内容正文:
高中英语选必二
Unit 3知识点
一、核心词汇
(一)可转换词性词汇
1.prior
[词性]adj.(先前的;优先的)
[派生词]priority n.(优先事项;优先权)
[解释]用于描述在时间或重要性上处于前面的人或事物。
[例句]You need to finish the prior task before starting a new one.(在开始新任务之前,你需要完成先前的任务。);Safety is our top priority in this project.(在这个项目中,安全是我们的首要任务。)
2.except
[词性]prep.(除……外)
[派生词]exception n.(例外);exceptional adj.(特别的;罕见的;杰出的)
[解释]表示不包含某人或某物;派生词“exception”指例外的情况或人,“exceptional”强调与众不同、超出常规。
[例句]Everyone attended the meeting except Tom.(除了汤姆,所有人都参加了会议。);There is no exception to this rule.(这条规则没有例外。);She is an exceptional student who always gets full marks.(她是一名杰出的学生,总是得满分。)
3.consume
[词性]vt.(吃;喝;饮;消耗)
[派生词]consumer n.(消费者;用户;客户);consumption n.(消费;消耗)
[解释]侧重通过使用或食用使某物减少;“consumer”指进行消费的人,“consumption”侧重消费的行为或数量。
[例句]We consume a lot of energy in our daily life.(我们在日常生活中消耗大量能量。);Consumers should be aware of their rights.(消费者应该清楚自己的权利。);The consumption of fast food has increased rapidly in recent years.(近年来,快餐的消费量迅速增长。)
4.stable
[词性]adj.(稳定的;稳重的)
[派生词]stability n.(稳定(性);固定(性))
[解释]形容事物不易变化、处于平稳状态;“stability”指稳定的性质或状态。
[例句]The company has maintained a stable growth rate this year.(该公司今年保持了稳定的增长率。);The stability of the political situation is crucial for economic development.(政治局势的稳定对经济发展至关重要。)
5.associate
[词性]vt.(把……联系起来;交往);adj.(副的)
[派生词]association n.(协会;关联)
[解释]作动词时表示将两者联系起来或与人交往;作形容词时多表示“副的”,如“associate professor”(副教授);“association”可指组织或两者之间的关联。
[例句]People often associate red with happiness in Chinese culture.(在中国文化中,人们常把红色和幸福联系在一起。);He is an associate editor of the magazine.(他是这本杂志的副主编。);She joined an environmental protection association last month.(她上个月加入了一个环保协会。)
6.modest
[词性]adj.(些许的;谦虚的;朴素的)
[派生词]modesty n.(谦虚;朴素)
[解释]可形容数量不多、人的态度谦逊或生活作风朴素;“modesty”指谦虚或朴素的品质。
[例句]He has a modest income but lives a happy life.(他收入不高,但生活得很幸福。);She is a modest girl who never shows off her achievements.(她是一个谦虚的女孩,从不炫耀自己的成就。);Her modesty won the respect of all her colleagues.(她的谦虚赢得了所有同事的尊重。)
(二)其他重要词汇
1.consist:vi.(组成;在于;一致),常与“of”搭配,表示“由……组成”。[例句]The team consists of five experienced doctors.(这个团队由五名经验丰富的医生组成。)
2.chef:n.(厨师;主厨),指专业的厨师,尤其指餐厅的主厨。[例句]The chef of this restaurant is famous for his seafood dishes.(这家餐厅的主厨以他的海鲜菜肴而闻名。)
3.stuff:vt.(填满;把……塞进);n.(东西;物品)。作动词时,强调将某物强行塞进某个空间;作名词时,泛指各种物品。[例句]She stuffed all her clothes into the suitcase.(她把所有的衣服都塞进了行李箱。);There are a lot of interesting stuff in this old box.(这个旧盒子里有很多有趣的东西。)
4.temper:n.(脾气;火气),可用于描述人的情绪状态。[例句]He has a bad temper and often gets angry easily.(他脾气不好,经常容易生气。)
5.brand:n.(品牌),指商品的特定名称或标志。[例句]This is a famous brand of smartphones.(这是一个著名的智能手机品牌。)
6.canteen:n.(食堂;餐厅),多指学校、工厂等内部的食堂。[例句]The students usually have lunch in the school canteen.(学生们通常在学校食堂吃午饭。)
7.cafeteria:n.(自助餐厅;自助食堂),强调顾客自行取餐的餐厅。[例句]There is a cafeteria on the first floor of the office building.(办公楼一楼有一个自助餐厅。)
8.somewhat:adv.(有点;稍微),用于修饰形容词或副词,表示程度较轻。[例句]The movie is somewhat boring.(这部电影有点无聊。)
9.calorie:n.(卡路里(热量单位)),用于衡量食物中的热量。[例句]This cake contains a lot of calories.(这个蛋糕含有很多卡路里。)
10.regardless:adv.(不顾;不加理会),常与“of”搭配。[例句]He went to work regardless of the heavy rain.(尽管下着大雨,他还是去上班了。)
11.fibre:n.(纤维;纤维制品),可指食物中的膳食纤维或纺织用的纤维。[例句]Eating more fibre is good for our digestive system.(多吃纤维对我们的消化系统有好处。)
12.quantity:n.(数量;数额),可指具体的数量多少。[例句]We need a large quantity of water for the project.(我们这个项目需要大量的水。)
13.ideal:adj.(完美的;理想的;想象的);n.(理想;完美的人(或事物))。作形容词时形容符合期望的;作名词时指追求的目标或完美的对象。[例句]This is an ideal place for a holiday.(这是一个理想的度假胜地。);His ideal is to become a scientist.(他的理想是成为一名科学家。)
14.chew:vi.& vt.(咀嚼;嚼碎);n.(咀嚼),指用牙齿磨碎食物的动作。[例句]You should chew your food slowly to help digestion.(你应该慢慢咀嚼食物以帮助消化。);The chew of the steak is very good.(这块牛排的嚼劲很好。)
15.trick:n.(诀窍;计谋;把戏);vt.(欺骗;哄骗)。作名词时可指做事的技巧或捉弄人的把戏;作动词时表示欺骗他人。[例句]She taught me a trick to remember English words.(她教了我一个记英语单词的诀窍。);He tricked me into giving him my phone.(他骗我把手机给了他。)
16.overall:adv.(总体上;大致上);adj.(全面的;综合的)。作副词时用于总结整体情况;作形容词时形容涵盖各方面的。[例句]Overall, the project was a great success.(总体来说,这个项目非常成功。);We need an overall plan for the event.(我们需要一个关于这个活动的全面计划。)
二、重点短语
1.prior to:在……之前。[例句]Please finish the form prior to the interview.(请在面试前填好表格。)
2.consist of:由……组成。[例句]The committee consists of representatives from different departments.(这个委员会由来自不同部门的代表组成。)
3.quantities of = a quantity of:大量的。“quantities of”后接可数名词复数或不可数名词,谓语动词用复数;“a quantity of”后接可数名词复数或不可数名词,谓语动词根据名词的单复数而定。[例句]Quantities of books were donated to the rural school.(大量的书籍被捐赠给了这所农村学校。);A quantity of milk is needed for the cake.(做这个蛋糕需要一定量的牛奶。)
4.regardless of:不管,不顾。[例句]She will continue her research regardless of the difficulties.(不管遇到什么困难,她都会继续她的研究。)
5.refer to:参考,查阅,提到,谈及。[例句]When you don't know a word, you can refer to a dictionary.(当你不认识一个单词时,可以查阅字典。);He often refers to his childhood experiences in his speeches.(他在演讲中经常提到他的童年经历。)
6.in association with:与……有关。[例句]The event was organized in association with several local companies.(这个活动是与几家当地公司联合举办的。)
7.on the other hand:另一方面。[例句]This job has a high salary.On the other hand, it requires a lot of working hours.(这份工作薪水很高。另一方面,它需要大量的工作时间。)
8.at a minimum = a minimum of:至少。[例句]You should spend at a minimum of two hours studying every day.(你每天至少应该花两个小时学习。)
9.make a living:谋生。[例句]He makes a living by playing the guitar in the street.(他靠在街上弹吉他谋生。)
10.deal with:处理,对付。[例句]We need to find a way to deal with this problem.(我们需要找到一种方法来处理这个问题。)
11.turn/switch off:关上。“turn off”可用于关闭电器、水龙头等;“switch off”更侧重关闭电器的开关。[例句]Don't forget to turn off the lights when you leave the room.(离开房间时别忘了关灯。);She switched off the TV and went to bed.(她关掉电视去睡觉了。)
12.set off:出发,动身,引起,使爆炸。[例句]They set off early in the morning to avoid the traffic jam.(他们一大早出发以避开交通堵塞。);The bad news set off a wave of panic in the city.(这个坏消息在城市里引起了一阵恐慌。)
13.be different from:与……不同。[例句]His way of thinking is different from ours.(他的思维方式和我们的不同。)
14.in addition:此外。[例句]The hotel provides free breakfast.In addition, it has a swimming pool for guests.(这家酒店提供免费早餐。此外,它还有一个供客人使用的游泳池。)
15.in other words:换句话说。[例句]He didn't pass the exam.In other words, he failed it.(他没有通过考试。换句话说,他失败了。)
16.slice … off:切下。[例句]She sliced off a piece of bread and gave it to the child.(她切下一片面包给了那个孩子。)
17.hand in hand:携手并进。[例句]The two countries should work hand in hand to solve the environmental problems.(这两个国家应该携手合作解决环境问题。)
18.contribute to:有助于,促成,捐献。[例句]Regular exercise contributes to good health.(定期锻炼有助于身体健康。);Smoking contributes to many diseases.(吸烟会导致多种疾病。);She contributed a lot of money to the charity.(她向慈善机构捐了很多钱。)
19.make up:组成,构成;编造;和解。[例句]Women make up 40% of the company's employees.(女性占公司员工的40%。);He made up a story to explain his absence.(他编造了一个故事来解释他的缺席。);They had a fight last week, but now they have made up.(他们上周吵架了,但现在已经和好了。)
20.cut down on:缩减,减少。[例句]We need to cut down on our expenses this month.(这个月我们需要减少开支。)
21.cut out:停止,删除,戒掉。[例句]You should cut out smoking for the sake of your health.(为了你的健康,你应该戒烟。);The editor cut out some unnecessary parts of the article.(编辑删除了文章中一些不必要的部分。)
22.as with:正如,与......一样。[例句]As with any new technology, there are some risks involved.(正如任何新技术一样,其中也存在一些风险。)
23.end up:结束。[例句]If you keep wasting time, you will end up achieving nothing.(如果你一直浪费时间,你最终会一事无成。)
24.start with:以......开始,从......开始。[例句]The party will start with a speech by the chairman.(聚会将以主席的讲话开始。)
25.on the right track:走上正轨。[例句]After several months of hard work, the project is finally on the right track.(经过几个月的努力,这个项目终于走上了正轨。)
26.keep track of:追踪,跟踪。[例句]It's important to keep track of your expenses.(记录你的开支很重要。)
27.consist of:由......组成(重复出现,可强调重点)。[例句]The atmosphere consists mainly of nitrogen and oxygen.(大气主要由氮气和氧气组成。)
三、核心句式
(一)常用基础句式
1.被动语态句式:主语 + be + 过去分词 + 其他成分。表示主语承受某个动作。[例句]Studying abroad is considered as an important opportunity in one's life.(海外留学被看作是一些人一生中重要的机遇。);The letter was sent yesterday.(这封信是昨天寄出去的。)
2.Not only...but also...句式:Not only + 助动词/情态动词/系动词 + 主语 + 其他成分,but also + 主语 + 其他成分。表示“不仅……而且……”,否定词位于句首时,前半句用部分倒装。[例句]Not only can we learn new cultures and knowledge from a foreign country, but we can also enrich our lives culturally and economically.(我们不仅可以在国外学习新的文化和知识,而且还可以从文化和经济的角度充实我们的生活。);Not only does she sing well, but she also dances beautifully.(她不仅唱歌好,跳舞也很美。)
3.hold the view that...句式:主语 + hold(s) the view that + 宾语从句。表示“某人认为……”。[例句]They hold the view that there are usually better facilities and teaching methods in foreign schools.(他们认为国外的学校通常有更好的设施和教学方法。);I hold the view that everyone should protect the environment.(我认为每个人都应该保护环境。)
4.remind sb that...句式:主语 + remind(s) sb that + 宾语从句。表示“提醒某人……”。[例句]I want to remind them that quite a few international students are disappointed abroad because they can't get what they want, let alone succeed.(我想提醒他们的是,相当多的留学生在国外感到失望,因为他们不能得到他们想要的,更不用说成功了。);She reminded me that I had a meeting this afternoon.(她提醒我今天下午有个会议。)
5.when引导的时间状语从句:When + 从句,主句。表示“当……的时候”。[例句]When they are abroad, they are lonely, helpless and have to be independent, which is quite contrary to what it is at home.(当他们在国外时,他们是孤独的、无助的,也必须独立,这与在国内是完全相反的。);When I arrived at the station, the train had already left.(当我到达车站时,火车已经开走了。)
6.which引导的非限制性定语从句:主句,which + 从句。which指代前面整个句子或句子中的某一部分。[例句]Paper cutting is a traditional folk art form with a long history, which can date back to the Eastern Han Dynasty.(剪纸是一种有着悠久历史的传统民间艺术形式,可以追溯到东汉时期。);He passed the exam, which made his parents very happy.(他通过了考试,这让他的父母非常高兴。)
7.feature sth句式:主语 + feature(s) sth。表示“以……为特色”。[例句]Paper-cutting works feature a wide variety of themes, including flowers, human figures, animals, legends, folk tales and stories from operatic works and shows.(剪纸以各种各样的主题为特色,包括花卉、人物、动物、传说以及源于戏曲作品和表演的民间故事。);This restaurant features authentic Italian food.(这家餐厅以正宗的意大利菜为特色。)
8.It is up to sb to do sth句式:It is up to sb to do sth。表示“由某人决定做某事”。[例句]It is up to you to decide how you want to live, and to make the right decisions about your diet.(这取决于你决定你想要如何生活,并对你的饮食做出正确的决定。);It is up to the manager to make the final decision.(由经理做出最终决定。)
9.祈使句 + or + 陈述句句式:祈使句,or + 陈述句。表示“如果不……,就会……”。[例句]Eat more healthy food, or you'll break down sooner or later.(多吃健康食品,不然你的身体迟早会垮掉。);Hurry up, or you will miss the bus.(快点,否则你会错过公交车的。)
10.Why not do sth句式:Why not + 动词原形 + 其他成分?表示提出建议,“为何不……呢?”。[例句]Why not drink less, do exercise, stop smoking and eat more fruit and vegetables?(为何不少喝酒、进行锻炼、戒烟、多吃水果和蔬菜呢?);Why not go to the cinema this weekend?(这个周末去看电影怎么样?)
11.advise/suggest that...句式:主语 + advise/suggest(s) that + 从句(从句用虚拟语气,即should + 动词原形,should可省略)。表示“建议……”。[例句]He advised that I (should) eat less at night.(他建议我晚上少吃。);She suggested that we (should) hold a meeting to discuss the problem.(她建议我们开个会来讨论这个问题。)
12.the strength of...is that...句式:The strength of + 名词 + is that + 表语从句。表示“……的优势在于……”。[例句]The strength of his diet is that it contains plenty of vitamin and fibre.(他饮食的优势在于其中含有丰富的维生素和纤维。);The strength of this plan is that it is very practical.(这个计划的优势在于它非常实用。)
13.There is no denying (the fact) that...句式:There is no denying (the fact) that + 从句。表示“不可否认的是……”。[例句]There is no denying (the fact) that exercising regularly and keeping a balanced diet are of great benefit to our health.(不可否认的是,经常锻炼和保持均衡的饮食对健康非常有益。);There is no denying that he is a talented musician.(不可否认,他是一位有才华的音乐家。)
(二)特殊句式
1.hardly...when...句式:Hardly + 助动词/情态动词/系动词 + 主语 + 其他成分,when + 从句。表示“一……就……”,hardly位于句首时,前半句用部分倒装,且主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。[例句]Hardly had I glimpsed at the cute rabbit when I rode my horse to chase after it excitedly.(一瞥见这只可爱的兔子我就兴奋地骑上马去追赶它。);Hardly had she entered the room when the phone rang.(她一进房间电话就响了。)
2.It suddenly occurred to sb that...句式:It suddenly occurred to sb that + 从句。表示“某人突然想起……”。[例句]It suddenly occurred to him that his homework had been left at home.(他突然想起他的家庭作业忘在家里了。);It suddenly occurred to me that I had met her before.(我突然想起我以前见过她。)
3.had intended to do sth句式:主语 + had intended to do sth, but + 从句。表示“本打算做某事,但……”。[例句]I had intended to go to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon, but something unexpected happened.(我本打算周五下午和你一起去书店,但是发生了意想不到的事情。);She had intended to travel abroad, but she changed her mind because of the pandemic.(她本打算出国旅行,但由于疫情改变了主意。)
4.It was the first time that...句式:It was the first time that + 从句(从句用过去完成时)。表示“这是某人第一次做某事”。[例句]It was the first time that he had lost the game.(这是他第一次输掉比赛。);It was the first time that I had visited Beijing.(这是我第一次去北京。)
5.独立主格结构:逻辑主语 + 非谓语动词/形容词/副词/介词短语等。在句中作状语。[例句]Surprised and happy, he stood up and accepted the prize.(既吃惊又高兴,他站起来接受了奖品。);Weather permitting, we will have a picnic tomorrow.(如果天气允许,我们明天将去野餐。)
四、语法知识
(一)时态
1.过去完成时
构成:had + 过去分词
用法:表示在过去某个动作或时间之前发生的动作,即“过去的过去”。
[例句]By the end of last year, he had learned 1000 English words.(到去年年底,他已经学了1000个英语单词。);She said she had seen the movie before.(她说她以前看过这部电影。)
2.一般现在时
构成:主语 + 动词原形/动词第三人称单数形式(主语为第三人称单数时)
用法:表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态;表示客观事实、真理;表示现阶段的状态或动作。
[例句]He goes to school by bike every day.(他每天骑自行车去上学。);The earth goes around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。);She is a teacher.(她是一名教师。)
3.一般过去时
构成:主语 + 动词过去式
用法:表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态;表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作。
[例句]He went to the park yesterday.(他昨天去了公园。);She often played basketball when she was young.(她年轻时经常打篮球。)
(二)非谓语动词
1.现在分词
用法:可作定语、状语、宾语补足语等。作定语时,与所修饰的名词之间是主动关系;作状语时,可表示时间、原因、结果、伴随等;作宾语补足语时,强调动作正在进行。
[例句]The boy sitting by the window is my brother.(坐在窗边的那个男孩是我弟弟。)(作定语);Walking in the street, I met an old friend.(走在街上,我遇到了一位老朋友。)(作状语);I saw him playing football on the playground.(我看见他在操场上踢足球。)(作宾语补足语)
2.过去分词
用法:可作定语、状语、宾语补足语等。作定语时,与所修饰的名词之间是被动关系;作状语时,可表示时间、原因、条件等;作宾语补足语时,强调动作已经完成或被动。
[例句]The broken window has been repaired.(那扇破碎的窗户已经修好了。)(作定语);Encouraged by his teacher, he studied harder.(在老师的鼓励下,他学习更努力了。)(作状语);I had my hair cut yesterday.(我昨天剪了头发。)(作宾语补足语)
3.动词不定式
用法:可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。作主语时,常用it作形式主语;作宾语时,可接在某些动词后;作定语时,常放在所修饰的名词之后;作状语时,可表示目的、结果、原因等。
[例句]To learn English well is important.(学好英语很重要。)(作主语);He wants to buy a new phone.(他想买一部新手机。)(作宾语);Her dream is to be a doctor.(她的梦想是成为一名医生。)(作表语);I have a lot of work to do.(我有很多工作要做。)(作定语);She came here to see her mother.(她来这里是为了看她的妈妈。)(作状语)
(三)定语从句
1.限制性定语从句
用法:修饰先行词,与先行词关系密切,去掉后句子意思不完整。常用的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose;关系副词有when, where, why。
[例句]The man who is talking to my father is a doctor.(正在和我爸爸说话的那个人是一名医生。);This is the book that I bought yesterday.(这是我昨天买的那本书。);I still remember the day when we met for the first time.(我还记得我们第一次见面的那一天。)
2.非限制性定语从句
用法:对先行词进行补充说明,与先行词关系不密切,去掉后句子意思仍完整。常用的关系代词有which, who, whom, whose;关系副词有when, where。不能用that引导,且从句与主句之间用逗号隔开。
[例句]His father, who is a teacher, often helps him with his study.(他的爸爸是一名教师,经常帮助他学习。);Shanghai, which is a big city in China, attracts many tourists every year.(上海是中国的一个大城市,每年吸引着很多游客。)
(四)名词性从句
1.宾语从句
用法:在句中作宾语,常放在动词、介词或形容词后。连接词有that(无意义,可省略)、if/whether(是否)、特殊疑问词(what, who, where等)。
[例句]I think (that) he will come on time.(我认为他会准时来。);She asked if/whether I had finished my homework.(她问我是否完成了作业。);Do you know where he went yesterday?(你知道他昨天去哪里了吗?)
2.表语从句
用法:在句中作表语,位于系动词后。连接词有that(无意义,不可省略)、if/whether(是否)、特殊疑问词(what, who, how等)。
[例句]The fact is that he didn't tell the truth.(事实是他没有说实话。);The question is whether we can finish the task on time.(问题是我们能否准时完成任务。);That's how he solved the problem.(那就是他解决问题的方法。)
3.主语从句
用法:在句中作主语,常用it作形式主语,将真正的主语从句后置。连接词有that(无意义,不可省略)、if/whether(是否)、特殊疑问词(what, who, when等)。
[例句]It is important that we should learn English well.(我们学好英语是很重要的。);Whether he will come or not is still unknown.(他是否会来还不知道。);What he said surprised us all.(他说的话让我们所有人都很惊讶。)
(五)被动语态
1.构成:be + 过去分词(be动词的形式根据时态变化)
2.用法:表示主语承受某个动作,强调动作的承受者。
3.[例句]The letter was sent yesterday.(这封信是昨天寄出去的。);The bridge is being built now.(这座桥正在建造中。);The problem has been solved.(这个问题已经被解决了。)
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