词of。
I have about 10 books, half of which were written by Mo Yan.
我有大约10本书,其中一半是莫言写的。
定语从句的分类及特殊用法
定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如:
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。
2
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
$Unit 5 China and the World单元核心知识(背诵版)
一、核心词汇
1 / 4
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
1.attract v. 吸引;引起……的好感
2.fetch v. (去)拿来;(去)请来
3.introduce v. 介绍
4.detail n. 详情;全部细节
5.strange adj. 奇怪的;陌生的
6.length n. 长;长度
7.waterfall n. 瀑布
8.height n. 高度;身高
9.grand adj. 壮丽的;堂皇的
10.imperial adj. 皇帝的;帝国的
11.carve v. 雕刻;刻
12.stone n. 石头;石料;岩石
13.guard v. 守卫;保卫;看守
14.heaven n. 天堂
15.comment n. 评论 v. 做评论
16.responsibility n. 责任;义务
17.gradually adv. 逐步地;渐进地
18.entire adj. 全部的;整个的
19.branch n. 支线;分支
20.construction n. 建筑(物)
21.state n. 国家;州;政府;状态 v. 陈述;说明
22.remain v. 剩余;遗留;仍然是
23.brick n. 砖;砖块
24.enemy n. 敌人;反对者
25.expect v. 预料;预期;期待;盼望
26.treasure n. 财富;珍宝
27.civilization n. 文明
28.suppose v. 假定;假设;推断
29.attraction n. 向往的地方;吸引力
30.major adj. 主要的;重大的
31.cocoa n. 可可饮料;可可粉
32.export n. 出口产品;出口 v. 出口
33.mild adj. 温暖的;暖和的
34.unique adj. 独特的;独一无二的
35.include v. 包含;包括
36.topic n. 话题;题目
37.world-famous adj. 举世闻名的
38.firewood n. 木柴
39.sauce n. 酱;调味汁
40.vinegar n. 醋
41.pioneer n.先锋;拓荒者
42.thinker n.思想家
43.wise adj.明智的;高明的
44.kindness n.仁慈;善良
45.philosopher n.哲学家;深思的人
46.influence v. & n.影响
47.whom pron.谁;什么人
48.unite v.统一;联合;团结
49.defeat v.击败;战胜
50.empire n.帝国
51.captain n.船长;机长;(海军)上校
52.lead v.率领;领导;引领
53.compass n.指南针;罗盘;圆规
54.sail v.航行;起航
55.coast n.海岸;海滨
56.unfortunately adv.不幸地
57.birth n.出生
58.trade n. v.贸易;买卖;交易
59.graduation n.毕业
60.university n.大学
61.further adj.进一步的
62.degree n.(大学)学位;度
63.graduate v. n.毕业生
64.researcher n.研究员
65.theory n.理论;原理
66.motherland n.祖国
67.blank n.空白;空白处;空格
68.institute n.机构
69.spacecraft n.宇宙飞船
70.related adj.相关的;有联系的
71.youth n.青年;年轻人
72.devotion n.关爱;奉献;忠诚
73.express v.表达;表露
74.career n.事业;职业
75.destination n.目的地;终点
76.printing n.印刷;印刷术
77.sailor n.水手;海员
78.discovery n.发现
79.firework n.烟花;焰火
80.Arab n. adj.阿拉伯的;阿拉伯人的
81.eastern adj.东方的,东部的
82.bark n.树皮;狗叫声
83.rag n.破布;抹布
84.clay n.黏土
85.hang v. 悬挂;吊
86.description n. 形容;说明
87.Australian n. 澳大利亚人adj.澳大利亚人的
88.below adv. & prep. 在......下面
89.harbor n. 港口;港湾
90.leader n. 领袖;领导者
91.exhibition n. 展览;展出
92.lean v. 倾斜
93.private adj. 私人的;私有的
94.president n. 总统;国家主席
95.prize n. 奖;奖励;奖品
96.lifetime n. 一生;有生之年
97.telegraph n. 电报
98.photographic adj. 摄影的
99.duty n. 责任;义务;职责
100.neither pron. 两者都不 adv. 也不
101.nor conj. 也不
102.remarry v. 再婚
103.stepmother n. 继母
104.license n. 执照;许可证
105.lawyer n. 律师
106.trust v. & n. 信任;信赖;相信
107.highly adv. 很;非常
108.politician n. 从政者;政治家
109.elect v. 选举;推选
110.union n. 联邦;协会
111.slave n. 奴隶
112.shoot v. 开(枪或其他武器);射击
113.unit n. 单元;单位
114.walker n. 步行者
115.backwards adv. 向后;朝反方向
116.concern n. 担心;忧虑
v. 与……有关;让(某人)担忧
117.content n. 满意的;满足的 n. 内容
118.failure n. 失败
119.brief adj. 简单的;短暂的
120.achievement n. 功绩;成就
121.Egyptian adj. 埃及的;埃及人的
n. 埃及人(语)
122.pyramid n. (古埃及的)金字塔
123.tomb n. 坟墓;冢
124.complete v. 结束;完成 adj. 完整的;彻底的
125.A.D. abbr. 公元
126.scientific adj. 科学的;关于科学的
127.ton n. 吨
128.fix v. 安装;修理
129.tool n. 工具
130.mystery n. 不可理解的事;奥秘
131.completion n. 完成;竣工
二、核心短语
1.be famous for 因……而著名
2.lie in 位于
3.a great number of 许多;大量
4.know little about 对……几乎不了解
5.place(s) of interest 名胜古迹
6.the birthplace of Chinese culture 中华文化的发源地
7.attract millions of tourists 吸引了成百万的游客
8.the number of ……的数目
9.the second longest river 第二长河
10.fetch sb sth = fetch sth for sb 为某人取某物
11.introduce … in detail 详细地介绍……
12.introduce A to B 把A介绍给 B
13.introduce oneself 自我介绍
14.run / go through 流经;途经
15.be well worth doing sth 很值得做某事
16.regard … as … 把……看成……
17.be regarded as 被当作
18.a symbol of imperial power 帝王权利的象征
19.carve sth on the stone 把……刻在石头上
20.guard the whole nation 守卫整个民族
21.play an important part / role in 在……发挥重要作用
22.be made of 由……制成
23.stretch from … to … 从……延伸到……
24.a treasure of Chinese civilization 中华民族的瑰宝
25.wear away 磨损
26.separate … from … 把……从……分开
27.an important Chinese export 一项很重要的中国出口产品
28.sound similar to 听起来和……很相像
29.develop unique tea culture 发展独一无二的茶文化
30.make fireworks制作烟花
31.at the end of在……结尾
32.at first起初
33.at the age of在……岁时
34.return to返回
35.make a contribution to...为……做贡献
36.graduate from毕业于
37.die of illness死于疾病
38.succeed in doing sth成功地做某事
39.play an important role / part in在……起重要作用
40.be the pride of是……的骄傲
41.be proud of为……感到自豪
42.a great thinker一名伟大的思想家
43.in the field of education在教育领域
44.pass away去世
45.be full of充满……的
46.wipe out彻底消灭;全部摧毁
47.in charge of主管;掌管;负责
48.come to an end结束
49.set up建立;创建;设置
50.see ... doing 看见……正在做某事
51.ring out 发出清脆的响声
52.neither ... nor ... 既不……也不……
53.break out 爆发
54.get rid of 丢弃;摆脱;扔掉
55.break up 拆开;解散;粉碎
56.long ago 很久以前
57.either ... or ... 要么……要么……
58.a symbol of ……的象征
59.some/one day 某一天
60.make a report about 做有关……的报告
61.in class 课堂上
62.give up doing 放弃做某事
63.not only ... but also ... 不仅……而且……
64.admire sb for sth 因某事钦佩某人
65.exploring spirit 探索精神
66.be born 出生
67.encourage sb to do sth 鼓励某人做某事
68.during the following years 在接下来的几年里
69.take an active part in 积极参加
70.a highly respected lawyer 高度受人尊重的律师
71.set sb free 释放某人
72.less than 少于
73.more than 多于
74.study by oneself 自学
75.at that time 在那时
76.according to 根据
77.order sb to do sth 命令某人做某事
78.working people 劳动人民
三、重点句型
1.It goes through nine provinces and finally joins the Bohai Sea. 它流经九个省份,最终汇入渤海湾。
2.It (The Yellow River) is the second longest river in China. 它(黄河)是中国的第二长河。
3.If you want to learn more, I can fetch you Guide to China. 如果你想了解更多,我可以给你拿一本《中国指南》。
4.The Great Wall was first built by ancient people to separate them from their enemies.
起初古人建筑长城是为了将自己和敌人分离开。
5. These early walls that were made of packed earth and wood wore away in the rain and wind.
由成袋的泥土和木头制成的早期城墙在风雨中磨损了。
6. The first emperor, QinShihuang, joined all these smaller walls together to make the Great Wall.
第一个皇帝,秦始皇,将所有小城墙连接起来成了长城。
7. It stretches from Shanghaiguan in the east to Jiayuguan in the west.
它从东部山海关一直延伸到西部嘉峪关。
8.It’s a mountain with lots of strange pine trees. 它是一座长着很多奇松的山。
9.What grand buildings! 多么壮丽的建筑物啊!
10.And many of them are famous, such as Mount Song, Mount Huang and Mount Emei.
它们当中许多很有名,比如嵩山、黄山和峨眉山。
11.He is really the pride of China.
他真是中国的骄傲。
12.He was honored as “The Father of China’s Missiles”.
他被誉为“中国导弹之父”。
13.He was in charge of developing China’s missiles, rocket, and spacecraft research programs.
他负责发展中国的导弹、火箭和宇宙飞船的研究项目。
14.He became a teacher as well as a researcher who studied rockets and missile theories.
他成为了一名教师,同时也是一名研究火箭和导弹理论的研究员。
15.Qian Xuesen graduated from Shanghai Jiao Tong University.
钱学森毕业于上海交通大学。
16.What a shame!真可惜!
17.Unfortunately, he died of illness on his way home from Africa in 1433.
不幸的是,他在1433年从非洲回家的路上死于疾病。
18.It’s hard to believe.这难以置信。
19.He even succeeded in sailing to the east coast of Africa.
他甚至成功航行到非洲东海岸。
20.At that time, the compass played an important role in his sailing.
那时,指南针在航海中起到了重要的作用。
21.He was really a great man from whom I can learn a lot.
他的确是一个我们能从他身上学到很多东西的了不起的人。
22.He was also a famous philosopher whose wise sayings have influenced many people in different countries.
他也是一名著名的哲学家;他的至理名言影响了不同国家的许多人。
23.He was a great thinker who had many wise ideas about human nature and behavior.
他是一名对人类本性与行为有着真知灼见的伟大思想家。
24.The biggest stone weighs as much as 15 tons. 最大的石头重达15吨。
25.Studies show that it took 100,000 people over 20 years to complete it.
研究表明,10万人花了20多年的时间来建成它(金字塔)。
26. During the following years, he took a more active part in politics.
在接下来的几年里,他更积极地参加政治活动。
27. I admire Thomas Edison both for his exploring spirit and for his great inventions.
我钦佩托马斯·爱迪生,不仅因为他的探索精神,也因为他伟大的发明。
28. Not only did she discover radium but also she won the Nobel Prize twice in her lifetime.
她不仅发现了镭,而且在她的一生中两度获得诺贝尔奖。
29. I think we have learned a lot from the famous people around the world.
我认为我们从世界著名人物身上学到了很多。
30.I really hope I can visit some of these places. 我真的希望我能参观这些地方中的一部分。
四、核心语法
定语从句
在复合句中修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。定语从句所修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose。
【图示】
定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
定语从句三要素即:
1.先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词(通常出现在定语从句前面)
2.关系词:连接先行词和定语从句的引导词(关系代词和关系副词)
3.做成分:关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当相应成分
关系代词that /which/who /whom/whose的用法
I. 定语从句引导词之关系代词
关系词
先行词
从句成分
例 句
备 注
关系代 词
who
人
主语
Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?
whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用that
whom
人
宾语
Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..
whose
人或物
定语
I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.
that
人或物
主语,宾语
A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
which
物
主语,宾语
The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
as
人或物
主语,宾语
He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.
As we all know,she is a kind-hearted girl.
as做宾语一般不省略
II. 定语从句中的重要考点
1. 只能用that的情况:
⑴ 先行词为不定代词 all, none, few, little, much, something, anything, nothing, everything,etc。
⑵ 先行词被all, each, few, little, much, some, any, no, every,等修饰时。
⑶ 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、形容词最高级。
⑷ 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, the next修饰时。
⑸ 先行词同时指人和指物时。
⑹ 在以which, who开头的的特殊疑问句时,为避免重复。
2.只能用which,不能用that的情况
⑴ 介词后面不能用that ,指人只能用whom, 指物只能用which
⑵ 在非限制性定语从句中,即逗号后面不能用that ,指人,做主语用who, 宾语用whom; 指物只能用which
⑶ 指代前面整个句子,不能用that,只能用which,翻译成中文为“这”。
3.which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which
as
位置上
只能放在主句的后面
位置灵活,可放在主句前也可放在主句后,有时还可插入主句中
搭配上
无动词的限制
谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词,as (it) often happens, as I remember, as is often the case, as is expected, as is known to us, as is shown
意思上
意为“这一点”
意为“正如……,正像……的那样”
注意:先行词被such, as many(much)和the same修饰,从句用 as 引导。
“the same…that表示同一个人或物,而 “the same...as...”表示同种类的人或物
I would like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.
I would like to use the same tool that you used yesterday.
4. the way 做先行词时 :the way 做先行词,在从句中做状语时,关系词可用in which, that, 或者省略。作主语或者宾语时,关系词用which/that.(作宾语时,可省略)
①What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.
②You speak to her in the way which/ that I don't like.
关系副词when /where/why的用法
关系副词的指代及功能
关系副词
先行词
功能
when
表示时间的名词
时间状语
可用on which
where
表示地点的名词
地点状语
可用in which
why
reason
原因状语
可用for which
例句:
①.I will never forget the day when (on which)I met her. 我将永远不会忘记我见到她的那一天。
②.Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。
③.Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
具体用法辨析
1.关系副词when引导定语从句时,先行词应是表示时间的名词,关系词在从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the time when I first travelled by plane.
我仍然记得第一次坐飞机旅行的时候。
We will never forget the year when the 29th Olympic Games were held in Beijing.
我们将永远不会忘记第29届奥运会在北京举办的那一年。
2.关系副词where引导定语从句时,先行词应是表示地点或抽象地点的名词,关系词在从句中作地点状语。
I'd like to live in the house where there is plenty of sunshine.
我喜欢住在那个阳光充足的房子里。
3.关系副词why引导定语从句时,先行词常常为reason,关系词在从句中作原因状语。
Can you explain the reason(=for which)why you don't help him?
你能解释一下不帮助他的理由吗?
I don't know the reason why he didn't turn to his good friend for help yesterday.
我不知道昨天他为什么没向他的好朋友求助。(why作原因状语)
I won't listen to the reason that/which you have given us.
我坚决不听你提供给我们的那个理由。(定语从句中缺少宾语,所以用which/that,不用why)
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,我们通常用“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句。如果指“人”,用“介词+whom”;如果指“物”,用“介词+which”;关系代词有时也用whose(作定语)。
选用介词的依据:
1.根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯(即固定短语)。
Yesterday we visited the West Lake for which Hangzhou is famous.
昨天我们参观了西湖,杭州因其而出名。(be famous for)
2.根据先行词的搭配习惯(约定俗成,不一定是短语)。
This is the camera with which he often takes photos.
这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。(with the camera)
The boss in whose company Mr. King worked heard about the accident.
金先生所工作的公司的老板听到了这起事故。(in the boss' company)
3.根据句子的意思来选择。
The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.
这种无色的、离了它我们就无法生存的气体是氧气。
4.表示“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时,通常用介词of。
I have about 10 books, half of which were written by Mo Yan.
我有大约10本书,其中一半是莫言写的。
定语从句的分类及特殊用法
定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如:
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。
2
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
$