Unit 1 Science and Scientists 知识点（核心词汇+重点短语+核心句式+语法知识）清单-2025-2026学年高中英语人教版选择性必修第二册

高中英语选必二 Unit 1知识点 一、核心词汇 1.frustrated adj.懊恼的；沮丧的 [解释]形容人因目标未达成或遭遇挫折而产生的负面情绪。 [例句]She felt frustrated when she failed the important science exam again. 2.infection n.感染；传染 [解释]指病原体侵入人体或其他生物体内引起的病理过程。 [例句]The doctor warned that the infection could spread quickly in the crowded hospital. 3.proof n.证据；证明；检验 [解释]用于证实某件事真实性的材料或过程。 [例句]There is no proof that the new drug is completely safe for children. 4.multiple adj.数量多的；多种多样的 [解释]强调数量上的多数或种类上的多样性。 [例句]The research project requires multiple skills, including data analysis and experiment design. 5.intervention n.介入；出面；干涉 [解释]指为了改变某种情况而主动参与其中的行为。 [例句]The government's intervention helped solve the environmental pollution problem in the area. 6.pure adj.干净的；纯的；纯粹的 [解释]可形容物质无杂质，也可指思想、动机等单纯。 [例句]The lab needs pure water to conduct the chemical experiment. 7.substantial adj.大量的；价值巨大的；重大的 [解释]强调数量、价值或意义上的重要性。 [例句]The company has made substantial progress in developing new energy technologies. 8.finding n.发现；调查结果；(法律)判决 [解释]既可以指科研、调查中的发现，也可指法律层面的裁决。 [例句]The findings of the study have attracted widespread attention in the scientific community. 9.initial adj.最初的；开始的；第一的 [解释]用于描述事物开始阶段的状态或特征。 [例句]The initial plan was to finish the project in three months, but we had to adjust it later. 10.mechanical adj.机械的；发动机的；机器的 [解释]与机器、机械原理相关的。 [例句]He is studying mechanical engineering to design more efficient machines. 11.defend vt.保卫；防守；辩解 [解释]可表示保护人或事物免受伤害，也可指为自己的行为或观点进行辩解。 [例句]The soldier tried his best to defend the border of his country./ She had to defend herself against the false accusations. 12.assistant n.助理；助手 [解释]指协助他人完成工作的人。 [例句]The manager asked his assistant to arrange the meeting schedule. 13.leadership n.领导；领导地位；领导才能 [解释]涵盖领导的行为、所处的地位以及具备的能力。 [例句]His excellent leadership helped the team achieve the difficult goal. 14.gifted adj.有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的 [解释]形容人在某方面具有天生的才能。 [例句]The gifted young scientist made a great discovery at the age of 25. 15.contradictory adj.相矛盾的；引起抵触的 [解释]指事物之间相互冲突、不能同时成立。 [例句]His two statements about the incident are contradictory, so no one knows the truth. 16.transform v.使改变；使变形；使改观 [解释]强调事物发生本质性的变化。 [例句]The new technology has transformed the way we communicate with each other. 17.fault n.过失；过错；缺陷；故障 [解释]可指人的错误行为，也可指事物存在的瑕疵或故障。 [例句]It's his own fault that he missed the important meeting./ The machine stopped working because of a fault in the engine. 18.astronomy n.[U]天文学 [解释]研究天体、宇宙的结构和发展的科学。 [例句]He has been interested in astronomy since he was a child and dreams of becoming an astronomer. 19.severe adj.严重的；严厉的；严峻的 [解释]可形容情况的严重性、人的态度严厉或环境的严峻。 [例句]The area was hit by a severe storm, causing great damage./ The teacher is severe with her students but they all respect her. 20.steady adj.稳定的；稳固的；持续的 [解释]指状态、速度等保持稳定，不轻易变化。 [例句]We need a steady supply of raw materials to ensure the production goes smoothly. 21.brilliant adj.光辉灿烂的；卓越的；杰出的 [解释]可形容光线明亮，也可指人或事物表现出色。 [例句]The sun shone brilliantly in the sky./ She is a brilliant scientist who has made many important contributions. 22.vivid adj.鲜艳的；鲜明的 [解释]多用来形容色彩鲜艳或印象、描述等鲜明生动。 [例句]The artist used vivid colors to paint the beautiful scenery. 23.thinking n.思想；思维；见解 [解释]指人的思考过程、思维方式或形成的观点。 [例句]His unique thinking helped him solve the problem in a creative way. 24.thought n.想法；思考；思想 [解释]可指具体的想法，也可指抽象的思考过程或思想体系。 [例句]She had a sudden thought that she might have left her keys at home./ The thought of giving up never crossed his mind. 二、重点短语 1.once and for all 最终地；彻底地 [解释]表示一次性解决问题，不再有后续麻烦。 [例句]We must solve this problem once and for all to avoid future troubles. 2.in general 总的来说 [解释]用于对事物进行概括性的描述。 [例句]In general, the new policy has received positive feedback from the public. 3.subscribe to 同意；赞同 [解释]指对某种观点、理论或提议表示认可。 [例句]Most scientists subscribe to the theory that global warming is a serious threat to the earth. 4.thanks to 幸亏；由于 [解释]表示原因，强调多亏了某个因素才出现某种结果。 [例句]Thanks to the timely help of the rescuers, all the trapped people were saved. 5.deal with 处理；应对；涉及；与……打交道 [解释]用法广泛，可表示处理问题、应对情况、涉及某个主题或与他人交往。 [例句]The manager has a lot of work to deal with every day./ This book deals with the history of scientific development. 6.depend on/upon 依靠；信赖；取决于 [解释]既可以表示对他人或事物的依赖，也可指结果由某个因素决定。 [例句]Children depend on their parents for food and shelter./ The success of the experiment depends on the accuracy of the data. 7.carry out 履行；执行 [解释]指按照计划或要求完成某项任务、行动等。 [例句]The research team is ready to carry out the new experiment. 8.calm down 平静下来 [解释]指使情绪、局势等从激动或混乱的状态恢复平静。 [例句]You need to calm down before making an important decision. 9.break out 突然开始；爆发 [解释]常用来形容战争、火灾、疾病等突然发生。 [例句]A big fire broke out in the old building last night. 10.in charge of 主管；掌管 [解释]表示对某个部门、任务或人员负有管理责任。 [例句]She is in charge of the company's marketing department. 11.come down 患(病)；染上(小病) [解释]特指感染上轻微的疾病。 [例句]He came down with a cold because he didn't wear enough clothes yesterday. 12.above all 最重要的是；尤其是 [解释]用于强调某个因素在众多情况中最为关键。 [例句]When learning a foreign language, above all, you need to practice as much as possible. 三、核心句式 1.so...that...句型 结构：so + 形容词/副词 + that 从句 [解释]表示“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句。 [例句]It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. 2.定语从句 结构：先行词 + who/which/that 等关系词 + 从句 [解释]用于修饰前面的名词或代词，补充说明其特征或情况。 [例句]The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water. 3.过去分词短语作定语 结构：过去分词短语 + 名词 [解释]相当于一个定语从句，强调被动或完成的动作。 [例句]Described by the authors of the Story of Qian Xuesen as a man with “great scientific thought and scientific spirit” who was patriotic and served his homeland with effort, achievement, and devotion, Qian was an extremely well-respected man. 4.过去分词短语作状语 结构：过去分词短语 + 主句 [解释]表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等含义，其逻辑主语与主句主语一致。 [例句]Born in Hangzhou in 1911, Qian attended schools in Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering. 5.时间状语从句的省略 结构：When/While/If + 过去分词/现在分词/形容词等 + 主句 [解释]当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致，且从句中含有be动词时，可省略从句的主语和be动词。 [例句]When asked “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles?”, his reply was a determined “Why not?” 6.介词短语作状语 结构：介词短语 + 主句 [解释]表示时间、地点、方式、原因、条件等。 [例句]Under Qian’s leadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles, followed by the first generation of Long March Rockets. 7.主语从句 结构：What/Who/Which 等引导词 + 从句 + 谓语 [解释]从句在句中作主语，表达一个完整的含义。 [例句]However, what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. 8.形容词短语作伴随状语 结构：主句 + 形容词短语 [解释]补充说明主句主语的状态或特征。 [例句]Most people are familiar with images of him in his wheelchair, unable to move and using a computer to talk. 9.besides 作介词 结构：Besides + 名词/代词/动名词 + 主句 [解释]表示“除……之外还有……”。 [例句]Besides being brilliant, he was brave, though sometimes careless in what he said or did. 10.be willing to do sth.句型 结构：主语 + be willing to do sth.+ 其他成分 [解释]表示“愿意做某事”。 [例句]He was willing to say what others were afraid to say, and to dream of what others were afraid to dream about. 四、语法知识 （一）词性转换 1.qualify vt.&vi.(使)具备资格；(使)合格 → qualification n.(通过考试或学习课程取得的)资格；学历 2.ambitious adj.有野心的；有雄心的 → ambition n.追求的目标；夙愿；野心；抱负 3.adapt v.(使)适应；改编 → adaptation n.适应；改编本 4.comfort n.安慰；令人感到安慰的人或事物；舒服；安逸 vt.安慰；抚慰 → comfortable adj.舒适的；舒服的 → uncomfortable adj.不舒服的；不安的 → comfortably adv.舒服地；舒适地 5.participate vi.参加；参与 → participant n.参加者；参与者 → participation n.参加；参与 6.engage vi.参加；参与(活动) vt.吸引(注意力、兴趣)；雇用 → engaged adj.忙于；从事于；已订婚的 → engagement n.订婚；约定 7.motivate vt.成为……的动机；激发；激励 → motivated adj.积极的；主动的 → motivation n.动力；积极性；动机 8.expect vt.期望；盼望 → expectation n.期望；预期；期待 → unexpected adj.始料不及的 9.apply vt.涂；敷；搽；运用 vi.申请；请求；(对……)适用 → application n.申请 → applicant n.申请人 10.expose vt.使接触；使体验；显露；使暴露于(险境) → exposure n.接触；体验；暴露；揭露 11.severe adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的 → severely adv.严重地；严格地，严厉地 12.infection n.感染；传染 → infect vt.使感染；传染 → infectious adj.传染性的；感染的（尤指通过呼吸） 13.pure adj.干净的；纯的；纯粹的 → purify v.净化 14.transform vt.使改观；使改变形态 vi.改变；转变 → transformation n.变化；转变；变换 15.thinking n.思想；思维；见解 → think v.认为；思考 16.finding n.发现；调查结果；(法律)判决 → find v.发现 → finder n.发现者 17.mechanical adj.机械的；发动机的；机器的 → mechanic n.机械师；机械修理工 18.defend vt.保卫；防守；辩解 → defence n.防护；辩护 19.assistant n.助理；助手 adj.助理的；副的 → assist v.帮助；协助；援助 → assistance n.帮助；协助；支持 20.gifted adj.有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的 → gift n.礼物；天赋 21.steady adj.稳定的；平稳的；稳步的 → steadily adv.平稳地；持续地 22.vivid adj.生动的；鲜明的；丰富的 → vividly adv.生动地 23.contradictory adj.相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的 → contradiction n.(事实、看法、行动等的)不一致，矛盾 → contradict v.反驳；驳斥；批驳 24.intervention n.介入；出面；干涉 → intervene v.出面；介入；插嘴 25.leadership n.领导；领导地位；领导才能 → leader n.领导 → leading adj.领先的；前列的 26.illustrate vt.说明；解释；加插图 → illustration n.说明；插图 → illustrated adj.有插图的 27.surround vt.围绕；环绕 → surrounding adj.周围的；附近的 → surroundings n.环境 28.intelligent adj.有才智的 → intelligence n.智力；情报工作 29.favour vt.较喜欢 & n.帮助 → favourable adj.赞同的；有利的 → favourite adj.特别受喜爱的 30.charge vt.&vi.充电；收费；控告；谴责 → chargeable adj.应支付的；可充电的 31.electric adj.电的；发电的 → electricity n.电力；电流 32.involve vt.包含；牵涉；影响 → involved adj.参与；有关联 → involvement n.参与；投入 33.scientific adj.科学的，关于科学的 → science n.科学 → scientist n.科学家 34.ignorance n.无知 → ignore vt.忽视；不理睬 → ignorant adj.无知的 35.permit vt.&vi.允许；准许 & n.许可证 → permission n.允许，许可 36.responsibility n.责任；负责 → responsible adj.负责的 → irresponsible adj.不负责的 37.declare vt.宣布；公布 → declaration n.宣告；公告 （二）非谓语动词 1.过去分词作状语 用法：表示被动或完成的动作，其逻辑主语与主句主语一致。 [例句]Having been infected with the recent flu for two weeks, I am now fully recovered with the help of this medicine. 2.现在分词作状语 用法：表示主动或进行的动作，其逻辑主语与主句主语一致。 [例句]In reality, the mechanic made a severe mistake, shifting nervously from one foot to another. 3.现在分词作宾语补足语 用法：用于“with + 宾语 + 现在分词”结构中，表示宾语与现在分词之间是主动关系。 [例句]Rather, with incomes decreasing and insecure jobs, unhappy couples often couldn’t afford to divorce. 4.过去分词作定语 用法：修饰名词，相当于一个被动含义的定语从句。 [例句]The policemen have questioned 3 persons suspected of stealing the money. 5.不定式作宾语 用法：某些动词后接不定式作宾语，如want, hope, decide, try等。 [例句]She wants to learn more about scientific research. 6.动名词作宾语 用法：某些动词或介词后接动名词作宾语，如enjoy, finish, avoid, be interested in等。 [例句]He is interested in studying astronomy. （三）名词性从句 1.表语从句 用法：在句中作表语，常用that, what, why, how等引导词。 [例句]That’s why I’m working at the supermarket to earn money for college./ The fact is that our team has won the game. 2.主语从句 用法：在句中作主语，常用what, who, which, whether等引导词。 [例句]What might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things. 3.同位语从句 用法：用于解释说明前面名词的内容，常用that引导。 [例句]There is no proof that the apple hit him on the head. （四）虚拟语气 1.as if 引导的虚拟语气 用法：当表示与现在事实相反时，从句谓语用过去式；与过去事实相反时，用过去完成时。 [例句]He looks as if he knew everything in the world. 2.名词性从句中的虚拟语气 用法：在表示建议、要求、命令等含义的名词性从句中，谓语用“should + 动词原形”，should可省略。 [例句]My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference. （五）冠词 1.不定冠词 a/an 的用法 用法：表示泛指，a用于辅音音素开头的单词前，an用于元音音素开头的单词前。 [例句]These shelves have sensors, RFID tags, and screens that show information, making a smart system. 2.定冠词 the 的用法 用法：表示特指，用于双方都熟悉的人或事物、序数词、最高级前等。 [例句]The sun is the center of the solar system. （六）介词 1.常见介词搭配 in charge of（主管；掌管）、in defence（防御；保护）、defend...from/against...（保护……免受……）、thanks to（幸亏；由于）、subscribe to（同意；赞同）等。 [例句]She is in charge of the project./ We must defend our country from foreign invasion. 2.介词 of 的用法 用法：可表示所有关系、部分与整体的关系等。 [例句]This system then orders more of that product so the shelves stay full. （七）并列连词 1.选择连词 or 用法：表示选择关系，意为“或者；否则”。 [例句]This helps stores avoid running out of products or having too much. 2.转折连词 but 用法：表示转折关系，意为“但是”。 [例句]He is brave, though sometimes careless in what he said or did. （八）被动语态 1.基本结构：主语 + be + 过去分词 + 其他成分 用法：表示主语是动作的承受者。 [例句]When the device requires a recharge, users can simply place it into the charger for just 30 minutes to obtain up to 8 hours of battery life./ They remind the store when products are about to expire so they can be sold before going bad. 0 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $