第1讲 把握语篇架构，厘清行文思路-【红对勾】2025年高考英语二轮复习讲与练

8通 专题一 阅读理解 图 第一部分 宏观层面厚植素养 第一讲把握语篇架构，厘清行文思路 高考英语阅读理解的文章可分为以下五种类型：故事叙述型、观点展示型、现象解释型、结论解释 型和问题解决型。熟悉行文结构，合理安排“扫读”、“精读”和“选读”的尺度，是在有限的考试时间内 破译文章奥秘的制胜法宝。 类型1故事叙述型 常见文体记叙文、夹叙夹议文 coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.But Farber is certain he'll have the last 判断 着重叙述某个故事、经历或介绍某个人物， laugh.He's one of a small but growing number of 标志 有较完整的故事情节。 American veterinarians(兽医)now practicing 001 可分为三类：按照时间先后顺序、按 "holistic"medicine-combining traditional Western 顺叙 照地点的转换或按照事情的内在逻 treatments with acupuncture,chiropractic(按摩疗 辑联系叙述。 and herbal medicine. 将引人注目的高潮或结局提到文章 Farber,a graduate of Colorado State University, 行文 倒叙 开头，再逐步揭示高潮或结局所形 started out as a more conventional veterinarian.He 结构 成的原因或经过。 became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain.He 在人物事件原定的叙述线索中适当 tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. 的地方插入某些情况的介绍或交代 插叙 Then he tried acupuncture,an ancient Chinese 某些关系，以使文章的情节更加 practice,and was amazed that he improved after two 完整。 or three treatments.What worked on a veterinarian 典题呈现(2024·新课标I卷阅读B) seemed likely to work on his patients.So,after “I am not crazy,”says Dr.William Farber, studying the techniques for a couple of years,he shortly after performing acupuncture (on a began offering them to pets. rabbit."I am ahead of my time."If he seems a little Leigh Tindale's dog Charlie had a serious heart defensive,it might be because even some of his condition.After Charlie had a heart attack,Tindale 专题一 阅读理解一闭 says,she was prepared to put him to sleep,but[结构分析] Farber's treatments eased her dog's suffering so ·介绍Dr.William Farber及其 非传统的治疗方法 much that she was able to keep him alive for an 引入人物及 ,Farber因其非传统的治疗方 事迹简介 法而受到同事的偶尔嘲笑 additional five months.And Priscilla Dewing reports ·Farber是越来越多的采用 “整体”医学的美国兽医之 that her horse,Nappy,"moves more easily and rides ·他的教育背景和早期职业 more comfortably"after a chiropractic adjustment. 生涯 Farber成为 Farber is certain that the holistic approach will 整体兽医的 ·20年前因背痛他尝试替代疗 历程 法的经历 ·发现针灸的效果后，他决定 grow more popular with time,and if the past is any 兽医 将其应用于动物治疗 William indication,he may be right:Since 1982,membership Farber ·Leigh Tindalel的狗Charlie的 Farber治疗 心脏病情得到缓解 in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical 方法的成功 ·Priscilla Dewing的马Nappy 案例 经过脊椎按摩治疗后状况改善 Association has grown from 30 to over 700. ·Farber对整体医学未来普及 "Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well, 的信心 该医学的未 ·自1982年以来，美国整体兽 he says."I will do anything to help an animal. 来前景 医医学协会成员的增长 That's my job.” ·Farber对帮助动物的承诺和 职业态度 类型2观点展示型 002 常见文体说明文、议论文 street-so I can focus."His comment struck me as strange.After all,coworking spaces also typically 文中出现一个新观点，甚至多个相冲突的 use an open office layout(布局).But I recently 判断 观点（往往包含一个新提出的新奇观点和 标志 其他以往普遍认可的观点)，下文针对相关 came across a study that shows why his approach works. 观点的合理性及原因展开讨论。 The researchers examined various levels of 行文 观点（新/旧观点）一实验论证、举例说 noise on participants as they completed tests of 结构 明—评价解释。 creative thinking.They were randomly divided into 全文中心句可能为观点介绍句（通常位于 four groups and exposed to various noise levels in 主题句 第一段或第二段段首)，也可能为解释评价 the background,from total silence to 50 decibels 特点 句（通常为文章后半部分评价段落 (分贝)，70 decibels,and85 decibels.The 中心句)。 differences between most of the groups were M典题呈现(2021·全国乙卷阅读D) statistically insignificant;however,the participants in During an interview for one of my books,my the 70 decibels group-those exposed to a level of interviewer said something I still think about often.noise similar to background chatter in a coffee Annoyed by the level of distraction (in his shop-significantly outperformed the other open office,he said,"That's why I have a groups.Since the effects were small,this may membership at the coworking space across the suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that ☑一红网勾讲与练·高三二轮英语 much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of Indeed,the researchers found that face-to-face background noise. interactions and conversations affect the creative But since the results at 70 decibels were process,and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop significant,the study also suggests that the right provides a certain level of noise while also providing level of background noise-not too loud and not freedom from interruptions. total silence-may actually improve one's creative [结构分析] thinking ability.The right level of background noise “我”的一位采访者提出了新观点 新观点 共 享办公场所能帮助人更专注于工作 may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just 共享办公场所通常使用开放式办公室布局 enough to allow our imaginations to wander, 旧观点 不利于保持专注 without making it impossible to focus.This kind of ↓ 研究者通过设计实验证实不同程度的噪声 介绍实 对参与实验者的影响。实验结果显示，在 "distracted focus"appears to be the best state for 验及实 完全安静和85分贝环境下，参与者的表现 验结果 无明显差异，但在70分贝环境下的参与者 working on creative tasks. ↓ 明显表现更好。 So why do so many of us hate our open 评价 根据上述实验得出结果，适量的背景噪声 实验 有助于创造性思维能力的发挥 offices?The problem may be that,in our offices, 人们之所以持有旧观，点，是因为尽管开放 we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into 解释 式办公室能够提供适量的噪声，但同时也 旧观点 让人们更容易参与到别人的对话中，从而 others'conversations while we're trying to focus. 无法专心工作。 类型3现象解释型 003 常见文体说明文、议论文 own a mobile phone.In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket.Practically everyone can 判断 开篇提出某种自然现象或社会现象，下文 make and receive calls anywhere,anytime. 标志 主要针对该现象进行说明、解释。 Still,55 percent of Australians have a landline 现象（包括介绍现象的特征、背景、发展演 phone at home and only just over a quarter(29%) 行文 变过程等)一—解释（对现象成因、发展等 rely only on their smartphones,according to a 结构 进行解释)—评价（对上文的解释进 survey ()Of those Australians who still have 行评价)。 a landline,a third concede that it's not really 主题句 necessary and they're keeping it as a security 留意每种解释的关键词，提炼正向评价句。 特点 blanket-19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies.I M典题呈现(2021·全国乙卷阅读B) think my home falls into that category. When almost everyone has a mobile phone, More than half of Australian homes are still why are more than half of Australian homes still choosing to stick with their home phone.Age is paying for a landline(座机)？ naturally a factor(因素)only58 percent of These days you'd be hard pressed to find Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who've 专题一阅读理解一闭 perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. [结构分析] Age isn't the only factor;I'd say it's also to do with 开篇点题：提出 为何在几乎人人都有手机的时代仍有 待解释的现象 超过12的澳大利亚人保留座机？ the makeup of your household. 近来，澳大利亚超过15岁的少年几乎 Generation Xers with young families,like my 介绍现象背景 都有手机，能在任何时间、任何地点 接打电话。 wife and I,can still find it convenient to have a 13的人承认保留座机并非必要，而仅 home phone rather than providing a mobile phone 出于备用和安全保障考虑，其中19% 解释一 的人表示从未使用过被保留的座机， 更有13%的人仅用于防范紧急情况 for every family member.That said,to be honest 作者的家庭也属于这一类。 the only people who ever ring our home phone are 另一个影响因素是年龄。相较于84%的 婴儿潮时期（指1946年至1964年间）出生 our Baby Boomers parents,to the point where we 解释二 的人50年坚持使用同一座机号码，仅有 58%的Y世代（指20世纪80年代后期至21 play a game and guess who is calling before we pick 世纪初)出生的年轻人保留座机。 up the phone (using Caller ID would take the fun 还有一个影响因素是家庭成员组成。对 于像作者这样有年轻家庭成员的X世代 out of it). 解释三 出生的人，保留座机有时候更为方便。 换言之，只有作者的父母（出生于婴儿 How attached are you to your landline?How 潮时期)会拨打座机号码。 以问句的形式评价上述解释，并表达 long until they go the way of gas street lamps and 评价句 作者对座机的态度：座机迟早会像煤 气路灯和晨间牛奶配送服务一样退出 morning milk deliveries? 人们的生活。 类型4结论解释型 004 常见文体说明文、议论文 the aid of a mobile application,"said Barnabas 多采用总一分结构；首段（往往首句）出现 Daru,who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of 判断 文章中心句，该句对某个问题、某种现象给 Humanities and Sciences."These observations now 标志 出结论，下文对该结论进行举例说明、对比 分析或评价。 outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本)，and since we are increasingly 行文 交代背景一给出结论一—举例说明、解 using observational data to investigate how species 结构 释结论—评价。 are responding to global change,I wanted to know: 主题句 Are they usable?” 主题句往往位于文章开头。 特点 Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants,insects,birds,and animals,Daru and his 典题呈现(2024·新课标I卷阅读D) team tested how well these data represent actual In the race to document the species on Earth global biodiversity patters. before they go extinct,researchers and citizen "We were particularly interested in exploring scientists have collected billions of records.Today,the aspects of sampling that tend to bias most records of biodiversity are often in the form of data,like the greater likelihood of a citizen photos,videos,and other digital records.Though scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and of the grass right next to it,"said Daru. variety of species in an area,a new Stanford study Their study revealed that the large number of has found that this type of record is not perfect. observation-only records did not lead to better global "With the rise of technology it is easy for coverage.Moreover,these data are biased and favor people to make observations of different species with certain regions,time periods,and species.This ☑一红网勾讲与练·高三二轮英语 makes sense because the people who get [结构分析] observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are 给出 结论 现有生物多样性记录方式有不完美之处 often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.These data are also 背景与 ·人们容易通过移动应用观察不同物种 biased toward certain species with attractive or eye- 目的 观察数据超过了物理标本的主要数据 catching features. ↓ 使用全球数据集 What can we do with the imperfect datasets of 研究 方法 ·测试数据如何代表实际的全球生物多样性 biodiversity？ 模式 “Quite a lot,”Daru explained.“Biodiversity ·大量仅基于观察的记录并未带来更好的全 球覆盖 apps can use our study results to inform users of 解释 原因 ·数据存在偏差，偏好某些地区、时间段和 物种 oversampled areas and lead them to places-and 解释造成这种偏差的原因 even species-that are not well-sampled.To improve 尽管数据不完美，但仍有很多用途 the quality of observational data,biodiversity apps 总结 应用程序可以使用研究结果来指导用户避 免过度采样区域 can also encourage users to have an expert confirm 评价 ·应用程序可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上 the identification of their uploaded image." 传的图片 类型5问题解决型 M常见文体说明文、议论文 If that's hard to understand,let's keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. 文章开头往往介绍某种不利情况、棘手问 判断 题或出现设问句，下文可能出现solution, Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time... 标志 take action等提示词。 Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington,D.C.,which recovers food and turns 005 行文 交代背景 提出问题—介绍解决方 it into healthy meals.Last year it recovered more 结构 案 评价解决方案（总结）。 than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations 主题句 注意提出了几项解决方案，关注作者对解 and collecting blemished(有瑕疵的)produce that 特点 决方案的评价句。 otherwise would have rotted in fields... 典题呈现(2022·新高考I卷阅读B) ..."Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,whether by not purchasing more food than Like most of us,I try to be mindful of food necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking that goes to waste.The arugula(芝庥菜)was to restaurants to not include the side dish you won't make a nice green salad,rounding out a roast eat,”Curtin says. chicken dinner.But I ended up working late.Then [结构分析] friends called with a dinner invitation.I stuck the 交代背景 chicken in the freezer.But as days passed,the 为提出问 作者用浪费的芝麻菜来说明人们有时会在 题作铺垫 无意中浪费食物。 arugula went bad... b In a world where nearly 800 million people a 提出问题 在这个每年有近8亿人挨饿的世界上，大 点明主旨 量的食物浪费已经成为一个环境问题。 year go hungry,"food waste goes against the moral b grain,"as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month's 列数字、举 cover story.It's jaw-dropping how much perfectly 例子：强化 通过列数字和举例子来说明食物浪费的现 问题的严 状及带来的严重后果。 good food is thrown away... 重性 Producing food that no one eats wastes the 第四段介绍了Curtin的公司把瑕疵食物变 提出并评价 成健康的食物，大大减少了食物浪费。 water,fuel,and other resources used to grow it. 解决方案 最后一段通过引用Curtin的话来呼吁人 That makes food waste an environmental problem... 们减少食物浪费 专题一 阅读理解一闭