内容正文:
高中英语必修三
Unit 5知识点
一、核心词汇
1.basis
[词性]n.(名词)
[含义]基础;根据
[常见搭配]on the basis of(在……的基础上;根据……)
[例句]The research was carried out on the basis of previous studies.(这项研究是在以往研究的基础上进行的。)
[词形变化]
base(n.根基;基底;底座;根据;v.以……为据点),如:This company is based in Beijing.(这家公司总部设在北京。)
basic(adj.基本的;基础的),如:We need to master the basic skills of English writing.(我们需要掌握英语写作的基本技巧。)
2.apologise
[词性]vi.(不及物动词)
[含义]道歉;谢罪
[常见搭配]apologise to sb.for sth.(因某事向某人道歉)
[例句]He apologised to his teacher for being late this morning.(他因为今天早上迟到向老师道歉。)
[词形变化]apology(n.道歉;辩护;辩解),如:She made a sincere apology to her friend.(她向朋友诚恳地道歉。)
3.narrator
[词性]n.(名词)
[含义]叙述者;讲述者;(电视节目中的)幕后解说
[例句]The narrator of this novel has a unique and vivid voice.(这本小说的叙述者有着独特且生动的叙事风格。)
[词形变化]narration(n.叙述;讲述;解说),如:The narration of the documentary helps viewers understand the history better.(这部纪录片的解说帮助观众更好地了解历史。)
4.sail
[词性]vi.& vt.(不及物动词&及物动词)
[含义](船)航行;(人)乘船航行
[常见搭配]sail across the ocean(横渡大洋);sail for a port(驶向某个港口)
[例句]The ship will sail for New York next Monday.(这艘船将于下周一驶向纽约。)
[词形变化]sailing(n.帆船运动;(乘帆船的)航行),如:He is interested in sailing and often goes to the sea on weekends.(他对帆船运动感兴趣,周末经常去海边。)
5.patience
[词性]n.(名词)
[含义]耐心;忍耐力;毅力
[常见搭配]have patience with sb.(对某人有耐心);lose patience(失去耐心)
[例句]Teaching young children requires a lot of patience.(教小孩子需要很大的耐心。)
[词形变化]
patient(adj.有耐心的;n.病人),如:She is always patient with her students.(她对学生总是很有耐心。)/ The doctor is checking the patient now.(医生正在给病人做检查。)
impatient(adj.没有耐心的),如:He is impatient with slow service.(他对缓慢的服务没有耐心。)
patiently(adv.耐心地),如:She waited patiently for her turn.(她耐心地等待着自己的顺序。)
6.intention
[词性]n.(名词)
[含义]打算;计划;意图;目的
[常见搭配]have no intention of doing sth.(没有做某事的打算);with the intention of(怀着……的意图)
[例句]She went to the library with the intention of borrowing some history books.(她去图书馆,打算借一些历史书。)
[词形变化]intend(v.打算;计划;想要),如:I intend to finish this report by Friday.(我打算在周五之前完成这份报告。)
7.eventually
[词性]adv.(副词)
[含义]最后;终于
[例句]After many difficulties, they eventually succeeded in climbing the mountain.(经历了许多困难后,他们最终成功爬上了那座山。)
[词形变化]eventual(adj.最后的;最终的),如:The eventual result of their hard work was a great success.(他们努力工作的最终结果是取得了巨大的成功。)
8.downstairs
[词性]adv.(副词)
[含义]顺楼梯而下;在楼下;往楼下
[例句]She heard a noise downstairs and went to check.(她听到楼下有声音,就过去查看。)
反义词:upstairs(adv.在楼上;往楼上),如:His bedroom is upstairs, on the second floor.(他的卧室在楼上,二楼。)
9.permission
[词性]n.(名词)
[含义]准许;许可;批准;许可证
[常见搭配]ask for permission(请求许可);give permission(给予许可)
[例句]You need to ask the teacher for permission before leaving the classroom.(离开教室前,你需要向老师请求许可。)
[词形变化]permit(vt.& vi.允许;准许;使有可能),如:The rules do not permit smoking in the office.(规定不允许在办公室吸烟。)
10.external
[词性]adj.(形容词)
[含义]外部的;外面的;外来的
[例句]The company needs to pay more attention to external changes in the market.(这家公司需要更关注市场的外部变化。)
反义词:internal(adj.内部的;里面的),如:The internal problems of the team need to be solved first.(团队的内部问题需要先解决。)
二、重点短语
1.on the basis of
[含义]在某事的基础上;根据某事
[例句]Teachers usually evaluate students' performance on the basis of their daily homework and exam results.(老师通常根据学生的日常作业和考试成绩来评价他们的表现。)
2.in return
[含义]作为回报;作为回应
[例句]She helped her neighbor with housework, and in return, the neighbor gave her some fresh vegetables from the garden.(她帮邻居做家务,作为回报,邻居给了她一些菜园里的新鲜蔬菜。)
3.as a matter of fact
[含义]事实上;其实;说真的
[例句]He said he didn't like sweets, but as a matter of fact, he loves chocolate very much.(他说自己不喜欢甜食,但事实上,他非常喜欢巧克力。)
4.by accident
[含义]偶然地;意外地
[例句]I met my old classmate by accident in the supermarket yesterday.(昨天我在超市偶然遇到了我的老同学。)
5.on duty
[含义]值班;值勤
[例句]Today is Tom's turn to be on duty, so he has to arrive at the office half an hour earlier.(今天轮到汤姆值班,所以他必须提前半小时到办公室。)
6.in that case
[含义]既然那样;假使那样的话
[例句]If you can't finish the work on time, in that case, you need to tell your boss in advance.(如果你不能按时完成工作,既然那样,你需要提前告诉你的老板。)
7.in a...manner
[含义]以一种……的方式;带着一副……的样子
[例句]The teacher explained the problem in a clear and patient manner, so all students could understand.(老师以清晰且耐心的方式讲解了这个问题,所以所有学生都能理解。)
8.take out a loan
[含义]取得贷款
[例句]His family had to take out a loan from the bank to buy a new house.(他的家人不得不从银行贷款买新房子。)
9.make a bet
[含义]打个赌
[例句]They made a bet on whether their favorite team would win the football match.(他们就自己喜欢的球队是否会赢得足球比赛打了个赌。)
10.be about to do sth
[含义]即将正要(做某事)
[例句]I was about to leave the house when the phone rang.(我正要出门,电话响了。)
11.to be honest
[含义]说实话,坦率地说
[例句]To be honest, I don't think this plan is practical enough.(说实话,我认为这个计划不够实用。)
12.to...extent
[含义]到……程度;在……程度上
[例句]To some extent, his success is due to his hard work and good luck.(在某种程度上,他的成功归功于他的努力和好运。)
13.ought to
[含义]应该;应当
[例句]You ought to respect your parents and listen to their advice.(你应该尊重你的父母,听从他们的建议。)
14.be willing to do sth
[含义]愿意或乐意做某事
[例句]She is always willing to help her classmates with their English studies.(她总是乐意帮助同学学习英语。)
15.in case
[含义]以防;以防万一
[例句]You'd better take an umbrella with you in case it rains this afternoon.(你最好带把伞,以防今天下午下雨。)
三、重点句式
1.It was the first time + 从句(过去完成时/一般过去时)
[含义]这是第一次……(若主句为一般过去时,从句用过去完成时;若主句为一般现在时,从句用现在完成时)
[例句]It was the first time she had traveled alone abroad.(这是她第一次独自出国旅行。)/ It is the first time I have seen such a beautiful sunset.(这是我第一次看到如此美丽的日落。)
语境[拓展]该句式常用来强调某动作或事件首次发生的时间,在写作中可用于描述个人经历或故事场景,如介绍自己第一次尝试某项活动的感受。
2.find + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(过去分词/现在分词/形容词等)
[含义]发现……处于某种状态(过去分词表被动或完成,现在分词表主动或进行)
[例句]When she got home, she found the door locked.(她到家时,发现门锁着。)/ I found him reading a novel in the library.(我发现他在图书馆看小说。)
原句回顾:About a month ago, I was sailing, and towards night I found myself carried out to sea by a strong wind.(大约一个月前,我在航行,夜幕降临时,我发现自己被大风吹到了海上。)(句中“carried out”为过去分词作宾语补足语,表被动)
3.be about to do sth.when...
[含义]正要做某事,这时……(“when”在此处为并列连词,表“这时突然”)
[例句]We were about to start the meeting when the power went out.(我们正要开始开会,这时停电了。)
原句回顾:Yes, I was about to go get the letter.(是的,我正想去拿信。)(此处虽未出现“when”,但核心结构“be about to do sth”体现“即将做某事”的含义,可结合“when”拓展使用)
4.in case + 从句
[含义]万一……;以防……(从句常用一般现在时表将来)
[例句]Take a map with you in case you get lost in the forest.(带张地图,以防你在森林里迷路。)
原句回顾:In case it happens to you on a trip abroad, what should you do?(万一你在国外旅游时发生这种情况,你应该怎么做呢?)
5.主语 + think / believe / consider + it + adj.+ of / for sb.to do sth.
[含义]某人认为……是……的(若形容词描述人的品质,用“of”;若描述事物性质,用“for”)
[例句]I think it kind of you to help me with my homework.(我觉得你帮我做作业真是太好了。)/ We consider it necessary for everyone to learn basic first-aid skills.(我们认为每个人学习基本的急救技能是有必要的。)
原句回顾:I think it’s kind of Roderick and Oliver to give Henry the money.(我觉得罗德里克和奥利弗把钱给亨利太善良了。)(“kind”描述人的品质,故用“of”)
四、词性转换(汇总)
1.hesitate(vi.犹豫;迟疑;顾虑)→ hesitation(n.犹豫;疑虑;不情愿)→ hesitant(adj.犹豫的;踌躇的;不情愿的)
[例句]His hesitation made him miss the chance.(他的犹豫让他错过了机会。)/ She was hesitant to accept the invitation.(她犹豫是否接受邀请。)
2.option(n.可选择的事物;选择;选择权)→ optional(adj.可选择的;选修的)
[例句]Taking this course is optional for first-year students.(这门课对大一学生来说是选修的。)
3.broad(adj.宽阔的;广阔的;广泛的)→ broaden(v.变宽;变阔;(使)扩大影响)
[例句]Traveling can broaden our horizons.(旅行能拓宽我们的视野。)
4.normal(adj.典型的;正常的;n.常态)→ normally(adv.通常;正常情况下)→ abnormal(adj.反常的;不正常的)
[例句]He normally gets up at 7 o'clock.(他通常7点起床。)/ His abnormal behavior attracted everyone's attention.(他反常的行为引起了所有人的注意。)
5.willing(adj.愿意的;乐意的)→ willingness(n.乐意;愿意)→ unwilling(adj.不愿意的)
[例句]Her willingness to help others made her very popular.(她乐于助人的态度让她很受欢迎。)/ He was unwilling to change his decision.(他不愿意改变自己的决定。)
6.element(n.要素;基本部分)→ elementary(adj.初级的;基础的;简单的)
[例句]Elementary education is very important for children's growth.(基础教育对孩子的成长非常重要。)
7.judge(vt.&vi.评价;判断;n.法官;裁判员)→ judgement/judgment(n.判断;辨别力)
[例句]We should make a judgment based on facts.(我们应该根据事实做出判断。)
8.sail(vi.&vt.航行)→ sailing(n.航行)→ sailor(n.水手)
[例句]He has a lot of experience in sailing.(他有丰富的航行经验。)/ The sailor told us many stories about the sea.(水手给我们讲了很多关于大海的故事。)
9.indicate(vt.&vi.表明;显示;暗示)→ indication(n.表明;显示;迹象)
[例句]There is no indication that he will change his mind.(没有迹象表明他会改变主意。)
10.determine(vt.查明;确定;决定)→ determined(adj.有决心的;意志坚定的)→ determination(n.决心,决定)
[例句]She is determined to finish the task on time.(她决心按时完成任务。)/ His determination helped him overcome many difficulties.(他的决心帮助他克服了许多困难。)
11.cycle(n.自行车;循环)→ recycle(vt.回收利用;再利用)
[例句]We should recycle plastic bottles to protect the environment.(我们应该回收塑料瓶来保护环境。)
12.analyze(vt.分析;解析)→ analysis(n.(对事物的)分析;分析结果)
[例句]The analysis of the data shows that our plan is effective.(对数据的分析表明我们的计划是有效的。)
13.globe(n.地球;世界;地球仪)→ global(adj.全球的;全世界的;球形的)
[例句]Global warming is a serious problem for all human beings.(全球变暖是全人类面临的严重问题。)
14.amaze(vt.使吃惊,使惊讶)→ amazing(adj.惊人的;了不起的)→ amazed(adj.感到惊奇的,吃惊的)→ amazement(n.吃惊;惊讶)
[例句]The amazing scenery left us speechless.(迷人的景色让我们 speechless。)/ We were amazed at his great progress.(我们对他的巨大进步感到惊讶。)/ To our amazement, he won the first prize.(令我们惊讶的是,他获得了一等奖。)
15.survive(v.活下来;幸存)→ survival(n.幸存)→ survivor(n.幸存者)
[例句]His survival in the accident was a miracle.(他在事故中幸存下来是个奇迹。)/ The survivors of the earthquake were sent to the hospital immediately.(地震的幸存者被立即送往医院。)
16.effect(n.影响;结果)→ effective(adj.有效的)
[例句]This new medicine is very effective in treating colds.(这种新药治疗感冒很有效。)
17.accommodate(vt.为……提供住宿/空间;适应)→ accommodation(n.住处;工作场所)
[例句]The hotel can provide accommodation for 500 guests.(这家酒店能为500名客人提供住宿。)
18.recover(v.(从糟糕经历中)恢复)→ recovery(n.恢复;痊愈)
[例句]Her recovery from the illness took a long time.(她从疾病中恢复花了很长时间。)
19.shock(n.吃惊;震惊)→ shocked(adj.吃惊的;震惊的;震撼的)→ shocking(adj.令人震惊的)
[例句]We were shocked by the bad news.(我们被这个坏消息震惊了。)/ It is a shocking fact that many children are still hungry in some countries.(在一些国家,许多孩子仍然挨饿,这是一个令人震惊的事实。)
20.vary(v.变化;不同)→ variety(n.多样化;变化)→ various(adj.各种各样的;多方面的)
[例句]There is a wide variety of books in this library.(这家图书馆有各种各样的书。)/ They have various reasons for not attending the meeting.(他们有各种各样的理由不参加会议。)
21.concentrate(v.专注,专心)→ concentration(n.集中;专心,专注;关注)
[例句]Good concentration is necessary for studying.(良好的专注力对学习很有必要。)
22.freeze(v.突然停止,呆住)→ freezing(adj.极冷的)
[例句]It's freezing outside, so you need to wear warm clothes.(外面非常冷,所以你需要穿暖和的衣服。)
23.react(v.反应)→ reaction(n.(对某一情形或事件的)反应)
[例句]What was his reaction to your suggestion?(他对你的建议有什么反应?)
五、单句语法填空核心考点
1.独立主格结构
[考点]逻辑主语 + 非谓语动词(主动用现在分词,被动用过去分词)
[例句]We will have a picnic in the park, weather permitting.(天气允许的话,我们将在公园野餐。)(“weather”与“permit”为主动关系,用现在分词“permitting”)
[拓展]Time permitting, we will visit the museum tomorrow.(时间允许的话,我们明天去参观博物馆。)
2.时态(过去完成时)
[考点]by the end of + 过去时间,主句用过去完成时(had + 过去分词)
[例句]By the end of 2021, the “digital Dunhuang project” had completed the digital collection of 268 grottoes.(到2021年底,“数字敦煌项目”已完成了268个洞窟的数字收集。)
[拓展]By the time he graduated, he had learned three foreign languages.(到他毕业时,他已经学会了三门外语。)
3.非谓语动词(动名词)
[考点]介词后接动名词(v.-ing形式)作宾语
[例句]There are now 1,800 giant pandas living in the wild, a number that officials credit to the country’s devotion to maintaining nature reserves.(目前有1800只野生大熊猫,官员们将这一数字归功于中国近年来致力于维护自然保护区。)(“to”为介词,后接“maintaining”)
[拓展]He is interested in playing basketball.(他对打篮球感兴趣。)
4.名词复数
[考点]a wide range of / various / many 等后接可数名词复数
[例句]In the shop, there is a wide range of options for Henry to choose from.(在商店里,有很多可供亨利选择的东西。)(“option”为可数名词,用复数“options”)
[拓展]There are various books on the shelf.(书架上有各种各样的书。)
5.非谓语动词(现在分词作定语/状语)
[考点]现在分词表主动或进行,可作定语、状语等
例句1:The boy knocked at the door, indicating that he wanted to come in.(男孩敲了敲门,表示他想进来。)(“indicating”作伴随状语,与主语“the boy”为主动关系)
例句2:The little girl found a purse lying on the ground.(小女孩发现地上有一个钱包。)(“lying”作宾语补足语,与“purse”为主动关系)
[拓展]The girl standing under the tree is my sister.(站在树下的女孩是我妹妹。)(“standing”作定语,修饰“girl”)
6.非谓语动词(过去分词作状语/定语)
[考点]过去分词表被动或完成,可作状语、定语等
例句1:When permitted, you can have access to the Internet in our school.(如果允许的话,你可以在我们学校上网。)(“permitted”为过去分词,与主语“you”为被动关系,此处为状语从句省略“you are”)
例句2:Based on what we have discussed, how do you feel about this job?(根据我们已经讨论过的内容,你对这份工作感觉如何?)(“Based on”为过去分词短语作状语,表“以……为基础”)
[拓展]The book written by Lu Xun is very popular.(鲁迅写的这本书很受欢迎。)(“written”作定语,修饰“book”,表被动)
7.固定搭配(hesitate to do sth.)
[考点]hesitate 后接不定式(to do)作宾语
[例句]Never hesitate to like you and never compare you with other women.(永远不要犹豫喜欢你,永远不要拿你和其他女人比较。)
[拓展]She hesitated to tell him the truth.(她犹豫是否要告诉他真相。)
8.目的状语(不定式 to do)
[考点]用不定式表示动作的目的
例句1:Every minute should be made full use of to study our lessons well.(每一分钟都应该充分利用来学好我们的课程。)(“to study”表目的)
例句2:We must do what we can to help those who are in trouble.(我们必须尽我们所能来帮助那些陷入困境的人。)(“to help”表目的)
[拓展]He went to the store to buy some milk.(他去商店买牛奶。)
9.固定句型(as if to do sth.)
[考点]as if 后接不定式(to do),表“好像要做某事”
[例句]He opened his mouth as if to say something.(他张开嘴好像要说什么。)(“as if to say”相当于“as if he was to say”)
[拓展]She stood up as if to leave.(她站起来,好像要离开。)
10.状语从句省略
[考点]当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致,且从句含 be 动词时,可省略从句主语和 be 动词
[例句]When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I hadn’t seen for years.(走在街上,我遇到了多年未见的大卫。)(“When walking”相当于“When I was walking”)
[拓展]While reading the book, she fell asleep.(看书时,她睡着了。)(“While reading”相当于“While she was reading”)
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