第07讲 完形填空命题探究（复习讲义）（上海专用）2026年春季高考英语

专题07 完形填空命题探究 目录 考情分析与命题趋势 1 知识体系构建 2 考点精析与突破 2 考点一：句内层次题（重点） 2 考点二：句内层次题（重点） 6 考点三：句内层次题（难点） 9 实战精练与提升 15 考情解读 一、考试要求 上海高考英语完形填空体裁议论文、说明文为主，夹叙夹议文次之，文章选材颇具哲理性，可读性较强。在语言结构方面，长难句较多，逻辑思辨能力强，理解难度较大，在选项词性上以实词为主，其中动词、名词会占半壁江山，虚词几乎不会考查，特别注重对文章上下文语境的理解把握。考点设置上，句内层次题(答案由设空所在句子决定，多凭句子本身可知答案)和句组层次题答案由设空临近句子决定，需前后寻找信息或暗示)所占比重较大，语篇层次题(答案中整篇文章的内涵决定，需统揽全局)考查难度较大。主要考察动词、名词、形容词、副词。偶尔会有过渡词、介词短语、动词短语、连词等。 二、命题分析 题型与分值 15 道题，每题 1 分，共 15 分 语篇特征 1. 词数一般在 350-450 词之间。2. 文本多选自外刊原文，如卫报、纽约时报、经济学人等。3. 体裁以说明文为主，尤其是知识前沿类文章。4. 逻辑紧凑严密，难度高于一般阅读材料。 核心考查 1. 词汇：以实词为主，涉及名、动、形、副四类词，有时也会考查逻辑衔接词或短语，注重词汇在语境及篇章结构中的最优匹配。2. 逻辑：考查句子内部、句子之间以及段落之间的逻辑关系，如并列、转折、递进、因果等。3. 篇章结构理解：要求考生把握文章的整体结构和主旨，根据上下文进行推理和判断。 命题特点 1. 语义优先于语法原则，更强调对词汇语义的准确理解和运用。2. 上下文语境分析原则，答案往往需要通过对上下文的细致分析才能得出。3. 设题注重句内层次题，如利用句内语法结构、词汇线索暗示、习惯搭配及固定结构等解题。4. 文章阅读难易度指数较大，区分度高，长难句较多，是高考重难题型之一。 知识梳理 考点精讲 · 考点一：句内层次题 解题策略 解题线索主要集中在句子内部，选项的正确与否取决于对句子结构、语法、词汇搭配等的理解。解题线索分布在句中。这类题目通常聚焦考查词汇的用法、固定搭配、语法结构等。 1．利用句内语法结构或对应成分分析法解题 2. 利用句内词汇线索暗示分析法解题 3.利用习惯搭配及固定结构解题 4. 利用生活常识和文化背景解题 例1（2025·上海黄浦·二模） The first tragedy is 1 pain, because we are made of flesh and bone. The second is guilt, because we have the freedom to make choices and thus feel responsible when things don’t go our way. The third is loss, because we must face the reality that everything we value is 2 , including our own lives. 1．A．constant B．mental C．physical D．sudden 2．A．impermanent B．irresistible C．unbelievable D．unrealistic 例2（2025·上海杨浦·二模） ● Pay attention to timing. It is often helpful to give the person some advance 11 so they have time to mentally prepare. ● Ask questions. Don’t make 12 about people’ s motivation, but ask them the reasons for their actions. Also ask if there are problems that are 13 their mistakes that you could help with. These questions will help you grasp the situation more fully, and the recipient may accept the criticism more easily. 11．A．planning B．warning C．training D．modelling 12．A．inquiries B．confessions C．assumptions D．adjustments 13．A．mixing with B．putting off C．setting out D．contributing to 例3（2025·上海浦东新区一模） Browse through any social-media feed, and before long a cute video will appear. The supply of these (21)_________ clips, short parts of videos, is huge. On one social media platform there are 65 million videos tagged(贴标签) #cute. The demand is more (22)_________: those videos have been viewed more than 625 billion times. 21. A. live B. casual C. adorable D. interactive 22. A. substantial B. urgent C. reasonable D. practical 例4（（2025·上海虹口一模） Manufacturing is a one-way business. Raw materials go into a factory and finished products come out. Once those goods are ____21____, producers usually wash their hands of them. Certainly they do not worry that most of the products are eventually burnt or buried in landfill, which ____22____ the planet. In only 50 years, the world’s consumption of raw materials has nearly become four times as big, to more than 100 billion tons, but only less than 9% of this is reused, resulting in a ____23____ of materials. 21. A. accepted B. designed C. sold D. stored 22. A. rules B. saves C. heals D. pollutes 23. A. analysis B. availability C. waste D. variety 例5 （2024杨浦一模） Start as small as you can, because this is more likely to be achievable, repeatable and rewarding — three things we need to happen to shift from a(n) (55) _________ new behaviour to a habit. 55.A. hopeful B. hopeless C. effortful D. effortless · 考点二：句组层次题 解题策略 解题线索分布在上句，下句和本句之中。谨记“上看一句下看一句中间看一句（瞻前顾后）”，并根据逻辑意思、句法分析、固定搭配、排除法、词汇复现、逻辑关系、背景常识等方法瞻前顾后、耐心作答。 1．利用语义复现解题 2． 利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题 3．利用逻辑关系解题 4．利用语境暗示分析法解题 例1（2025·上海徐汇·二模） Noise-cancelling headphones have become a popular choice for many, offering a way to block out background noise and letting us enjoy music at lower volumes. 1 , some experts are worried that using these headphones too much might make it harder for our brains to process sounds properly. 1．A．Instead B．Moreover C．Otherwise D．However 例2（2025·上海青浦·二模） In their experiments, the authors found that the complimenters thought these backhanded comparisons were 15 , but both recipients and third-party observers disagreed. 15．A．deliberate B．positive C．distressing D．Specific 例3（2025·上海嘉定一模） Rovelli also emphasizes that learning should never be limited by rules or expectations. Instead, it should be a creative, ____33____ journey. He encourages readers to ask big questions, follow their interests, and take time to reflect on what they learn. By doing so, he believes we can ____34____ a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world around us. In There Are Places in the World Where Rules Are Less Important Than Kindness, Rovelli offers a heartfelt reminder that learning isn’t just about facts or ____35____ — it’s about curiosity, wonder, and the joy of discovering new possibilities. 33. A. short B. affordable C. safe D. personal 34. A. unlock B. complicate C. complement D. expose 35. A. motivations B. interests C. results D. questions 例4（2025·上海长宁一模） Some countries try to motivate doctors to work in rural areas, offering slightly higher salaries or other benefits to those willing to ______33______ outside cities. They may also reward hospitals based on effectiveness in helping patients, ______34______ paying hospitals based on the number of procedures they perform. This could reduce costs for patients. 33. A. relax B. practice C. specialize D. volunteer 34. A. as opposed to B. as well as C. regardless of D. prior to 例5 （2024虹口一模） Back in 1930,the economist John Maynard Keynes predicted that with technological change and improvements in-productivity, we’d only be working 15 hours a week by now. But while working hours have ___21___ by 26%. most of us still average 42.5 hours a week. 21. A. declined B. increased C. continued D. kept · 考点三：语篇层次题 解题策略 解题线索分布在某一段或几段相隔，甚至全篇，距离较远，更需瞻前顾后，谨记“文中无废句，句中无闲词”，并根据逻辑意思、句法分析、固定搭配、排除法、词汇复现、逻辑关系、背景常识等方法瞻前顾后、合理推断、耐心作答。 1. 利用语义复现解题 2. 利用总分结构或对比结构分析法解题 3. 利用逻辑关系解题 例1（2025·上海普陀·二模） I’m also kind of 12 that one as well. AI can generate lyrics that are interesting and have an interesting narrative flow. But lyrics for songs are typically based on lyricists’ 13 , what’s happened to them. Lyricists write about falling in love, things that have gone wrong in their lives, or simple 14 like watching the sunrise. AIs don’t do that. I’m not sure that an AI will have that potential to be able to 15 something meaningful to people. 15．A．attain B．broadcast C．communicate D．restore 例2（2025·上海黄浦·二模） Extreme optimism and unrealistic belief, at root, 11 that anything is wrong; and if nothing is wrong, there is nothing to worry about and nothing to change. Extreme negativity and desperation are so harsh that they essentially say that any action would be 12 . Between these two poles exists a third way: 13 wise hope and wise action. 13．A．committing to B．fighting against C．participating in D．reflecting on 例3（2025·上海闵行一模） Effective monitoring of endangered species is key to their survival. Studying the 21 , range, and habits of wild animals is essential to ensure their habitat remains free from development and illegal hunters. Traditional methods of monitoring wild animals, especially large ones, include radio-tagging（无线电标记）. To do this, individual animals must at first be captured so that collars can be 22 . ...... They could effectively create a true picture of individual rhinos' activities without the use of any invasive （侵入的） techniques. Consequently, the team were interested to know whether the trackers' knowledge could be effectively 29 a computerized technique for monitoring animal movement. ...... If that is done repeatedly, conservationists can draw up a 32 of all, or at least a significant proportion of the individuals within the population. After that, conservationists can use it to identify an animal and its movements by its print. ............ 21. A. flexibility B. diet C. movement D. behavior 例4（2025·上海宝山一模） At times we all wish that we knew what other people were thinking. __21__ , people's facial expressions, movements and posture (姿势) can communicate a lot about what is going on in their minds. Understanding these messages hidden in people's language can require a lot of skill, but Joe Navarro's book What EVERY BODY is Saying can help __22__ that ability. Small changes in body language can help you recognize if someone is __23__. Even when people don't lie directly, they sometimes try to hide their feelings. Whether you are __24__ with people in business or in your personal life, recognizing these feelings can help you look out for their interests and your own. According to Navarro, establishing a baseline for how a person behaves is important to avoid __25__ their body language. Most facial expressions and gestures can mean several different things, so __26__ when people use certain expressions. Recognizing this baseline can help you understand whether expressions and gestures indicate a(n) __27__ to something you said or not. For example, rubbing one's eyes may be a sign of __28__ with a topic. But if the person has been rubbing their eyes __29__, they might just be tired. Proximity (接近，亲近) to other people is also part of body language. People stand closer to people they like or feel comfortable with than to strangers or people they don't like. And posture also __34__. Sitting or standing up straight can show that someone feels confident, while sitting with crossed arms indicates that they feel __35__ or uncomfortable. Body language can communicate a lot about people's thoughts and feelings, and thus, help you relate to them. 22. A. provide B. develop C. discover D. arouse 24. A. cooperating B. negotiating C. investigating D. interacting 25. A. misguiding B. misinterpreting C. mistrusting D. mismanaging 34. A. adjusts B. follows C. moves D. matters 例5（2024奉贤一模） 47 , they checked to see which genes were especially active in the enamel-producing cells. It turned out that genes designed to bind to calcium were particularly busy. ......... But these findings are 54 . As any dentist will tell you, prevention is better than cure. 55 , a better cure would be always welcome. There is no doubt that this research offers a new prospect for future dental care. 47. A. Then B. Therefore C. Otherwise D. Still 55. A. Likewise B. Furthermore C. Nevertheless D. Instead 实战训练 一、名校试题 Passage 01 【来源】上海市浦东复旦附中分校2025-2026学年高三上学期9月第二次测试英语试题 Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. After Christmas, the festive cheer fades, and you might feel down or dissatisfied with yourself when you look in the mirror. In January, you might want to make changes and find a new diet plan. Many of these plans, advertised with fit people or 1 before-and-after photos, promise to help you fit into your jeans, improve your skin, and lower health risks. But are these diets as 2 as they seem? Are they backed by solid evidence? Celebrity endorsements (代言) can turn a diet into a popular trend, whether or not it has 3 backing. For example, the Raw Food diet, favored by stars like Uma Thurman, claims that cooking food 4 nutrients and enzymes (酶) that help digestion and prevent disease. Followers eat mostly uncooked plant-based foods, with the idea that it improves both health and memory. 5 , it makes perfect sense. When under scientific examination, however, the diet goes up in smoke. “The Raw Food diet has the least scientific evidence or reasoning behind it,” says Dr Scott Harding, lecturer in nutritional sciences at King’s College London. “There is no way that eating raw food specifically improves people’s antioxidant (抗氧化的) capacity or directly 6 their risk of developing long-term diseases.” Scientific reasoning might have quickly 7 raw food, but researchers have engaged more enthusiastically with other fashionable eating plans. Take the paleo diet, the most searched eating plan online. By basing the diet on the supposed eating habits of our lean, disease-free hunter-gatherer 8 , this plan promises weight loss, as well as a reduced risk of diabetes, heart disease and cancer. The rules: no 9 food, sugar, dairy, or grains, just foods that can be hunted, fished or gathered. It sounds 10 , but is the science reliable? Paleo’s problem is in its 11 . As critics have pointed out, our digestive systems and food have evolved significantly in the past 10 million years. Contrary to popular 12 of caveman’s meat-based and low-carb diet, evolutionary research suggests that our earlier ancestors fed frequently on nuts, seeds, fruits and vegetables rather than meat and fish, Stone Age humans would have eaten around 20 different types of plant-based foods a day, says Dr Mark Berry, senior research and development manager at Unilever, who led a 2010 study into the paleolithic diet. “It has been described as a low carb, no-grain diet, but the 13 form isn’t quite how it was,” says registered nutritionist and dietician Sue Baic, co-author of Nutrition for Dummies. “ 14 , the paleo diets had quite a lot of plant foods. The diets are characterized by low energy density, high fibre and plenty of beneficial plant compounds.” It’s the variety of these plant nutrients that is crucial to the diet’s 15 . 1．A．unnatural B．embarrassing C．rare D．inspiring 2．A．great B．abstract C．simple D．strange 3．A．financial B．scientific C．popular D．conditional 4．A．absorbs B．destroys C．provides D．increases 5．A．In practice B．By contrast C．To date D．On paper 6．A．assesses B．exposes C．reduces D．carries 7．A．defined B．changed C．dismissed D．completed 8．A．supporters B．developers C．competitors D．ancestors 9．A．processed B．imported C．packaged D．collected 10．A．shocking B．convincing C．amusing D．boring 11．A．promise B．variation C．assumption D．search 12．A．compositions B．interpretations C．distributions D．exploitations 13．A．limited B．simplified C．fixed D．publicised 14．A．Actually B．Unfortunately C．Similarly D．Eventually 15．A．effectiveness B．evolution C．session D．subjectiveness Passage 02 【来源】上海市行知中学2025~2026学年高三上学期第二次月考英语试题 Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. Why Do People’s Exercise Needs Vary so Much? Exercise needs vary among people due to a number of factors, including ...Genetic variability Genes play a big role in determining a person’s 1 to exercise. Genetic variations influence factors such as muscle fibre composition, metabolism (新陈代谢) and cardiovascular (心血管的) capacity. Some people may be 2 predisposed to endurance activities, while others may have a genetic make-up that favors strength exercises. Metabolic rate Metabolic rate varies between people due to genetic and physiological factors. Some people have a higher basal metabolic rate, meaning they burn calories faster while 3 . This affects energy 4 during exercise and influences the type and intensity of exercise needed for weight management and fitness. Body composition Variations in body composition 5 how a person responds to exercise. Someone with a higher percentage of lean muscle mass may have different strength and endurance capabilities to someone with a higher percentage of body fat. 6 Exercise requirements 7 over the course of a person’s life. Children and adolescents may have different needs for growth and development compared to adults or older people 8 bone density and functional abilities. Personal goals Not everyone wants to get faster or be stronger. Most people have their own 9 when exercising and the plan they follow needs to cater to those goals. Personal 10 also come into play, as some people prefer exercising in a team or class, while others prefer solo workouts. In between exercise Activity 11 between workouts will also influence a person’s exercise needs and how much they eat. If you’re in a(n) 12 job, for example, you might not need as much exercise as someone who is more sedentary (需要久坐的). Recovery is also important, as this is where the majority of your gains are made. Everyone has different recovery times, even after doing the 13 workout. Psychological factors Psychological factors, including 14 , stress levels and mental health also affect exercise preferences and adherence (坚持). Recognizing and embracing these 15 is vital for tailoring effective and sustainable exercise programmes that meet a person’s needs 1．A．attempt B．response C．tendency D．chance 2．A．especially B．naturally C．regularly D．typically 3．A．at rest B．at work C．being alone D．in groups 4．A．conservation B．efficiency C．expenditure D．intake 5．A．affect B．dominate C．monitor D．reflect 6．A．Age B．Diet C．Lifespan D．Size 7．A．change B．continue C．persist D．shrink 8．A．coping with B．focusing on C．relying on D．starting with 9．A．goals B．positions C．routines D．schedules 10．A．experiences B．opinions C．preferences D．reasons 11．A．durations B．intervals C．levels D．patterns 12．A．active B．boring C．decent D．demanding 13．A．extra B．new C．same D．tough 14．A．education B．environment C．motivation D．nutrition 15．A．differences B．exceptions C．factors D．features Passage 03 【来源】上海市华东师范大学附属东昌中学2025-2026学年高三上学期英语10月月考试题 Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to control people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The 1 of a ticket keeps drivers in line, and the promise of a bonus inspires high performance. But incentives (激励) can also 2 , discouraging the very behaviour they’re meant to encourage. A generation ago, Richard Titmuss claimed that paying people to donate blood 3 the supply. Economists were skeptical, citing a lack of scientific evidence. But since then, new data and models have prompted a sea change in how economists think about incentives — showing, among other things, that Titmuss was right in so many cases that businesses should 4 . Experimental economists have found that offering to pay women for donating blood decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and that letting them contribute the payment to charity 5 the effect. Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentives can have the opposite result when they destroy what Adam Smith called “the moral sentiments (情绪).” Psychology here has escaped blackboard economists, but it will be no surprise to people in business: When we take a job or buy a car, we are not only trying to get stuff — we are also trying to be a certain kind of person. 6 , people desire to be respected by others as ethical and dignified. And they don’t want to be taken for losers. Rewarding blood donations may not serve the intended purpose because it suggests that the donor is less interested in being 7 than in making a dollar. Incentives also run into trouble when they signal that the employee 8 the employee or is greedy. Close supervision of workers coupled with 9 for performance is textbook economics, but it can lead to the depression of employees. Perhaps most important, incentives affect what our actions signal, whether we’re being self- interested or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted, and they can imply — sometimes wrongly — what 10 us. Fines or public criticism that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval(think of littering) can be highly effective. But incentives go wrong when they 11 or brake our ethical sensibilities. This does not mean it’s 12 to appeal to self- interested and ethical motivations at the same time — just that efforts to do so often fail. 13 , policies support socially valued ends not only by controlling self- interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness. The small tax on plastic grocery bags passed by law in Ireland in 2002 that 14 their virtual elimination appears to have had such an effect. It caused offenders 15 while conveying a moral message. Carrying a plastic bag joined wearing a fur coat in the gallery of outdated and socially unacceptable practice. 1．A．temptation B．threat C．value D．equivalent 2．A．overflow B．backfire C．survive D．work 3．A．reduced B．affected C．afforded D．balanced 4．A．cut back B．stand by C．take note D．hold on 5．A．cause B．reverse C．take D．detect 6．A．In other words B．On the contrary C．By contrast D．In addition 7．A．unselfish B．ambitious C．thoughtful D．aggressive 8．A．boasts B．values C．encourages D．mistrusts 9．A．requirement B．criticism C．implication D．reward 10．A．supports B．threatens C．motivates D．changes 11．A．refine B．offend C．control D．arouse 12．A．impossible B．strange C．necessary D．abnormal 13．A．Rarely B．Occasionally C．Surprisingly D．Ideally 14．A．put an end to B．resulted in C．resorted to D．arose from 15．A．publicly B．severely C．monetarily D．mildly 二、真题演练 2023年1月春考 For the past five years. I've been examining the pros and cons of reading on-screen versus in print. The _______bottom line is that while digital devices may be fine for reading that we don't intend to (41 ) _______or reread, text that requires what's been called “deep reading”is nearly always better done in print. Readers themselves have a keen sense of what kind of reading is best suited for which (42) _______. My survey research with university students in the United Sates, Germany. and Japan reveals that if costs are the same, about 90 percent ( at least in my sample ) (43 )_______ hard copy for schoolwork. If a text is long, 92 percent would choose hard copy. For (44) _______texts, it's a toss-up. Digital reading also (45 ) _______distraction and invites multitasking. Among American and Japanese subjects, 92 percent reported it was easiest to concentrate when reading in hard copy.(The figure for Germany was 98 percent. ) In this country.26 percent indicated they were (46)________to multitask while reading in print, compared with 85 percent when reading on-screen. Imagine (47)_______with Finnegan's Wake while simultaneously juggling Facebook and booking a vacation fight. You get the point. Several open-ended questions on my survey were particularly (48 )_______. I asked what people liked most ( and least) about reading in each medium. Common (49)_______for what students liked most about reading in print included “I can write on the pages and remember the material easier” and “it's easier to focus.” When asked what they liked least about reading (50 )_______, a number of Japanese students reported that it wasn't “real reading,” while respondents from all three countries complained that they “get distracted” or “don't absorb as much.” My all-time favorite reply to the question "What is the one thing you (51 )________about reading in print?" came from an American: "It takes me longer because I read more carefully. " Isn't careful reading what academe was designed to promote? Readings in the humanities tend to be lengthy, intellectually weighty, or both. The (52)_______of digital reading for the humanities is that screens-particularly those on devices with Internet connections-undermine our encounters with meaty texts. These (53 ) ________weren't designed for focused concentration, reading slowly, pausing to argue virtually with the author,or rereading. (54 )_______, they are information and communication machines, best used for searching and skimming-not scrutinizing. Teachers and scholars must look beyond today's career-mindedness in talking about challenges to the humanities. We need to think more carefully about students' mounting rejection of long-form reading , now (55 )_________ by digital technologies that further complicate our struggle to engage students in serious text-based inquiry. 41. A. make up B.take on C.hold out D.chew over 42. A.design B. medium C. cover D. content 43.A. prefer B.refer C.offer D.transfer 44. A. lower B. higher C.shorter D. longer 45.A.disarms B.encourages C.encaves D. counteracts 46.A. likely B. orderly C. deadly D. cleanly 47.A.delighting B. satisfying C. struggling D.picnicking 48. A.recommending B. indicating C.recognizing D. revealing 49.A.response B.additions C.solutions D.instruments 50. A. casually B.delicately C. digitally D. instantly 51. A.disadvantage B. dislike C.misjudge D. decolour 52. A.advance B. suspect C.pleasure D. challenge 53. A.vehicles B.services C.devices D. figures 54. A. Accordingly B. Rather C.Thus D. Therefore 55. A.qualified B.terrified C.identified D.intensified 1 / 16 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题07 完形填空命题探究 目录 考情分析与命题趋势 1 知识体系构建 2 考点精析与突破 2 考点一：句内层次题（重点） 2 考点二：句内层次题（重点） 6 考点三：句内层次题（难点） 9 实战精练与提升 15 考情解读 一、考试要求 上海高考英语完形填空体裁议论文、说明文为主，夹叙夹议文次之，文章选材颇具哲理性，可读性较强。在语言结构方面，长难句较多，逻辑思辨能力强，理解难度较大，在选项词性上以实词为主，其中动词、名词会占半壁江山，虚词几乎不会考查，特别注重对文章上下文语境的理解把握。考点设置上，句内层次题(答案由设空所在句子决定，多凭句子本身可知答案)和句组层次题(答案由设空临近句子决定，需前后寻找信息或暗示)所占比重较大，语篇层次题(答案中整篇文章的内涵决定，需统揽全局)考查难度较大。主要考察动词、名词、形容词、副词。偶尔会有过渡词、介词短语、动词短语、连词等。 二、命题分析 题型与分值 15 道题，每题 1 分，共 15 分 语篇特征 1. 词数一般在 350-450 词之间。2. 文本多选自外刊原文，如卫报、纽约时报、经济学人等。3. 体裁以说明文为主，尤其是知识前沿类文章。4. 逻辑紧凑严密，难度高于一般阅读材料。 核心考查 1. 词汇：以实词为主，涉及名、动、形、副四类词，有时也会考查逻辑衔接词或短语，注重词汇在语境及篇章结构中的最优匹配。2. 逻辑：考查句子内部、句子之间以及段落之间的逻辑关系，如并列、转折、递进、因果等。3. 篇章结构理解：要求考生把握文章的整体结构和主旨，根据上下文进行推理和判断。 命题特点 1. 语义优先于语法原则，更强调对词汇语义的准确理解和运用。2. 上下文语境分析原则，答案往往需要通过对上下文的细致分析才能得出。3. 设题注重句内层次题，如利用句内语法结构、词汇线索暗示、习惯搭配及固定结构等解题。4. 文章阅读难易度指数较大，区分度高，长难句较多，是高考重难题型之一。 知识梳理 考点精讲 · 考点一：句内层次题 解题策略 解题线索主要集中在句子内部，选项的正确与否取决于对句子结构、语法、词汇搭配等的理解。解题线索分布在句中。这类题目通常聚焦考查词汇的用法、固定搭配、语法结构等。 1．利用句内语法结构或对应成分分析法解题 2. 利用句内词汇线索暗示分析法解题 3.利用习惯搭配及固定结构解题 4. 利用生活常识和文化背景解题 例1（2025·上海黄浦·二模） The first tragedy is 1 pain, because we are made of flesh and bone. The second is guilt, because we have the freedom to make choices and thus feel responsible when things don’t go our way. The third is loss, because we must face the reality that everything we value is 2 , including our own lives. 1．A．constant B．mental C．physical D．sudden 2．A．impermanent B．irresistible C．unbelievable D．unrealistic 【答案】1．C 2．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了每个人都要面对三种悲剧以及悲剧乐观主义的特点和应对挑战的方式。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：第一个悲剧是身体上的痛苦，因为我们是骨肉构成的。A. constant持续的；B. mental心理的；C. physical身体的；D. sudden突然的。根据后文“because we are made of flesh and bone”可知，因为是骨肉构成的，所以是指身体上的痛苦。故选C。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：第三是失去，因为我们必须面对现实，我们所珍视的一切都是无常的，包括我们自己的生命。A. impermanent无常的，暂时的；B. irresistible无法抗拒的；C. unbelievable难以置信的；D. unrealistic不现实的。根据上文“The third is loss”以及后文“including our own lives”可知，第三种悲剧是失去，因为一切，包括我们的生命都是无常的，最终都会失去。故选A。 例2（2025·上海杨浦·二模） ● Pay attention to timing. It is often helpful to give the person some advance 11 so they have time to mentally prepare. ● Ask questions. Don’t make 12 about people’ s motivation, but ask them the reasons for their actions. Also ask if there are problems that are 13 their mistakes that you could help with. These questions will help you grasp the situation more fully, and the recipient may accept the criticism more easily. 11．A．planning B．warning C．training D．modelling 12．A．inquiries B．confessions C．assumptions D．adjustments 13．A．mixing with B．putting off C．setting out D．contributing to 【答案】11．B 12．C 13．D 备。A. planning计划、规划；B. warning警告；C. training培训、训练；D. modelling建模、模仿。根据下文“so they have time to mentally prepare”可推测，提前给对方一些警告可以让他们有时间在心理上做好准备。故选B。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：不要对人们的动机做假设，而是询问他们行动的原因。A. inquiries询问、调查；B. confessions坦白、供认；C. assumptions假设；D. adjustments调整。根据下文“but ask them the reasons for their actions”可知，不要对人们的动机做假设，而是询问他们行动的原因。故选C。 13．考查动词短语辨析。句意：同时也问问是否存在一些导致他们犯错的问题，而你可以帮忙解决。A. mixing with与……混合；B. putting off推迟、拖延；C. setting out出发、开始；D. contributing to做贡献、有助于，导致。根据空前的“problems”和空后的“their mistakes”可知，空处指的是导致犯错的问题。故选D。 例3（2025·上海浦东新区一模） Browse through any social-media feed, and before long a cute video will appear. The supply of these (21)_________ clips, short parts of videos, is huge. On one social media platform there are 65 million videos tagged(贴标签) #cute. The demand is more (22)_________: those videos have been viewed more than 625 billion times. 21. A. live B. casual C. adorable D. interactive 22. A. substantial B. urgent C. reasonable D. practical 答案：21. C 22. A 21. C：句内层次题。根据前文 “a cute video will appear” 以及后文 “those videos have been viewed more than 625 billion times” 可知，这里说的是可爱的视频片段，“adorable” 意为 “可爱的”，符合语境。“live” 意为 “现场的”；“casual” 意为 “随意的”；“interactive” 意为 “互动的”，均不符合此处对可爱视频片段的描述，所以选 C。 22. A：句内层次题。由前文The supply of these (21)_______ clips, short parts of videos, is huge. 及下句 “those videos have been viewed more than 625 billion times” 可知，对可爱视频的需求是巨大的。“substantial” 意为 “大量的，可观的”，符合语境。“urgent” 意为 “紧急的”；“reasonable” 意为 “合理的”；“practical” 意为 “实际的”，均不符合需求巨大这一语境，所以选 A。 例4（（2025·上海虹口一模） Manufacturing is a one-way business. Raw materials go into a factory and finished products come out. Once those goods are ____21____, producers usually wash their hands of them. Certainly they do not worry that most of the products are eventually burnt or buried in landfill, which ____22____ the planet. In only 50 years, the world’s consumption of raw materials has nearly become four times as big, to more than 100 billion tons, but only less than 9% of this is reused, resulting in a ____23____ of materials. 21. A. accepted B. designed C. sold D. stored 22. A. rules B. saves C. heals D. pollutes 23. A. analysis B. availability C. waste D. variety 【答案】21. C 22. D 23. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了制造业中的原材料消耗、可持续性、回收以及超级工厂在循环经济中的作用，同时也提到了其他行业（如快时尚和消费电子产业）在可持续性方面面临的挑战和可能的解决方案。 【21题详解】 句内层次题。考查动词词义辨析。句意：一旦这些商品售出，生产者通常就不再对它们负责。A. accepted接受；B. designed设计；C. sold销售；D. stored储存。根据下文“producers usually wash their hands of them.”可知，商品一旦售出，生产者就不再负责。故选C。 【22题详解】 句内层次题。考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们当然不会担心，因为大多数产品最终都会被焚烧或填埋，从而污染地球。A. rules统治、支配；B. saves节省；C. heals治愈；D. pollutes污染。根据空前“most of the products are eventually burnt or buried in landfill,”可推测，产品焚烧或被填埋后会污染地球。故选D。 【23题详解】 句内层次题。考查名词词义辨析。句意：在仅仅50年的时间里，全球原材料消耗量已接近增至原来的四倍，超过100亿吨，但其中只有不到9%被再利用，造成了极大的材料浪费。A. analysis分析；B. availability可用性；C. waste浪费；D. variety多样性。根据上文“In only 50 years, the world’s consumption of raw materials has nearly become four times as big, to more than 100 billion tons, but only less than 9% of this is reused”可知，全球原材料消耗量已接近增至原来的四倍，超过100亿吨，但其中只有不到9%被再利用。由此可知，这造成了材料的浪费。故选C。 例5 （2024杨浦一模） Start as small as you can, because this is more likely to be achievable, repeatable and rewarding — three things we need to happen to shift from a(n) (55) _________ new behaviour to a habit. 55.A. hopeful B. hopeless C. effortful D. effortless 【答案】D. 【44题详解】根据句意，开始得越小越好，因为这样更容易实现、可重复和有回报。因此空格处应填入"effortless"，表示毫不费力的。 · 考点二：句组层次题 解题策略 解题线索分布在上句，下句和本句之中。谨记“上看一句下看一句中间看一句（瞻前顾后）”，并根据逻辑意思、句法分析、固定搭配、排除法、词汇复现、逻辑关系、背景常识等方法瞻前顾后、耐心作答。 1．利用语义复现解题 2． 利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题 3．利用逻辑关系解题 4．利用语境暗示分析法解题 例1（2025·上海徐汇·二模） Noise-cancelling headphones have become a popular choice for many, offering a way to block out background noise and letting us enjoy music at lower volumes. 1 , some experts are worried that using these headphones too much might make it harder for our brains to process sounds properly. 1．A．Instead B．Moreover C．Otherwise D．However 【答案】1．D 1．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，一些专家担心，过度使用这些耳机可能会使我们的大脑更难正确处理声音。A. Instead反而；B. Moreover此外；C. Otherwise否则；D. However然而。根据前文“Noise-cancelling headphones have become a popular choice for many, offering a way to block out background noise and letting us enjoy music at lower volumes.”和后文“some experts are worried that using these headphones too much might make it harder for our brains to process sounds properly.”可知，前后文之间是转折关系，因此用however。故选D。 例2（2025·上海青浦·二模） In their experiments, the authors found that the complimenters thought these backhanded comparisons were 15 , but both recipients and third-party observers disagreed. 15．A．deliberate B．positive C．distressing D．specific 【答案】15．B 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在他们的实验中，作者发现赞美者认为这些反讽的比较是积极的，但接受者和第三方观察者都不同意。A. deliberate故意的；B. positive积极的；C. distressing悲伤的；D. specific特定的。根据后文“but both recipients and third-party observers disagreed”中but表示转折，说明赞美者认为这些反讽的比较是积极的，但接受者和第三方观察者都不同意。故选B。 例3（2025·上海嘉定一模） Rovelli also emphasizes that learning should never be limited by rules or expectations. Instead, it should be a creative, ____33____ journey. He encourages readers to ask big questions, follow their interests, and take time to reflect on what they learn. By doing so, he believes we can ____34____ a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world around us. In There Are Places in the World Where Rules Are Less Important Than Kindness, Rovelli offers a heartfelt reminder that learning isn’t just about facts or ____35____ — it’s about curiosity, wonder, and the joy of discovering new possibilities. 33. A. short B. affordable C. safe D. personal 34. A. unlock B. complicate C. complement D. expose 35. A. motivations B. interests C. results D. questions 【答案】 33. D 34. A 35. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Carlo Rovelli的书中强调了非功利性学习的重要性，鼓励对知识的追求与探究。 【33题详解】 句组层次题。考查形容词词义辨析。句意：相反，这应该是一次创造性的个人之旅。A. short短的；B. affordable可负担的；C. safe安全的；D. personal个人的。根据上文“Rovelli also emphasizes that learning should never be limited by rules or expectations.”和下文“He encourages readers to ask big questions, follow their interests, and take time to reflect on what they learn. By doing so, he believes we can ___14___ a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world around us.”可知，学习永远不应该受到规则或期望的限制，这应该是有创造性的个人的旅程，深入了解自己和周围的世界。故选D。 【34题详解】 句组层次题。考查动词词义辨析。句意：通过这样做，他相信我们可以更深入地了解自己和周围的世界。A. unlock揭开，揭示；B. complicate复杂化；C. complement补足，补充；D. expose揭露。根据上文“He encourages readers to ask big questions, follow their interests, and take time to reflect on what they learn.”可知，关注自己的兴趣，反思自己所学的东西，这会使人更深入了解自己和周围的世界，unlock a deeper understanding of表示“深入了解”。故选A。 【35题详解】 句组层次题。考查名词词义辨析。句意：在There Are Places in the World Where Rules Are Less Important Than Kindness一书中，Rovelli衷心提醒我们，学习不仅仅是关于事实或结果，而是关于好奇心、好奇心和发现新可能性的乐趣。A. motivations动机；B. interests兴趣；C. results结果；D. questions问题。根据文章开头“Carlo Rovelli’s book, There Are Places in the World Where Rules Are Less Important Than Kindness, offers a refreshing perspective on learning, urging readers to pursue curiosity and exploration without worrying about practical outcomes.”可知，Rovelli提醒我们的是，学习不仅仅是关于实际的结果，而是关于学习过程中的乐趣。故选C。 例4（2025·上海长宁一模） Some countries try to motivate doctors to work in rural areas, offering slightly higher salaries or other benefits to those willing to ______33______ outside cities. They may also reward hospitals based on effectiveness in helping patients, ______34______ paying hospitals based on the number of procedures they perform. This could reduce costs for patients. 33. A. relax B. practice C. specialize D. volunteer 34. A. as opposed to B. as well as C. regardless of D. prior to 【答案】 33. B 34. A 【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了农村医疗的困难和复杂性以及解决措施。 【33题详解】 句组层次题。考查动词词义辨析。句意：一些国家试图鼓励医生到农村地区工作，为那些愿意在城市以外从事专业工作的医生提供略高的工资或其他福利。A. relax放松；B. practice从业；C. specialize专门；D. volunteer志愿。根据上文“offering slightly higher salaries”可知，一些国家试图鼓励医生到农村地区工作。故选B项。 【34题详解】 句组层次题。考查短语词义辨析。句意：他们还可能根据帮助病人的有效性来奖励医院，而不是根据医院执行的手术数量来支付费用。A. as opposed to相反；B. as well as以及；C. regardless of不管；不顾；D. prior to之前。根 据上文“They may also reward hospitals based on effectiveness in helping patients”以及下文“paying hospitals based on the number of procedures they perform.”可知，表示相反的情况。故选A项。 例5 （2024虹口一模） Back in 1930,the economist John Maynard Keynes predicted that with technological change and improvements in-productivity, we’d only be working 15 hours a week by now. But while working hours have ___21___ by 26%. most of us still average 42.5 hours a week. 21. A. declined B. increased C. continued D. kept 【答案】21. A 【21题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，虽然工作时间减少了26%，我们大多数人每周平均工作时间仍然是42.5小时。A. declined下降；B. increased增加；C. continued继续；D. kept保持。根据上文“we’d only be working 15 hours a week by now.(我们现在每周只工作15个小时)”可知，虽然工作时间减少了26%，我们大多数人每周平均工作时间仍然是42.5小时，while引导让步状语从句，表转折，故选A。 · 考点三：语篇层次题 解题策略 解题线索分布在某一段或几段相隔，甚至全篇，距离较远，更需瞻前顾后，谨记“文中无废句，句中无闲词”，并根据逻辑意思、句法分析、固定搭配、排除法、词汇复现、逻辑关系、背景常识等方法瞻前顾后、合理推断、耐心作答。 1. 利用语义复现解题 2. 利用总分结构或对比结构分析法解题 3. 利用逻辑关系解题 例1（2025·上海普陀·二模） I’m also kind of 12 that one as well. AI can generate lyrics that are interesting and have an interesting narrative flow. But lyrics for songs are typically based on lyricists’ 13 , what’s happened to them. Lyricists write about falling in love, things that have gone wrong in their lives, or simple 14 like watching the sunrise. AIs don’t do that. I’m not sure that an AI will have that potential to be able to 15 something meaningful to people. 15．A．attain B．broadcast C．communicate D．restore 【答案】15．C 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我不确定人工智能是否有潜力向人们传达有意义的东西。A. attain获得；B. broadcast广播；C. communicate传达；D. restore恢复。根据前文“But lyrics for songs are typically based on lyricists’ 13 , what’s happened to them. Lyricists write about falling in love, things that have gone wrong in their lives, or simple 14 like watching the sunrise. AIs don’t do that.”可知，作者质疑人工智能创作歌词的能力，不确定它能否向人们传达有意义的东西。故选C项。 例2（2025·上海黄浦·二模） Extreme optimism and unrealistic belief, at root, 11 that anything is wrong; and if nothing is wrong, there is nothing to worry about and nothing to change. Extreme negativity and desperation are so harsh that they essentially say that any action would be 12 . Between these two poles exists a third way: 13 wise hope and wise action. 13．A．committing to B．fighting against C．participating in D．reflecting on 【答案】13．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了每个人都要面对三种悲剧以及悲剧乐观主义的特点和应对挑战的方式。 13．考查动词短语辨析。句意：在这两个极端之间还有第三条路：坚持明智的希望和明智的行动。A. committing to坚持，投入；B. fighting against作斗争；C. participating in参加；D. reflecting on反思。根据后文“wise hope and wise action”以及“a situation and see it clearly for what it is, and then gather the strength, courage and resolve to focus on what we can control”主要阐释了第三条路，即坚持坚持明智的希望和明智的行动。故选A。 全文围绕 “tragic optimism（悲剧乐观主义）” 展开，先指出人们面对困境时的两种极端行为 ——“blind positivity（盲目乐观）” 和 “extreme negativity（极端消极）”，随后提出第三种正确方式：“wise hope and wise action（明智的希望与行动）”。第 13 题需理解语篇的 “对比 - 提出解决方案” 结构：前两种极端是 “需要避免的”，而第三种是 “倡导的”，因此需选择体现 “主动坚持 / 践行” 的短语（committing to），与语篇中对第三种方式的肯定态度一致。 例3（2025·上海闵行一模） Effective monitoring of endangered species is key to their survival. Studying the 21 , range, and habits of wild animals is essential to ensure their habitat remains free from development and illegal hunters. Traditional methods of monitoring wild animals, especially large ones, include radio-tagging（无线电标记）. To do this, individual animals must at first be captured so that collars can be 22 . ...... They could effectively create a true picture of individual rhinos' activities without the use of any invasive （侵入的） techniques. Consequently, the team were interested to know whether the trackers' knowledge could be effectively 29 a computerized technique for monitoring animal movement. ...... If that is done repeatedly, conservationists can draw up a 32 of all, or at least a significant proportion of the individuals within the population. After that, conservationists can use it to identify an animal and its movements by its print. ............ 21. A. flexibility B. diet C. movement D. behavior 答案：C 21. C：语篇层次题。文章围绕监测濒危物种展开，研究野生动物的移动、活动范围和习性对保护其栖息地至关重要。“movement”（移动）符合语境，而 “flexibility”（灵活性）、“diet”（饮食）、“behavior”（行为）在文中虽也相关，但结合后文主要讨论通过监测动物移动来保护它们，“movement” 最为合适，所以选 C。 例4（2025·上海宝山一模） At times we all wish that we knew what other people were thinking. __21__ , people's facial expressions, movements and posture (姿势) can communicate a lot about what is going on in their minds. Understanding these messages hidden in people's language can require a lot of skill, but Joe Navarro's book What EVERY BODY is Saying can help __22__ that ability. Small changes in body language can help you recognize if someone is __23__. Even when people don't lie directly, they sometimes try to hide their feelings. Whether you are __24__ with people in business or in your personal life, recognizing these feelings can help you look out for their interests and your own. According to Navarro, establishing a baseline for how a person behaves is important to avoid __25__ their body language. Most facial expressions and gestures can mean several different things, so __26__ when people use certain expressions. Recognizing this baseline can help you understand whether expressions and gestures indicate a(n) __27__ to something you said or not. For example, rubbing one's eyes may be a sign of __28__ with a topic. But if the person has been rubbing their eyes __29__, they might just be tired. Proximity (接近，亲近) to other people is also part of body language. People stand closer to people they like or feel comfortable with than to strangers or people they don't like. And posture also __34__. Sitting or standing up straight can show that someone feels confident, while sitting with crossed arms indicates that they feel __35__ or uncomfortable. Body language can communicate a lot about people's thoughts and feelings, and thus, help you relate to them. 22. A. provide B. develop C. discover D. arouse 24. A. cooperating B. negotiating C. investigating D. interacting 25. A. misguiding B. misinterpreting C. mistrusting D. mismanaging 34. A. adjusts B. follows C. moves D. matters 答案解析 22. B：这本书能帮助 “培养” 理解肢体语言隐藏信息的能力。“develop”（培养，发展）符合语境，“provide” （提供）、“discover”（发现）、“arouse”（唤起）均不能准确表达培养能力的意思，所以选 B。 语篇层次题。文章中提到 “Understanding these messages hidden in people's language can require a lot of skill（理解隐藏在人们语言中的这些信息需要很多技巧）”，后文紧接着介绍 “Joe Navarro's book What EVERY BODY is Saying can help 22 that ability（乔・纳瓦罗的《身体语言密码》这本书能帮助…… 那种能力）”。从语篇整体来看，文章旨在阐述身体语言能传达很多信息，但理解这些信息需要能力，而这本书的出现就是要助力人们去更好地掌握这种理解身体语言所传达信息的能力，所以这里用 “develop（发展，培养）”，意味着帮助读者去提升、培养解读身体语言信息的能力，契合整个语篇围绕身体语言以及如何更好理解它这一脉络展开的内容。 24. D：无论是在商业还是个人生活中与他人 “互动”，识别这些感觉都有助于兼顾双方利益。“interacting”（互动）符合语境，“cooperating”（合作）、“negotiating”（谈判）、“investigating”（调查）都过于片面，不能涵盖各种与他人打交道的情况，所以选 D。 语篇层次题。文中先是说 “Whether you are 24 with people in business or in your personal life（无论你在商务中还是个人生活中与人们……）”，后面又提到 “recognizing these feelings can help you look out for their interests and your own（识别这些情感能帮助你留意他们的和你自己的利益）”。从语篇的角度去理解，整个篇章重点在讲述身体语言对于人们了解他人想法、感受的重要性，而此处描述的在商务和个人生活不同场景下，需要一个能体现与他人相处交往且通过这种相处去识别情感、照顾彼此利益的词，“interacting（互动，交往）” 就很好地契合了这一整体语境，它能涵盖不同场景下与他人打交道的情况，是顺着语篇围绕身体语言在人际交往中的作用这一核心思路来的。 25. B：根据后文提到面部表情和手势可能有多种含义，可知建立一个人行为的基线对于避免 “误解” 其肢体语言很重要。“misinterpreting”（误解）符合语境，“misguiding”（误导）、“mistrusting”（不信任）、“mismanaging”（管理不善）均不符合，所以选 B。 语篇层次题。文中先是指出 “establishing a baseline for how a person behaves is important to avoid 25 their body language.（为一个人的行为建立一个基准对于避免…… 他们的身体语言是很重要的）”，随后解释 “Most facial expressions and gestures can mean several different things（大多数面部表情和手势可能意味着几种不同的情况）”。从语篇理解的层面，整个部分是在讲解如何准确通过身体语言去判断他人想法，因为身体语言的表意具有复杂性，所以才强调要建立基准，其目的就是避免错误解读，“misinterpreting（误解，曲解）” 准确地对应了语篇中关于身体语言理解存在难度以及要正确解读它这一整体内容，是基于对这一环节在整个语篇中作用的把握来选择的答案。 34. D：姿势也 “很重要”。“matters”（重要）符合语境，“adjusts”（调整）、“follows”（跟随）、“moves”（移动）均不符合姿势重要这一语境，所以选 D。 语篇层次题。文中先是在多处举例介绍身体语言的不同方面，像面部表情、动作等所传达的信息，接着提到 “And posture also 34. Sitting or standing up straight can show that someone feels confident, while sitting with crossed arms indicates that they feel 35 or uncomfortable.（姿势也……。坐直或站直能表明某人感觉自信，而交叉双臂坐着表明他们感觉…… 或不舒服）”。从语篇的角度出发，整体是在全面阐述身体语言的各个构成要素及其表意功能，姿势作为其中一部分，这里用 “matters（有关系，要紧）” 体现出姿势在整个身体语言体系中的重要性，它和前面所讲的面部表情等其他要素一样，都能传达人们内心的想法和感受，是对语篇围绕身体语言多方面表意展开论述的补充与完善，所以该题答案是基于语篇对身体语言整体构成及作用的描述来确定的。 例5（2024奉贤一模） 47 , they checked to see which genes were especially active in the enamel-producing cells. It turned out that genes designed to bind to calcium were particularly busy. ......... But these findings are 54 . As any dentist will tell you, prevention is better than cure. 55 , a better cure would be always welcome. There is no doubt that this research offers a new prospect for future dental care. 47. A. Then B. Therefore C. Otherwise D. Still 55. A. Likewise B. Furthermore C. Nevertheless D. Instead 【答案】 47.A 55.C 【解析】 47. A. Then（然后） Therefore（因此） Otherwise（否则） Still（仍然） 答案：A. Then（然后） 解析：根据上下文，研究人员首先检查了釉质细胞中特别活跃的基因。然后，他们检查了哪些基因在产生釉质的细胞中特别活跃。Then表示时间上的顺序关系。 55. A. Likewise（同样地） Furthermore（此外） Nevertheless（然而） Instead（代替） 答案：C. Nevertheless（然而） 解析：根据上下文，文章提到预防胜过治疗，然而更好的治疗方法总是受欢迎的。Nevertheless表示转折关系，即尽管如此。 实战训练 一、名校试题 Passage 01 【来源】上海市浦东复旦附中分校2025-2026学年高三上学期9月第二次测试英语试题 Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. After Christmas, the festive cheer fades, and you might feel down or dissatisfied with yourself when you look in the mirror. In January, you might want to make changes and find a new diet plan. Many of these plans, advertised with fit people or 1 before-and-after photos, promise to help you fit into your jeans, improve your skin, and lower health risks. But are these diets as 2 as they seem? Are they backed by solid evidence? Celebrity endorsements (代言) can turn a diet into a popular trend, whether or not it has 3 backing. For example, the Raw Food diet, favored by stars like Uma Thurman, claims that cooking food 4 nutrients and enzymes (酶) that help digestion and prevent disease. Followers eat mostly uncooked plant-based foods, with the idea that it improves both health and memory. 5 , it makes perfect sense. When under scientific examination, however, the diet goes up in smoke. “The Raw Food diet has the least scientific evidence or reasoning behind it,” says Dr Scott Harding, lecturer in nutritional sciences at King’s College London. “There is no way that eating raw food specifically improves people’s antioxidant (抗氧化的) capacity or directly 6 their risk of developing long-term diseases.” Scientific reasoning might have quickly 7 raw food, but researchers have engaged more enthusiastically with other fashionable eating plans. Take the paleo diet, the most searched eating plan online. By basing the diet on the supposed eating habits of our lean, disease-free hunter-gatherer 8 , this plan promises weight loss, as well as a reduced risk of diabetes, heart disease and cancer. The rules: no 9 food, sugar, dairy, or grains, just foods that can be hunted, fished or gathered. It sounds 10 , but is the science reliable? Paleo’s problem is in its 11 . As critics have pointed out, our digestive systems and food have evolved significantly in the past 10 million years. Contrary to popular 12 of caveman’s meat-based and low-carb diet, evolutionary research suggests that our earlier ancestors fed frequently on nuts, seeds, fruits and vegetables rather than meat and fish, Stone Age humans would have eaten around 20 different types of plant-based foods a day, says Dr Mark Berry, senior research and development manager at Unilever, who led a 2010 study into the paleolithic diet. “It has been described as a low carb, no-grain diet, but the 13 form isn’t quite how it was,” says registered nutritionist and dietician Sue Baic, co-author of Nutrition for Dummies. “ 14 , the paleo diets had quite a lot of plant foods. The diets are characterized by low energy density, high fibre and plenty of beneficial plant compounds.” It’s the variety of these plant nutrients that is crucial to the diet’s 15 . 1．A．unnatural B．embarrassing C．rare D．inspiring 2．A．great B．abstract C．simple D．strange 3．A．financial B．scientific C．popular D．conditional 4．A．absorbs B．destroys C．provides D．increases 5．A．In practice B．By contrast C．To date D．On paper 6．A．assesses B．exposes C．reduces D．carries 7．A．defined B．changed C．dismissed D．completed 8．A．supporters B．developers C．competitors D．ancestors 9．A．processed B．imported C．packaged D．collected 10．A．shocking B．convincing C．amusing D．boring 11．A．promise B．variation C．assumption D．search 12．A．compositions B．interpretations C．distributions D．exploitations 13．A．limited B．simplified C．fixed D．publicised 14．A．Actually B．Unfortunately C．Similarly D．Eventually 15．A．effectiveness B．evolution C．session D．subjectiveness 【答案】 1．D 2．A 3．B 4．B 5．D 6．C 7．C 8．D 9．A 10．B 11．C 12．B 13．D 14．A 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要探讨了节后人们可能寻求新的饮食计划，但这些计划是否真的有效，是否有科学依据的问题。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：许多这类计划用身材健美的人或鼓舞人心的前后对比照做广告，承诺帮你穿上牛仔裤、改善皮肤、降低健康风险。A. unnatural不自然的；B. embarrassing令人尴尬的；C. rare稀有的；D. inspiring鼓舞人心的。根据下文的“before-and-after photos”和“promise to help you fit into your jeans, improve your skin, and lower health risks”可知，广告用的前后对比照应是“鼓舞人心的”，以吸引人们尝试。故选D项。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但这些节食计划真的像看起来那么好吗？A. great极好的；B. abstract抽象的；C. simple简单的；D. strange奇怪的。根据上文广告承诺的效果及下文“Are they backed by solid evidence?”的质疑可知，此处是问这些计划是否像看起来那么“好”。故选A项。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：名人代言能让一种节食计划成为流行趋势，无论它是否有科学依据。A. financial金融的；B. scientific科学的；C. popular流行的；D. conditional有条件的。根据下文的“When under scientific examination, however, the diet goes up in smoke.”可知，然而，当这种饮食接受科学检验时，却化为乌有，所以此处指的是无论饮食是否有“科学”依据，名人代言都可以使其成为流行趋势。故选B项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，Uma Thurman等明星青睐的生食饮食声称，烹饪会破坏有助于消化和预防疾病的营养物质和酶。A. absorbs吸收；B. destroys破坏；C. provides提供；D. increases增加。根据下文的“that help digestion and prevent disease”以及“Followers eat mostly uncooked plant-based foods, with the idea that it improves both health and memory.”可知，生食饮食的核心主张是吃未煮熟的食物，认为烹饪会“破坏”营养。故选B项。 5．考查介词短语辨析。句意：从理论上讲，这很有道理。A. In practice在实践中；B. By contrast相比之下；C. To date到目前为止；D. On paper从理论上讲。根据下文的“it makes perfect sense”以及“When under scientific examination, however, the diet goes up in smoke.”可知，前后为转折关系，即“从理论上讲”，生食饮食法很有道理，但实际上却缺乏科学依据。故选D项。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：伦敦国王学院营养科学讲师Scott Harding博士说：“没有证据表明生食能特别提高人们的抗氧化能力或直接降低他们患长期疾病的风险。”A. assesses评估；B. exposes暴露；C. reduces减少；D. carries携带。根据上文的“that help digestion and prevent disease”以及“When under scientific examination, however, the diet goes up in smoke.”可知，生食饮食法声称烹饪食物会破坏有助于消化和预防疾病的营养素和酶，但这种说法缺乏科学依据，所以此处指的是没有证据表明生食能直接“降低”患长期疾病的风险。故选C项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：科学推理可能很快驳斥了生食法，但研究人员对其他流行的饮食计划更感兴趣。A. defined定义；B. changed改变；C. dismissed驳斥，否定；D. completed完成。根据上文的“When under scientific examination, however, the diet goes up in smoke.”可知，生食饮食法缺乏科学依据，所以此处指的是科学推理很快“驳斥，否定”了生食法。故选C项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：以我们瘦削、无病的狩猎采集祖先的所谓饮食习惯为基础，这个计划承诺能减肥，并降低患糖尿病、心脏病和癌症的风险。A. supporters支持者；B. developers开发者；C. competitors竞争者；D. ancestors祖先。根据下文的“our earlier ancestors fed frequently on nuts, seeds, fruits and vegetables rather than meat and fish”可知，此处指的是我们的“祖先”的饮食习惯。故选D项。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：规则是：不吃加工食品、糖、奶制品或谷物，只吃可以狩猎、捕捞或采集到的食物。A. processed加工的；B. imported进口的；C. packaged包装好的；D. collected收集的。根据下文的“food, sugar, dairy, or grains, just foods that can be hunted, fished or gathered”可知，这种饮食计划只吃可以狩猎、捕捞或采集到的食物，所以此处指的是不吃“加工”食品。故选A项。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这听起来很有说服力，但科学依据可靠吗？A. shocking令人震惊的；B. convincing有说服力的；C. amusing有趣的；D. boring无聊的。根据上文的“this plan promises weight loss, as well as a reduced risk of diabetes, heart disease and cancer”可知，这种饮食计划承诺能减肥，并降低患糖尿病、心脏病和癌症的风险，所以此处指的是这种说法听起来“有说服力”。故选B项。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：古饮食法的问题在于它的假设。A. promise承诺；B. variation变化；C. assumption假设，假定；D. search搜索。根据上文的“By basing the diet on the supposed eating habits of our lean”以及下文的“As critics have pointed out, our digestive systems and food have evolved significantly in the past 10 million years”可知，古饮食法基于假定的饮食习惯，批评者指出，在过去的一千万年里，我们的消化系统和食物发生了巨大的变化，所以此处指的是古饮食法的“假设，假定”有问题。故选C项。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：与流行的对穴居人以肉类为主、低碳水化合物饮食的解读相反，进化研究表明，我们早期的祖先经常以坚果、种子、水果和蔬菜为食，而不是肉类和鱼类。A. compositions成分；B. interpretations解释，解读；C. distributions分配；D. exploitations利用。根据上文的“Contrary to”和下文的“of caveman’s meat-based and low-carb diet”以及“evolutionary research suggests that our earlier ancestors fed frequently on nuts, seeds, fruits and vegetables rather than meat and fish”可知，此处指的是与流行的对穴居人饮食的“解释，解读”相反。故选B项。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：注册营养师兼营养学家Sue Baic是《傻瓜营养学》的合著者，她说：“它被描述为低碳水化合物、无谷物的饮食，但宣传的形式并不完全是这样。”A. limited有限的；B. simplified简化的；C. fixed固定的；D. publicised宣传的。根据上文的“It has been described as a low carb, no-grain diet”以及“but”可知，古饮食法被描述为低碳水化合物、无谷物的饮食，但“宣传的”形式并不完全是这样。故选D项。 14．考查副词词义辨析。句意：实际上，古饮食法包含相当多的植物性食物。A. Actually实际上；B. Unfortunately不幸地；C. Similarly类似地；D. Eventually最终。根据上文的“but the publicised form isn’t quite how it was”以及下文的“the paleo diets had quite a lot of plant foods”可知，此处表示转折，即古饮食法被宣传为低碳水化合物、无谷物的饮食，但“实际上”包含相当多的植物性食物。故选A项。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：正是这些植物性营养物质的多样性对饮食的有效性至关重要。A. effectiveness有效性；B. evolution进化；C. session一段时间；D. subjectiveness主观性。根据上文的“It’s the variety of these plant nutrients that is crucial”以及“this plan promises weight loss, as well as a reduced risk of diabetes, heart disease and cancer”可知，饮食计划承诺的减肥、降低患病风险等效果，所以此处指的是对饮食的“有效性”至关重要。故选A项。 Passage 02 【来源】上海市行知中学2025~2026学年高三上学期第二次月考英语试题 Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. Why Do People’s Exercise Needs Vary so Much? Exercise needs vary among people due to a number of factors, including ...Genetic variability Genes play a big role in determining a person’s 1 to exercise. Genetic variations influence factors such as muscle fibre composition, metabolism (新陈代谢) and cardiovascular (心血管的) capacity. Some people may be 2 predisposed to endurance activities, while others may have a genetic make-up that favors strength exercises. Metabolic rate Metabolic rate varies between people due to genetic and physiological factors. Some people have a higher basal metabolic rate, meaning they burn calories faster while 3 . This affects energy 4 during exercise and influences the type and intensity of exercise needed for weight management and fitness. Body composition Variations in body composition 5 how a person responds to exercise. Someone with a higher percentage of lean muscle mass may have different strength and endurance capabilities to someone with a higher percentage of body fat. 6 Exercise requirements 7 over the course of a person’s life. Children and adolescents may have different needs for growth and development compared to adults or older people 8 bone density and functional abilities. Personal goals Not everyone wants to get faster or be stronger. Most people have their own 9 when exercising and the plan they follow needs to cater to those goals. Personal 10 also come into play, as some people prefer exercising in a team or class, while others prefer solo workouts. In between exercise Activity 11 between workouts will also influence a person’s exercise needs and how much they eat. If you’re in a(n) 12 job, for example, you might not need as much exercise as someone who is more sedentary (需要久坐的). Recovery is also important, as this is where the majority of your gains are made. Everyone has different recovery times, even after doing the 13 workout. Psychological factors Psychological factors, including 14 , stress levels and mental health also affect exercise preferences and adherence (坚持). Recognizing and embracing these 15 is vital for tailoring effective and sustainable exercise programmes that meet a person’s needs 1．A．attempt B．response C．tendency D．chance 2．A．especially B．naturally C．regularly D．typically 3．A．at rest B．at work C．being alone D．in groups 4．A．conservation B．efficiency C．expenditure D．intake 5．A．affect B．dominate C．monitor D．reflect 6．A．Age B．Diet C．Lifespan D．Size 7．A．change B．continue C．persist D．shrink 8．A．coping with B．focusing on C．relying on D．starting with 9．A．goals B．positions C．routines D．schedules 10．A．experiences B．opinions C．preferences D．reasons 11．A．durations B．intervals C．levels D．patterns 12．A．active B．boring C．decent D．demanding 13．A．extra B．new C．same D．tough 14．A．education B．environment C．motivation D．nutrition 15．A．differences B．exceptions C．factors D．features 【答案】 1．B 2．B 3．A 4．C 5．A 6．A 7．A 8．B 9．A 10．C 11．C 12．A 13．C 14．C 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要围绕“人们锻炼需求存在显著差异”这一核心话题，从基因变异性、新陈代谢率、身体成分、年龄、个人目标、锻炼间隙、心理因素七个维度，条理清晰地解释了导致差异的具体原因，旨在帮助读者理解个体锻炼需求不同的根源。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：基因在决定一个人对锻炼的反应方面起着重要作用。A. attempt尝试、努力；B. response反应、回应；C. tendency倾向、趋势；D. chance机会、可能性。根据下文“Genetic variations influence factors such as muscle fibre composition, metabolism (新陈代谢) and cardiovascular (心血管的) capacity.”可知，基因决定人对不同锻炼的反应。故选B。 2．考查副词词义辨析。句意：有些人可能天生就适合耐力活动，而另一些人的基因构成则更有利于力量训练。A. especially尤其、特别；B. naturally天生地、自然地；C. regularly定期地、有规律地；D. typically通常、典型地。根据下文“while others may have a genetic make-up that favors strength exercises.”中的“genetic”可推测，空处指的是有些人天生适合耐力活动。故选B。 3．考查短语词义辨析。句意：有些人基础代谢率较高，这意味着他们在休息时燃烧卡路里的速度更快。A. at rest休息时、静止状态；B. at work工作时、在运转；C. being alone独处时；D. in groups集体中、成群地。根据上文“Some people have a higher basal metabolic rate”以及常识可知，基础代谢率指的是人体在清醒且极端安静状态下的代谢率，也就是休息时的代谢率。故选A。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这会影响锻炼时的能量消耗，并影响体重管理和健身所需的锻炼类型和强度。A. conservation保存、保护；B. efficiency效率、效能；C. expenditure消耗、支出；D. intake摄入、吸收。根据上文可知，代谢率高的人休息时燃烧卡路里更快；再根据下文“influences the type and intensity of exercise needed for weight management and fitness.”可知，代谢快意味着锻炼时能量消耗更快。故选C。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：身体成分的差异会影响一个人对锻炼的反应。A. affect影响、打动；B. dominate主导、支配；C. monitor监测、监控；D. reflect反映、反射。根据下文“Someone with a higher percentage of lean muscle mass may have different strength and endurance capabilities to someone with a higher percentage of body fat.”可知，身体成分差异影响锻炼反应。故选A。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：年龄。A. Age年龄；B. Diet饮食、节食；C. Lifespan寿命、生命周期；D. Size尺寸、规模。空处为小标题，是下文因素的归纳。根据下文“Exercise requirements _______ over the course of a person’s life. Children and adolescents may have different needs for growth and development compared to adults or older people _______  bone density and functional abilities.”可知，本段主要讲述的是年龄对人们锻炼需求的影响。故选A。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一个人的锻炼需求会随着年龄的增长而变化。A. change变化、改变；B. continue继续、持续；C. persist坚持、持续存在；D. shrink缩小、减少。根据下文“Children and adolescents may have different needs for growth and development compared to adults or older people _______ bone density and functional abilities.”可知，一个人锻炼的需求会随着年龄的增长而变化。故选A。 8．考查动词短语辨析。句意：儿童和青少年在生长发育方面的需求可能与成年人或年长者关注的骨密度和功能能力不同。A. coping with应对、处理；B. focusing on专注于、侧重；C. relying on依赖、依靠；D. starting with从……开始。根据上文“Children and adolescents may have different needs for growth and development”可知，儿童青少年的锻炼需求为生长发育；而相较之下，成年人或年长者关注的骨密度和功能能力不同。这体现了不同年龄段锻炼需求的侧重点差异，逻辑连贯。故选B。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：大多数人锻炼时都有自己的目标，他们遵循的计划需要满足这些目标。A. goals目标、目的；B. positions位置、立场；C. routines常规、惯例；D. schedules日程、安排。根据下文“the plan they follow needs to cater to those goals”可知，大多数人锻炼时都有自己的目标。故选A。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：个人偏好也起着作用，有些人喜欢团队或集体锻炼，而有些人则喜欢独自锻炼。A. experiences经历；B. opinions意见；C. preferences偏好；D. reasons原因。根据下文“as some people prefer exercising in a team or class, while others prefer solo workouts”可知，每个人的偏好也有所不同。故选C。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：锻炼间隔期间的活动量也会影响一个人的锻炼需求以及饮食量。A. durations持续时间、时长；B. intervals间隔、间隙；C. levels数量、程度；D. patterns模式、样式。根据小标题“In between exercise”可知，本段主题是锻炼空隙的活动。由此可推测，空处指的是锻炼间隙的活动量。故选C。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：例如，如果你的工作比较活跃，可能就不需要像久坐不动的人那么多的锻炼。A. active活跃的、积极的；B. boring无聊的、乏味的；C. decent体面的、得体的；D. demanding费力的、要求高的。根据下文“you might not need as much exercise as someone who is more sedentary (需要久坐的).”可推测，空处需填“sedentary”的反义词，即体现“活动量多的工作”，即活跃的工作。故选A。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：即使做同样的锻炼，每个人的恢复时间也不同。A. extra额外的、附加的；B. new新的、新鲜的；C. same相同的、一样的；D. tough艰难的、坚韧的。上文“Everyone has different recovery times”说每个人恢复的时间不同，而空前“even after doing”则加强了语气，说明锻炼时间一致，恢复时间仍有差异。故选C。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：包括动机、压力水平和心理健康在内的心理因素也会影响锻炼偏好和坚持度。A. education教育、培养；B. environment环境、周围状况；C. motivation动机、积极性；D. nutrition营养、滋养。根据空前“Psychological factors”以及空后“stress levels and mental health”可知，空处应该是影响锻炼偏好和坚持度的心理因素。“motivation(动机)”是典型的心理因素，符合逻辑。故选C。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：认识到并接纳这些差异对于制定有效且可持续的锻炼计划以满足个人需求至关重要。A. differences差异、不同；B. exceptions例外、除外；C. factors因素、要素；D. features特征、特点。根据全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了人们锻炼需求存在的显著差异，建议读者认识并接纳这些差异。故选A。 Passage 03 【来源】上海市华东师范大学附属东昌中学2025-2026学年高三上学期英语10月月考试题 Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to control people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The 1 of a ticket keeps drivers in line, and the promise of a bonus inspires high performance. But incentives (激励) can also 2 , discouraging the very behaviour they’re meant to encourage. A generation ago, Richard Titmuss claimed that paying people to donate blood 3 the supply. Economists were skeptical, citing a lack of scientific evidence. But since then, new data and models have prompted a sea change in how economists think about incentives — showing, among other things, that Titmuss was right in so many cases that businesses should 4 . Experimental economists have found that offering to pay women for donating blood decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and that letting them contribute the payment to charity 5 the effect. Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentives can have the opposite result when they destroy what Adam Smith called “the moral sentiments (情绪).” Psychology here has escaped blackboard economists, but it will be no surprise to people in business: When we take a job or buy a car, we are not only trying to get stuff — we are also trying to be a certain kind of person. 6 , people desire to be respected by others as ethical and dignified. And they don’t want to be taken for losers. Rewarding blood donations may not serve the intended purpose because it suggests that the donor is less interested in being 7 than in making a dollar. Incentives also run into trouble when they signal that the employee 8 the employee or is greedy. Close supervision of workers coupled with 9 for performance is textbook economics, but it can lead to the depression of employees. Perhaps most important, incentives affect what our actions signal, whether we’re being self- interested or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted, and they can imply — sometimes wrongly — what 10 us. Fines or public criticism that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval(think of littering) can be highly effective. But incentives go wrong when they 11 or brake our ethical sensibilities. This does not mean it’s 12 to appeal to self- interested and ethical motivations at the same time — just that efforts to do so often fail. 13 , policies support socially valued ends not only by controlling self- interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness. The small tax on plastic grocery bags passed by law in Ireland in 2002 that 14 their virtual elimination appears to have had such an effect. It caused offenders 15 while conveying a moral message. Carrying a plastic bag joined wearing a fur coat in the gallery of outdated and socially unacceptable practice. 1．A．temptation B．threat C．value D．equivalent 2．A．overflow B．backfire C．survive D．work 3．A．reduced B．affected C．afforded D．balanced 4．A．cut back B．stand by C．take note D．hold on 5．A．cause B．reverse C．take D．detect 6．A．In other words B．On the contrary C．By contrast D．In addition 7．A．unselfish B．ambitious C．thoughtful D．aggressive 8．A．boasts B．values C．encourages D．mistrusts 9．A．requirement B．criticism C．implication D．reward 10．A．supports B．threatens C．motivates D．changes 11．A．refine B．offend C．control D．arouse 12．A．impossible B．strange C．necessary D．abnormal 13．A．Rarely B．Occasionally C．Surprisingly D．Ideally 14．A．put an end to B．resulted in C．resorted to D．arose from 15．A．publicly B．severely C．monetarily D．mildly 【答案】 1．B 2．B 3．A 4．C 5．B 6．B 7．A 8．D 9．D 10．C 11．B 12．A 13．D 14．B 15．C 【导语】本文是议论文。文章指出组织和社会常用奖惩调控私利以服务公益，但奖惩有时会适得其反，还需兼顾道德情感，并举爱尔兰塑料袋税等案例说明。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：交通违章罚款单的威胁可使驾车者遵守交规，而关于奖金红利的许诺可以激发高业绩。A. temptation诱惑；B. threat威胁；C. value价值；D. equivalent对等的人；当量。根据上文“Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to control people’s self-interest in the service of the common good.(组织和社会通过罚款和奖励的方式来引导人们的个人利益，以服务于公共利益)”可知，各类组织和团体依靠罚款和奖金来控制人们在公益服务中的自私自利。因此推断交通罚单的威胁可以让司机有秩序。故选B。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是激励也可能产生适得其反的结果——减少原本想要鼓励的行为。 A. overflow溢出；B. backfire适得其反；C. survive幸存；D. work工作。根据下文“discouraging the very behaviour they’re meant to encourage.”可知，激励减少了原本要鼓励的行为，因此产生了适得其反的结果。故选B。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：约20—30年之前，理查德·蒂姆穆斯曾声称，付钱让人们献血反而会减少献血量。A. reduced减少；B. affected影响；C. afforded给予；提供；D. balanced保持稳定。根据上文“But incentives (激励) can also _______, discouraging the very behaviour they’re meant to encourage.”可知，激励可以产生适得其反的结果，减少原本要激励的行为，因此推断付钱让人们献血会减少供应。故选A。 4．考查动词短语辨析。句意：但自那以后，新的数据和模型促使经济学家对激励的看法发生了翻天覆地的变化——这表明，蒂姆穆斯在很多情况下都是正确的，企业应该注意到这一点。A. cut back削减；B. stand by支持；袖手旁观；C. take note注意，记笔记；D. hold on等一下；继续。根据上文“Titmuss was right in so many cases”可推断，蒂姆穆斯在很多情况下都是正确，因此企业应该注意。故选C。 5．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：实验经济学家发现，给献血女性提供报酬使愿意献血的人数减少了将近一半，而让她们将献血所得贡献给福利事业扭转了这个局面。A. cause导致；B. reverse撤销；颠倒；C. take拿；取；D. detect发现；觉察。根据第一段的“But incentives can also ______, discouraging the very behavior they're meant to encourage.”及本句前文的对比关系“offering to pay women for donating blood decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and that letting them contribute the payment to charity”可推断，激励会产生适得其反的结果，因此推断给献血的女性报酬会导致没有更多的人献血，但是让她们把献血所得给福利事业就扭转了局面。故选B。 6．考查固定短语辨析。句意：恰恰相反，人们希望受到他人尊重，希望被看作是具有高尚道德和有尊严的人。A. In other words换句话说；B. On the contrary恰恰相反；C. By contrast相比之下；D. In addition此外。根据上文“Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentives can have the opposite result when they destroy what Adam Smith called “the moral sentiments.””可知，大量近期的实验表明，当激励损害了亚当·斯密所说的“道德情操”时，以经济激励奖赏私利可能产生适得其反的结果。因此推断，相反的，人们希望受到他人尊重，希望被看作是具有高尚道德和美好情操的人。故选B。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：奖励献血可能达不到预期的目的，是因为它暗含“捐血者对无私奉献的兴趣少于对挣钱的热衷”之意。A. unselfish无私的；慷慨的；B. ambitious雄心勃勃的；C. thoughtful体贴的；D. aggressive咄咄逼人的。根据上文“letting them contribute the payment to charity”可知，此处说的是无私奉献与挣钱进行对比。故选A。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当激励措施传递出“员工不信任员工”或者“员工贪婪”的信息时，这些激励措施也会出现问题。A. boasts自吹自擂；夸耀；B. values重视；C. encourages鼓励；D. mistrusts不信任。由下文的“greedy”可推断，此处表示激励措施传递出“员工不信任员工”或者“员工贪婪”的信息时，激励也会遇到麻烦，故选D。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：密切监督员工并对其表现进行奖励是典型的经济学，但这可能会导致员工的抑郁。A. requirement要求；B. criticism批评；C. implication暗示；D. reward奖赏。根据下文“for performance is textbook economics”和常识可知，员工会因为好的表现被给予奖励。故选D。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：或许最为重要的是，激励措施会影响我们的行为所传达的信息，无论我们是出于个人利益还是出于社会责任，是受到操纵还是被信任，而且它们有时还会暗示（尽管这些暗示可能并不准确）我们真正的动机是什么。A. supports支持；B. threatens威胁；C. motivates激励；D. change改变。由破折号后对前文“whether we’re being self- interested or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted（我们是自私自利还是热心公益，被操控还是被信任）”解释说明可知，此处说的是是什么激励了我们。故选C。 11．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：通过传达社会的不赞同来启发我们的道德情操的罚款或者公开批评（如乱丢垃圾）颇具成效。可是一旦触犯或者破坏了我们的道德感情，激励就会出问题。A. refine改善；B. offend冒犯；C. control控制；D. arouse引起。由But可推断，上下文是转折关系，根据上文“Fines or public criticism that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval (think of littering) can be highly effective.(通过展示社会的不满情绪（比如乱扔垃圾这种行为）来引发我们的道德情感从而实施罚款或公开谴责，这种做法往往非常有效)”可推断，触犯或者破坏道德情感会让激励出问题。故选B。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这并不意味着同时启发自私自利且合乎道德的动机是不可能的——只是这样的努力往往以失败告终。A. impossible不可能的；B. strange奇怪的；C. necessary必要的；D. abnormal不正常的。根据下文“policies support socially valued ends not only by controlling self- interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness(政策不但要通过治理自私，而且要通过鼓励公共道德来拥护社会上受重视的目标)”可知，这并不意味着同时启发自私自利且合乎道德的动机是不可能的。故选A。 13．考查副词词义辨析。 句意：理想的状况下，政策不但要通过治理自私，而且要通过鼓励公共道德来拥护社会上受重视的目标。A. Rarely很少；B. Occasionally偶尔；C. Surprisingly出人意料地；D. Ideally理想地。根据后文“policies support socially valued ends not only by controlling self- interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness”以及常识可知，既治理了自私又鼓励了公共道德是理想的。故选D。 14．考查动词短语辨析。句意：2002 年爱尔兰通过的一项针对塑料购物袋的小额征税法案，虽然只是在法律层面上实施，却确实促使其塑料袋的使用几乎完全消失，这一举措似乎确实产生了这样的效果。A. put an end to结束；B. resulted in导致；C. resorted to求助于；D. arose from由……引起。根据后文“their virtual elimination appears to have had such an effect”可知，指针对塑料购物袋的小额征税法案导致其塑料袋的使用几乎完全消失，故选B。 15．考查副词词义辨析。句意：它在从金钱上惩罚违规者的同时，也传达了一种道德信息。 A. publicly公然地；B. severely严重地；C. monetarily财政地；从金钱上；D. mildly温和地。根据上文“The small tax on plastic grocery bags passed by law in Ireland in 2002 their virtual elimination appears to have had such an effect.（2002年爱尔兰通过的向塑料杂货袋征收小额税款（的法案）取得了实际上消除塑料袋的结果，这似乎就起到了这样的效果。）”可知，该法案从金钱上惩罚了冒犯者。故选C。 二、真题演练 2023年1月春考 外刊来源： For the past five years. I've been examining the pros and cons of reading on-screen versus in print. The _______bottom line is that while digital devices may be fine for reading that we don't intend to (41 ) _______or reread, text that requires what's been called “deep reading”is nearly always better done in print. Readers themselves have a keen sense of what kind of reading is best suited for which (42) _______. My survey research with university students in the United Sates, Germany. and Japan reveals that if costs are the same, about 90 percent ( at least in my sample ) (43 )_______ hard copy for schoolwork. If a text is long, 92 percent would choose hard copy. For (44) _______texts, it's a toss-up. Digital reading also (45 ) _______distraction and invites multitasking. Among American and Japanese subjects, 92 percent reported it was easiest to concentrate when reading in hard copy.(The figure for Germany was 98 percent. ) In this country.26 percent indicated they were (46)________to multitask while reading in print, compared with 85 percent when reading on-screen. Imagine (47)_______with Finnegan's Wake while simultaneously juggling Facebook and booking a vacation fight. You get the point. Several open-ended questions on my survey were particularly (48 )_______. I asked what people liked most ( and least) about reading in each medium. Common (49)_______for what students liked most about reading in print included “I can write on the pages and remember the material easier” and “it's easier to focus.” When asked what they liked least about reading (50 )_______, a number of Japanese students reported that it wasn't “real reading,” while respondents from all three countries complained that they “get distracted” or “don't absorb as much.” My all-time favorite reply to the question "What is the one thing you (51 )________about reading in print?" came from an American: "It takes me longer because I read more carefully. " Isn't careful reading what academe was designed to promote? Readings in the humanities tend to be lengthy, intellectually weighty, or both. The (52)_______of digital reading for the humanities is that screens-particularly those on devices with Internet connections-undermine our encounters with meaty texts. These (53 ) ________weren't designed for focused concentration, reading slowly, pausing to argue virtually with the author,or rereading. (54 )_______, they are information and communication machines, best used for searching and skimming-not scrutinizing. Teachers and scholars must look beyond today's career-mindedness in talking about challenges to the humanities. We need to think more carefully about students' mounting rejection of long-form reading , now (55 )_________ by digital technologies that further complicate our struggle to engage students in serious text-based inquiry. 41. A. make up B.take on C.hold out D.chew over 42. A.design B. medium C. cover D. content 43.A. prefer B.refer C.offer D.transfer 44. A. lower B. higher C.shorter D. longer 45.A.disarms B.encourages C.encaves D. counteracts 46.A. likely B. orderly C. deadly D. cleanly 47.A.delighting B. satisfying C. struggling D.picnicking 48. A.recommending B. indicating C.recognizing D. revealing 49.A.response B.additions C.solutions D.instruments 50. A. casually B.delicately C. digitally D. instantly 51. A.disadvantage B. dislike C.misjudge D. decolour 52. A.advance B. suspect C.pleasure D. challenge 53. A.vehicles B.services C.devices D. figures 54. A. Accordingly B. Rather C.Thus D. Therefore 55. A.qualified B.terrified C.identified D.intensified 【答案】41-55 DBACB ACDAC BDCBD 【导读】文章主要是对比了在屏幕上阅读和纸质阅读的利弊。结论是，虽然数字设备适合阅读不需要深入理解或重复阅读的内容，但对于需要进行“深度阅读”的文本来说，纸质阅读几乎总是更好的选择。调查研究显示，大部分学生认为纸质阅读更适合学业，尤其是长篇文本。数字阅读容易分散注意力，容易引发多任务处理，而纸质阅读更利于专注。一些被调查者表示，在纸质阅读时很少分心，而在屏幕上阅读时则经常分心。针对喜欢纸质阅读的原因，调查结果显示，人们喜欢可以在纸张上做笔记、更容易记住材料和更容易集中注意力。对于不喜欢数字阅读的原因，一些被调查者表示数字阅读不是“真正的阅读”，还有人抱怨容易分心或无法吸收足够的信息。最后，文章呼吁教师和学者要关注学生对长篇阅读的拒绝，特别是数字技术进一步加剧了我们在引导学生进行严肃的以文本为基础的研究方面的挑战。 【解析】 41.D【解析]根据该空之后提及的reread(意为“重读，再读”)可推知，此处想要表述的句意为:“虽然数字设备可能适合阅读我们不打算反复阅读(chew over)的内容 需要所谓‘深度阅读’的文本几乎总是在印刷品中做得更好”。故选D.ma take on 承担:hold out 保持;chew over 细嚼;仔细考量。 42.B[解析] 结合该段所举例子和文章提及的相关内容，再根据相关选项分析,可推知本篇文章讲述的内容与阅读媒介相关，即填入 medium 更符合文意，即此句意为:“读者自己对什么样的阅读最适合哪种媒介(medium)有着敏锐的感觉”故选 B。design n. 设计;设计方案; 布局;安排;构思; medium n.介质:方法:媒介;材料，形式;cover n.封皮;覆盖物:掩盖，掩饰; content n.内容:含量。 43.A[解析] 结合该空前后提及的 90%的人选择硬堵贝可推知，在所调查的人中这些人更喜欢使用这种方式，因此结合选项分析，A 项更符合文意。句意为:“我对美国、德国和日本的大学生进行的调查研究表明，如果成本相同，大约90%的人 (至少在我的样本中) 更喜欢 (prefer) 硬拷贝(即打印件) 作业”。故选 A。prefer v.更喜欢;较喜欢; refer v. 参考;指;描述;谈及; offer v. 提供:供应: transfer v.转移(感情): 转让(权力等): 改变(环境)。 44.C【解析]结合上文提及的lf a text is long. 92 percent would choose hard copy可知，上文提及了“对于长文本，人们倾向于硬拷员一，结合选项分析，此处想表述的是一如果文本很长。92%的人会选择硬拷员，对于较短的(shorter)文本，这是一个悬而未决的问题”。故选C。lower adj:下面的，在底部的，低注的:higher adj.高等级的:糖到独高的; shorter adj较相的，更短的; longer adj比较长的; 长期的。 45.B【解析]连词and前后连接并列端分，再根据该空之后提及的invites multitasking可知，数字阅读会导数多任务处理。结合选项分析，B项符合文意。句意为:一数字阅读也促进(encourages)分散注意力，并引发多任务处理”。故选B。disarm v.解除……的武装:裁军:使无害,消除…的杀伤力; encourages v. 促进:激励;:刺激; encaves v.把.搬入洞中: 藏于洞中: counteract v.抵消:抵抗:抵制。 46.[解析]结合该空之后提及的compared with 8.5 percent when reading on-screen可知，此处想要表述的是数字阅读和印刷品阅读对注意力分散的影响，根据上文可知印刷品阅读注意力分散情况相对低一点。句意为:“在这个国家，26%的人表示他们在阅读印刷品时可能会(likely)同时处理多项任务，而在屏幕上阅读时这一比例为85%”。故选 A.likely adj.可能的:有希望的:预料的:adv.可能: 或许;orderly adj.有秩序的:整洁的;有条理的;表现良好的;adv.依次地:有规则地:有条理地;deadly adj.致命的;极度的;彻底的;枯燥的:adv.极其:非常;cleanly adv.干净地;清洁地;干净利落地; adj.爱清洁的;干净的。 47.C【解析]结合上文提及的“多任务处理”可推知此处想要表述的是三个任务同时进行，因此结合相关选项,C项符合文意。句意为:“想象一下，一边在Facebook上玩游戏，一边预订度假航班，一边在《芬尼根守灵记》中苦苦挣扎(struggling)"。故选C。delight v.使高兴:使愉快;使快乐; satisfy v.使满足:使满意:使确信:向……证实:struggle v.斗争;努力;奋斗;争取;抗争: picnick v.野餐。 48.D【解析]根据句意以及句子结构分析，该空处填入形容词，结合相关选项可知，该句话想要表述的是“我的调查中有几个开放式的问题特别有启发性(revealing)”，故选D。recommend v.建议;推荐;介绍;indicating v.表明;显示:暗示:示意:象征;recognizing v.认识;承认;(正式)认可，接受，赞成; revealing adj.有启示作用的;给人启发的。 49.A【解析]结合上文内容可知，这里讲述的内容与调查问卷相关，再结合下文提及的a number of Japanese students reported that it wasn't “real reading," while respondents from all three countries complained that they “get distracted” or “don't absorb as much”可知，该空应该与被调查的人的回复有关，因此结合选项分析，该空处想要表述的是:对于学生最喜欢印刷品阅读的内容,常见的回答(responses )包括“我可以在纸上写字，更容易记住材料”和“更容易集中注意力”。故选A。 responses n.响应;反应;回答;答复;additions n.增加;添加;solutions n.溶液:解决办法:答案;instruments n.仪器;仪表;器械:手段:器具。 50.C【解析]该段提及的内容是被调查者关于印刷版阅读和数字阅读的相关反馈，结合该空之后提及的a number of Japanese students reported that it wasn't "real reading," while respondents from all three countries complained that they “get distracted" or "don't absorb as much"可知，这里讲述的内容与数字阅读的特点相关，即此处句意为:“当被问及他们最不喜欢数字(digitally)阅读的地方时，一些日本学生表示这不是‘真正的阅读’，而来自这三个国家的受访者则抱怨他们‘分心了’或‘吸收不了那么多’”。故选C。casually adv.随意地:随便地:漫不经心地:delicately adv.合意地;digitally adv.以数字方式;数位地:instantly adv.立即:立刻:马上。 51.B【解析]根据句子结构分析，该空需要填入动词，故可排除A项，再结合上下文内容可知，此处讲述的是关于人们是否喜欢某种阅读媒介的问题。因此此处句意为:“对于‘你不喜欢(dislike)在印刷品中阅读的一件事是什么?’这个问题，我最喜欢的回答来自一位美国人……”。选B。disadvantage n.缺点:不利因素;障碍:dislike vt.不喜欢;厌恶:不喜爱;misjudge vt.判断错误;错看:形成错误认识:decolour v.脱色;漂白。 52.D【解析]根据下文提及的particularly those on devices with Internet connections--undermine our encounters with meaty texts可知此处讲述的是数字阅读的缺点，即此处句意为:“数字阅读对人文学科的挑战(challenge)在于，屏幕--尤其是那些连接互联网的设备上的屏幕会破坏我们与丰富文本的接触”。故选D。advance n.进展;行进;进步:预付款:suspect n.嫌疑犯:嫌疑分子:可疑对象:pleasure n.愉快:欣慰:荣幸:challenge n.挑战:质疑:质询。 53.C【解析]上文提及了数字阅读的缺点，结合相关选项可知，此处与数字阅读联系最为紧密的是C项，即此处表述的是数字阅读设备的缺陷。句意为:“这些设备(devices)并不是为了集中注意力、慢慢阅读、停下来与作者进行虚拟辩论或重读而设计的”。故选C。vehicles n.车辆:手段，工具:交通工具:services n.公共事业:服务性企业;公共服务系统:公共事业机构:devices n,装置:设备;方法:仪器:figures n.位数:算术;数字符号:字码。 54.B【解析]结合该空前后提及的for focused concentration,reading slowly, pausing to argue virtually with the author, or rereading 和 they are information and communication machines, best used for searching and skimming-not scrutinizing可知，该空前后是两种完全相反的观点,因此B项符合文意。句意为:“相反(Rather),它们是信息和通信机器，最好用于搜索和略读，而不是仔细查”。故选B。 Accordingly adv.因此:相应地:所以:照着:Rather adv.相当地:在某种程度上:有点儿，稍微;相反，反而，而是;Thus adv.因此:从而:这样;所以:如此:Therefore adv.因此:所以;因而。 55.D【解析]结合上文提及的We need to think more carefully about students' mounting rejection of long-form reading可知,学生本来就对长格式阅读有排斥感，再结合该空前后内容和相关选项，推知此处想表述的是“我们需要更仔细地考虑学生们对长格式阅读的日益排斥，现在数字技术加剧了(intensified) 这种排斥，使我们在让学生参与严肃的基于文本的探究方面的斗争更加复杂”。故选D。 qualified adj.有资格的;具备……的知识(或技能);具备……的学历(或资历); terrified adj.很害怕;恐惧;;极度惊慌的;identified adj.被识别的;经鉴定的;被认同的:intensified adj.加强的。 1 / 16 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $