第10讲 阅读理解长难句分析与C篇精析（复习讲义）（上海高考专用）2026年春季高考英语

专题10 阅读理解长难句分析与C篇精析 目录 考情分析与命题趋势 1 知识体系构建 2 考点精析与突破 4 考点一：理解中长难句式主要特征（重点） 4 考点二：阅读理解C篇阅读技巧解析（难点） 8 实战精练与提升 23 考情解读 一、考试要求 高考阅读文章均选自外刊，“原汁原昧”。近年来，高考英语阅读理解长难句出现频率较高，且难度呈上升趋势。文章长度增加，复杂句式和生词量增多，对综合阅读能力要求明显提高。 题材与体裁关联：高考英语阅读理解选材以国外原版期刊和网站文章为主，覆盖科技前沿、社会热点、文化对比等题材。体裁上说明文占比超 50%以上，这些体裁往往需要运用长难句来准确表达复杂的信息和逻辑关系，对考生的长句分析能力要求较高。 设题特点：一篇阅读理解中通常会有 5 到 6 个长难句，且命题者常在此设题，部分长难句可能是题眼所在，答案往往通过对长难句的同义替换得出，考查考生对句子结构、语义的理解以及对关键信息的提取能力。 语料外刊化：高考阅读文章均选自外刊，“原汁原昧”，尤其上海高考英语阅读C篇除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外．就是文中句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长难句，对长难句的理解会直接影响我们的阅读水平。那么如何破解阅读理解中的长难句？？？ 二、命题分析（以C篇为例） 维度 具体分析 语篇特征 - 体裁：以说明文（科技前沿、社会现象剖析）、议论文（社会议题辩论、文化价值思辨）为主 - 话题：聚焦科技伦理（如基因编辑争议）、社会热点（如共享经济的利弊）、文化思辨（如全球化与本土文化认同） - 结构与语言：长度 400-600 词，长难句密集（多含多重从句、非谓语结构），学术性词汇占比高（如 “cognitive bias 认知偏差”“sustainable development 可持续发展”），逻辑结构严谨（多为 “论点 - 论据 - 结论” 或 “现象 - 原因 - 影响” 框架） 核心考查 - 题型：推理判断题占比超 40%（推断作者观点、隐含意义、论证意图）；主旨大意题（概括段落 / 全文核心观点）；词义猜测题（学术术语、抽象表达的语境含义）；细节理解题（需深度解读复杂表述） - 能力：侧重逻辑思维（分析论点与论据的关联性）、批判性思维（评价论证的合理性）、长难句解构能力（提取核心信息）、学术词汇的语境辨析能力 命题特色 - 思辨性突出：设问强调辩证分析，如 “技术创新是否会加剧社会不平等” - 跨学科融合：文本融合多学科知识，如 “心理学与经济学交叉的消费行为研究” - 文化浸润：融入中国文化议题的思辨，如 “中国古典诗词的现代传播价值” - 干扰性强：选项常通过 “偷换概念”“以偏概全”“逻辑颠倒” 设置陷阱，考查精准判断能力 知识梳理 考点精讲 · 考点一：高考阅读理解中长难句式主要特征 解题策略 方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法——找主谓语，即找主干成分 方法二：并列复合句的处理方法——找并列连词 方法三：主从复合句的处理方法——找从属连词 方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法——先读懂并列复合句，再看主从复合句 · 长难句表现形式 高考阅读理解的文章一般会有一些结构复杂的句子，增加了句子的长度和难度，干扰了学生正常的阅读速度和思维方式。 · 一、较多复合句（含多层从句嵌套） 例句：Scientists believe that if we continue to protect the natural habitats of pandas, which are currently facing threats from human activities, these lovely animals will have a better chance of surviving in the wild. · 结构成分分析： 1. 主句：Scientists believe（主语：Scientists；谓语：believe；后接宾语从句，整体作 “believe” 的内容）。 2. 宾语从句（第一层嵌套）：that if we continue... , these lovely animals will...（核心是 “these lovely animals will have a better chance...”，前面嵌套了条件状语从句）。 3. 条件状语从句（第二层嵌套）：if we continue to protect the natural habitats of pandas（if 引导，表 “如果”，核心结构 “we continue to protect... ”，说明 “熊猫生存更好” 的前提）。 4. 非限制性定语从句（第二层嵌套）：which are currently facing threats from human activities（which 指代 “the natural habitats of pandas”，补充说明栖息地面临的问题）。 · 核心逻辑： 主句 + 宾语从句（含条件状语从句 + 定语从句），共 3 层结构，需先找到 “believe”“will have” 两个核心谓语，再拆分从句从属关系。 · 二、分隔结构或插入成份（打断句子主干） 例句：The novel, written by a young author who has just graduated from a local university, tells a moving story about family bonds. · 结构成分分析： 1. 句子主干（被分隔）： The novel tells a moving story about family bonds（主语：The novel；谓语：tells；宾语：a moving story；“about family bonds” 作宾语定语，主干本应是连贯的 “主语 + 谓语 + 宾语”）。 2. 插入的分隔成分： written by a young author who has just graduated from a local university（包含两个部分： 过去分词短语 “written by a young author”：作后置定语，修饰 “the novel”，说明小说的作者； 定语从句 “who has just graduated...”：修饰 “a young author”，补充作者的身份，整体插入主干的 “主语” 和 “谓语” 之间，打断了原有的连贯结构）。 · 核心逻辑： 先忽略插入成分，找到 “the novel tells...” 的主干，再回头分析插入部分对 “novel” 和 “author” 的修饰内容。 · 三、成分省略或倒装（改变常规语序） 1. 成分省略（以状语从句省略为例） 例句：While reading the newspaper, my father found an interesting report about environmental protection. · 结构成分分析： 1. 完整句子（未省略）：While my father was reading the newspaper, my father found an interesting report about environmental protection（原句是 while 引导的时间状语从句，从句主语 “my father” 与主句主语一致，且从句含 be 动词 “was”）。 2. 省略部分：从句中的主语 “my father” 和 be 动词 “was”，省略后变成 “While reading the newspaper”，仅保留分词 “reading”，符合 “主从句主语一致时，可省略从句主语 + be 动词” 的规则。 3. 主句：my father found an interesting report about environmental protection（主语：my father；谓语：found；宾语：an interesting report；“about environmental protection” 作宾语定语）。 2. 倒装（以否定词置于句首的部分倒装为例） 例句：Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset in my life. · 结构成分分析： 1. 正常语序：I have never seen such a beautiful sunset in my life（主语：I；谓语：have seen；宾语：such a beautiful sunset；“never” 作频度状语，本应放在 “have” 和 “seen” 之间）。 2. 倒装变化：否定词 “Never” 置于句首，触发部分倒装，需将助动词 “have” 提到主语 “I” 之前，形成 “Never have I seen... ” 的结构，倒装仅改变 “助动词 + 主语” 的顺序，谓语动词 “seen” 位置不变。 · 破解长难句方法 1. 找谓语，定主语 一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如 Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment --- although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. 【简析】 此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有： was opposed --he; ordered--he; (should) not be used ---federal--funds; had proposed --- no one; asked--he (asked前面有and, 说明asked与前面某个谓语动词并列，根据逻辑意义asked应与ordered并列)。这一句的主干为 “he ordered... asked ....”, “Declaring that...”作状语。 句意：他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的蓄牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验——尽管还没有人建议这么做——他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro 为首的独立专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。 2. 提主干，去枝叶（从句等） 一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如： First  put  forward  by  the  French  mathematician  Pierre de Format in the 17th century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be  able  to  study  at  the Eco-lab Poly technique. 【简析】本句夹杂分词短语、动名词及两个定语从句。 “First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century”为过去分词短语作状语;“including...”为介词短语作状语;“who made...and who had to...”为两个并列的定语从句，修饰a French woman scientist。所以句子的主干为the theorem had baffled  and beaten the finest mathematical minds此为主要信息。 句意：这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家Pierre de Format提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，其中包括一个法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展。为了能够在Eco-lab Poly technique理工学院学习她曾女扮男装。 3. 寻关联，辨逻辑 一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词，就能够分辨出句与句之间的逻辑关系，分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义，则长句就容易对付得多了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中的常见的关联词谙熟于心。 Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. 【简析】“whereas”提示前后对比; not unusual=usual; not...until...直到……才……。 句意：一个女人最亲密的女性朋友最可能是第一个告诉她离开一次失败的婚姻的人;而听见一个男人说，直到他的朋友一天晚上问他是否可以睡在他家的沙发上，他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，这是很平常的事。 4. 看搭配，防隔离 有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。读者若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目，则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。如： Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products，to some degree，their main selling points and emphasize it in their advertising. 【简析】其实本句是一个“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型“make+宾语+宾补”，即“使……成为……”，只不过宾语和宾补被“to some degree”隔开而已。 句意：一些公司把生产的卫生的、安全的产品，从某种程度上说，当作他们的卖点，并在广告中强调这一点。 5. 关键词，抓线索 有时某些句子句意模糊，读者理不清头绪，这时读者只能依靠关键词来抓，从而在大体上搞清楚句意。总之，在碰到长句和难句时，要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法，在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练。有时要几种方法综合使用才能正确理解句意。如： We even have different words for some food，meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked,which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming, while the upper class Normans were doing most of the eating. 【简析】本句夹杂多种语法结构，而且包含对比。句子的主干为“We even have different words for some foods，meat in particular”;“depending on...”为分词短语作状语;“whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked”作depending on的宾语;“which”引导非限制性定语从句指代上述内容“the fact”后为其同位语，即同位语从句说明fact的具体内容。 句意：我们甚至对某些食物用不同的单词表达，特别是肉类，这取决于它是长在田野时，还是在家里准备煮着吃，这就表明一个事实，即萨克森农民在农田干活，而上层阶级的诺曼人在大口地吃。 · 考点二：高考阅读理解C篇阅读技巧解析 · 阅读理解答题技巧（以C篇说明文或议论文为例） 高考阅读理解常见的设题形式有：词义猜测题、细节题、推断题、作者态度题和主旨大意题。题型不同，答题技巧也就有差异。下面就不同题型的答题技巧作一点简分析。 1、词义猜测题技巧 在高考阅读题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导；二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。此类考题目要求考生能根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。一般提问方式如下： 1) The word “ABC” in the passage probably means ________. 2) The underlined word “ABC” in the passage refers to/means _______. 3) Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？ 4) The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ____． 5) The word "it（them）" in the first paragraph refers to ____． 【例题】 （2024金山一模C篇）It’s not unheard of for one event to kick off a whole new field of scientific inquiry. Still it’s rare. When Lorimer’s paper came out in the journal, it was not surprising that many were skeptical. “Sometimes, what seems like a remarkable scientific discovery turns out to be an error in the data,” some commented. 63. Which of the following has the closest meaning to the underlined word in paragraph 3? A. Optimistic. B. Curious. C. Supportive. D. Doubtful. 【答案】63. D 【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“Sometimes, what seems like a remarkable scientific discovery turns out to be an error in the data(有时候，看似了不起的科学发现，其实是数据上的错误)”可知，许多人对洛里默的论文持怀疑态度，认为是数据上的错误。故划线词意思是“怀疑的”。故选D。 【例题】 （2024年普陀区一模C篇）What is the point of looking decades into space and struggling to explore the vastness of the universe? The development of the space industry has brought humans many benefits, the most important of which is the spread of information. The cell phone signal and TV signal people use now are all benefiting from the development of the space industry. The ultimate goal of mankind is to go deeper into space, and to explore more unknown worlds, that is, the Moon, Mars and beyond, and what humanity is eager to achieve is a common home of freedom and equality. 66. What does the underlined phrase in the last paragraph mean? A. Studying space for countless years. B. Living in space for many years. C. Exploring space for some ten years. D. Observing space for several ten years. 【答案】 66. A 【66题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“and struggling to explore the vastness of the universe”可知，此处指研究太空很多年，努力探索浩瀚的宇宙，故划线词意思是“研究太空很多年”。故选A。 2、细节题技巧 细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。此类考题主要针对文章的细节，一般提问方式如下： 1) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage? 2) Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage? 3) Which of the following is not mentioned? 4) Choose the right order of this passage. 5) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) ... 6) From this passage we know that ________. 7) In the passage, the author states that ______. 【例题】 （2024黄埔一模C篇）①A group of 41 states and the District of Columbia began a legal case against Meta, the parent company of Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp and Messenger, insisting that the company knowingly used features on its platforms to cause children to overuse them. The accusations in the lawsuit raise a deeper question about behavior: Are young people becoming addicted to social media and the internet? Here’s what the research has found. 63. What was Meta accused of? A. It added problematic features to its platform. B. It started a discussion to mislead young people. C. It tempted children to use social media too much. D. It conducted illegal research on its parent company. 【答案】63.C 【解析】 细节理解题。文章第一段讲到“A group of 41 states and the District of Columbia began a legal case against Meta, the parent company of Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp and Messenger, insisting that the company knowingly used features on its platforms to cause children to overuse them. (41个州和哥伦比亚特区开始对Facebook、Instagram、WhatsApp和Messenger的母公司Meta提起诉讼，坚称该公司故意使用其平台上的功能，导致儿童过度使用这些功能。)”可知，Meta被指控使用平台上的功能引起儿童过度使用它们，因此选择C。 3、推断题技巧 推理是在既有信息的基础上得出合乎文章内容的内涵意义，即某一问题、某一观点没有直接表述，而寓意在文章的字里行间，要求通过文中信息分析推出某种符合作者思想、符合文章逻辑的内涵意义。推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断题推断得正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。此类考题一般针对短文内容和考生应有的常识，文章中虽然没有明确的答案，但考生在理解全文的基础上可以进行推理和判断其答案。一般提问方式如下： 1) The author implied（suggested）that．．． 2) We can infer from the text that _______. 3) It can be inferred from the text that ______. 4) It may be concluded from the passage that．．． 5) Which of the following statements does the passage support？ 6) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be ___. 【例题】 （2024闵行一模C篇）Undeniably, people may succeed in faking their way through the process. And there may be more room for interviewers’ prejudice to emerge. Finding someone annoying may be a signal that someone lacks social skills. But it may also mean that they are nervous or that interviewers are bad-tempered. Recruitment is set to change and is unlikely to become less challenging. 66. What can be implied from the last two paragraphs? A. Integrating soft skills assessment into a hiring process won’t introduce side effects. B. Employees in lower positions may provide useless insights into applicants’ soft skills. C. Interviewers’ prejudice may influence their fair assessments and perceptions of candidates. D. There is no possibility of individuals successfully deceiving others during the interview. 【答案】66. C 【解析】推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Undeniably, people may succeed in faking their way through the process. And there may be more room for interviewers’ prejudice to emerge. Finding someone annoying may be a signal that someone lacks social skills. But it may also mean that they are nervous or that interviewers are bad-tempered. Recruitment is set to change and is unlikely to become less challenging. (不可否认的是，人们可能会通过欺骗的方式成功地通过这个过程。而且面试官的偏见可能会有更大的空间出现。发现某人令人讨厌可能是一个缺乏社交技巧的信号。但这也可能意味着他们很紧张，或者面试官脾气不好。招聘势必会发生变化，而且不太可能变得不那么具有挑战性。)”可知，面试官的偏见可能会影响他们对候选人的公正评价和看法。故选C。 4、作者态度题技巧 这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。此类题目的主要提问方式是一般提问方式如下： 1) What's the writer's/author's attitude to/towards ... ? 2) The author’s tone would be best described as _______ . 3) The attitude of ... to/towards ... is . 【例题】 （2024奉贤一模C篇）Deep ocean samples revealed significant climate change around 66.3 million years ago. But this also coincides with a large volcanic eruption in India called the Deccan volcanism, which produced some of the longest lava (熔岩) flows on Earth. “We’ve always owed that transition to the carbon dioxide released by the Deccan volcanism and the increase of greenhouse gases,” says Johnson. “There are two things happening: The magnetic field is changing, the Deccan volcanism is happening, and there’s climate warming. So that would be an example of coincidental climate change.” 66. Which of the following statements does Kirk Johnson most probably agree with? A. A magnetic reversal doesn’t necessarily cause climate change. B. A magnetic reversal is accompanied with significant climate change C. The extinction of the dinosaurs is due to the magnetic reversal. D. Climate change is not relevant to the carbon dioxide emission. 【答案】66. A 【解析】情感态度推断题。根据最后一段“‘We’ve always owed that transition to the carbon dioxide released by the Deccan volcanism and the increase of greenhouse gases,’says Johnson. ‘There are two things happening: The magnetic field is changing, the Deccan volcanism is happening, and there’s climate warming. So that would be an example of coincidental climate change.’(‘我们一直把这种转变归功于德干火山活动释放的二氧化碳和温室气体的增加，’约翰逊说。‘有两件事正在发生：磁场正在变化，德干火山活动正在发生，气候正在变暖。所以这将是巧合气候变化的一个例子。’)”可知，柯克·约翰逊认为磁场正在变化、德干火山活动正在发生与气候正在变暖只是巧合；由此可知，他最可能同意的观点是磁倒转并不一定会导致气候变化。故选A。 附：阅读理解中表示作者态度的高频词汇 1. positive 肯定的,积极的 2. passive 被动的，消极的 3. negative 消极的 4. supportive 支持的 5. disapproving 不赞成的 6. critical 批评的 7. conservative 保守的 8. suspicious 可疑的，怀疑的 9. puzzled/ confused 困惑的 10. subjective 主观的 11. objective 客观的 12. neutral 中立的 13. concerned 关心的，有关的 14. optimistic 乐观的 15. pessimistic 悲观的 16. indifferent 漠不关心的 17. unconcerned 不关心的 5、主旨大意题技巧 这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。一般主旨大意题可以分为两类：1．确定文章的标题和主题(title or topic)；2.主题句（topic sentence）及主旨大意(main idea)的概括。 常见的标题型题干： 1)  The best title/ headline for this passage might be________. 2)  The text (passage) could be entitled   ______. 3)  What is the best title for the passage? 4) What’s the topic of the article? 常见的主题句和主旨型题干： 1) What is the topic sentence of the passage? 2) This article/text/passage mainly tells that _____________. 3) What is the main purpose of the passage? 4) Which of the following is the main idea of the passage? 【例题】 （2024年松江区一模C篇）Antibiotics, which can destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections, are vital to modern medicine. Their ability to kill bacteria without harming the patient has saved billions of lives and made surgical procedures much safer. But after decades of overuse, their powers are fading. Some bacteria have evolved resistance, creating a growing army of superbugs, against which there is little effective treatment. Antimicrobial (抗菌的) resistance, expected to kill 10 million people a year by 2050 up from around 1 million in 2019, has been seen as a crisis by many. 66. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Governments fail to stop the use of antibiotics. B. Phages could help prevent an antibiotics crisis. C. Development of antibiotics is limited by phages. D. Antimicrobial resistance calls for new antibiotics. 【答案】66. B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Antibiotics, which can destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections, are vital to modern medicine. Their ability to kill bacteria without harming the patient has saved billions of lives and made surgical procedures much safer. But after decades of overuse, their powers are fading. Some bacteria have evolved resistance, creating ...........has been seen as a crisis by many.(抗生素对现代医学至关重要，它可以消灭或阻止细菌的生长，并治愈感染。它们在不伤害病人的情况下杀死细菌的能力挽救了数十亿人的生命，并使外科手术更加安全。但经过几十年的过度使用，它们的力量正在减弱。一些细菌已经进化出了耐药性，产生了越来越多的超级细菌，而目前几乎没有有效的治疗方法。抗微生物药物耐药性被许多人视为一场危机。预计到2050年，每年将导致1000万人死亡，而2019年约为100万人)”以及文章内容可知，文章主要解释了噬菌体可以替代问题多多的抗生素，有许多优点，建议政府多方面采取措施推动推广，所以本文的主旨是噬菌体可以帮助预防抗生素危机。故选B。 · 高考阅读理解长难句解析（以C篇说明文或议论文为例） （2025·上海奉贤·二模）The technological singularity (技术奇点) is a theoretical scenario where technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, leading to profound and unpredictable changes to human civilization. In theory, this phenomenon is driven by the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) that surpasses human cognitive (认知的) capabilities and can autonomously enhance itself. The theory suggests that such advancements could evolve at a pace so rapid that humans would be unable to foresee or stop the process. The implications of reaching this singularity point could be good or disastrous for the human race. For now,the concept stays within the boundaries of science fiction, but nonetheless, it’s still worth thinking about what such a future might look like,so that humanity might steer AI development in such a way as to promote its civilizational interests. The timeline for reaching the technological singularity is a subject of much debate among experts. Ray Kurzweil, one of the most vocal advocates of the singularity, has famously predicted that the singularity is near and will happen by 2045. His prediction is based on trends such as Moore’s law and the increasing rate of technological advancements in fields such as computing, Al and biotechnology. Other experts cast more doubt on the prediction or propose different timelines. Some suggest that while Al will continue to advance, the complexities and unforeseen challenges of achieving superintelligence might delay the singularity beyond this century, if it happens at all.Systems theorist Richard Coren,in his book The Evolutionary Trajectory, projects a singularity in 2140. Technological, ethical and regulatory challenges might all potentially slow the pace of AI development. Moreover, figures such as Roman Yampolskiy point out that predicting the exact timeline is extremely difficult due to the exceptional nature of the singularity itself. The developments leading to a singularity involve many variables, including breakthroughs in AI algorithms, hardware capabilities and socictal factors that are hard to forecast with accuracy. Eamonn Healy, a professor at St.Edward’s University, assumes the evolution, particularly in terms of technological and intellectual advancement, is proceeding at an ever-increasing pace, compressing what used to take millennia into centuries and even shorter time frames. This concept of the acceleration (加速) of technological advancements echoes the views of futurists such as Ray Kurzweil, who predict that such changes might occur around the mid-21st century. 1．The underlined word “steer” in the passage is closest in meaning to_________. A．quicken B．restrict C．direct D．predict 2．If an expert foresees the singularity in less than 30 years, who might he team up with? A．Ray Kurzweil and Richard Coren. B．Eamonn Healy and Ray Kurzweil. C．Roman Yampolskiy and Eamonn Healy. D．Richard Coren and Roman Yampolskiy. 3．What best describes Roman Yampolskiy’s attitude toward predicting the singularity? A．Reserved. B．Optimistic. C．Indifferent. D．Neutral. 4．Which statement best summarizes the passage? A．The singularity is a guaranteed event with clear benefits. B．The singularity’s timelinc and implications remain uncertain. C．Experts agree the singularity will occur by 2045 without delay. D．AI development is accelerated due to regulatory obstacles. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了技术奇点的概念、影响及专家对其到来时间的争议。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线单词前半句话“For now, the concept stays within the boundaries of science fiction, but nonetheless, it's still worth thinking about what such a future might look like(目前，这个概念仍处于科幻小说的范畴之内，但尽管如此，思考一下这样的未来可能是什么样子仍然是值得的)”以及后面“AI development in such a way as to promote its civilizational interests(以促进人类文明利益的方式发展人工智能)”可知，技术奇点目前还处于科幻范畴，但思考其未来模样很有价值，目的是为了引导人工智能发展，进而促进文明利益。由此推知，划线词steer意思是“引导、指引”。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Ray Kurzweil, one of the most vocal advocates of the singularity, has famously predicted that the singularity is near and will happen by 2045.(雷·库兹韦尔是技术奇点最直言不讳的支持者之一，他曾预言技术奇点即将到来，并将在2045年之前发生)”以及最后一段“Eamonn Healy, a professor at St. Edward's University, assumes the evolution, particularly in terms of technological and intellectual advancement, is proceeding at an ever-increasing pace, compressing what used to take millennia into centuries and even shorter time frames. This concept of the acceleration of technological advancements echoes the views of futurists such as Ray Kurzweil, who predict that such changes might occur around the mid-21st century.(圣爱德华大学的教授伊蒙·希利认为，进化，特别是在技术和智力进步方面，正在以越来越快的速度进行，将过去需要数千年才能完成的事情压缩到几百年甚至更短的时间内。这种技术加速发展的概念与雷·库兹韦尔等未来主义者的观点相呼应，他们预测这种变化可能发生在21世纪中期左右)”可知，如果一位专家预测技术奇点将在不到30年内出现，他可能会与雷·库兹韦尔和伊蒙·希利的观点一致。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段的“Moreover, figures such as Roman Yampolskiy point out that predicting the exact timeline is extremely difficult due to the exceptional nature of the singularity itself.(此外，罗曼·亚姆波尔斯基等人指出，由于技术奇点本身的特殊性，预测其确切的时间线极其困难)”可推知，罗曼·亚姆波尔斯基对预测技术奇点的态度是有所保留的。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容可知，尤其是第一段“The technological singularity(技术奇点)is a theoretical scenario where technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible,leading to profound and unpredictable changes to human civilization.(技术奇点是一种理论设想，在这种设想中，技术的发展变得不可控制且不可逆转，从而给人类文明带来深刻且难以预料的变化)”可知，文章主要讲述了技术奇点的概念、不同专家对其发生时间的预测以及预测的不确定性。由此可知，B选项“技术奇点的时间线和影响仍然不确定”最能概括文章大意。故选B。 长难句 1 原句：The technological singularity (技术奇点) is a theoretical scenario where technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, leading to profound and unpredictable changes to human civilization. · 句式结构分析： i. 主句：The technological singularity is a theoretical scenario（主语为 “The technological singularity”，系动词 “is”，表语 “a theoretical scenario”，括号内 “技术奇点” 是对主语的中文注释）。 ii. 定语从句：where technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible（where 指代先行词 “scenario”，在从句中作地点状语，从句核心结构为 “technological growth becomes + 两个并列形容词（uncontrollable, irreversible）”）。 iii. 现在分词短语作结果状语：leading to profound and unpredictable changes to human civilization（由 “leading to” 引导，表前文 “技术增长失控” 带来的结果，“profound and unpredictable” 为并列形容词修饰 “changes”）。 · 中文翻译： · 技术奇点是一种理论情境 —— 在这种情境下，技术发展会变得无法控制且不可逆转，进而给人类文明带来深远且难以预测的变化。 长难句 2 原句：Some suggest that while Al will continue to advance, the complexities and unforeseen challenges of achieving superintelligence might delay the singularity beyond this century, if it happens at all. · 句式结构分析： 3. 主句：Some suggest（主语 “Some”，谓语 “suggest”，后接宾语从句）。 3. 宾语从句：整体为 “that + 复合句” 结构，复合句内部包含两层从句。 0. 让步状语从句：while AI will continue to advance（while 表 “尽管”，引导让步关系，说明 “AI 持续发展” 的背景）。 0. 主句（宾语从句的核心）：the complexities and unforeseen challenges... might delay the singularity beyond this century（主语为 “the complexities and unforeseen challenges”，“of achieving superintelligence” 为介词短语作定语修饰主语，谓语 “might delay”，宾语 “the singularity”，“beyond this century” 作时间状语）。 0. 条件状语从句：if it happens at all（“it” 指代 “the singularity”，“at all” 表强调，意为 “即便真的会发生”）。 · 中文翻译： · 一些专家认为，尽管人工智能会持续发展，但实现超级智能过程中存在的复杂性和未预见的挑战，可能会将技术奇点推迟到本世纪之后 —— 即便它真的会发生。 长难句 3 原句：Eamonn Healy, a professor at St.Edward’s University, assumes the evolution, particularly in terms of technological and intellectual advancement, is proceeding at an ever-increasing pace, compressing what used to take millennia into centuries and even shorter time frames. · 句式结构分析： 3. 主句：Eamonn Healy... assumes the evolution... is proceeding at an ever-increasing pace（“a professor at St.Edward’s University” 是主语 “Eamonn Healy” 的同位语，补充说明其身份；“assumes” 后接省略 that 的宾语从句，从句核心为 “the evolution is proceeding... ”）。 3. 插入语：particularly in terms of technological and intellectual advancement（插入宾语从句中，对 “the evolution” 的范围进行限定，意为 “尤其在技术和智力发展方面”）。 3. 现在分词短语作伴随状语：compressing what used to take millennia into centuries and even shorter time frames（“compressing... into...” 表 “将…… 压缩成……”，作 “is proceeding” 的伴随动作；“what used to take millennia” 是宾语从句，作 “compressing” 的宾语，意为 “过去需要数千年的事物”）。 · 中文翻译： · 圣爱德华大学教授埃蒙・希利认为，（事物的）进化 —— 尤其在技术和智力发展方面 —— 正以不断加快的速度推进，这使得过去需要数千年的过程，被压缩到了几个世纪甚至更短的时间范围内。 （2025·上海闵行·二模）For years, people have wondered whether creativity is a rare, inborn gift or a skill that anyone can develop. While some individuals appear naturally gifted in artistic or intellectual pursuits, recent studies challenge the long-held belief that creativity is a unique gift possessed by a select few. Instead, these studies suggest that creativity is not a mysterious quality, but a skill that can be developed through purposeful practice, persistence, and the right mindset. Take a young musician with moderate talent. Studies have shown that expert musicians engage in a practice method known as “deep practice,” which involves breaking complex pieces into smaller parts, repeating challenging sections, and identifying mistakes with focused attention. This method forces the brain to form new brain connections, enhancing both technical ability and originality. In contrast, merely playing a piece repeatedly without analyzing mistakes does little to encourage creativity. Beyond practice, creativity grows in environments that encourage exploration and problem-solving. Many breakthroughs in music, science, and art do not emerge from sudden inspiration but rather from sustained effort and experimentation. A composer might spend weeks testing different chord (和弦) progressions before discovering a unique combination. Similarly, a scientist may conduct numerous failed experiments before uncovering a groundbreaking solution. Thomas Edison, for example, famously said that his success was built on “1,000 ways that won’t work” before inventing the lightbulb (灯泡). Psychologists have found that individuals who adopt a “growth mindset” — the belief that abilities can be improved through effort — are more likely to achieve creative success. Rather than viewing failure as a sign of personal limitation, they treat it as an opportunity to improve their skills. This perspective allows them to push past frustration and continue experimenting until they reach a breakthrough. In contrast, those with a “fixed mindset” tend to believe that creativity is an inborn quality, leading them to give up more easily when faced with challenges. While natural talent may give an initial advantage, it is not the determining factor in long-term success. The brain’s adaptability allows anyone to develop creativity potential through continuous practice and learning. 1．In paragraph 1, the author’s main argument is introduced by _________. A．presenting the long-held belief B．providing examples of creative individuals C．contrasting two opposing views D．sharing personal experiences 2．The role of the example of Thomas Edison in paragraph 3 is _________. A．to illustrate that failure can lead to success B．to show that perseverance is essential for creativity C．to emphasize that success depends on the initial talent D．to argue that failure is the main source of creativity 3．According to the passage, how does a “growth mindset” help creativity? A．It helps people persist through difficulties and improve. B．It allows individuals to believe they are naturally gifted. C．It encourages people to make full use of every opportunity. D．It ensures that all efforts lead to immediate success. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．How natural talent determines creativity. B．The role of deep practice in creative success. C．The connection between failure and inspiration. D．The development of creativity as a skill. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要论述了创造力是可以通过有目的的练习、坚持不懈和正确的心态来培养的技能，并对此进行了举例说明。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“For years, people have wondered whether creativity is a rare, inborn gift or a skill that anyone can develop. While some individuals appear naturally gifted in artistic or intellectual pursuits, recent studies challenge the long-held belief that creativity is a unique gift possessed by a select few. Instead, these studies suggest that creativity is not a mysterious quality, but a skill that can be developed through purposeful practice, persistence, and the right mindset.(多年来，人们一直想知道创造力是一种罕见的、天生的天赋，还是一种任何人都可以培养的技能。虽然有些人在艺术或智力追求方面表现出天生的天赋，但最近的研究挑战了长期以来的信念，即创造力是少数人拥有的独特天赋。相反，这些研究表明，创造力并不是一种神秘的品质，而是一种可以通过有目的的练习、坚持不懈和正确的心态来培养的技能)”可知，作者将“创造力是一种罕见的、天生的天赋，为少数人所独有”这一长期存在的观点，与“创造力是可以通过有目的的练习、坚持和正确心态来培养的技能”这一近期研究观点进行对比，从而引出自己的主要论点。由此推断作者在第一段是通过对比两种对立的观点来引入主要论点的。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Similarly, a scientist may conduct numerous failed experiments before uncovering a groundbreaking solution. Thomas Edison, for example, famously said that his success was built on “1,000 ways that won’t work” before inventing the lightbulb (灯泡).(同样，科学家在发现突破性的解决方案之前，可能会进行无数次失败的实验。例如，托马斯·爱迪生在发明灯泡之前曾说过，他的成功建立在“1000种行不通的方法”之上)”可推知，托马斯·爱迪生的例子是为了说明创造力需要坚持不懈的努力，即毅力对创造力至关重要。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Psychologists have found that individuals who adopt a “growth mindset” — the belief that abilities can be improved through effort — are more likely to achieve creative success. Rather than viewing failure as a sign of personal limitation, they treat it as an opportunity to improve their skills. This perspective allows them to push past frustration and continue experimenting until they reach a breakthrough.(心理学家发现，那些秉持“成长型思维”的人——即相信能力可以通过努力提高的人——更有可能取得创造性的成功。他们不会把失败视为个人局限的标志，而是将其视为提高技能的机会。这种观点使他们能够克服挫折，继续实验，直到取得突破)”可知，“成长型思维”帮助人们克服困难并不断进步。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“While natural talent may give an initial advantage, it is not the determining factor in long-term success. The brain’s adaptability allows anyone to develop creativity potential through continuous practice and learning.(虽然天赋可能会带来最初的优势，但它并不是长期成功的决定性因素。大脑的适应性使任何人都可以通过不断的练习和学习来开发创造潜力)”以及文章主要论述了创造力是可以通过有目的的练习、坚持不懈和正确的心态来培养的技能，并对此进行了举例说明。可知，这篇文章主要讲的是创造力作为一种技能的发展。故选D。 长难句 1 原句：While some individuals appear naturally gifted in artistic or intellectual pursuits, recent studies challenge the long-held belief that creativity is a unique gift possessed by a select few. · 句式结构分析： i. 让步状语从句：While some individuals appear naturally gifted in artistic or intellectual pursuits（while 引导，表 “尽管”，“appear gifted” 为系表结构，“in artistic or intellectual pursuits” 作状语，表领域）。 ii. 主句：recent studies challenge the long-held belief（主语为 “recent studies”，谓语为 “challenge”，宾语为 “the long-held belief”）。 iii. 同位语从句：that creativity is a unique gift possessed by a select few（修饰 “belief”，解释信念内容；“possessed by a select few” 为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “gift”）。 · 中文翻译：尽管有些人在艺术或智力活动中似乎天生具有天赋，但近期的研究对 “创造力是少数人特有的独特天赋” 这一长期存在的观点提出了质疑。 长难句 2 原句：Studies have shown that expert musicians engage in a practice method known as “deep practice,” which involves breaking complex pieces into smaller parts, repeating challenging sections, and identifying mistakes with focused attention. · 句式结构分析： 2. 主句：Studies have shown（主语 “studies”，谓语 “have shown”，后接宾语从句）。 2. 宾语从句：that expert musicians engage in a practice method known as “deep practice”（“known as ‘deep practice’” 为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “practice method”）。 2. 非限制性定语从句：which involves breaking... , repeating... , and identifying...（which 指代 “deep practice”，从句内用 “breaking...，repeating...，and identifying...” 三个并列动名词短语作宾语，“with focused attention” 作方式状语）。 · 中文翻译：研究表明，专业音乐家会采用一种被称为 “深度练习” 的练习方法，这种方法包括将复杂的乐曲拆分成更小的部分、重复有难度的段落，以及集中注意力找出错误。 长难句 3 原句：Psychologists have found that individuals who adopt a “growth mindset” — the belief that abilities can be improved through effort — are more likely to achieve creative success. · 句式结构分析： 2. 主句：Psychologists have found（主语 “psychologists”，谓语 “have found”，后接宾语从句）。 2. 宾语从句：that individuals... are more likely to achieve creative success（核心结构为 “individuals are more likely to...”）。 2. 定语从句：who adopt a “growth mindset”（修饰 “individuals”，作主语的定语）。 2. 插入语（同位语）：the belief that abilities can be improved through effort（解释说明 “growth mindset”，其中 “that abilities can be improved through effort” 又作 “belief” 的同位语从句）。 · 中文翻译：心理学家发现，拥有 “成长型思维”—— 即认为能力可以通过努力提升的信念 —— 的人，更有可能在创造力上取得成功。 战训练 一、名校最新试题 Passage 01 【说明文】 【来源】2026届上海市杨浦区复旦大学附属中学高三上学期模拟试题 In recent months, the coronavirus pandemic has sent the world into a state of confusion. Opinions on how to deal with this deadly new virus are as numerous as the stars in the sky. However, there’s at least one thing that most people seem to agree on that washing one’s hands is an effective way of staying safe and healthy. Most people would be so surprised to learn that the idea of handwashing was once fairly controversial (有争议的). At one time, new mothers used to die of a disease known as childbed fever shortly after giving birth. In the 1840s, Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian doctor working at the Vienna General Hospital, became interested in this problem and began looking for a solution. After realizing that doctors and medical students had been handling dead bodies before delivering babies, Semmelweis put into practice a handwashing procedure for all doctors, nurses, and medical students. Though Dr. Semmelweis’ procedure greatly reduced the number of deaths by childbed fever, other doctors rejected his theory and even his own hospital eventually abandoned the practice. Semmelweis, however, still firmly believed in handwashing and published a book on the subject, but his ideas were never fully accepted. Sadly, his health began to worsen in the 1860s and Semmelweis died in mental institution before he could see his idea recognized. Around the 1870s, Scottish surgeons under the guidance of Dr. Joseph Lister began the practice of cleaning their hands and surgical instruments thoroughly before surgery. Not long after, many in the medical community began to recognize the earlier work of Semmelweis. University of Budapest changed its name to Semmelweis University, in honor of his devotion to improving healthcare by way of cleanliness. 1．This passage is most likely to be found in a________. A．science-fiction book set in Hungary B．journal on the history of medicine C．biography of Dr. Joseph Lister D．report on how to treat coronavirus 2．What was the initial result of Dr. Semmelweis’ practice? A．Childbed fever disappeared. B．Far more babies survived. C．Fewer women died after childbirth. D．Surgeons stopped touching dead bodies. 3．Which of the following orders is correct about the history of handwashing theory? A．Acceptance→Publication→Approval→Award. B．Proposal→Approval→Publication→Application. C．Publication→Acceptance→Application→Doubt. D．Application→Rejection→Publication→Recognition. 4．Which of the statements is FALSE about Semmelweis? A．He didn’t see his theory widely accepted in his life time. B．His book played a decisive role in making his work recognized. C．A university was named after him in honor of his devotion to medicine. D．It took about 30 years for his theory to gain acceptance in medical community. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了洗手理论的历史发展及其在医学界的认可过程。 1．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段“Most people would be so surprised to learn that the idea of handwashing was once fairly controversial (有争议的). At one time, new mothers used to die of a disease known as childbed fever shortly after giving birth. In the 1840s, Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian doctor working at the Vienna General Hospital, became interested in this problem and began looking for a solution. After realizing that doctors and medical students had been handling dead bodies before delivering babies, Semmelweis put into practice a handwashing procedure for all doctors, nursed, and medical students.(大多数人可能会惊讶地发现，洗手这一理念曾颇具争议。曾几何时，新妈妈们常常在产后不久就死于一种名为“产褥热”的疾病。19世纪40年代，在维也纳综合医院工作的匈牙利医生伊格纳茨・塞梅尔维斯对这一问题产生了兴趣，并开始寻找解决办法。当意识到医生和医学生在接生婴儿前曾接触过尸体后，塞梅尔维斯开始让所有医生、护士和医学生执行一套洗手流程)”可知，本文主要讲述了洗手理论的历史发展，这篇文章最有可能出现在医学历史杂志上。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Though Dr. Semmelweis’ procedure greatly reduced the number of deaths by childbed fever, other doctors rejected his theory and even his own hospital eventually abandoned the practice.(尽管塞梅尔维斯医生的这套流程大幅减少了产褥热导致的死亡人数，但其他医生却反对他的理论，甚至他所在的医院最终也放弃了这一做法)”可知，塞梅尔维斯医生的做法的初步结果是减少了产后因产褥热死亡的女性数量。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第二段中“After realizing that doctors and medical students had been handling dead bodies before delivering babies, Semmelweis put into practice a handwashing procedure for all doctors, nursed, and medical students.(当意识到医生和医学生在接生婴儿前曾接触过尸体后，塞梅尔维斯开始让所有医生、护士和医学生执行一套洗手流程)”、第三段中“Though Dr. Semmelweis’ procedure greatly reduced the number of deaths by childbed fever, other doctors rejected his theory and even his own hospital eventually abandoned the practice. Semmelweis, however, still firmly believed in handwashing and published a book on the subject, but his ideas were never fully accepted.(尽管塞梅尔维斯医生的这套流程大幅减少了产褥热导致的死亡人数，但其他医生却反对他的理论，甚至他所在的医院最终也放弃了这一做法。然而，塞梅尔维斯依然坚信洗手的重要性，并出版了一本相关主题的书籍，可他的理念始终未被完全认可)”以及最后一段中“Not long after, many in the medical community began to recognize the earlier work of Semmelweis.(不久之后，医学界的许多人开始认可塞梅尔维斯的早期工作)”可知，关于洗手理论的历史，正确的顺序是应用→拒绝→出版→认可。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Semmelweis, however, still firmly believed in handwashing and published a book on the subject, but his ideas were never fully accepted.(然而，塞梅尔维斯依然坚信洗手的重要性，并出版了一本相关主题的书籍，可他的理念始终未被完全认可)”可知，塞梅尔维斯的书并没有使他的工作得到认可，他的想法从未被完全接受，因此选项B“His book played a decisive role in making his work recognized.(他的书在使他的工作得到认可方面起到了决定性的作用)”是错误的。故选B。 Passage 02 【说明文】 【来源】上海市复旦大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月月考英语试题 Rain is just airborne bacteria’s way of getting down to the ground. That’s the conclusion of an analysis of snow samples from around the world, which reveal that rain-making bacteria does exist in the atmosphere. The idea that bacterial cells could lead to rain is not new, but until now no one had appreciated the extent to which biological particles (颗粒) apparently contributed to rainfall. “They are everywhere in the atmosphere,” says Brent Christner of Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. “It’s hard to believe they couldn’t have some impact on rainfall.” The particles that Christner is referring to come from bacteria with “ice-nucleating” proteins, which facilitate the formation of ice, on their cell surface. For example, the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae has a protein which binds water molecules together in a pattern that allows ice to form at warmer temperatures. When the bacterial ice fall from the clouds, they produce snow, or if they melt, rain. Christner and his colleagues collected snow soon after it had fallen from 19 locations in France, the US and Antarctica, and found evidence of ice-nucleating proteins at all the sites. This means that rain-making bacteria are present in the atmosphere. “There’s no reason they couldn’t be in clouds too,” says Christner. If ice-nucleating proteins are found in clouds, this would raise the possibility that the proteins evolved as part of the bacterial life cycle. Many bacteria get swept up into the atmosphere, and although there are nutrients and water present in clouds, they might not wish to stay long. “The really interesting thing is that the majority of ice nucleators in their samples are biological,” says Tim Lenton of the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. Since bacteria make their living at ground level, rain may be a way to get themselves out of the clouds, he adds. It should be possible to turn this ability to our advantage, says Christner. “In places that suffer drought you could plant crops that harbour bacteria to increase precipitation.” P. syringae grows on the leaves of plants and is well-known as a pathogen that causes frost damage. So farmers could only use rain-making bacteria in places where it doesn’t get cold enough for ground frost to form. 5．According to the passage, what did Brent Christner’s team discover in their analysis of snow samples? A．They discovered bacteria that contribute to rainfall. B．They found no evidence of bacteria in the atmosphere. C．They determined that biological particles do not affect rainfall. D．They found that ice-nucleating proteins are rare in snow samples. 6．What can be inferred about the role of ice-nucleating proteins in clouds based on the passage? A．They are unrelated to bacterial life cycles. B．They only form in very cold temperatures. C．They prevent the formation of snow and rain. D．They may help bacteria drop from the atmosphere. 7．Why does the author mention the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae in the passage? A．To explain why bacteria prefer to stay in clouds. B．To illustrate how bacteria facilitate ice formation. C．To show that most bacteria have ice-nucleating proteins. D．To give an example of how bacteria can survive extreme cold. 8．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Bacteria make rain to get back home. B．Bacteria protect against too much rain. C．Bacteria are found in most areas on Earth. D．Bacteria turn climate change to their advantage. 【答案】5．A 6．D 7．B 8．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项科学研究，通过对全球多地雪样的分析，证实大气中存在能促成降雨的细菌，探讨了这类细菌的作用机制、分布情况，并提及利用其特性缓解干旱的可能性。 5．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Christner and his colleagues collected snow soon after it had fallen from 19 locations in France, the US and Antarctica, and found evidence of ice-nucleating proteins at all the sites. This means that rain-making bacteria are present in the atmosphere.(克里斯纳及其同事在法国、美国和南极洲的19个地点收集了刚降下的雪，并在所有地点都发现了冰核蛋白的证据。这意味着大气中存在能促成降雨的细菌)”可知，克里斯纳团队在雪样分析中发现了促成降雨的细菌。故选A。 6．推理判断题。根据第六段“If ice-nucleating proteins are found in clouds, this would raise the possibility that the proteins evolved as part of the bacterial life cycle. Many bacteria get swept up into the atmosphere, and although there are nutrients and water present in clouds, they might not wish to stay long.(如果在云层中发现冰核蛋白，这将提高这种蛋白作为细菌生命周期的一部分进化的可能性。许多细菌被卷到大气中，尽管云层中有营养物质和水，但它们可能不希望停留太久)” 和第七段中“Since bacteria make their living at ground level, rain may be a way to get themselves out of the clouds, he adds.（他补充说，由于细菌在地面上生存，降雨可能是一种让细菌脱离云层的方法）”可推断，冰核蛋白可能帮助细菌从大气中降落。故选D。 7．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The particles that Christner is referring to come from bacteria with ‘ice-nucleating’ proteins, which facilitate the formation of ice, on their cell surface. For example, the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae has a protein which binds water molecules together in a pattern that allows ice to form at warmer temperatures.(克里斯纳所指的颗粒来自细胞表面带有‘冰核蛋白’的细菌，这种蛋白有助于冰的形成。例如，丁香假单胞菌有一种蛋白质，能以特定方式将水分子结合在一起，使冰能在较高温度下形成)” 可知，提及丁香假单胞菌是为了举例说明细菌如何通过冰核蛋白促成冰的形成。故选B。 8．主旨大意题。文章核心围绕“能促成降雨的细菌”展开，开篇点明“雨水是大气中细菌回到地面的一种方式”，后文通过研究证实这类细菌的存在、解释其促成降雨的机制，并提到“雨水可能是细菌离开云层的方式”，A选项 “Bacteria make rain to get back home(细菌造雨以回归地面)”精准概括核心主旨，可以作为最佳标题。故选A。 Passage 03 【说明文】 【来源】上海市吴淞中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月月考英语试题 Creative writing is part of being a kid. Writing and reading wild stories of lost kingdoms and Mars colonies help the imagination grow strong. But a recent study uncovers an interesting, perhaps even discouraging, trend: This generation of kids seems to prefer narrative realism when they write. In a study published in Creativity Research Journal, researchers at the Harvard Graduate School of Education and the University of Washington asked the question, “How have the style, content, and form of adolescents’ art-making and creative writing evolved over the last 20 years? ” To answer that question, researcher Emily Weinstein examined traditional hallmarks of creativity, such as originality, complexity, and sophistication, in two distinct eras of teenage self-expression. After analyzing 354 visual artworks and 50 fiction stories from two separate time periods (1990-1995 and 2006-2011), there’s good and bad news. The good news? Adolescent visual proficiency has improved. The bad news: Teen creativity and technical skill in writing have declined. Instead of imagining Martian neighborhoods, the app generation has been describing their own summer plans. Why is this happening? From the study: “The observed domain changes could undeniably be the result of any number of societal changes over the period of interest. Two changes highlighted by Kim (2011), however, may be particularly relevant to high school students’ experiences and their creative expression: the increase in digital media technologies and the rise of standardized testing in schools.” This is a small study, but if it inspires you to think about how to develop the imaginations of the kids and teens you know, may we suggest this option: Read and share fiction that sparks wonder and possibility. That means genre fiction: science fiction and fantasy that pulls you out of narrative realism and into a world of possibility. If you already love science fiction and fantasy, I encourage you to plant seeds of inspiration by sharing your favorite science fiction and fantasy authors with a teenager or young person you like. 9．What is the focus of Emily Weinstein’s research? A．The impact of modern technology on adolescents’ creativity. B．The relationship between visual proficiency and creative writing. C．The change in adolescents’ creative writing and art-making. D．The reason why reading plays an important role in developing creativity. 10．What did the researchers conclude about this generation of kids? A．Teens no longer write realistically, but have improved their ability to write creatively. B．Digital media technologies have improved adolescents’ visual skills as well as their ability to write creatively. C．Adolescents prefer realism to fantasy because the latter is not relevant to their life. D．Teens’ writing skills are not as good as they used to be, and their writing tends to be less creative than it was before. 11．Which of the following factors contributes to the change in adolescents’ creative writing ability? A．The fear of being considered weird. B．The lack of high-quality science fictions. C．The overwhelming pressure from study. D．The wide use of standardized testing in schools. 12．What can we learn from the passage? A．Having teens read science fiction and fantasy novels is a good way to develop their imaginations. B．Teens will have trouble going beyond narrative realism in their writing. C．Sharing your favourite writers with a teen or young person is a good way to get them to reduce their use of technology. D．Reading wild stories does not necessarily help the imagination grow strong 【答案】9．C 10．D 11．D 12．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍研究发现当代孩子写作偏好叙事现实主义，青少年写作创造力下降，并分析原因及提出培养想象力的建议。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“ In a study published in Creativity Research Journal, researchers at the Harvard Graduate School of Education and the University of Washington asked the question, “How have the style, content, and form of adolescents’ art-making and creative writing evolved over the last 20 years? ”(在《创造力研究期刊》上发表的一项研究中，哈佛教育研究生院和华盛顿大学的研究人员提出了一个问题：“在过去20年里，青少年艺术创作和创意写作的风格、内容和形式发生了怎样的演变？”)”以及第三段中的“To answer that question, researcher Emily Weinstein examined traditional hallmarks of creativity, such as originality, complexity, and sophistication, in two distinct eras of teenage self-expression.(为了回答这个问题，研究人员艾米丽·温斯坦在青少年自我表达的两个不同时代，研究了创造力的传统标志，如独创性、复杂性和精妙性。)”可知，艾米丽·温斯坦的研究聚焦于青少年艺术创作和创意写作的变化。故选C项。 10．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The bad news: Teen creativity and technical skill in writing has declined. Instead of imagining Martian neighborhoods, the app generation has been describing their own summer plans.(坏消息是：青少年的写作创造力和写作技巧有所下降。这一代‘APP世代’不再想象火星社区，而是在描述自己的暑期计划。)”可知，研究人员认为当代青少年的写作技巧不如以前，且写作创造力也有所下降，更倾向于描述现实内容。故选D项。 11．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Two changes highlighted by Kim (2011), however, may be particularly relevant to high school students’ experiences and their creative expression: the increase in digital media technologies and the rise of standardized testing in schools.(然而，金（2011年）强调的两项变化可能与高中生的经历及其创意表达尤为相关：数字媒体技术的普及和学校标准化考试的兴起。)”可知，学校中标准化考试的广泛使用是导致青少年创意写作能力变化的因素之一。故选D项。 12．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“however, may we suggest this option: Read and share fiction that sparks wonder and possibility. That means genre fiction: science fiction and fantasy that pulls you out of narrative realism and into a world of possibility.(然而，或许我们可以提出这样一个建议：阅读并分享能激发好奇心和可能性的小说。这指的是类型小说：科幻小说和奇幻小说，它们能让你跳出叙事现实主义，进入一个充满可能性的世界。)”可知，让青少年阅读科幻和奇幻小说是培养他们想象力的好方法。故选A项。 Passage 04 【议论文】 【来源】上海市向明中学2025-2026学年高三上学期九月月考英语检测 Looking for Aliens Is Good for Society The search for life elsewhere in the universe is one of the most exciting aspects of modern science. Given its importance, significant resources are devoted to the young science of astrobiology, ranging from rovers on Mars to observations of planets moving around other stars. The goal of this science would be the actual discovery of alien life. Such a discovery would likely have profound scientific and philosophical implications. But for all we know, extraterrestrial life may not even exist. Fortunately, even if alien life is never discovered, simply searching for it will bring valuable benefits to society. Why is this the case? First, astrobiology is fundamentally multidisciplinary. The search for alien life requires a grasp of astronomy, biology, geology, and planetary science at a minimum. Undergraduate courses in astrobiology need to cover elements of all these different subjects. Postgraduate and postdoctoral researchers need to be familiar with most or all of them. By forcing multiple scientific disciplines to interact, astrobiology is stimulating a partial reunification of the sciences. It is helping to move 21st-century science away from the extreme specialization of today. It is also important to recognize that astrobiology is an incredibly open-ended field. Searching for life in the universe takes us from extreme environments on Earth to the plains of Mars. Whether or not life is discovered in any of these environments, this search will continue. The range of entirely new environments opened to investigation will be essentially limitless. Therefore, it has the potential to be a never-ending source of scientific and intellectual stimulation. Beyond the more narrowly intellectual benefits of astrobiology are a range of wider societal benefits. These arise from the kinds of perspectives that the study of astrobiology naturally promotes. It is simply not possible to consider searching for life on Mars without moving away from the Earth-centric perspectives that dominate the social and political lives of most people today. Indeed, it is only by sending spacecraft out to explore the solar system that we can obtain images of our own planet that show it in its true cosmic setting. Today, our planet is faced with global challenges that can only be met by increased international cooperation. At such a time, the growth of a unifying perspective is potentially of enormous importance. “The most dangerous worldview is the one of those who have not viewed the world,” said the German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt. I think that there is an important implication in this perspective. Humanity is an intelligent technological species that now dominates the only known inhabited planet in the universe. It has a responsibility to develop international social institutions appropriate to managing the situation in which we find ourselves. 13．What does the phrase “partial reunification” imply in the context of “astrobiology is stimulating a partial reunification of the sciences” (Para. 3)?​ A．All scientific disciplines will eventually merge into a single, unified field.​ B．Astrobiology creates temporary alliances among scientists from different fields.​ C．Certain aspects of traditionally separate sciences are beginning to intersect and collaborate.​ D．The boundaries between sciences are being completely dissolved by astrobiology research. 14．The author mentions Alexander von Humboldt’s quote in the last paragraph to_______. A．emphasize the historical roots of astrobiology research. B．illustrate the importance of a global perspective in scientific exploration. C．argue that narrow worldviews pose risks to scientific progress. D．support the idea that seeking knowledge beyond Earth expands human understanding. 15．Which of the following statements does NOT conform to the passage’s main idea? A．Searching for alien life, even without success, can bring valuable societal benefits. B．Astrobiology, as a multidisciplinary field, promotes the integration of scientific disciplines. C．The exploration of alien life is driven mainly by the desire to find economic resources in space. D．Studying astrobiology helps people break away from Earth-centric perspectives and fosters international cooperation. 16．The author’s argument would be strengthened by additional evidence showing that _____________. A．Past astrobiology projects have consistently met their scientific objectives. B．The skills acquired by researchers in astrobiology are directly applicable to solving issues in other scientific domains. C．Public support for space exploration has remained stable over the past decade. D．The cost of astrobiology research has steadily decreased in recent years. 【答案】13．C 14．D 15．C 16．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，本文论述了寻找外星生命对社会有益这一观点，即使最终未发现外星生命，该研究也能带来诸多价值，包括促进多学科融合、提供持续的科学探索动力，以及帮助人类摆脱以地球为中心的视角、推动国际合作等。 13．推理判断题。根据第三段“First, astrobiology is fundamentally multidisciplinary. The search for alien life requires a grasp of astronomy, biology, geology, and planetary science at a minimum. Undergraduate courses in astrobiology need to cover elements of all these different subjects. Postgraduate and postdoctoral researchers need to be familiar with most or all of them.(首先，天体生物学基本上是多学科的。寻找外星生命至少需要掌握天文学、生物学、地质学和行星科学。天体生物学的本科课程需要涵盖所有这些不同学科的要素。研究生和博士后研究人员需要熟悉其中的大部分或全部)”可知，在“天体生物学正在促进科学的部分统一”的背景下，“部分统一”一词意味着传统上独立的科学的某些方面开始交叉和合作。故选C。 14．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Indeed, it is only by sending spacecraft out to explore the solar system that we can obtain images of our own planet that show it in its true cosmic setting.(的确，唯有通过发射宇宙飞船去探索太阳系，我们才能获得展现地球在真实宇宙环境中的图像。)”以及最后一段中““The most dangerous worldview is the one of those who have not viewed the world,” said the German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt.(“最危险的世界观是那些没有见过世界的人的世界观，”德国博物学家Alexander von Humboldt说。)”可知，作者在最后一段提到Alexander von Humboldt的名言的目的是支持寻求地球以外的知识会扩大人类的理解这个观点。故选D。 15．细节理解题。根据第二段“Fortunately, even if alien life is never discovered, simply searching for it will bring valuable benefits to society.(幸运的是，即使外星生命从未被发现，仅仅是寻找它就会给社会带来宝贵的利益。)”可知，A选项“Searching for alien life, even without success, can bring valuable societal benefits.(寻找外星生命，即使没有成功，也能带来宝贵的社会效益。)”和原文符合；根据第三段“First, astrobiology is fundamentally multidisciplinary. The search for alien life requires a grasp of astronomy, biology, geology, and planetary science at a minimum.(首先，天体生物学基本上是多学科的。寻找外星生命至少需要掌握天文学、生物学、地质学和行星科学。)”可知，B选项“Astrobiology, as a multidisciplinary field, promotes the integration of scientific disciplines.(天体生物学作为一个多学科领域，促进了科学学科的融合。)”与原文相符；根据倒数第二段“Indeed, it is only by sending spacecraft out to explore the solar system that we can obtain images of our own planet that show it in its true cosmic setting.  Today, our planet is faced with global challenges that can only be met by increased international cooperation.(的确，唯有通过发射宇宙飞船去探索太阳系，我们才能获得展现地球在真实宇宙环境中的图像。今天，我们的星球面临着全球性挑战，这些挑战只能通过加强国际合作来应对。)”可知，D选项“support the idea that seeking knowledge beyond Earth expands human understanding.(支持寻求地球以外的知识会扩大人类的理解这一观点)”与原文相符，因此C选项不符合原文。故选C。 16．推理判断题。根据第三段“First, astrobiology is fundamentally multidisciplinary. The search for alien life requires a grasp of astronomy, biology, geology, and planetary science at a minimum. Undergraduate courses in astrobiology need to cover elements of all these different subjects. Postgraduate and postdoctoral researchers need to be familiar with most or all of them. By forcing multiple scientific disciplines to interact, astrobiology is stimulating a partial reunification of the sciences.(首先，天体生物学本质上是一门多学科交叉的学科。对外星生命的探索至少需要掌握天文学、生物学、地质学和行星科学等知识。天体生物学的本科课程需要涵盖所有这些不同学科的基础内容。研究生和博士后研究人员则需要熟悉其中的大部分乃至全部学科。通过促使多个科学学科相互协作，天体生物学正推动着科学领域的部分融合。)”可知，若能证明天体生物学领域的研究人员所掌握的技能可直接用于解决其他科学领域的问题，那么作者的论点将更具说服力。故选B。 Passage 05 【议论文】 【来源】上海市华东师大第二附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月月考英语试题 I struggle with letting go of things. Distressing situations that occurred decades ago still regularly pop into my mind and stress me out. I don’t seem to be able to move past them and forget them. Even small irrelevant things get me worked up. Can you suggest some techniques to move on and lead a calmer life?——A painful reader Since you said a lot of these are insignificant upon reflection, I’ll assume we’re not talking about big traumas (创伤) but the kinds of sour memories we all have. It feels unpleasant to be pulled back into the past, forced to relive those painful memories. So why do we keep going back? One possibility is that we feel not enough has changed. Time might have passed, but in the respects that matter, we still feel as though we’re right there. Still scared in the same ways those situations made us feel, still vulnerable to those same stressors, even uninsured against the same mistakes. If you feel as though a lot has changed since an indignity, the memory feels more like a postcard from somewhere distant. But if you feel the same in the ways that matter, an upsetting thing from the past can still seem threatening insofar as that version of us persists today. Or maybe we go back to these memories because there’s some unanswered question we keep trying to solve. Why did I say that? Why did they do that? If I’d done that differently, would this have changed? Maybe, more rarely, we go back because we’re bored. Sometimes if present-day life doesn’t quite feel stimulating enough we can go back to conflicts or hard choices from the past, because even though they were unpleasant, they somehow feel more real. Therapy can help figure out which it is for you. When the distressing thought comes knocking, why does it seem worth opening the door? That would really help you tailor your strategies. The calm you’ll need if you’re trying to solve a question may not be the calm you need if you still feel vulnerable in those same ways. Well-meaning people might say you need closure, a way to tell a coherent (有条理的) story. Closure is great if you can get it, but I’m not convinced it’s essential. What concerns me is that trying to find narratively pleasing ways to transform painful memories ultimately makes our capacity to move on depend on whether we can make sense of those events. Coherence may be genuinely beyond our reach. Bad luck doesn’t make sense. People don’t always have a “why”. I think it’s less “I have to get closure” and more “I have to see this as past; over”. As you try to figure out what is captivating about these memories, it might help to try seeing them in past tense. Not solved, just over—not a source of new pain, not part of a pattern; an echo of hurts gone by. 17．According to the columnist, why do we keep going back to painful memories? A．(a) Still vulnerable as before; (b) Wondering “why”; (c) Feeling bored in present life. B．(a) Becoming stronger over time; (b) Gaining closure ultimately; (c) Seeking excitement. C．(a) Avoiding current problems; (b) Hoping to erase past; (c) Searching for luck. D．(a) Developing new skills; (b) Rewriting the past; (c) Enjoying old conflicts. 18．What concern does the author express about the idea of “closure”? A．Closure is unnecessary and irrelevant for individuals stuck in pain. B．Closure relies on making sense of events, which may be impossible. C．Closure can only be achieved through constructing a touching story. D．Closure is seen as more valuable than the ability to move forward. 19．Which of the following best summarizes the author’s advice? A．Painful memories must be carefully analyzed to gain wisdom. B．Forgetting the past is the only way to achieve peace eternally. C．Painful memories should be seen as finished events, not threats. D．One could resolve painful memories by rewriting his own past. 【答案】17．A 18．B 19．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，针对一位读者“难以释怀过去痛苦记忆、无法平静生活”的困扰，专栏作者分析了人们反复回想痛苦记忆的原因，并给出了相应的建议，帮助读者走出过去的阴影。 17．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Still scared in the same ways those situations made us feel, still vulnerable to those same stressors(我们依然会因类似情境感到恐惧，依然容易受到同样压力源的影响)”，第五段中的“Or maybe we go back to these memories because there’s some unanswered question we keep trying to solve. Why did I say that? Why did they do that? (或者，我们回想这些记忆，可能是因为有一些未解的问题一直想弄明白：我当时为什么那么说？他们为什么要那样做？)”，以及第六段中的“Maybe, more rarely, we go back because we’re bored... if present-day life doesn’t quite feel stimulating enough we can go back to conflicts or hard choices from the past (还有一种较少见的情况，我们回想过去是因为感到无聊……如果当下的生活不够刺激，我们就可能回想过去的矛盾或艰难抉择)”可知，人们反复回想痛苦记忆的原因包括：依然像以前一样脆弱、想弄明白“为什么”、对当下生活感到无聊。A项准确概括了这三点；故选A项。 18．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“What concerns me is that trying to find narratively pleasing ways to transform painful memories ultimately makes our capacity to move on depend on whether we can make sense of those events. Coherence may be genuinely beyond our reach. Bad luck doesn’t make sense. People don’t always have a ‘why’(让我担心的是，试图用条理清晰的方式转化痛苦记忆，最终会让我们能否向前走，取决于我们能否理解那些事件。但这种‘条理’可能真的遥不可及：坏运气本就无逻辑可言，人们做事情也不总有‘原因’)”可知，作者对“解脱（closure）”这一概念的担忧是：解脱依赖于理解事件，但有些事件本身无法被理解。故选B项。 19．推理判断题。根据文章最后两段中的“I think it’s less ‘I have to get closure’ and more ‘I have to see this as past; over’(我认为关键不在于‘必须获得解脱’，而在于‘必须把它看作过去的事，已经结束了’)”以及“As you try to figure out what is captivating about these memories, it might help to try seeing them in past tense. Not solved, just over — not a source of new pain, not part of a pattern; an echo of hurts gone by.(当你试图弄明白这些记忆为何如此牵动你时，不妨试着用“过去时”去看待它们 —— 不是“已解决”，而是“已结束”。它们不应再是新痛苦的来源，也不属于某种不断重复的模式，而只是过去伤痛留下的一丝余响罢了)”可知，作者的核心建议是：应将痛苦记忆视为已经结束的事件，而非威胁。故选C项。 三、真题演练 （2022年7月上海高考试题C篇及长难句式分析） Business innovation is an organization's process for introducing new ideas, workflows methodologies, services or products. Like IT innovation, which calls for using technology new ways to create a more efficient and agile organization, business innovation should enable the achievement of goals across the entire organization, with sights set on accomplishing core business aims and initiatives. Innovation often begins with idea generation , whereas ideas are narrowed down during brainstorming sessions, after which leaders consider the business viability, feasibility and desirability of each idea.existing products, services or processes; or it should solve a problem; or it should reach new customers. Recent examples of business innovation include the introduction of the Dyson vacuum cleaner, whose creator and namesake James Dyson declared in advertisements that he set out to build a better product by applying industrial cyclone technologies to the household appliance. The purpose of the business innovation process is to create value for the organization. That value can come from creating new revenue opportunities or driving more revenue through existing channels: from creating efficiencies that save time, money or both; or from improvements to productivity or performance. In short, innovation should lead to higher profits Additionally, the results of an organization’s innovation process should yield a competitive advantage; it should help the organization to grow and reach-or, better still, exceed -strategic objectives. Innovation and invention are closely linked, but the two terms are not interchangeable. An invention ts an entirely new creation. The process of business innovation can produce an invention, but the term is broader in scope and includes the application of an existing concept or practice in a new way.or applying new technology to an existing product or process to improve upon it. To better understand the difference,consider this: The telephone is an invention,but the smartphone is an innovation. Business innovation can also be classified as either revolutionary or evolutionary. Revolutionary business innovation yields a drastic change in a product, service, process, etc. which often destroys or supplants an existing business model This is also known as radical innovation. Evolutionary or incremental innovation involves smaller, more continuous improvements that, while important, are not drastic enough to shift a company or market into a new paradigm. Disruptive innovation is a category that emphasizes the destructive aspect of revolutionary innovation: this term applies to business innovation that lends to the creation of a new market that displaces an existing one or. similarly, a significant upheaval in a category of products or services. Business innovation, like most business initiatives, hits both benefits and risks. Organizations should recognize on the negative tide that the bushiness innovation process can be a costly undertaking than does not always produce a rectum on investment (ROI); that ideas considered likely to succeed could still fail; and that stakeholders could fight the changes required to be successful. On the other hand, organizations need to weigh those risks against the benefits of business innovation. 63. What does the underlined word in the first paragraph mean? A. Persuasibility B. Scarcity C. Generality D. Practicability 64. What is the purpose of business innovation? A. Create value benefits for the enterprise. B. Reform the management structure of enterprises. C.Encourage staff to make more inventions. D. Upgrade the product performance. 65 Which of the following is true about innovation and invention? A. They are essentially the same concept. B. They can replace each other in the context. C.They can bring huge commercial benefits. D.They are closely related but have different conceptual scopes. 66. What is the main content of this passage? A. The precautions for brainstorming meetings. B. The considerations for business innovation. C. The difference between innovation and invention. D. The revolutionary change in business innovation. 重点长难句式分析： 1. **长难句**：Business innovation is an organization's process for introducing new ideas, workflows methodologies, services or products. - **结构分析**：这是一个简单句，主语是 "Business innovation"，谓语是 "is"，表语是 "an organization's process"。介词短语 "for introducing new ideas, workflows methodologies, services or products" 作后置定语修饰 "process"。 - **中文翻译**：商业创新是一个组织引入新思想、工作流程、方法论、服务或产品的过程。 2. **长难句**：Innovation often begins with idea generation, whereas ideas are narrowed down during brainstorming sessions, after which leaders consider the business viability, feasibility and desirability of each idea. - **结构分析**：这个复合句由两个部分组成，第一部分是简单句 "Innovation often begins with idea generation"，第二部分是让步状语从句 "whereas ideas are narrowed down during brainstorming sessions"，接着是时间状语从句 "after which leaders consider the business viability, feasibility and desirability of each idea"。 - **中文翻译**：创新通常始于创意生成，而在头脑风暴会议中，想法会被细化，之后领导者会考虑每个想法的商业可行性、可能性和可取性。 3. **长难句**：The purpose of the business innovation process is to create value for the organization, which can come from creating new revenue opportunities or driving more revenue through existing channels, from creating efficiencies that save time, money or both, or from improvements to productivity or performance. - **结构分析**：这是一个复合句，主语是 "The purpose of the business innovation process"，谓语是 "is to create value for the organization"。后面跟了一个非限制性定语从句 "which can come from..." 来详细说明这种价值的来源。 - **中文翻译**：商业创新过程的目的是为组织创造价值，这种价值可以来自创造新的收入机会或通过现有渠道增加收入，也可以来自节省时间、金钱或两者兼有的效率提升，或来自生产力或性能的改进。 4. **长难句**：An invention is an entirely new creation, the process of business innovation can produce an invention, but the term is broader in scope and includes the application of an existing concept or practice in a new way, or applying new technology to an existing product or process to improve upon it. - **结构分析**：这个复合句包含多个子句。首先是简单句 "An invention is an entirely new creation"，然后是并列句 "the process of business innovation can produce an invention"，接着是让步状语从句 "but the term is broader in scope"，最后是并列的动名词短语 "includes the application... or applying new technology..."。 - **中文翻译**：发明是一个全新的创造，商业创新的过程可以产生发明，但这个术语的范围更广，包括以新的方式应用现有的概念或实践，或者将新技术应用到现有产品或流程中以改进它。 5. **长难句**：Disruptive innovation is a category that emphasizes the destructive aspect of revolutionary innovation, this term applies to business innovation that leads to the creation of a new market that displaces an existing one or, similarly, a significant upheaval in a category of products or services. - **结构分析**：这是一个复合句，主语是 "Disruptive innovation"，谓语是 "is"，表语是 "a category"。定语从句 "that emphasizes the destructive aspect of revolutionary innovation" 修饰 "a category"。接着是一个同位语从句 "this term applies to business innovation that leads to the creation of a new market that displaces an existing one or, similarly, a significant upheaval in a category of products or services" 来进一步解释 "Disruptive innovation"。 - **中文翻译**：颠覆性创新是一个强调革命性创新破坏性方面的类别，这个术语适用于导致创造一个取代现有市场或类似地，在产品或服务类别中引起重大动荡的商业创新。 【答案】63-66 DADB 【导读】本文主要介绍了商业创新的概念和过程。商业创新是指组织引入新的想法、工作流程、方法、服务或产品的过程，其目的是创造价值，包括创造新的收入机会、提高效率、提高生产力或者性能等，从而实现核心业务目标和倡议。商业创新应该使整个组织都能够实现目标，并且可以带来竞争优势。商业创新与发明密切相关，但这两个术语并不完全等同。商业创新分为革命性和进化性，前者对产品、服务、流程等进行彻底改变，后者则是通过小步迭代来实现改进。商业创新既有好处又有风险，组织必须衡量风险并权衡收益。 【详解】 63.D【解析】结合语境以及该词之后的并列词语 feasibility and desirability可推知此处表述的是关于“领导者对于头脑风暴所提创意可行性的考虑”，其中 viability有“生存能力，耐用性 可行性”之意，结合选项分析，Practicability一词也有“实用性，可行性“之意，而 Persuasive 意为“有说服力的，劝诱的”，Scarcity意为“树缺的”，Generality意为“概括性的”，故选D。 64.A【解析】根据文章第二段第一句提及的 The purpose of the business innovation process is to create value for the organization可知，商业创新过程的目的是为组织创造价值，再结合下文对这种价值的具体讲述，可知A项的“为企业创造价值效益”表述正确，故选A。 65 D【解析】根据第三段内容可知，该段主要在讲述创新和发明两者概念的不同之处，再结合该段最后一句所举的“电话与智能手机”的相关例子,可推知A项表述错误:根据文章第三段第一句提及的 Innovation and invention are closely linked but the two terms are not interchangeable 可知，创新和发明紧密相连，但这两个术语不能互换，B项表述有误:C项文章未明确提及;结合文章第三段第三句提及的 The process of business innovation can produce an invention, but the term is broader in scope 可知，创新和发明的概念范围不同，D项表述正确，故选D。 66 B【解析】根据整篇文章内容分析，可知本文主要围绕 Business innovation词进行讲述，其中不仅提及了 Business innovation 一词的概念，还提出其改进的方向、实现目的以及相关的创新分类。除此以外，文章还对商业创新的积极影响和消极影响进行了简要概述。因此，结合选项分析，这篇文章讲述的主要内容是“业务创新需要考虑的因素”，即B项表述正确，故选B。 （2023年6月·上海高考真题C篇） The universe expands with every passing second, stretching the space between galaxies like dough rising in an oven. But just how fast is this expansion happening? As telescopes like Hubble strive to answer this fundamental question, they encounter a perplexing gap between theoretical predictions and observed data. Hubble's measurements indicate a faster rate of expansion in the modern universe compared to what was expected based on observations of the universe more than 13 billion years ago by the European Space Agency's Planck satellite. This inconsistency has been a subject of scientific inquiry for several years. However, it remains uncertain whether differences in measurement techniques or chance variations are responsible for this disparity. Recent data from the Hubble telescope have significantly reduced the possibility that this discrepancy is merely a statistical fluke, with the chances now estimated at only 1 in 100,000. This marks a substantial improvement from previous estimates, which placed the odds at 1 in 3,000 less than a year ago. These precise measurements from Hubble lend weight to the hypothesis that new physics may be necessary to reconcile the observed mismatch. Lead researcher Adam Riess, a Nobel laureate from the Space Telescope Science Institute and Johns Hopkins University, describes the tension between the early and late universe as one of the most exciting developments in cosmology in decades. He emphasizes that the growing disparity cannot be dismissed as a random occurrence and suggests that it may signal the need for a deeper understanding of the cosmos. To determine distances in the universe, scientists rely on a "cosmic distance ladder" method. This involves accurately measuring distances to nearby galaxies and then using progressively distant galaxies as reference points. By observing stars like Cepheid variables, astronomers can calibrate this distance ladder. Riess and his team have been refining these measurements since 2005, aiming to improve our understanding of cosmic distances. In their latest study, astronomers used Hubble to observe 70 Cepheid variables in the Large Magellanic Cloud. By comparing these stars with their more distant counterparts in galaxies hosting supernovae, they refined their measurement of the Hubble constant, reducing its uncertainty from 2.2% to 1.9%. Despite this increased precision, their calculated Hubble constant remains at odds with the value predicted by observations of the early universe conducted by Planck. The Planck satellite, which maps the cosmic microwave background – a remnant of the universe's early stages – provides crucial data for understanding the universe's expansion. However, the discrepancy between these measurements and those from Hubble underscores the need for further investigation and the potential for new discoveries in cosmology. 63. Where do measurements of the early universe come from? A. The space between galaxies. B.Measurements from Hubble and other telescopes C. European Space Agency's Planck satellite. D. The latest Hubble data. 64. Which of the following statements is in line with Adam Riess’ opinion? A. The expansion speed of the modern universe is faster than expected B. New physics may be needed to explain this mismatch. C, It is unlikely that this discrepancy occurred by chance. D. Hubble's tension is the most exciting development in cosmology in decades. 65. What do scientists use to determine the distance of things in the universe? A. A cosmic distance ladder. B. Accurate measurements of distances. C.Milepost markers. D. The Hubble constant. 66. What did Riess’ team do? A. They used the Hubble Space Telescope to observe pulsating stars B. They improved the comparison between C.They raised the uncertainty of the Hubble constant to 2.2% D. They reduced the uncertainty in their Hubble constant value to 1.9. 【答案】63-66 CCAD 【导读】这篇文章探讨了宇宙膨胀的速度以及科学家在测量中遇到的矛盾。哈勃望远镜的最新数据表明，现代宇宙的膨胀速度比早期宇宙的预期要快，这与之前从欧洲空间局的普朗克卫星获得的数据不符。研究人员使用哈勃望远镜观察了大麦哲伦星云中的70颗脉动星，并通过比较它们与更遥远的超新星宿主星系中的脉动星，改进了距离测量方法。这一研究结果强化了一种新物理可能需要解释这种不匹配的观点。 64. C【解析】根据文章第一段第六句 These measurements of the early universe come from the European Space Agency's Planck satellite.可知,这些早期宇宙的测量数据来自欧洲航天局的普朗克卫星。A项(星系之间的空间)、B项(哈和其他望远镜的测量结果)、D项(最新的哈勃数掘)都说法错误。C项(欧洲航天局的普朗克卫星)正确，故选C。 65. C【解析】阅读文章可知Adam Riess出现在第二段，所以答案应定位在第二段。根据第二第一句中的 The Hubble tension between the early and late universe may be the most exciting development In cosmology in decades 可知,早期宇宙和晚期宇宙之间的哈勃张力可能是几十年来宇古学中最令人兴合的发展.D项(哈勃的张力是几十年来宇宙学中最令人兴面的发展)说法错误。根据该段最后一句 This disparity could not plausibly occur just by chance.可知，这种差异不可能是偶然出现的。C项(这种差异不太可能是偶然发生的)正确。A(现代字宙的膨胀速度比预测的要快)和B项(可能需新的物理学来解释这种不匹配)属于第一段的内容，与Adam Riess 无关，所以A项、B 项错误。故选 C。 66. A【解折】根据文章第三段第一句 Scientists use a "cosmic distance ladder" to determine how far away things are in the universe,可知，科学家们使用“字宙距离阶梯”来确定字宙中事物的距高。A项(宇宙距离阶梯)正确。B项(精确测量距离)、C项(里程碑标记)、D项(哈勃常数)都错误。故选A。 66.D 【解析】根据文章第四段第三句 Riess' team reduced the uncertainty in their Hubble constant value to 1.9% from an earlier estimate of 2.2%,可知, 里斯的团队将哈勃常数的不确定性从之前估计的 2.2%降低到1.9%。C项(他们把哈勃常数的不确定度提高到2.2%)说法错误; D项(他们把哈勃常数的不确定性降低到1.9%)正确。根据该段第一句In this new study,astronomers used Hubble to observe 70 pulsating stars called Cepheid variables in the Large? Magellanic Cloud.可知,天文学家使用哈勃望远镜观察了大麦哲伦星云中70颗被称为造父变星的脉动恒是，这不是里斯的团队做的事，故A项(他们用哈勃太空望远镜观察脉动恒星)说法错误;根据该段第二句 The observations helped the astronomers“rebuild” the distance ladder by improving the comparison between those Cepheids and their more distant cousins in the galactic hosts of supernovas,可知，这些观测帮助天文学家“重建”了距离阶梯，改善了造父变星和它们在超新星宿主星系中更遥远的表亲之间的比较，这也不是里斯的团队做的事，故B项(他们改进了造父变星和更远的表亲之间的比较)说法错误。故选D。 1 / 16 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题10 阅读理解长难句分析与C篇精析 目录 考情分析与命题趋势 1 知识体系构建 2 考点精析与突破 4 考点一：理解中长难句式主要特征（重点） 4 考点二：阅读理解C篇阅读技巧解析（难点） 8 实战精练与提升 23 考情解读 一、考试要求 高考阅读文章均选自外刊，“原汁原昧”。近年来，高考英语阅读理解长难句出现频率较高，且难度呈上升趋势。文章长度增加，复杂句式和生词量增多，对综合阅读能力要求明显提高。 题材与体裁关联：高考英语阅读理解选材以国外原版期刊和网站文章为主，覆盖科技前沿、社会热点、文化对比等题材。体裁上说明文占比超 50%以上，这些体裁往往需要运用长难句来准确表达复杂的信息和逻辑关系，对考生的长句分析能力要求较高。 设题特点：一篇阅读理解中通常会有 5 到 6 个长难句，且命题者常在此设题，部分长难句可能是题眼所在，答案往往通过对长难句的同义替换得出，考查考生对句子结构、语义的理解以及对关键信息的提取能力。 语料外刊化：高考阅读文章均选自外刊，“原汁原昧”，尤其上海高考英语阅读C篇除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外．就是文中句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的，对长难句的理解会直接影响我们的阅读水平。那么如何破解阅读理解中的长难句？？？ 二、命题分析（以C篇为例） 维度 具体分析 语篇特征 - 体裁：以说明文（科技前沿、社会现象剖析）、议论文（社会议题辩论、文化价值思辨）为主 - 话题：聚焦科技伦理（如基因编辑争议）、社会热点（如共享经济的利弊）、文化思辨（如全球化与本土文化认同） - 结构与语言：长度 400-600 词，长难句密集（多含多重从句、非谓语结构），学术性词汇占比高（如 “cognitive bias 认知偏差”“sustainable development 可持续发展”），逻辑结构严谨（多为 “论点 - 论据 - 结论” 或 “现象 - 原因 - 影响” 框架） 核心考查 - 题型：推理判断题占比超 40%（推断作者观点、隐含意义、论证意图）；主旨大意题（概括段落 / 全文核心观点）；词义猜测题（学术术语、抽象表达的语境含义）；细节理解题（需深度解读复杂表述） - 能力：侧重逻辑思维（分析论点与论据的关联性）、批判性思维（评价论证的合理性）、长难句解构能力（提取核心信息）、学术词汇的语境辨析能力 命题特色 - 思辨性突出：设问强调辩证分析，如 “技术创新是否会加剧社会不平等” - 跨学科融合：文本融合多学科知识，如 “心理学与经济学交叉的消费行为研究” - 文化浸润：融入中国文化议题的思辨，如 “中国古典诗词的现代传播价值” - 干扰性强：选项常通过 “偷换概念”“以偏概全”“逻辑颠倒” 设置陷阱，考查精准判断能力 知识梳理 考点精讲 · 考点一：高考阅读理解中长难句式主要特征 解题策略 方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法——找主谓语，即找主干成分 方法二：并列复合句的处理方法——找并列连词 方法三：主从复合句的处理方法——找从属连词 方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法——先读懂并列复合句，再看主从复合句 · 长难句表现形式 高考阅读理解的文章一般会有一些结构复杂的句子，增加了句子的长度和难度，干扰了学生正常的阅读速度和思维方式。 · 一、较多复合句（含多层从句嵌套） 例句：Scientists believe that if we continue to protect the natural habitats of pandas, which are currently facing threats from human activities, these lovely animals will have a better chance of surviving in the wild. · 结构成分分析： 1. 主句：Scientists believe（主语：Scientists；谓语：believe；后接宾语从句，整体作 “believe” 的内容）。 2. 宾语从句（第一层嵌套）：that if we continue... , these lovely animals will...（核心是 “these lovely animals will have a better chance...”，前面嵌套了条件状语从句）。 3. 条件状语从句（第二层嵌套）：if we continue to protect the natural habitats of pandas（if 引导，表 “如果”，核心结构 “we continue to protect... ”，说明 “熊猫生存更好” 的前提）。 4. 非限制性定语从句（第二层嵌套）：which are currently facing threats from human activities（which 指代 “the natural habitats of pandas”，补充说明栖息地面临的问题）。 · 核心逻辑： 主句 + 宾语从句（含条件状语从句 + 定语从句），共 3 层结构，需先找到 “believe”“will have” 两个核心谓语，再拆分从句从属关系。 · 二、分隔结构或插入成份（打断句子主干） 例句：The novel, written by a young author who has just graduated from a local university, tells a moving story about family bonds. · 结构成分分析： 1. 句子主干（被分隔）： The novel tells a moving story about family bonds（主语：The novel；谓语：tells；宾语：a moving story；“about family bonds” 作宾语定语，主干本应是连贯的 “主语 + 谓语 + 宾语”）。 2. 插入的分隔成分： written by a young author who has just graduated from a local university（包含两个部分： 过去分词短语 “written by a young author”：作后置定语，修饰 “the novel”，说明小说的作者； 定语从句 “who has just graduated...”：修饰 “a young author”，补充作者的身份，整体插入主干的 “主语” 和 “谓语” 之间，打断了原有的连贯结构）。 · 核心逻辑： 先忽略插入成分，找到 “the novel tells...” 的主干，再回头分析插入部分对 “novel” 和 “author” 的修饰内容。 · 三、成分省略或倒装（改变常规语序） 1. 成分省略（以状语从句省略为例） 例句：While reading the newspaper, my father found an interesting report about environmental protection. · 结构成分分析： 1. 完整句子（未省略）：While my father was reading the newspaper, my father found an interesting report about environmental protection（原句是 while 引导的时间状语从句，从句主语 “my father” 与主句主语一致，且从句含 be 动词 “was”）。 2. 省略部分：从句中的主语 “my father” 和 be 动词 “was”，省略后变成 “While reading the newspaper”，仅保留分词 “reading”，符合 “主从句主语一致时，可省略从句主语 + be 动词” 的规则。 3. 主句：my father found an interesting report about environmental protection（主语：my father；谓语：found；宾语：an interesting report；“about environmental protection” 作宾语定语）。 2. 倒装（以否定词置于句首的部分倒装为例） 例句：Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset in my life. · 结构成分分析： 1. 正常语序：I have never seen such a beautiful sunset in my life（主语：I；谓语：have seen；宾语：such a beautiful sunset；“never” 作频度状语，本应放在 “have” 和 “seen” 之间）。 2. 倒装变化：否定词 “Never” 置于句首，触发部分倒装，需将助动词 “have” 提到主语 “I” 之前，形成 “Never have I seen... ” 的结构，倒装仅改变 “助动词 + 主语” 的顺序，谓语动词 “seen” 位置不变。 · 破解长难句方法 1. 找谓语，定主语 一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如 Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment --- although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. 【简析】 _______________________________________________________ 句意：_______________________________________________________ 2. 提主干，去枝叶（从句等） 一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如： First  put  forward  by  the  French  mathematician  Pierre de Format in the 17th century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be  able  to  study  at  the Eco-lab Poly technique. 【简析】_______________________________________________________ 句意：_______________________________________________________ 3. 寻关联，辨逻辑 一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词，就能够分辨出句与句之间的逻辑关系，分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义，则长句就容易对付得多了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中的常见的关联词谙熟于心。 Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. 【简析】_______________________________________________________ 句意：_______________________________________________________ 4. 看搭配，防隔离 有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。读者若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目，则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。如： Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products，to some degree，their main selling points and emphasize it in their advertising. 【简析】_______________________________________________________ 句意：_______________________________________________________ 5. 关键词，抓线索 有时某些句子句意模糊，读者理不清头绪，这时读者只能依靠关键词来抓，从而在大体上搞清楚句意。总之，在碰到长句和难句时，要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法，在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练。有时要几种方法综合使用才能正确理解句意。如： We even have different words for some food，meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked,which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming, while the upper class Normans were doing most of the eating. 【简析】_______________________________________________________ 句意：_______________________________________________________ · 考点二：高考阅读理解C篇阅读技巧解析 · 阅读理解答题技巧（以C篇说明文或议论文为例） 高考阅读理解常见的设题形式有：词义猜测题、细节题、推断题、作者态度题和主旨大意题。题型不同，答题技巧也就有差异。下面就不同题型的答题技巧作一点简分析。 1、词义猜测题技巧 在高考阅读题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导；二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。此类考题目要求考生能根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。一般提问方式如下： 1) The word “ABC” in the passage probably means ________. 2) The underlined word “ABC” in the passage refers to/means _______. 3) Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？ 4) The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ____． 5) The word "it（them）" in the first paragraph refers to ____． 【例题】 （2024金山一模C篇）It’s not unheard of for one event to kick off a whole new field of scientific inquiry. Still it’s rare. When Lorimer’s paper came out in the journal, it was not surprising that many were skeptical. “Sometimes, what seems like a remarkable scientific discovery turns out to be an error in the data,” some commented. 63. Which of the following has the closest meaning to the underlined word in paragraph 3? A. Optimistic. B. Curious. C. Supportive. D. Doubtful. 【例题】 （2024年普陀区一模C篇）What is the point of looking decades into space and struggling to explore the vastness of the universe? The development of the space industry has brought humans many benefits, the most important of which is the spread of information. The cell phone signal and TV signal people use now are all benefiting from the development of the space industry. The ultimate goal of mankind is to go deeper into space, and to explore more unknown worlds, that is, the Moon, Mars and beyond, and what humanity is eager to achieve is a common home of freedom and equality. 66. What does the underlined phrase in the last paragraph mean? A. Studying space for countless years. B. Living in space for many years. C. Exploring space for some ten years. D. Observing space for several ten years. 2、细节题技巧 细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。此类考题主要针对文章的细节，一般提问方式如下： 1) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage? 2) Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage? 3) Which of the following is not mentioned? 4) Choose the right order of this passage. 5) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) ... 6) From this passage we know that ________. 7) In the passage, the author states that ______. 【例题】 （2024黄埔一模C篇）①A group of 41 states and the District of Columbia began a legal case against Meta, the parent company of Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp and Messenger, insisting that the company knowingly used features on its platforms to cause children to overuse them. The accusations in the lawsuit raise a deeper question about behavior: Are young people becoming addicted to social media and the internet? Here’s what the research has found. 63. What was Meta accused of? A. It added problematic features to its platform. B. It started a discussion to mislead young people. C. It tempted children to use social media too much. D. It conducted illegal research on its parent company. 3、推断题技巧 推理是在既有信息的基础上得出合乎文章内容的内涵意义，即某一问题、某一观点没有直接表述，而寓意在文章的字里行间，要求通过文中信息分析推出某种符合作者思想、符合文章逻辑的内涵意义。推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断题推断得正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。此类考题一般针对短文内容和考生应有的常识，文章中虽然没有明确的答案，但考生在理解全文的基础上可以进行推理和判断其答案。一般提问方式如下： 1) The author implied（suggested）that．．． 2) We can infer from the text that _______. 3) It can be inferred from the text that ______. 4) It may be concluded from the passage that．．． 5) Which of the following statements does the passage support？ 6) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be ___. 【例题】 （2024闵行一模C篇）Undeniably, people may succeed in faking their way through the process. And there may be more room for interviewers’ prejudice to emerge. Finding someone annoying may be a signal that someone lacks social skills. But it may also mean that they are nervous or that interviewers are bad-tempered. Recruitment is set to change and is unlikely to become less challenging. 66. What can be implied from the last two paragraphs? A. Integrating soft skills assessment into a hiring process won’t introduce side effects. B. Employees in lower positions may provide useless insights into applicants’ soft skills. C. Interviewers’ prejudice may influence their fair assessments and perceptions of candidates. D. There is no possibility of individuals successfully deceiving others during the interview. 4、作者态度题技巧 这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。此类题目的主要提问方式是一般提问方式如下： 1) What's the writer's/author's attitude to/towards ... ? 2) The author’s tone would be best described as _______ . 3) The attitude of ... to/towards ... is . 【例题】 （2024奉贤一模C篇）Deep ocean samples revealed significant climate change around 66.3 million years ago. But this also coincides with a large volcanic eruption in India called the Deccan volcanism, which produced some of the longest lava (熔岩) flows on Earth. “We’ve always owed that transition to the carbon dioxide released by the Deccan volcanism and the increase of greenhouse gases,” says Johnson. “There are two things happening: The magnetic field is changing, the Deccan volcanism is happening, and there’s climate warming. So that would be an example of coincidental climate change.” 66. Which of the following statements does Kirk Johnson most probably agree with? A. A magnetic reversal doesn’t necessarily cause climate change. B. A magnetic reversal is accompanied with significant climate change C. The extinction of the dinosaurs is due to the magnetic reversal. D. Climate change is not relevant to the carbon dioxide emission. 附：阅读理解中表示作者态度的高频词汇 1. positive 肯定的,积极的 2. passive 被动的，消极的 3. negative 消极的 4. supportive 支持的 5. disapproving 不赞成的 6. critical 批评的 7. conservative 保守的 8. suspicious 可疑的，怀疑的 9. puzzled/ confused 困惑的 10. subjective 主观的 11. objective 客观的 12. neutral 中立的 13. concerned 关心的，有关的 14. optimistic 乐观的 15. pessimistic 悲观的 16. indifferent 漠不关心的 17. unconcerned 不关心的 5、主旨大意题技巧 这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。一般主旨大意题可以分为两类：1．确定文章的标题和主题(title or topic)；2.主题句（topic sentence）及主旨大意(main idea)的概括。 常见的标题型题干： 1)  The best title/ headline for this passage might be________. 2)  The text (passage) could be entitled   ______. 3)  What is the best title for the passage? 4) What’s the topic of the article? 常见的主题句和主旨型题干： 1) What is the topic sentence of the passage? 2) This article/text/passage mainly tells that _____________. 3) What is the main purpose of the passage? 4) Which of the following is the main idea of the passage? 【例题】 （2024年松江区一模C篇）Antibiotics, which can destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections, are vital to modern medicine. Their ability to kill bacteria without harming the patient has saved billions of lives and made surgical procedures much safer. But after decades of overuse, their powers are fading. Some bacteria have evolved resistance, creating a growing army of superbugs, against which there is little effective treatment. Antimicrobial (抗菌的) resistance, expected to kill 10 million people a year by 2050 up from around 1 million in 2019, has been seen as a crisis by many. 66. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Governments fail to stop the use of antibiotics. B. Phages could help prevent an antibiotics crisis. C. Development of antibiotics is limited by phages. D. Antimicrobial resistance calls for new antibiotics. · 高考阅读理解长难句解析（以C篇说明文或议论文为例） （2025·上海奉贤·二模）The technological singularity (技术奇点) is a theoretical scenario where technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, leading to profound and unpredictable changes to human civilization. In theory, this phenomenon is driven by the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) that surpasses human cognitive (认知的) capabilities and can autonomously enhance itself. The theory suggests that such advancements could evolve at a pace so rapid that humans would be unable to foresee or stop the process. The implications of reaching this singularity point could be good or disastrous for the human race. For now,the concept stays within the boundaries of science fiction, but nonetheless, it’s still worth thinking about what such a future might look like,so that humanity might steer AI development in such a way as to promote its civilizational interests. The timeline for reaching the technological singularity is a subject of much debate among experts. Ray Kurzweil, one of the most vocal advocates of the singularity, has famously predicted that the singularity is near and will happen by 2045. His prediction is based on trends such as Moore’s law and the increasing rate of technological advancements in fields such as computing, Al and biotechnology. Other experts cast more doubt on the prediction or propose different timelines. Some suggest that while Al will continue to advance, the complexities and unforeseen challenges of achieving superintelligence might delay the singularity beyond this century, if it happens at all.Systems theorist Richard Coren,in his book The Evolutionary Trajectory, projects a singularity in 2140. Technological, ethical and regulatory challenges might all potentially slow the pace of AI development. Moreover, figures such as Roman Yampolskiy point out that predicting the exact timeline is extremely difficult due to the exceptional nature of the singularity itself. The developments leading to a singularity involve many variables, including breakthroughs in AI algorithms, hardware capabilities and socictal factors that are hard to forecast with accuracy. Eamonn Healy, a professor at St.Edward’s University, assumes the evolution, particularly in terms of technological and intellectual advancement, is proceeding at an ever-increasing pace, compressing what used to take millennia into centuries and even shorter time frames. This concept of the acceleration (加速) of technological advancements echoes the views of futurists such as Ray Kurzweil, who predict that such changes might occur around the mid-21st century. 1．The underlined word “steer” in the passage is closest in meaning to_________. A．quicken B．restrict C．direct D．predict 2．If an expert foresees the singularity in less than 30 years, who might he team up with? A．Ray Kurzweil and Richard Coren. B．Eamonn Healy and Ray Kurzweil. C．Roman Yampolskiy and Eamonn Healy. D．Richard Coren and Roman Yampolskiy. 3．What best describes Roman Yampolskiy’s attitude toward predicting the singularity? A．Reserved. B．Optimistic. C．Indifferent. D．Neutral. 4．Which statement best summarizes the passage? A．The singularity is a guaranteed event with clear benefits. B．The singularity’s timelinc and implications remain uncertain. C．Experts agree the singularity will occur by 2045 without delay. D．AI development is accelerated due to regulatory obstacles. 长难句 1 原句：The technological singularity (技术奇点) is a theoretical scenario where technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, leading to profound and unpredictable changes to human civilization. · 句式结构分析： · 中文翻译： 长难句 2 原句：Some suggest that while Al will continue to advance, the complexities and unforeseen challenges of achieving superintelligence might delay the singularity beyond this century, if it happens at all. · 句式结构分析： · 中文翻译： 长难句 3 原句：Eamonn Healy, a professor at St.Edward’s University, assumes the evolution, particularly in terms of technological and intellectual advancement, is proceeding at an ever-increasing pace, compressing what used to take millennia into centuries and even shorter time frames. · 句式结构分析： · 中文翻译： （2025·上海闵行·二模）For years, people have wondered whether creativity is a rare, inborn gift or a skill that anyone can develop. While some individuals appear naturally gifted in artistic or intellectual pursuits, recent studies challenge the long-held belief that creativity is a unique gift possessed by a select few. Instead, these studies suggest that creativity is not a mysterious quality, but a skill that can be developed through purposeful practice, persistence, and the right mindset. Take a young musician with moderate talent. Studies have shown that expert musicians engage in a practice method known as “deep practice,” which involves breaking complex pieces into smaller parts, repeating challenging sections, and identifying mistakes with focused attention. This method forces the brain to form new brain connections, enhancing both technical ability and originality. In contrast, merely playing a piece repeatedly without analyzing mistakes does little to encourage creativity. Beyond practice, creativity grows in environments that encourage exploration and problem-solving. Many breakthroughs in music, science, and art do not emerge from sudden inspiration but rather from sustained effort and experimentation. A composer might spend weeks testing different chord (和弦) progressions before discovering a unique combination. Similarly, a scientist may conduct numerous failed experiments before uncovering a groundbreaking solution. Thomas Edison, for example, famously said that his success was built on “1,000 ways that won’t work” before inventing the lightbulb (灯泡). Psychologists have found that individuals who adopt a “growth mindset” — the belief that abilities can be improved through effort — are more likely to achieve creative success. Rather than viewing failure as a sign of personal limitation, they treat it as an opportunity to improve their skills. This perspective allows them to push past frustration and continue experimenting until they reach a breakthrough. In contrast, those with a “fixed mindset” tend to believe that creativity is an inborn quality, leading them to give up more easily when faced with challenges. While natural talent may give an initial advantage, it is not the determining factor in long-term success. The brain’s adaptability allows anyone to develop creativity potential through continuous practice and learning. 1．In paragraph 1, the author’s main argument is introduced by _________. A．presenting the long-held belief B．providing examples of creative individuals C．contrasting two opposing views D．sharing personal experiences 2．The role of the example of Thomas Edison in paragraph 3 is _________. A．to illustrate that failure can lead to success B．to show that perseverance is essential for creativity C．to emphasize that success depends on the initial talent D．to argue that failure is the main source of creativity 3．According to the passage, how does a “growth mindset” help creativity? A．It helps people persist through difficulties and improve. B．It allows individuals to believe they are naturally gifted. C．It encourages people to make full use of every opportunity. D．It ensures that all efforts lead to immediate success. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．How natural talent determines creativity. B．The role of deep practice in creative success. C．The connection between failure and inspiration. D．The development of creativity as a skill. 长难句 1 原句：While some individuals appear naturally gifted in artistic or intellectual pursuits, recent studies challenge the long-held belief that creativity is a unique gift possessed by a select few. · 句式结构分析： · 中文翻译： 长难句 2 原句：Studies have shown that expert musicians engage in a practice method known as “deep practice,” which involves breaking complex pieces into smaller parts, repeating challenging sections, and identifying mistakes with focused attention. · 句式结构分析： · 中文翻译： 长难句 3 原句：Psychologists have found that individuals who adopt a “growth mindset” — the belief that abilities can be improved through effort — are more likely to achieve creative success. · 句式结构分析： · 中文翻译： 战训练 一、名校最新试题 Passage 01 【说明文】 【来源】2026届上海市杨浦区复旦大学附属中学高三上学期模拟试题 In recent months, the coronavirus pandemic has sent the world into a state of confusion. Opinions on how to deal with this deadly new virus are as numerous as the stars in the sky. However, there’s at least one thing that most people seem to agree on that washing one’s hands is an effective way of staying safe and healthy. Most people would be so surprised to learn that the idea of handwashing was once fairly controversial (有争议的). At one time, new mothers used to die of a disease known as childbed fever shortly after giving birth. In the 1840s, Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian doctor working at the Vienna General Hospital, became interested in this problem and began looking for a solution. After realizing that doctors and medical students had been handling dead bodies before delivering babies, Semmelweis put into practice a handwashing procedure for all doctors, nurses, and medical students. Though Dr. Semmelweis’ procedure greatly reduced the number of deaths by childbed fever, other doctors rejected his theory and even his own hospital eventually abandoned the practice. Semmelweis, however, still firmly believed in handwashing and published a book on the subject, but his ideas were never fully accepted. Sadly, his health began to worsen in the 1860s and Semmelweis died in mental institution before he could see his idea recognized. Around the 1870s, Scottish surgeons under the guidance of Dr. Joseph Lister began the practice of cleaning their hands and surgical instruments thoroughly before surgery. Not long after, many in the medical community began to recognize the earlier work of Semmelweis. University of Budapest changed its name to Semmelweis University, in honor of his devotion to improving healthcare by way of cleanliness. 1．This passage is most likely to be found in a________. A．science-fiction book set in Hungary B．journal on the history of medicine C．biography of Dr. Joseph Lister D．report on how to treat coronavirus 2．What was the initial result of Dr. Semmelweis’ practice? A．Childbed fever disappeared. B．Far more babies survived. C．Fewer women died after childbirth. D．Surgeons stopped touching dead bodies. 3．Which of the following orders is correct about the history of handwashing theory? A．Acceptance→Publication→Approval→Award. B．Proposal→Approval→Publication→Application. C．Publication→Acceptance→Application→Doubt. D．Application→Rejection→Publication→Recognition. 4．Which of the statements is FALSE about Semmelweis? A．He didn’t see his theory widely accepted in his life time. B．His book played a decisive role in making his work recognized. C．A university was named after him in honor of his devotion to medicine. D．It took about 30 years for his theory to gain acceptance in medical community. Passage 02 【说明文】 【来源】上海市复旦大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月月考英语试题 Rain is just airborne bacteria’s way of getting down to the ground. That’s the conclusion of an analysis of snow samples from around the world, which reveal that rain-making bacteria does exist in the atmosphere. The idea that bacterial cells could lead to rain is not new, but until now no one had appreciated the extent to which biological particles (颗粒) apparently contributed to rainfall. “They are everywhere in the atmosphere,” says Brent Christner of Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. “It’s hard to believe they couldn’t have some impact on rainfall.” The particles that Christner is referring to come from bacteria with “ice-nucleating” proteins, which facilitate the formation of ice, on their cell surface. For example, the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae has a protein which binds water molecules together in a pattern that allows ice to form at warmer temperatures. When the bacterial ice fall from the clouds, they produce snow, or if they melt, rain. Christner and his colleagues collected snow soon after it had fallen from 19 locations in France, the US and Antarctica, and found evidence of ice-nucleating proteins at all the sites. This means that rain-making bacteria are present in the atmosphere. “There’s no reason they couldn’t be in clouds too,” says Christner. If ice-nucleating proteins are found in clouds, this would raise the possibility that the proteins evolved as part of the bacterial life cycle. Many bacteria get swept up into the atmosphere, and although there are nutrients and water present in clouds, they might not wish to stay long. “The really interesting thing is that the majority of ice nucleators in their samples are biological,” says Tim Lenton of the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. Since bacteria make their living at ground level, rain may be a way to get themselves out of the clouds, he adds. It should be possible to turn this ability to our advantage, says Christner. “In places that suffer drought you could plant crops that harbour bacteria to increase precipitation.” P. syringae grows on the leaves of plants and is well-known as a pathogen that causes frost damage. So farmers could only use rain-making bacteria in places where it doesn’t get cold enough for ground frost to form. 5．According to the passage, what did Brent Christner’s team discover in their analysis of snow samples? A．They discovered bacteria that contribute to rainfall. B．They found no evidence of bacteria in the atmosphere. C．They determined that biological particles do not affect rainfall. D．They found that ice-nucleating proteins are rare in snow samples. 6．What can be inferred about the role of ice-nucleating proteins in clouds based on the passage? A．They are unrelated to bacterial life cycles. B．They only form in very cold temperatures. C．They prevent the formation of snow and rain. D．They may help bacteria drop from the atmosphere. 7．Why does the author mention the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae in the passage? A．To explain why bacteria prefer to stay in clouds. B．To illustrate how bacteria facilitate ice formation. C．To show that most bacteria have ice-nucleating proteins. D．To give an example of how bacteria can survive extreme cold. 8．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Bacteria make rain to get back home. B．Bacteria protect against too much rain. C．Bacteria are found in most areas on Earth. D．Bacteria turn climate change to their advantage. Passage 03 【说明文】 【来源】上海市吴淞中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月月考英语试题 Creative writing is part of being a kid. Writing and reading wild stories of lost kingdoms and Mars colonies help the imagination grow strong. But a recent study uncovers an interesting, perhaps even discouraging, trend: This generation of kids seems to prefer narrative realism when they write. In a study published in Creativity Research Journal, researchers at the Harvard Graduate School of Education and the University of Washington asked the question, “How have the style, content, and form of adolescents’ art-making and creative writing evolved over the last 20 years? ” To answer that question, researcher Emily Weinstein examined traditional hallmarks of creativity, such as originality, complexity, and sophistication, in two distinct eras of teenage self-expression. After analyzing 354 visual artworks and 50 fiction stories from two separate time periods (1990-1995 and 2006-2011), there’s good and bad news. The good news? Adolescent visual proficiency has improved. The bad news: Teen creativity and technical skill in writing have declined. Instead of imagining Martian neighborhoods, the app generation has been describing their own summer plans. Why is this happening? From the study: “The observed domain changes could undeniably be the result of any number of societal changes over the period of interest. Two changes highlighted by Kim (2011), however, may be particularly relevant to high school students’ experiences and their creative expression: the increase in digital media technologies and the rise of standardized testing in schools.” This is a small study, but if it inspires you to think about how to develop the imaginations of the kids and teens you know, may we suggest this option: Read and share fiction that sparks wonder and possibility. That means genre fiction: science fiction and fantasy that pulls you out of narrative realism and into a world of possibility. If you already love science fiction and fantasy, I encourage you to plant seeds of inspiration by sharing your favorite science fiction and fantasy authors with a teenager or young person you like. 9．What is the focus of Emily Weinstein’s research? A．The impact of modern technology on adolescents’ creativity. B．The relationship between visual proficiency and creative writing. C．The change in adolescents’ creative writing and art-making. D．The reason why reading plays an important role in developing creativity. 10．What did the researchers conclude about this generation of kids? A．Teens no longer write realistically, but have improved their ability to write creatively. B．Digital media technologies have improved adolescents’ visual skills as well as their ability to write creatively. C．Adolescents prefer realism to fantasy because the latter is not relevant to their life. D．Teens’ writing skills are not as good as they used to be, and their writing tends to be less creative than it was before. 11．Which of the following factors contributes to the change in adolescents’ creative writing ability? A．The fear of being considered weird. B．The lack of high-quality science fictions. C．The overwhelming pressure from study. D．The wide use of standardized testing in schools. 12．What can we learn from the passage? A．Having teens read science fiction and fantasy novels is a good way to develop their imaginations. B．Teens will have trouble going beyond narrative realism in their writing. C．Sharing your favourite writers with a teen or young person is a good way to get them to reduce their use of technology. D．Reading wild stories does not necessarily help the imagination grow strong Passage 04 【议论文】 【来源】上海市向明中学2025-2026学年高三上学期九月月考英语检测 Looking for Aliens Is Good for Society The search for life elsewhere in the universe is one of the most exciting aspects of modern science. Given its importance, significant resources are devoted to the young science of astrobiology, ranging from rovers on Mars to observations of planets moving around other stars. The goal of this science would be the actual discovery of alien life. Such a discovery would likely have profound scientific and philosophical implications. But for all we know, extraterrestrial life may not even exist. Fortunately, even if alien life is never discovered, simply searching for it will bring valuable benefits to society. Why is this the case? First, astrobiology is fundamentally multidisciplinary. The search for alien life requires a grasp of astronomy, biology, geology, and planetary science at a minimum. Undergraduate courses in astrobiology need to cover elements of all these different subjects. Postgraduate and postdoctoral researchers need to be familiar with most or all of them. By forcing multiple scientific disciplines to interact, astrobiology is stimulating a partial reunification of the sciences. It is helping to move 21st-century science away from the extreme specialization of today. It is also important to recognize that astrobiology is an incredibly open-ended field. Searching for life in the universe takes us from extreme environments on Earth to the plains of Mars. Whether or not life is discovered in any of these environments, this search will continue. The range of entirely new environments opened to investigation will be essentially limitless. Therefore, it has the potential to be a never-ending source of scientific and intellectual stimulation. Beyond the more narrowly intellectual benefits of astrobiology are a range of wider societal benefits. These arise from the kinds of perspectives that the study of astrobiology naturally promotes. It is simply not possible to consider searching for life on Mars without moving away from the Earth-centric perspectives that dominate the social and political lives of most people today. Indeed, it is only by sending spacecraft out to explore the solar system that we can obtain images of our own planet that show it in its true cosmic setting. Today, our planet is faced with global challenges that can only be met by increased international cooperation. At such a time, the growth of a unifying perspective is potentially of enormous importance. “The most dangerous worldview is the one of those who have not viewed the world,” said the German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt. I think that there is an important implication in this perspective. Humanity is an intelligent technological species that now dominates the only known inhabited planet in the universe. It has a responsibility to develop international social institutions appropriate to managing the situation in which we find ourselves. 13．What does the phrase “partial reunification” imply in the context of “astrobiology is stimulating a partial reunification of the sciences” (Para. 3)?​ A．All scientific disciplines will eventually merge into a single, unified field.​ B．Astrobiology creates temporary alliances among scientists from different fields.​ C．Certain aspects of traditionally separate sciences are beginning to intersect and collaborate.​ D．The boundaries between sciences are being completely dissolved by astrobiology research. 14．The author mentions Alexander von Humboldt’s quote in the last paragraph to_______. A．emphasize the historical roots of astrobiology research. B．illustrate the importance of a global perspective in scientific exploration. C．argue that narrow worldviews pose risks to scientific progress. D．support the idea that seeking knowledge beyond Earth expands human understanding. 15．Which of the following statements does NOT conform to the passage’s main idea? A．Searching for alien life, even without success, can bring valuable societal benefits. B．Astrobiology, as a multidisciplinary field, promotes the integration of scientific disciplines. C．The exploration of alien life is driven mainly by the desire to find economic resources in space. D．Studying astrobiology helps people break away from Earth-centric perspectives and fosters international cooperation. 16．The author’s argument would be strengthened by additional evidence showing that _____________. A．Past astrobiology projects have consistently met their scientific objectives. B．The skills acquired by researchers in astrobiology are directly applicable to solving issues in other scientific domains. C．Public support for space exploration has remained stable over the past decade. D．The cost of astrobiology research has steadily decreased in recent years. Passage 05 【议论文】 【来源】上海市华东师大第二附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月月考英语试题 I struggle with letting go of things. Distressing situations that occurred decades ago still regularly pop into my mind and stress me out. I don’t seem to be able to move past them and forget them. Even small irrelevant things get me worked up. Can you suggest some techniques to move on and lead a calmer life?——A painful reader Since you said a lot of these are insignificant upon reflection, I’ll assume we’re not talking about big traumas (创伤) but the kinds of sour memories we all have. It feels unpleasant to be pulled back into the past, forced to relive those painful memories. So why do we keep going back? One possibility is that we feel not enough has changed. Time might have passed, but in the respects that matter, we still feel as though we’re right there. Still scared in the same ways those situations made us feel, still vulnerable to those same stressors, even uninsured against the same mistakes. If you feel as though a lot has changed since an indignity, the memory feels more like a postcard from somewhere distant. But if you feel the same in the ways that matter, an upsetting thing from the past can still seem threatening insofar as that version of us persists today. Or maybe we go back to these memories because there’s some unanswered question we keep trying to solve. Why did I say that? Why did they do that? If I’d done that differently, would this have changed? Maybe, more rarely, we go back because we’re bored. Sometimes if present-day life doesn’t quite feel stimulating enough we can go back to conflicts or hard choices from the past, because even though they were unpleasant, they somehow feel more real. Therapy can help figure out which it is for you. When the distressing thought comes knocking, why does it seem worth opening the door? That would really help you tailor your strategies. The calm you’ll need if you’re trying to solve a question may not be the calm you need if you still feel vulnerable in those same ways. Well-meaning people might say you need closure, a way to tell a coherent (有条理的) story. Closure is great if you can get it, but I’m not convinced it’s essential. What concerns me is that trying to find narratively pleasing ways to transform painful memories ultimately makes our capacity to move on depend on whether we can make sense of those events. Coherence may be genuinely beyond our reach. Bad luck doesn’t make sense. People don’t always have a “why”. I think it’s less “I have to get closure” and more “I have to see this as past; over”. As you try to figure out what is captivating about these memories, it might help to try seeing them in past tense. Not solved, just over—not a source of new pain, not part of a pattern; an echo of hurts gone by. 17．According to the columnist, why do we keep going back to painful memories? A．(a) Still vulnerable as before; (b) Wondering “why”; (c) Feeling bored in present life. B．(a) Becoming stronger over time; (b) Gaining closure ultimately; (c) Seeking excitement. C．(a) Avoiding current problems; (b) Hoping to erase past; (c) Searching for luck. D．(a) Developing new skills; (b) Rewriting the past; (c) Enjoying old conflicts. 18．What concern does the author express about the idea of “closure”? A．Closure is unnecessary and irrelevant for individuals stuck in pain. B．Closure relies on making sense of events, which may be impossible. C．Closure can only be achieved through constructing a touching story. D．Closure is seen as more valuable than the ability to move forward. 19．Which of the following best summarizes the author’s advice? A．Painful memories must be carefully analyzed to gain wisdom. B．Forgetting the past is the only way to achieve peace eternally. C．Painful memories should be seen as finished events, not threats. D．One could resolve painful memories by rewriting his own past. 二、真题演练 （2022年7月上海高考试题C篇及长难句式分析） Business innovation is an organization's process for introducing new ideas, workflows methodologies, services or products. Like IT innovation, which calls for using technology new ways to create a more efficient and agile organization, business innovation should enable the achievement of goals across the entire organization, with sights set on accomplishing core business aims and initiatives. Innovation often begins with idea generation , whereas ideas are narrowed down during brainstorming sessions, after which leaders consider the business viability, feasibility and desirability of each idea.existing products, services or processes; or it should solve a problem; or it should reach new customers. Recent examples of business innovation include the introduction of the Dyson vacuum cleaner, whose creator and namesake James Dyson declared in advertisements that he set out to build a better product by applying industrial cyclone technologies to the household appliance. The purpose of the business innovation process is to create value for the organization. That value can come from creating new revenue opportunities or driving more revenue through existing channels: from creating efficiencies that save time, money or both; or from improvements to productivity or performance. In short, innovation should lead to higher profits Additionally, the results of an organization’s innovation process should yield a competitive advantage; it should help the organization to grow and reach-or, better still, exceed -strategic objectives. Innovation and invention are closely linked, but the two terms are not interchangeable. An invention ts an entirely new creation. The process of business innovation can produce an invention, but the term is broader in scope and includes the application of an existing concept or practice in a new way.or applying new technology to an existing product or process to improve upon it. To better understand the difference,consider this: The telephone is an invention,but the smartphone is an innovation. Business innovation can also be classified as either revolutionary or evolutionary. Revolutionary business innovation yields a drastic change in a product, service, process, etc. which often destroys or supplants an existing business model This is also known as radical innovation. Evolutionary or incremental innovation involves smaller, more continuous improvements that, while important, are not drastic enough to shift a company or market into a new paradigm. Disruptive innovation is a category that emphasizes the destructive aspect of revolutionary innovation: this term applies to business innovation that lends to the creation of a new market that displaces an existing one or. similarly, a significant upheaval in a category of products or services. Business innovation, like most business initiatives, hits both benefits and risks. Organizations should recognize on the negative tide that the bushiness innovation process can be a costly undertaking than does not always produce a rectum on investment (ROI); that ideas considered likely to succeed could still fail; and that stakeholders could fight the changes required to be successful. On the other hand, organizations need to weigh those risks against the benefits of business innovation. 63. What does the underlined word in the first paragraph mean? A. Persuasibility B. Scarcity C. Generality D. Practicability 64. What is the purpose of business innovation? A. Create value benefits for the enterprise. B. Reform the management structure of enterprises. C.Encourage staff to make more inventions. D. Upgrade the product performance. 65 Which of the following is true about innovation and invention? A. They are essentially the same concept. B. They can replace each other in the context. C.They can bring huge commercial benefits. D.They are closely related but have different conceptual scopes. 66. What is the main content of this passage? A. The precautions for brainstorming meetings. B. The considerations for business innovation. C. The difference between innovation and invention. D. The revolutionary change in business innovation. 重点长难句式分析： 1. **长难句**：Business innovation is an organization's process for introducing new ideas, workflows methodologies, services or products. - **结构分析**： - **中文翻译**： 2. **长难句**：Innovation often begins with idea generation, whereas ideas are narrowed down during brainstorming sessions, after which leaders consider the business viability, feasibility and desirability of each idea. - **结构分析**： - **中文翻译**： 3. **长难句**：The purpose of the business innovation process is to create value for the organization, which can come from creating new revenue opportunities or driving more revenue through existing channels, from creating efficiencies that save time, money or both, or from improvements to productivity or performance. - **结构分析**： - **中文翻译**： 4. **长难句**：An invention is an entirely new creation, the process of business innovation can produce an invention, but the term is broader in scope and includes the application of an existing concept or practice in a new way, or applying new technology to an existing product or process to improve upon it. - **结构分析**： - **中文翻译**： 5. **长难句**：Disruptive innovation is a category that emphasizes the destructive aspect of revolutionary innovation, this term applies to business innovation that leads to the creation of a new market that displaces an existing one or, similarly, a significant upheaval in a category of products or services. - **结构分析**： - **中文翻译**： （2023年6月·上海高考真题C篇） The universe expands with every passing second, stretching the space between galaxies like dough rising in an oven. But just how fast is this expansion happening? As telescopes like Hubble strive to answer this fundamental question, they encounter a perplexing gap between theoretical predictions and observed data. Hubble's measurements indicate a faster rate of expansion in the modern universe compared to what was expected based on observations of the universe more than 13 billion years ago by the European Space Agency's Planck satellite. This inconsistency has been a subject of scientific inquiry for several years. However, it remains uncertain whether differences in measurement techniques or chance variations are responsible for this disparity. Recent data from the Hubble telescope have significantly reduced the possibility that this discrepancy is merely a statistical fluke, with the chances now estimated at only 1 in 100,000. This marks a substantial improvement from previous estimates, which placed the odds at 1 in 3,000 less than a year ago. These precise measurements from Hubble lend weight to the hypothesis that new physics may be necessary to reconcile the observed mismatch. Lead researcher Adam Riess, a Nobel laureate from the Space Telescope Science Institute and Johns Hopkins University, describes the tension between the early and late universe as one of the most exciting developments in cosmology in decades. He emphasizes that the growing disparity cannot be dismissed as a random occurrence and suggests that it may signal the need for a deeper understanding of the cosmos. To determine distances in the universe, scientists rely on a "cosmic distance ladder" method. This involves accurately measuring distances to nearby galaxies and then using progressively distant galaxies as reference points. By observing stars like Cepheid variables, astronomers can calibrate this distance ladder. Riess and his team have been refining these measurements since 2005, aiming to improve our understanding of cosmic distances. In their latest study, astronomers used Hubble to observe 70 Cepheid variables in the Large Magellanic Cloud. By comparing these stars with their more distant counterparts in galaxies hosting supernovae, they refined their measurement of the Hubble constant, reducing its uncertainty from 2.2% to 1.9%. Despite this increased precision, their calculated Hubble constant remains at odds with the value predicted by observations of the early universe conducted by Planck. The Planck satellite, which maps the cosmic microwave background – a remnant of the universe's early stages – provides crucial data for understanding the universe's expansion. However, the discrepancy between these measurements and those from Hubble underscores the need for further investigation and the potential for new discoveries in cosmology. 63. Where do measurements of the early universe come from? A. The space between galaxies. B.Measurements from Hubble and other telescopes C. European Space Agency's Planck satellite. D. The latest Hubble data. 64. Which of the following statements is in line with Adam Riess’ opinion? A. The expansion speed of the modern universe is faster than expected B. New physics may be needed to explain this mismatch. C, It is unlikely that this discrepancy occurred by chance. D. Hubble's tension is the most exciting development in cosmology in decades. 65. What do scientists use to determine the distance of things in the universe? A. A cosmic distance ladder. B. Accurate measurements of distances. C.Milepost markers. D. The Hubble constant. 66. What did Riess’ team do? A. They used the Hubble Space Telescope to observe pulsating stars B. They improved the comparison between C.They raised the uncertainty of the Hubble constant to 2.2% D. They reduced the uncertainty in their Hubble constant value to 1.9. 1 / 16 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $