专题1 阅读理解 题组8 议论说理类-【区块练】2021-2025年五年高考真题分类汇编英语

议论说理类 　 Passage 1 (2025·北京卷) Throughout our Junior year, my classmates and I have been worried about what colleges will see when they look at our whole life story reduced to a single 200­word essay.Will the golden word “success” form in their minds when they review our achievements? Or will they see the big word “fail” in red? The shadow of this mysterious (神秘的) institution steals away what success means to us. My first step of redefining success began with course registrations.It is a well­known fact, especially in my school, that Junior year is the time of packing many AP classes into the schedule.When asked why they chose so many AP classes, my friends responded: “I don't know”. They themselves don't know why they are following the crowd and longing for the pressures of academic difficulty.Therefore, they do not feel the satisfaction of being academically challenged. Completing many courses no longer brings out the feeling of success because more than four AP classes per year is a norm set by top universities.Determined to follow my instincts (本能) on what I felt success means, I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy.The feeling of success was no longer attached to what grade I received but to the pure joy of learning. Even my failures are attached to a feeling of success; after I take a step back and look at the big picture, I see them as a launching pad (平台) for my next big achievement.In the ninth grade, I went in for my first group interview for a leadership position as a shy girl.Not standing a chance against competitive applicants, I came out of the interview with an upset look.Nevertheless, this interview wasn't a wasted opportunity.I talked to one of the senior applicants who answered questions in a way that reflected the faith she had in herself. This year, with an open mind and new knowledge in mind, I walked into another group interview while telling myself I was that cool senior.I managed to secure a leadership position.Ultimately, success came little by little. 1.Throughout the Junior year, what was the author's major concern? A.Pressure from choosing AP classes. B.Performance in group interviews. C.Competition with seniors. D.Recognition by colleges. 2.The author chose fewer AP classes because of ________. A.her own understanding of success B.her desire for academic challenges C.her strong urge to follow the crowd D.her dream of entering a top university 3.Which would best describe the author's first group interview? A.Dignifying. B.Rewarding. C.Engaging. D.Relaxing. 4.What can we learn from this passage? A.Everyone is the maker of their own success. B.Success favours those with a golden heart. C.Success knocks at your door only once. D.A college holds the key to success. Passage 2 (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper？And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material？The answers to both questions are often“no”.The reasons relate to a variety of factors，including reduced concentration，an entertainment mindset(心态)and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. When reading texts of several hundred words or more，learning is generally more successful when it's on paper than onscreen.A large amount of research confirms this finding.The benefits of print reading particularly shine_through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text. The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper's physical properties.With paper，there is a literal laying on of hands，along with the visual geography of distinct pages.People often link their memory of what they've read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page. But equally important is the mental aspect.Reading researchers have proposed a theory called“shallowing hypothesis(假说)”.According to this theory，people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media，which are often not so serious，and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. Audio(音频)and video can feel more engaging than text，and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies—say，assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.However，psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories，they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. Digital texts，audio and video all have educational roles，especially when providing resources not available in print.However，for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for，educators shouldn't assume all media are the same，even when they contain identical words. 1.What does the underlined phrase“shine through” in paragraph 2 mean? A.Seem unlikely to last. B.Seem hard to explain. C.Become ready to use. D.Become easy to notice. 2.What does the shallowing hypothesis assume? A.Readers treat digital texts lightly. B.Digital texts are simpler to understand. C.People select digital texts randomly. D.Digital texts are suitable for social media. 3.Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers? A.They can hold students' attention. B.They are more convenient to prepare. C.They help develop advanced skills. D.They are more informative than text. 4.What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A.Students should apply multiple learning techniques. B.Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C.Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D.Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. Passage 3 (2024·北京卷) The notion that we live in someone else's video game is irresistible to many.Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation—a concept that some scientists actually take seriously.Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question.We will probably never know whether it's true.We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th­century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things­in­themselves that are unknowable.While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions.Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain.No one knows exactly what happens within this black box.If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won't reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent_on our social, cultural and psychological histories.Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation.And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation？” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation？” Modelling reality is what we do.To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us.In Newton's era, we imagined the universe as a clock.In Einstein's, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing，virtual reality, and simulation.Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe.Models are not the reality, however.There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation.All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries.And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor­based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 1.What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A.Make an assumption. B.Illustrate an argument. C.Give a suggestion. D.Justify a comparison. 2.What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in paragraph 2 probably mean? A.Accepted by. B.Determined by. C.Awakened by. D.Discovered by. 3.As for Kant's argument, the author is ________. A.appreciative B.doubtful C.unconcerned D.disapproving 4.It is implied in this passage that we should ________. A.compare the current models with the previous ones B.continue exploring the classical models in history C.stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D.turn simulations of the universe into realities up Passage 4 (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷) On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren't always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won't cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people's errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow­up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn't the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision­making are enormous. 1.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A.The methods of estimation. B.The underlying logic of the effect. C.The causes of people's errors. D.The design of Galton's experiment. 2.Navajas' study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A.the crowds were relatively small B.there were occasional underestimates C.individuals did not communicate D.estimates were not fully independent 3.What did the follow­up study focus on? A.The size of the groups. B.The dominant members. C.The discussion process. D.The individual estimates. 4.What is the author's attitude toward Navajas' studies? A.Unclear. B.Dismissive. C.Doubtful. D.Approving. Passage 5 (2023·新课标Ⅱ卷) As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you're lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it's unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well­being. The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park­goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant's experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves”. Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. “We're trying to generate a language that helps bring the human­nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it，” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. 1.What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A.Pocket parks are now popular. B.Wild nature is hard to find in cities. C.Many cities are overpopulated. D.People enjoy living close to nature. 2.Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories? A.To compare different types of park­goers. B.To explain why the park attracts tourists. C.To analyze the main features of the park. D.To find patterns in the visitors' summaries. 3.What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5? A.Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. B.Young people are too busy to interact with nature. C.The same nature experience takes different forms. D.The nature language enhances work performance. 4.What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn? A.Language study. B.Environmental conservation. C.Public education. D.Intercultural communication. Passage 6 (2023·全国乙卷) If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity's later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can't. The clearest example of this between literate and non­literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook's voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports. In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non­literate societies such as these, all our first­hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation,_we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. 1.What is the first paragraph mainly about? A.How past events should be presented. B.What humanity is concerned about. C.Whether facts speak louder than words. D.Why written language is reliable. 2.What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2? A.His report was scientific. B.He represented the local people. C.He ruled over Botany Bay. D.His record was one­sided. 3.What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to? A.Problem. B.History. C.Voice. D.Society. 4.Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from? A.How Maps Tell Stories of the World B.A Short History of Australia C.A History of the World in 100 Objects D.How Art Works Tell Stories Passage 7 (2022·北京卷) “What_would_the_world_be_if_there_were_no_hunger？” It's a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students.They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn't part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill.It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists.Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement.The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect (交叉) with human health, the environment, economics and society.According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen.First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system. Take nutrition.In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished(营养不良)people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science.Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases.But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26，000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known.This shows that we have some ways to travel before achieving the first objective of systems thinking－which，in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system. A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power.But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one.A good way to redress (修正) such power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach. More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach.Crystal knew that visions alone don't produce results, but concluded that “we'll never produce results that we can't envision”. 1.The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________. A.illustrate an argument B.highlight an opinion C.introduce the topic D.predict the ending 2.What can be inferred about the field of nutrition? A.The first objective of systems thinking hasn't been achieved. B.The relationships among players have been clarified. C.Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem. D.The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified. 3.As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with? A.It may be used to justify power imbalance. B.It can be applied to tackle challenges. C.It helps to prove why hunger exists. D.It goes beyond human imagination. ( 1 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $学科网书城四 品牌书店·知名教辅·正版资源 b.zxxk.com 您身边的互联网+教辅专家 题组八议论说理类 Passage 1 【语篇解读】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了作者在高三时对大学申请和成功定义 的反思，不再盲目追随他人选择大量AP课程，而是基于个人兴趣选课，并从失败的小组面试中学 习，通过自我调整最终获得领导职位。 1.D推理判断题。根据第一段中“Throughout our Junior year,.my classmates and I have been worried about what colleges will see when they look at our whole life story reduced to a single 200word essay.Will the golden word 'success'form in their minds when they review our achievements?Or will they see the big word‘fail'in red?(在整个高三期间，我和我的同学们一直担心，当大学将我们的整 个人生故事浓缩成一篇200字的短文时，他们会看到什么。当他们回顾我们的成就时，脑海中会浮 现出‘成功’这个金灿灿的词汇吗？还是会看到用红色标注的‘失败'这个醒目的大字？)”可 知，作者在高三年级主要担心的是大学对他们的认可。故选D。 2.A细节理解题。根据第三段中“Determined to follow my instincts(本能)on what I felt success means,I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy..(我决心追随自己对成功的直觉理解，只选择 了两门我确信自己会喜欢的课程。)”可知，作者选择较少的AP课程是因为她自己对成功的理解。 故选A。 3.B推理判断题。根据第四段中“Nevertheless,this interview wasn't a wasted opportunity..I talked to one of the senior applicants who answered questions in a way that reflected the faith she had in herself.(然而，这次面试并不是一次浪费的机会。我和一位高年级的申请者交谈，她回答问题的方 式反映了她对自己的信心。)”以及最后一段中“This year,,with an open mind and new knowledge in mind,I walked into another group interview while telling myself I was that cool senior.I managed to secure a leadership position.Ultimately,,success came little by little..(今年，我带着开放的心态和新的知识，再 次走进集体面试的现场，告诉自己我就是那位自信满满的高年级学生。最终，我成功获得了一个领 导职位。成功，就这样一点点地向我走来。)”可知，作者认为第一次面试是有收获的，因为它让 作者从中学到了东西，并影响了她后来的面试表现。故选B。 4.A推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第三段中“Determined to follow my instincts(本能) on what I felt success means,I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy.(我决心追随自己对成功 的直觉理解，只选择了两门我确信自己会喜欢的课程。)”以及最后一段中“This year,,with an open mind and new knowledge in mind,I walked into another group interview while telling myself I was that cool senior..I managed to secure a leadership position.Ultimately,,success came little by little..(今年，我带 着开放的心态和新的知识，再次走进集体面试的现场，告诉自己我就是那位自信满满的高年级学 生。最终，我成功获得了一个领导职位。成功，就这样一点点地向我走来。)”可知，作者通过自 独家授权侵权必究 学科网书城四 品牌书店·知名教辅·正版资源 b.zxxk.c0m● 您身边的互联网+教辅专家 己的经历表明，成功并非由大学或外界标准定义，而是源于自我认知与努力。“Everyone is the maker of their own success.(每个人都是自己成功的创造者。)”符合题意。故选A。 Passage 2 【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。本文探讨了有纸化学习与无纸化学习的区别，并提出用纸 质书籍更容易让人投入、专心，而电子书籍更容易使人分心，故阅读印刷品比阅读电子书籍记住的 内容更多。 1.D词义猜测题。本段第一句谈到当阅读几百字或更多字的文本时，有纸化学习通常比在屏 幕上学习更成功，接着谈到大量的研究证实了这一发现。故画线短语所在部分应该是指从提出简单 的任务转向需要抽象思维的任务时，这种有纸化阅读的好处尤其明显，也就是说很容易被注意 到。A项“似乎不太可能长久”；B项“似乎难以解释”；C项“准备好使用”；D项“变得容易 被注意到”。故选D。 2.A细节理解题。根据题干中的shallowing hypothesis可以将答案定位在第四段中。由第四段 中的“which are often not so serious'"以及“devote less mental effort'可知，在对待电子文本的时候， 读者通常不是很严肃，同时比阅读纸质文本时投入的精力要少，即读者对电子文本不是很重视。A 项“读者轻率对待电子文本”；B项“电子文本更容易理解”；C项“人们随机选择电子文本”； D项“电子文本适用于社交媒体”。故选A。 3.A细节理解题。根据题干可将解题信息定位在第五段。本段第一句谈到音频和视频比文字 更吸引人，所以大学教师越来越多地改用这些技术。A项“它们可以吸引学生的注意力”；B项 “它们准备起来更方便”；C项“它们帮助培养先进技能”；D项“它们比文本提供更多信息”。 故选A。 4.C推理判断题。最后一段首先谈到电子文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，特别是在提供 纸质文本无法提供的资源时。“However'”后提到为了最大限度地进行需要集中注意力和反思的学 习，教育者不应该假设所有媒体都是一样的，即使它们包含相同的词汇。这与倒数第二段最后一句 中的信息意思一致：当成年人阅读新闻故事时，他们比听或看相同的片段能记住更多内容，也就是 说有纸化学习在教育中是不能完全被取代的，A项“学生们应该应用多种学习技巧”；B项“教师 应制作自己的教材”；C项“纸质文本在教育中是不能完全被取代的”；D项“课堂外的教育不容 忽视”。故选C。 Passage 3 【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作 者对于宇宙争论的看法。 1.C推理判断题。根据第一孕“Searching the term‘simutin hypothesis'(模拟假说)retums numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation-a concept that some scientists 独家授权侵权必究 西学科网书城四 品牌书店·知名教辅·正版资源 b.ZXXk.c0m● 您身边的互联网+教辅专家 actually take seriously.Unfortunately,this is not a scientific question.We will probably never know whether it's true..We can,instead,.use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.(搜索‘模拟假说'这一术语会得 到许多关于宇宙是不是计算机模拟的争论结果一 一一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的 是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来 推进科学知识。)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想 法来推进科学知识。故选C。 2.B词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“If empirical(实证的)experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won't reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories.(如果经验不能揭示现实，那么推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖 于取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语。)”可知，句中ht引导限制性定语从句， 指代先行词concepts and words,且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推 测画线短语表示“取决于”，与determined by意义相近。故选B。 3.A推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Thel8 thcentury philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of thingsinthemselves that are unknowable.While he held the notion that objective reality exists,he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions.(18 哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我 们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用。)”以及第三段中“So,if we accept that the universe is unknowable,we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. 此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟 中。)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知 作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。appreciative欣赏的。故选A。 4.C推理判断题。根据第四段“There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock,a set of particles or an output of computation.All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries,And the more tools we have,the more effective and insightful we can become.(争论宇宙是不 是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现 事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力。)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models,developing the 'computer simulation'metaphorbased model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学 模型的过程相比，开发基于‘计算机模拟’隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作。)”可知，作 者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手 于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C。 Passage 4 独家授权侵权必究 西学科网书城四 品牌书店·知名教辅·正版资源 b.ZXXk.c0m● 您身边的互联网+教辅专家 【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。作者从几个角度探讨群体智慧，指出群体讨论的结果比个 人思考的结果更准确。 1B主旨大意题。通读第二段内容可知，本段解释了“群体智慧”效应的底层逻辑。故选 B。 2.D推理判断题。结合第二段中的“In more technical terms,.the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent''和第三段中的“when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion.independent individuals可知，Navajas的a研究发现，即使团队 成员的估计不是完全独立的，平均正确度依旧会提升。故选D。 3.C细节理解题。第四段说在随后对100名大学生的研究中，研究人员发现，团队讨论中起 决定作用的是队员们能集体辩论(shared arguments and reasoned together)),因此选C。 4.D推理判断题。最后一段作者说，虽然Navajas的研究有局限性，但是从他的研究看，团队 讨论和做决定的潜在影响是巨大的，由此判断作者对Navajas的研究持支持态度。 Passage 5 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。作者通过对一项新的研究结果及其过程的描述，向读者介 绍了与大自然互动对人类健康的重要性，同时也指出要保护大自然。 l.B细节理解题。题干问的是在文章开头作者描述的是什么现象。根据第一段中的“access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find(城市居民越来越难以接触大自然)”以 及“it's unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild(在一个城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见 的)”可知，在城市里很难接触大自然。故B项正确。 2.D推理判断题。题干问的是研究人员将参与者提交的文件分类的原因。根据第四段第一 句话“Across the320 submissions,a pattern of categories..began to emerge(在320份提交的材料中， 种被研究人员称为‘自然语言’的类别模式开始出现)”可知，研究人员这样做是为了从访客的总 结材料中找出类别规律。故D项正确。 3.C推理判断题。题干问的是我们从第五段所举的例子中可以学到什么。根据第五段所举的 "the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying...a fountain on their lunch break可知，年轻的职业人士周末可以在公园徒步旅行，周内可以沿着喷泉散步，用不同的形式去 体验自然，即同样的与自然的互动体验会有不同的表现形式。故C项正确。 4.B细节理解题。题干问的是在我们与大自然互动之前，我们应该做些什么。根据最后一段 Kahn的话“And for that to happen,we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it(为了实 现这一点，我们还需要保护自然，以便与之互动)”可知，我们在与大自然互动以前需要保护自 然，故B项正确。 4 Passage 6 独家授权侵权必究 学科网书城四 品牌书店·知名教辅·正版资源 b.ZXXk.c0m● 您身边的互联网+教辅专家 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。对于历史事件的考证不能仅凭文字记录，要注重文字记录 和实物相互印证，以帮助我们重现真实的历史。 1.A主旨大意题。题干问的是首段的主旨。根据文章首段可知，如果你想讲述不偏袒人类历 史上任何一方的一段世界历史，你就不能仅依靠文字。文字是人类的后期成果之一，直到最近甚至 许多有文字的社会不仅用文字，还用实物来记载他们的重要的事情。所以此段是说过去的历史事件 应结合文字和实物来呈现，不能仅靠文字，故A项正确。 2.D推理判断题。题干问的是作者提及库克船长的用意。根据第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects..but in many cases we simply can't"(理想的情况是我们在a研究历 史时应该将文字和实物结合起来…而很多情况下我们没能这样做)以及该段最后一句“If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day,the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports(如果我们想要还原那天到底发生了什么，这块盾牌必须和文 字记述一样经过深入而严格的质询和诠释)”可知，库克船长的记录是片面的，故D项正确。 3.B词义猜测题。题干问的是画线词conversation在文中的意思。根据第三段中的“a history told through things gives them back a voice(实物能还原历史事实)”和“all our firsthand accounts are necessarily twisted,only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation,we have to read not just the texts,but the objects(我们所有的第一手描述无法避免地会被歪曲，它只是对 话的一半。如果我们想找到另一半，就必不能只解读文字，还要解读实物)”可知，conversation指 的是历史，故B项正确。 4.C文章出处题。题干问的是本文最有可能摘自哪本书。根据本篇答案解析“段意梳理”部 分可知，本文讲述的重点是强调历史实物考证的重要性，故C项“《100件实物中的世界历史》” 正确。 Passage 7 【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法一系统思维。 l.C推理判断题。由文章第一段“‘What would the world be if there were no hunger?’It'sa question that Professor Crystal would ask her students.They found it hard to answer,she wrote later. because imagining something that isn't part of real life-and learning how to make it real-is a rare skill.It is taught to artists and engineers,but much less often to scientists.Crystal set out to change that,and helped to create a global movement.The result-an approach known as systems thinking-is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges..(‘如果没有饥饿，世界会是什么样子？’这是Crystal教授会问学生的 问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如 何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能？它被教授给艺术家和工程师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着 手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对 独家授权侵权必究 西学科网书城四 品牌书店·知名教辅·正版资源 b.zxxk.c0m● 您身边的互联网+教辅专家 全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方法被视为应对全球 挑战的关键。故选C。 2.A细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shows that we have some ways to travel before achieving the first objective of systems thinking-which,in this example,is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.(这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走一在本例 中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需 要走，现在尚未实现。故选A。 3.B推理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystal set out to change that,.and helped to create a global movement.The result-an approach known as systems thinking-is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.(Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的 方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选B。 6 独家授权侵权必究