专题07 复杂段落突破策略（全国通用）2026年高考英语阅读理解突破策略及押题

专题07. 复杂段落突破策略 策略分析 在高考英语的征途中，阅读理解是决定成败的关键战场，而其中的复杂段落则是最坚固的堡垒。它们不仅是语言难度的集中体现，更是对考生逻辑思维、信息筛选和观点推断能力的综合考验。本专题旨在系统剖析复杂段落的特征，并提供一套行之有效的突破策略，助你化繁为简，精准把握文章精髓。 一、复杂段落的类型及特征 1.长难句密集型 【特征简述】段落由一个或多个结构极其复杂的句子构成，这些句子通常包含多重从句（如定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句嵌套）、非谓语动词短语、插入语、介词短语等。为了追求简洁，作者还可能省略连接词（如that），使得句子成分的识别更加困难。 【示例分析】The report, a comprehensive analysis of global economic trends published by a little-known but highly respected think tank, presented data that, while initially surprising, was ultimately seen by many experts as a clear indicator of an impending shift in market dynamics. 这个句子主语被同位语和分词短语分隔，谓语后又跟了由that引导的定语从句，从句内部又包含了while引导的状语从句，结构盘根错节。 2.修饰语堆叠型 【特征简述】名词或名词短语被大量的前置或后置修饰成分包围，导致核心词与它的修饰关系“远隔千里”，读者需要像剥洋葱一样层层剥离，才能找到核心信息。 【示例分析】“The government's new, hastily-devised, and controversial policy on regulating digital currencies aims to address the concerns raised by a small but vocal group of financial analysts.” 上述段落中，主语policy被三个形容词和on引导的介词短语共同修饰，谓语aims的宾语concerns又被过去分词短语修饰，信息点密集。 3.逻辑嵌套型 【特征简述】段落内频繁使用转折、因果、对比、递进等逻辑连接词，形成“观点A，但是观点B，因为原因C，所以结论D”这样的多层逻辑链。作者的真正态度往往隐藏在逻辑关系的转折或递进之后。 【示例分析】While the technology promises unprecedented efficiency, its implementation has been met with resistance; therefore, a more gradual approach, one that considers both its benefits and potential drawbacks, is not only advisable but necessary. 段落中 包含while（对比）、therefore（因果）、not only...but（递进）三重逻辑。 4.观点隐含型 【特征简述】作者不直接表明“我认为”或“我的态度是”，而是通过精心选择的带有感情色彩的形容词、副词、情态动词（如might, should, must）来间接流露其支持、反对、怀疑或客观的立场。 【示例分析】The so-called expert's overly simplistic solution to the complex problem is hardly convincing. 该句通过so-called, overly simplistic, complex, hardly等词，作者的批评态度不言而喻。 5.信息密集型 【特征简述】段落中堆砌大量具体数据、专有名词、科学术语或一连串的例子。这些信息本身并非重点，但会严重干扰阅读节奏，使考生“只见树木，不见森林”，难以抓住段落主旨。 【示例分析】In 2022, the company invested $4.5 million in R&D, filed 120 new patents, and expanded its workforce by 15%, hiring engineers from MIT, Stanford, and Carnegie Mellon, all in an effort to dominate the burgeoning field of quantum computing. 上述段落中的一连串的数字和地名容易让考生陷入细节。 二、复杂段落带来的挑战 面对上述复杂段落，考生普遍面临三大挑战： 1. 结构识别困难：如同在茂密的森林中迷失方向，主语、谓语、宾语这些主干被大量的“枝叶”（修饰成分）遮挡，难以快速构建句子的基本框架。 2. 观点判断模糊：作者的态度被客观的叙述或复杂的逻辑所掩盖，考生容易将文中引用的他人观点误认为作者观点，或被片面的褒贬词汇误导，无法形成对作者整体立场的准确判断。 3. 信息筛选难度大：细节过多，导致阅读速度下降，且容易将注意力集中在次要信息上，而忽略了真正决定段落主旨和作者态度的关键句或关键词。 三、复杂段落的突破策略 策略一：火眼金睛——信号词定位法 【策略简述】 1. 扫描情感词：快速扫读段落，圈出带有明显感情色彩的形容词（如brilliant, disappointing）、副词（如fortunately, regrettably）和情态动词（如should, must）。 2. 锁定转折词：特别关注however, but, yet, nevertheless, while等转折词。作者的真实观点，尤其是与大众或前文观点不同的看法，常常出现在这些词之后。 3. 匹配选项：将找到的信号词与题干选项中的态度词（如positive, critical, skeptical）进行匹配，确定最贴近的答案。 【示例分析】 While the government's pledges on environmental protection are admittedly vague and lack a concrete timeline, they at least represent a starting point for national dialogue on this critical issue. Question: What is the author's attitude toward the government's pledges? 【分析过程】 1. 信号词1：vague（模糊的）和lack a concrete timeline（缺乏具体时间表）是明显的负面评价。 2.信号词2：While（虽然）引出让步，预示后面将有转折。 3. 信号词3：at least represent a starting point（至少代表了一个起点）是转折后的核心观点，带有一定的肯定意味。 4. 综合判断：作者既看到了不足，也肯定了其积极意义。这种“有保留的肯定”最贴切的描述是 skeptical but hopeful（怀疑但充满希望）或 cautiously optimistic（谨慎乐观的）。 注意：切忌“一叶障目”。不能仅凭一个负面词就断定作者持完全否定态度，必须结合上下文，特别是转折后的内容，进行全面评估。 策略二：提纲挈领——首尾句聚焦法 【策略简述】 1. 定位观点句：在议论文和说明文中，段落的首句或尾句通常是该段的主题句，直接点明作者的观点或段落的中心思想。 2. 判断结构：如果首句是观点句，后面是例子或解释；如果首句是例子或背景介绍，那么观点句很可能在尾句。 3. 提炼态度：精读并理解该观点句，直接从中提炼作者的态度。 【示例分析】 The recent report, 'The Heart of the Matter,' from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of a free society. ... (中间部分详细论述了报告的优点和不足) ... Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the issue of funding in a substantive way may ultimately cause more harm than good to the very institutions it seeks to protect. Question: What is the author's general attitude towards the report "The Heart of the Matter"? 【分析过程】 1. 首句分析：deserves praise for affirming the importance...（因肯定了……的重要性而值得赞扬），这是明确的正面评价。 2. 尾句分析：Regrettably, however, ... may ultimately cause more harm than good（然而，遗憾的是……最终可能弊大于利），这是强烈的负面评价。 3. 综合判断：作者采用了“先扬后抑”的结构。既有赞扬，也有尖锐的批评。因此，整体态度是 critical（批评的）或 mixed（褒贬不一的），而非单纯的赞扬或反对。 策略三： 顺藤摸瓜——例证关联法 【策略简述】 1. 识别例子：文中的具体事例、数据、人名、地名等，通常是为了支撑某个观点。 2. 寻找观点句：例子前后的概括性、总结性句子，往往是作者想要表达的核心观点。 3. 关联态度：如果题目问作者态度，例子本身是“藤”，观点才是“瓜”，切勿在例子中寻找答案。 【示例分析】 Consider the case of the 'Smart City' initiative in Metropolis. Despite an initial investment of over $10 billion, the project failed to improve traffic flow and was plagued by data privacy scandals. This is not an isolated incident. Many grand technological solutions, launched with great fanfare, have stumbled due to a lack of consideration for real-world human factors. Question: What is the author's attitude towards grand technological solutions like the 'Smart City' initiative? 【分析过程】 1. 识别例子：Metropolis的“智慧城市”项目是一个具体案例，描述其失败。 2. 寻找观点句：例子之后，This is not an isolated incident.（这不是个例）起到了承上启下的作用。最后一句Many grand technological solutions... have stumbled...是核心观点，指出这类项目普遍存在的问题。 3. 提炼态度：作者通过一个失败的例子，引出对一类事物的普遍性批评。其态度是 critical 或 doubtful（批评的或怀疑的）。 策略四：抽丝剥茧——逻辑关系分析法 【策略简述】 1. 梳理逻辑链：分析段落内部的因果、对比、并列、递进关系，可以用箭头或简单的图示来表示。 2. 关注引述结构：特别注意Some people argue that..., A common belief is that...等结构。作者提出这些观点，很可能是为了在下文进行反驳或修正。 3. 判断立场：作者的立场通常出现在逻辑链的终点，或转折、对比的后半部分。 【示例分析】 A common argument is that the rise of social media has led to increased social isolation. However, recent studies from the University of Cambridge suggest a more nuanced picture: while face-to-face interaction may have decreased, online communities have fostered new forms of belonging and support for many, especially marginalized groups. Question: What is the author's attitude towards the impact of social media? 【分析过程】 1. 识别引述：A common argument is that...引出了一个普遍观点（社交媒体导致孤立）。 2. 识别转折：However标志着作者将提出不同看法。 3. 分析新观点：作者引用剑桥大学的研究，提出了一个更细致入微的观点：社交媒体既有负面影响（减少面对面交流），也有正面影响（为边缘群体提供归属感）。 4. 综合判断：作者没有简单地支持或反对，而是反对简单化的看法，主张辩证看待。因此，其态度是 objective and nuanced（客观且细致入微的）或 opposed to the simplistic view（反对简单化观点的）。 突破演练 1 Getting away may be good for your soul — but is it good for everyone else? —By BEN HEALY If you feel like you need a vacation, you're almost certainly right Americans get far fewer paid days off than workers in petty much any other industrialized democracy and the time we actually take off has declined significantly, from 20.3 days in 1987 to 17.2 days in 2017. Beyond souvenirs and suntans, the best reason to take a break may be your own health. For the Helsinki Businessmen Study-- 40-year cardiovascular (心血管的) health study that also happens to be the working title of the solo album I'll probably never get around 10 recording ---researchers treated men at risk of heart disease. From 1974 to 2004 those men who took at east three weeks of vacation were 379% less likely to die than those who took fewer weeks off. Even if we don't view time as a matter of life and death, people who take more of their allotted vacation time tend to find their work more meaningful. Vacation can yield other benefits, too: People who took all or most of their paid vacation time to travel were more likely than others to report a recent raise or bonus. And time not taken depresses more than individual career prospects. In 2017, the average us worker left six paid vacation days unused, which works out to 705 million days of travel nationally, enough to support 1.9 million travel-related jobs. From longevity to career growth to macroeconomic achievements, the cease for vacation seems open-and shut. Yet the picture's not entirely rosy. Tourism's carbon footprint grew four times as much as expected from 2009 to 2013, and accounted for 8 percent of all greenhouse gas emission in that period. What's more, the travel industry is expected to consume 92 percent more water in 2050 than it did in 2010, and 189 percent more land. In other environmental news, people are less likely too recycle while on vacation (both because they are unsure how to, and because getting away with things seems to be a key part of getting away from it all) The frisson(短暂的、突然的兴奋或恐惧) of pitching plastic is not the only thrill tempting travelers. Interviews wit tourists returning from various international destinations revealed that they used more drugs while on vacation than in everyday life. Other studies have found that people are more likely to eat with abandon while traveling: On vacations of one to three weeks, tourists gain an average of 0.7 pounds, a significant portion of average annual weight gain. Finally, a 2015 study found that "travel and leisure" provoked envy — perhaps the single most toxic substance known to man — more than any other attribute( 特性) examined (including "relationship and family," "appearance" and “money and material possessions"). The effect may be especially severe on social media: 62% of people who described Facebook-caused bouts (发作) of jealousy said they'd been triggered by travel or leisure experiences--versus less than a quarter of people whose envy had been piqued (激起) in person. So for your own health and sanity (心智健全)，book that vacation. But for everyone else's, please travel as sustainably as you can, and take it easy with the Instagram. 1．From the first three paragraphs, we can learn that ______. A．souvenirs and suntans are not what people want when they go on vacation B．not using paid vacation days has little  impact on a person’s career prospect C．the time Americans spend on vacation has decreased by about three days from 1987 to 2017 D．the man in Helsinki Businessmen Study are more likely than others to take a vacation 2．Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “open-and shut" in paragraph 5? A．Tricky and challenging. B．Uncertain and doubtful. C．Interesting and inspiring. D．Obvious and straightforward. 3．Which of the following statement is NOT true? A．People are more likely to gain weight when they take a vacation. B．The booming of the tourist industry contributes to the acceleration of global warming. C．The thrill of throwing plastic tempts travelers to travel more often. D．Travel and leisure lead to more envious feelings compared with appearance or wealth. 4．It can be concluded that the author's tone in this passage is_____. A．objective B．skeptical C．sympathetic D．admiring 2 For two centuries, the famous University of Cambridge debating society has hosted many outstanding figures, from world leaders to scientists to comedians. On Nov 21, 2019, the Cambridge Union hosted its first-ever non-human guest. Designed by IBM, Project Debater is a machine that uses Artificial Intelligence (AI) to form a spoken argument. It can even listen to and answer opposing statements, much like a real person. Speaking with a voice similar to Siri, Project Debater uses AI to search journals, newspapers and other information sources. It then filters out useless information, picks the strongest arguments, and arranges them into a persuasive argument. In the Cambridge test debate, it argued the topic: AI will do more harm than good in the long term. According to IBM, it is the first machine that can debate complicated topics with humans. Before the debate, more than 1,100 arguments for the positives and negatives of AI were submitted to the IBM website. The machine then analyzed these sources and formed the basis of its arguments in minutes. Project Debater then showed off its AI by arguing for both sides of the debate. Over a four-minute speech, it argued first that, “AI can only make decisions that it has been programmed to solve, while humans can be programmed for all situations.” In support of AI, it then argued that AI would create new jobs and “bring a lot more efficiency” to the workplace. According to New Scientist, on both occasions, Project Debater repeated points and didn’t always sufficiently support them. Speaking to Cambridge Independent, Noam Slonim, the project’s lead engineer, said, “The AI is not perfect, but it’s going in the right direction.” 1．What can we learn about the University of Cambridge debating society? A．It has hosted many debating parties for centuries. B．It designed Project Debater with IBM. C．It has invited many famous hosts to join it. D．It has never hosted a non-human guest before. 2．What do we know about Project Debater? A．In the Cambridge test debate, it argued for both sides. B．AI helps it to find the useful information sources. C．Before the debate the arguments were submitted to it. D．It would create many new jobs in the future. 3．What’s the probable purpose of debate? A．To find out how AI works. B．To create a debating machine. C．To do an experiment about AI. D．To prove AI is better than humans. 4．How does Noam Slonim feel about AI? A．Worried. B．Hopeful. C．Doubtful. D．Nervous. 3 For several decades, there has been an extensive and organized campaign intended to generate distrust in science, funded by those whose interests and ideologies are threatened by the findings of modern science. In response, scientists have tended to stress the success of science. After all, scientists have been right about most things. Stressing successes isn’t wrong, but for many people it’s not persuasive. An alternative answer to the question “Why trust science?” is that scientists use the so-called scientific method. If you’ve got a high school science textbook lying around, you’ll probably find that answer in it. But what is typically thought to be the scientific method — develop a hypothesis (假设), then design an experiment to test it — isn’t what scientists actually do. Science is dynamic: new methods get invented; old ones get abandoned; and sometimes, scientists can be found doing many different things. If there is no identifiable scientific method, then what is the reason for trust in science? The answer is how those claims are evaluated. The common element in modern science, regardless of the specific field or the particular methods being used, is the strict scrutiny (审查) of claims. It’s this tough, sustained process that works to make sure faulty claims are rejected. A scientific claim is never accepted as true until it has gone through a lengthy “peer review” because the reviewers are experts in the same field who have both the right and the obligation (责任) to find faults. A key aspect of scientific judgment is that it is done collectively. No claim gets accepted until it has been vetted by dozens, if not hundreds, of heads. In areas that have been contested, like climate science and vaccine safety, it’s thousands. This is why we are generally justified in not worrying too much if a single scientist, even a very famous one, disagrees with the claim. And this is why diversity in science — the more people looking at a claim from different angles — is important. Does this process ever go wrong? Of course. Scientists are humans. There is always the possibility of revising a claim on the basis of new evidence. Some people argue that we should not trust science because scientists are “always changing their minds.” While examples of truly settled science being overturned are far fewer than is sometimes claimed, they do exist. But the beauty of this scientific process is that it explains what might otherwise appear paradoxical (矛盾的): that science produces both novelty and stability. Scientists do change their minds in the face of new evidence, but this is a strength of science, not a weakness. 1．How does the author think of the scientific method? A．Stable. B．Persuasive. C．Unreliable. D．Unrealistic. 2．What does the underlined word “vetted” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Explained. B．Examined. C．Repeated. D．Released. 3．According to the passage, the author may agree that ______. A．it is not persuasive to reject those faulty claims B．settled science tends to be collectively overturned C．a leading expert cannot play a decisive role in a scrutiny D．diversity in knowledge is the common element in science 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Put Your Faith in Science B．Defend the Truth in Science C．Apply Your Mind to Science D．Explore A Dynamic Way to Science 4 Vancouver has had a crazy property (房地产) market since it hosted the winter Olympics in 2010. The downtown area is forested with new apartment blocks. Prices have risen by nearly 60% in the past three years. But until recently developers have largely avoided Chinatown. It is an underdeveloped area. Many Chinatown residents are old and poor. Developers now have Chinatown in their sights. Two years ago one built a 17-storey apartment building on its edge. This alarmed many residents, who had formed a group to stop the high-rise advance, now called SaveChinatownYVR. Ms. Melody Ma is its leader. Recently it has been successful. The main theatre of battle is a car park known as 105 Keefer, where Beedie Living plans to build a nine-storey brick-and-glass apartment block. The developer promises 111 luxury flats, with rooftop landscaping and shops below. 105 Keefer is in an area rich with cultural associations. Just to the south is a monument to Chinese-Canadian builders of the Canadian Pacific Railway and veterans of the Second Word War. Across the street is the Sun Yat-sen Classical Chinese Garden and the Chinese Cultural Centre Museum. “A lot of people were frightened” because of the building’s “closeness to sacred sites in the heart of Chinatown,” says Ms. Ma. Some residents also fear that it will push up rents. Conservationists hope that the parking lot is where they can stop development, which they say has spoilt the charm of other Vancouver neighborhoods such as Mount Pleasant. The dispute (分歧) is part of a debate about the city’s identity, says Andy Yan, an urban planner. Vancouverites, he says, are asking themselves, “Who are we? And what are we building for?” The people who might want to buy the flats that do not yet exist are, of course, not being consulted. 1．What will Ms. Melody Ma agree? A．To preserve Chinatown. B．To rebuild Chinatown. C．To build skyscrapers in Chinatown. D．To promote the property market in Chinatown. 2．What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4? A．To state some reasons. B．To offer some advice. C．To make some comparisons. D．To introduce a new topic. 3．What is Vancouverites attitude towards the recent development in Chinatown? A．Positive. B．Doubtful. C．Unfavorable. D．Divided. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．The alarmed citizens of Vancouver. B．The cultural associations of 105 Keefer. C．The property battle in Vancouver’s Chinatown. D．The identity of Vancouver. 5 It often happens that a number of applicants with almost identical qualifications and experience all apply for the same position. In their educational background, special skills and work experience, there is little, if anything, to choose between half a dozen candidates. How then does the employer make a choice? Usually on the basis of an interview. There are many arguments about the interview as a selection procedure. One argument is that it gives rise to a wholly subjective decision. As often as not, employers do not choose the best candidate, but the one who makes a good first impression on them. Some employers, of course, reply to this argument by saying that they have become so experienced in interviewing staff that they are able to make a sound assessment of each candidate’s likely performance. Unfortunately, both for the employers and applicants, there are many people of great ability who simply do not interview well. There are also, of course, people who interview extremely well, but are later found to be very unsatisfactory employees. Those in favour of the interview insist that the well-structured procedure is valid in assessing a candidate’s ability, an essential guarantee for the future job. They also argue that an employer is concerned not only with a candidate’s ability, but with the suitability of his or her personality for the particular work situation. Many employers, for example, will overlook occasional inefficiencies from their secretary so long as she has a pleasant personality. Perhaps the real purpose of an interview is not to assess the assessable aspects of each candidate but to make a guess at the more intangible things, such as personality and social ability. Today, interview is still a common section of the entire selection procedure, though different employers have different standards for competence. Generally speaking, candidates who interview well tend to be quietly confident, but never boastful; direct and straight-forward in their questions and answers; cheerful and friendly, but never over-familiar; and sincerely enthusiastic and optimistic. Candidates who interview badly tend to be at either end of the spectrum of human behaviour. They are either very shy or over-confident. They show either a lack of enthusiasm or an excess of it. They either talk too little or never stop talking. They are either over-polite or rudely abrupt. 1．According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A．Employers are experienced in assessing the interviewees’ performance. B．Interview is not always recognized as a sensible way to choose employees. C．The interview helps the employers to pick the desired employees. D．The remarkable candidates often distinguish themselves in an interview. 2．Which may not be considered in an interview? A．Personality B．Communication skills C．Background D．Capability 3．What is the author’s attitude towards the interview as a selection procedure? A．Supportive B．Negative C．Objective D．Unconcerned 4．The last paragraph indicates _________________. A．a link between success in interview and character B．connections between work abilities and character C．differences in interview experience D．differences in personal behaviour 6 Nowadays, we can read almost all “truths” on social media sites. But are they really reliable? Sites such as the micro messaging service Twitter, the social networking site Facebook and the photo-sharing app Instagram might “misrepresent the real world,” according to a study by computer scientists from McGill University and Carnegie Mellon University. The scientists warn that gathering information about public views and trends from these sites is unwise. There are still large parts of the population who do not take part in social media activities. Also, there's a risk that many social media users are under- represented. Instagram, for example, appeals to younger adults in urban areas while Pinterest is used mainly by females aged 25 to 34. And only 5 percent of Twitter users are over 65 years old, according Io the study. However, this is not the only issue, according to the scientific team. The design of a website can influence how people behave online, creating what the researchers call “Internet bias.” For example, micro-blogging sites such as Weibo promote “popular” stories. It saves time for some, but it also limits readers' choice of what they see. In the end, many people open those stories and make them more “popular.” But it's not because they choose those stories. Rather, it is because the content is right in front of them. Besides, it's possible that not everyone on your social networks is real. There might actually be a few fake accounts among them. Fake “bots” pretend to be human and are often included when measuring or predicting human behaviors online. The findings might be more important than you would think, since many social media studies “are used to inform and justify decisions and investments among the public and in industry and government,” said Derek Ruths, assistant Professor at McGill's School of Computer Science. If the team is right, you might have to think carefully the next time you say, “It's true, you know; I read it on Weibo.” 1．Why does the author mention Twitter, Facebook and Instagram? A．Because they are the best social media sites today. B．Because they are not in favor of the current study. C．Because the public are sharing truths on these sites. D．Because information on these sites may not be reliable. 2．How is the passage developed? A．By giving examples. B．By making comparisons. C．By dividing into groups. D．By analyzing cause and effect. 3．Which word can best describe the author's attitude toward information on social media sites? A．Ambiguous. B．Favorable. C．Disagreeable. D．Cautious 4．What's the author's main purpose in writing the passage? A．To analyze why information gathered from social media sites may not be trustworthy. B．To remind readers of things they should watch out for when using social media. C．To point out the advantages and disadvantages of social media. D．To recommend popular social networking sites for readers. 7 A 2018 report found that food waste would increase by a third to 2. 1billion tons by 2030. Beyond the cost of the waste itself，thrown-away food generates a gas that contributes to climate change. Home delivery meal kits(盒)can reduce food waste by more than two-thirds，but suppliers need to switch to reusable packaging to make them environmentally friendly. Tailor-made meal kits cut waste by providing people with precise amounts of fresh ingredients(烹饪原料)for chosen recipes，meaning leftovers are minimized. But while the  delivery services score well on reducing food waste，buying the same food ingredients from the supermarket almost always saves energy overall simply because meal kits use so much single-use packaging. The good news is that if people have meals that are tailored for consumption，they won’t overbuy and have less food waste. They fine-tune the amount of food to what they will actually eat. Meal kits can reduce transport emissions(排放)if people go to the supermarket less  frequently. If people only go and buy such goods as soap and toilet paper，they may only have to visit once every couple of months. A delivery truck can carry meals for a lot of people in the neighborhood. So dozens of car trips might be replaced with one truck trip. However，study found that even if delivery meal kits reduced food waste to zero，they would still use up more energy overall than buying the same food from the supermarket unless the energy used for the meal kit packaging was cut by a fifth. The packaging is a killer if it’s single-use and thrown away，which can make all the environmental benefits lost. But if the packaging can be reused，if it’s glass bottles，like in the old days，we can get some benefits. 1．What can we learn about home delivery meal kits? A．They can cut down on daily expenses. B．They will totally solve the problem of food waste. C．They can keep energy consumption to a minimum. D．They will benefit the environment with reusable packaging. 2．What does the underlined word“fine-tune”in paragraph 3 mean? A．Attach. B．Adjust. C．Raise. D．Compare. 3．The author suggests carrying meals with a delivery truck to__________. A．reduce transport emissions B．save more food C．shop only in the supermarket D．shorten car trip distances 4．What’s the author’s attitude to meal kits? A．Supportive. B．Unfavorable. C．Objective. D．Indifferent. 8 Screens during meals rob kids of opportunities to improve language and communication skills （storytelling, making jokes, etc.）, as well as to develop patience and even imagination as they entertain themselves waiting for food to arrive. Meals are an opportunity to connect, to learn more about and enjoy each other. They strengthen the bonds that will bring benefits to the rest of our lives. We squander that opportunity when we stick a screen in front of our kids during dinner. Of course, we all want to have enjoyable family meals, which is why I love Bruce Feiller's book "The Secrets of Happy Families", in which he devotes an entire chapter to ways to make them fun and meaningful for everyone---such as "fill in the blank" sentences you make up. Sharing something good and something challenging makes for pleasant conversations, too. And I've had fun playing Uno with my daughters until the food arrives in a restaurant. The American Academy of Pediatrics (小儿科）also offers guidelines to help families manage children's screen time. The academy recommends avoiding digital media for children under 2, except for video-chatting, and limiting screen time to just one hour a day of high-quality programming for children ages 2 to 5. Fundamentally, we all benefit from more human connection, not less — and that's especially true for children. Schools, airplane trips, most jobs, games, even "social" interaction were all once done without screens but now are filled with them. And while we have gained some advantages, including new connections, we have lost something fundamental, as well. Less is always more when it comes to screens, even if they are effective at keeping kids quiet. But soon after complaining that they are "bored, ” kids have a natural tendency to fill the screenless void （空虚）with creative games, art, exploration and conversation. There are no studies that warn against having too many hours of those activities. Let's all work harder to keep family meals special by getting rid of the iPads and nourishing our personal connections as we nourish our bodies. 1．What's the author's attitude to the kids' staring at screens during meals? A．Disapproving. B．Favorable. C．Cautious. D．Unconcerned. 2．What does the underlined word "squander" in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Take. B．Waste. C．Expect. D．Create. 3．What will kids do if they have no access to screens? A．Keep quiet. B．Refuse to eat. C．Feel bored all the time. D．Find ways to entertain themselves. 4．What is the author's purpose in writing this passage? A．To introduce the iPads to the children. B．To stress the importance of family meals. C．To appeal for family meals without screens. D．To teach parents how to punish their children. 9 Most squirrels don’t hibernate(冬眠). Instead, they store food for the cold season and spend the winter in their nests. But the 13-lined ground squirrel, one species of squirrel in the U.S. Midwest, is not the case. For up to 8 months, the tiny mammals won’t eat or drink anything at all and the heart rate, metabolism(新陈代谢), and body temperature dramatically drop during their long rest, which is similar to bears and other hibernating animals. To find out how the hibernating squirrels hold back their thirst, a powerful force that could potentially wake them up, and researchers measured the blood fluid of dozens of squirrels. Generally, a high blood concentration(血液浓度) makes animals, including humans, feel thirty. The sleeping squirrels' blood concentration was low, preventing them from waking up for a drink. Even when researchers woke up the torpid squirrels, they wouldn’t drink a drop until the team artificially increased the concentration of their blood serum. Next, the researchers wanted to know how the squirrels’ blood concentration dropped so low. Perhaps the squirrels drank a lot of water before hibernation to dilute(稀释) their blood, the researchers thought. But when they filmed squirrels preparing for their winter snooze, they found the animals actually drank less water than they normally did. Instead, chemical tests revealed the squirrels regulate their blood concentration by getting rid of electrolytes(电解质)like sodium and other chemicals like glucose and urea and storing them elsewhere in the body (possibly in the bladder), the researchers reported last month in Current Biology. The finding could also explain how other hibernating animals stay containing water. This new knowledge might one day help humans with conditions such as diabetes(糖尿病), or astronauts who have launched on long space flights. Unfortunately, even if people can figure out how to drop their blood concentration, it’s unlikely they’ll ever be as cute as sleeping squirrels. 1．What do we know about the 13-lined ground squirrels? A．They don’t hibernate like many other squirrels. B．They are endangered species in the U. S. Midwest. C．They can live for months without water during hibernation. D．Their heart rule and body temperature are extremely abnormal. 2．The hibernating squirrels don' feel thirsty because of their___________. A．high blood concentration B．low blood concentration C．low body temperature D．high heart rate 3．Hibernating squirrels adjust their blood concentrations by_____________. A．Drinking much water before hibernation B．Not eating anything during hibernation C．Drinking less water than they normally do D．Removing certain chemicals and storing them somewhere 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the new findings? A．Objective B．Positive C．Disappointing D．Uncaring 10 You want your children to do well in school. You want them to have nice friends and interesting hobbies and to not go out with strangers. You may even want them to be happy. But in this computer game, you can always start over with a new digital child if things don't work out as planned. A new game in China puts players in control of those most fearsome of characters: Mom and Dad. The mission? Raise a son or daughter from kindergarten to college. In a nation of famously demanding, scolding and, yes, sometimes loving mothers and fathers, the game, Chinese Parents, is a hit. Since its release in September, it has found a huge audience on Steam, an online marketplace run by the American game maker Valve Corporation. There are no official figures for how many people have downloaded the game but it has caused heated discussion online while earning tens of thousands of reviews. Yang Gee Yelling, a founder of Moy wan Games, the independent studio that developed Chinese Parents, said he hoped to produce an English version this year. The success of the game, which costs $9. 99 to play, does not appear to be driven by people hoping to exact revenge for their own upbringings. Quite the opposite:  Some fans have written that, by letting them experience childhood from their parents' perspective, it had moved them to tears. "I used to not understand many things my mom made me do when I was little, "said Kang Shang hero, 19, a professional blogger in the northeastern city of Qinhuangdao. "But when I play the game and try to increase figures for my son so he can unlock more achievements and marry the prettiest girl in school, start to understand my parents more. All the joys and trials of raising children are here. Players choose between pushing their digital generation to attain conventional success and allowing them some appearance of childhood innocence. They must give career guidance and tolerate (just barely) their teenager's first dates. Everything leads up to the gaokao, the highly competitive college entrance exam that decides the fortunes of so many young Chinese people. 1．What's the function of the first paragraph? A．To attract readers to the topic. B．To present the parents' expectations. C．To arouse argument among readers. D．To state clear fact. 2．How do we know this computer game Chinese Parents is popular? A．It is produced as expected. B．It has aroused heated discussions and received many comments online. C．Many parents have been engaged in playing this computer game. D．It is hoped that an English version of this computer game will come out this year. 3．What's the author's attitude towards this computer game? A．Pessimistic. B．Cautious. C．Supportive. D．Disgusted. 4．What's the author's purpose in writing the text? A．To introduce the computer game Chinese Parents. B．To encourage children to play this computer game Chinese Parents. C．To persuade parents to be strict with their children. D．To let parents understand their children better. 11 When I was small，my mother and I would walk to our local library in Franklin Square. As we didn't always have access to a reliable car，walking hand in hand was the most convenient way to get anywhere. It was at story time for children that both my mother and I made lasting friendships. Today，I am fortunate to live around the corner from the Cold Coast Public Library in Glen Head and a short walk to the Sea Cliff Children's Library. My 18-imonth-old son，Colin，and I find ourselves in Sea Cliff several times a week，meeting and making friends. Well，that is what many people don't understand-a library is more than books；it's a community. Sure，the library in Franklin Square was the place where I was introduced to Judy Blume novels. But it was also the place where I got my first email address in 1997. At the library，friends and I learned how to research colleges and search for scholarships on the Internet. The library was the place where we sometimes giggled（咯咯笑）too loudly，and where the librarians knew us by name. Their knowing our names wasn't a bad thing. When I came home from my first term at Binghamton University，Mary LaRosa，the librarian at the Franklin Square library，offered me my first teaching job. I now teach reading at Nassau Community College. My students are often amazed that they can check out books via their smartphones and virtually（虚拟地）visit a variety of Long Island libraries. The app used by Nassau and Suffolk county public libraries，as well as the college library，makes their homework easier by helping them find resources. Even though they can't always easily visit their local libraries，the library is always with them. 1．Why does the author consider herself lucky today？ A．She has become her mother's best friend. B．She has access to a reliable car now. C．She can meet friends at the library. D．She lives close to libraries. 2．What does the underlined word “that" in Paragraph 2 refer to？ A．Socializing in a library. B．Reading books in a library. C．Visiting a library with a family member. D．Building parent-child friendship in a library. 3．What is the author's attitude to her students' way of visiting libraries？ A．Cautious. B．Favorable. C．Doubtful. D．Disapproving. 4．Why does the author write the text? A．To discuss why libraries are important. B．To express her deep love for libraries. C．To explain how libraries change. D．To introduce her favorite libraries. 12 As part of my research, I collected every digitized number one New York Times bestseller from 1960 to 2014 and ran the Flesch-Kincaid test* on 563 of them. Most books meant for a general audience will fall within the fourth- to eleventh-grade range, as did all of these bestsellers. If you look at the scores over the decades, an unmistakable trend becomes clear: The bestseller list is full of much simpler fiction today than it was 40 or 50 years ago. In the 1960s, the median （中间的，中位数的） book had a grade level of 8. Today the median grade level is 6. On the upper end, James Michener’s 1988 novel Alaska had a grade-level score of 11.1. Of the books I analyzed, 25 had a grade level of 9 or higher. But just two of these were written after 2000. On the low end, eight books tied for the lowest score of 4.4. All were written after 2000 by one of three high-volume writers: James Patterson, Janet Evanovich, and Nora Roberts. There’s no way around it: While prize-winning literary novels such as Jonathan Franzen’s. The Corrections make the number one spot on occasion, overall, the books we’re reading have become simpler. Does that mean that books-and therefore their readers-are getting “dumber” too? It is true that today’s bestsellers have much shorter sentences than the bestsellers of the past, a drop from a median of 17 words per sentence in the 1960s to 12 in the 2000s. Also, today’s list is much more often topped by commercial novels than in the past. It would be easy to associate the New York Times list of reading-level decline with the rise of arguments that the country’s intellect is at an all-time low, but I don’t think this is fair. Writing doesn’t need to be complicated to be considered powerful or literary. The winner of the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for fiction, The Goldfinch, was also a bestseller and has a reading level of 7.2. While many classics have high scores (The Age of Innocence at 10.4, Oliver Twist at 10.1, The Satanic Verses at 10.1), just as many have surprisingly low scores: To Kill a Mockingbird at 5.9, The Sun Also Rises at 4.2, and The Grapes of Wrath at 4.1. These books are highly respected, but they are also accessible enough to be taught in middle and high school. It’s logical that our bestselling books are not complex-by definition, popular means they appeal to the masses. For what it’s worth, plenty of successful “literary” writers have welcomed the beauty of “easy” writing. As one bestselling writer put it,” One day I will find the right words, and they will be simple.” His name: Jack Kerouac. By the way, Kerouac’s most popular book, On the Road, scores a reading level of 6.6. *The following is the formula of the Flesch-Kincaid test and the resulting score is the grade level required to understand the text. 1．What does the writer’s research find? A．The Flesch-Kincaid test fails to reflect the truth. B．More novels were written before 2000 than after 2000. C．The language of best-sellers has been getting simpler. D．High-volume writers were mostly born between 1960 and 2000. 2．By “there’s no way around it”, the writer means that what follows is _______. A．something that we cannot deny B．something that we think unusual C．something that is worthy of a prize D．something that will cause damage 3．Why does the writer mention the books To Kill a Mockingbird, The Sun Also Rises and The Grapes of Wrath? A．To illustrate how respected books are usually like. B．To stress the importance of being complicated to classics. C．To remind readers that there are too many classics to name. D．To show that books can be both respected and easy to read. 4．What does the writer think of the trend of best-sellers that is introduced in the passage? A．It makes readers dumber. B．It doesn’t do much harm. C．It fails to be accepted by writers. D．It should be paid attention to. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题07. 复杂段落突破策略 策略分析 在高考英语的征途中，阅读理解是决定成败的关键战场，而其中的复杂段落则是最坚固的堡垒。它们不仅是语言难度的集中体现，更是对考生逻辑思维、信息筛选和观点推断能力的综合考验。本专题旨在系统剖析复杂段落的特征，并提供一套行之有效的突破策略，助你化繁为简，精准把握文章精髓。 一、复杂段落的类型及特征 1.长难句密集型 【特征简述】段落由一个或多个结构极其复杂的句子构成，这些句子通常包含多重从句（如定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句嵌套）、非谓语动词短语、插入语、介词短语等。为了追求简洁，作者还可能省略连接词（如that），使得句子成分的识别更加困难。 【示例分析】The report, a comprehensive analysis of global economic trends published by a little-known but highly respected think tank, presented data that, while initially surprising, was ultimately seen by many experts as a clear indicator of an impending shift in market dynamics. 这个句子主语被同位语和分词短语分隔，谓语后又跟了由that引导的定语从句，从句内部又包含了while引导的状语从句，结构盘根错节。 2.修饰语堆叠型 【特征简述】名词或名词短语被大量的前置或后置修饰成分包围，导致核心词与它的修饰关系“远隔千里”，读者需要像剥洋葱一样层层剥离，才能找到核心信息。 【示例分析】“The government's new, hastily-devised, and controversial policy on regulating digital currencies aims to address the concerns raised by a small but vocal group of financial analysts.” 上述段落中，主语policy被三个形容词和on引导的介词短语共同修饰，谓语aims的宾语concerns又被过去分词短语修饰，信息点密集。 3.逻辑嵌套型 【特征简述】段落内频繁使用转折、因果、对比、递进等逻辑连接词，形成“观点A，但是观点B，因为原因C，所以结论D”这样的多层逻辑链。作者的真正态度往往隐藏在逻辑关系的转折或递进之后。 【示例分析】While the technology promises unprecedented efficiency, its implementation has been met with resistance; therefore, a more gradual approach, one that considers both its benefits and potential drawbacks, is not only advisable but necessary. 段落中 包含while（对比）、therefore（因果）、not only...but（递进）三重逻辑。 4.观点隐含型 【特征简述】作者不直接表明“我认为”或“我的态度是”，而是通过精心选择的带有感情色彩的形容词、副词、情态动词（如might, should, must）来间接流露其支持、反对、怀疑或客观的立场。 【示例分析】The so-called expert's overly simplistic solution to the complex problem is hardly convincing. 该句通过so-called, overly simplistic, complex, hardly等词，作者的批评态度不言而喻。 5.信息密集型 【特征简述】段落中堆砌大量具体数据、专有名词、科学术语或一连串的例子。这些信息本身并非重点，但会严重干扰阅读节奏，使考生“只见树木，不见森林”，难以抓住段落主旨。 【示例分析】In 2022, the company invested $4.5 million in R&D, filed 120 new patents, and expanded its workforce by 15%, hiring engineers from MIT, Stanford, and Carnegie Mellon, all in an effort to dominate the burgeoning field of quantum computing. 上述段落中的一连串的数字和地名容易让考生陷入细节。 二、复杂段落带来的挑战 面对上述复杂段落，考生普遍面临三大挑战： 1. 结构识别困难：如同在茂密的森林中迷失方向，主语、谓语、宾语这些主干被大量的“枝叶”（修饰成分）遮挡，难以快速构建句子的基本框架。 2. 观点判断模糊：作者的态度被客观的叙述或复杂的逻辑所掩盖，考生容易将文中引用的他人观点误认为作者观点，或被片面的褒贬词汇误导，无法形成对作者整体立场的准确判断。 3. 信息筛选难度大：细节过多，导致阅读速度下降，且容易将注意力集中在次要信息上，而忽略了真正决定段落主旨和作者态度的关键句或关键词。 三、复杂段落的突破策略 策略一：火眼金睛——信号词定位法 【策略简述】 1. 扫描情感词：快速扫读段落，圈出带有明显感情色彩的形容词（如brilliant, disappointing）、副词（如fortunately, regrettably）和情态动词（如should, must）。 2. 锁定转折词：特别关注however, but, yet, nevertheless, while等转折词。作者的真实观点，尤其是与大众或前文观点不同的看法，常常出现在这些词之后。 3. 匹配选项：将找到的信号词与题干选项中的态度词（如positive, critical, skeptical）进行匹配，确定最贴近的答案。 【示例分析】 While the government's pledges on environmental protection are admittedly vague and lack a concrete timeline, they at least represent a starting point for national dialogue on this critical issue. Question: What is the author's attitude toward the government's pledges? 【分析过程】 1. 信号词1：vague（模糊的）和lack a concrete timeline（缺乏具体时间表）是明显的负面评价。 2.信号词2：While（虽然）引出让步，预示后面将有转折。 3. 信号词3：at least represent a starting point（至少代表了一个起点）是转折后的核心观点，带有一定的肯定意味。 4. 综合判断：作者既看到了不足，也肯定了其积极意义。这种“有保留的肯定”最贴切的描述是 skeptical but hopeful（怀疑但充满希望）或 cautiously optimistic（谨慎乐观的）。 注意：切忌“一叶障目”。不能仅凭一个负面词就断定作者持完全否定态度，必须结合上下文，特别是转折后的内容，进行全面评估。 策略二：提纲挈领——首尾句聚焦法 【策略简述】 1. 定位观点句：在议论文和说明文中，段落的首句或尾句通常是该段的主题句，直接点明作者的观点或段落的中心思想。 2. 判断结构：如果首句是观点句，后面是例子或解释；如果首句是例子或背景介绍，那么观点句很可能在尾句。 3. 提炼态度：精读并理解该观点句，直接从中提炼作者的态度。 【示例分析】 The recent report, 'The Heart of the Matter,' from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of a free society. ... (中间部分详细论述了报告的优点和不足) ... Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the issue of funding in a substantive way may ultimately cause more harm than good to the very institutions it seeks to protect. Question: What is the author's general attitude towards the report "The Heart of the Matter"? 【分析过程】 1. 首句分析：deserves praise for affirming the importance...（因肯定了……的重要性而值得赞扬），这是明确的正面评价。 2. 尾句分析：Regrettably, however, ... may ultimately cause more harm than good（然而，遗憾的是……最终可能弊大于利），这是强烈的负面评价。 3. 综合判断：作者采用了“先扬后抑”的结构。既有赞扬，也有尖锐的批评。因此，整体态度是 critical（批评的）或 mixed（褒贬不一的），而非单纯的赞扬或反对。 策略三： 顺藤摸瓜——例证关联法 【策略简述】 1. 识别例子：文中的具体事例、数据、人名、地名等，通常是为了支撑某个观点。 2. 寻找观点句：例子前后的概括性、总结性句子，往往是作者想要表达的核心观点。 3. 关联态度：如果题目问作者态度，例子本身是“藤”，观点才是“瓜”，切勿在例子中寻找答案。 【示例分析】 Consider the case of the 'Smart City' initiative in Metropolis. Despite an initial investment of over $10 billion, the project failed to improve traffic flow and was plagued by data privacy scandals. This is not an isolated incident. Many grand technological solutions, launched with great fanfare, have stumbled due to a lack of consideration for real-world human factors. Question: What is the author's attitude towards grand technological solutions like the 'Smart City' initiative? 【分析过程】 1. 识别例子：Metropolis的“智慧城市”项目是一个具体案例，描述其失败。 2. 寻找观点句：例子之后，This is not an isolated incident.（这不是个例）起到了承上启下的作用。最后一句Many grand technological solutions... have stumbled...是核心观点，指出这类项目普遍存在的问题。 3. 提炼态度：作者通过一个失败的例子，引出对一类事物的普遍性批评。其态度是 critical 或 doubtful（批评的或怀疑的）。 策略四：抽丝剥茧——逻辑关系分析法 【策略简述】 1. 梳理逻辑链：分析段落内部的因果、对比、并列、递进关系，可以用箭头或简单的图示来表示。 2. 关注引述结构：特别注意Some people argue that..., A common belief is that...等结构。作者提出这些观点，很可能是为了在下文进行反驳或修正。 3. 判断立场：作者的立场通常出现在逻辑链的终点，或转折、对比的后半部分。 【示例分析】 A common argument is that the rise of social media has led to increased social isolation. However, recent studies from the University of Cambridge suggest a more nuanced picture: while face-to-face interaction may have decreased, online communities have fostered new forms of belonging and support for many, especially marginalized groups. Question: What is the author's attitude towards the impact of social media? 【分析过程】 1. 识别引述：A common argument is that...引出了一个普遍观点（社交媒体导致孤立）。 2. 识别转折：However标志着作者将提出不同看法。 3. 分析新观点：作者引用剑桥大学的研究，提出了一个更细致入微的观点：社交媒体既有负面影响（减少面对面交流），也有正面影响（为边缘群体提供归属感）。 4. 综合判断：作者没有简单地支持或反对，而是反对简单化的看法，主张辩证看待。因此，其态度是 objective and nuanced（客观且细致入微的）或 opposed to the simplistic view（反对简单化观点的）。 突破演练 1 Getting away may be good for your soul — but is it good for everyone else? —By BEN HEALY If you feel like you need a vacation, you're almost certainly right Americans get far fewer paid days off than workers in petty much any other industrialized democracy and the time we actually take off has declined significantly, from 20.3 days in 1987 to 17.2 days in 2017. Beyond souvenirs and suntans, the best reason to take a break may be your own health. For the Helsinki Businessmen Study-- 40-year cardiovascular (心血管的) health study that also happens to be the working title of the solo album I'll probably never get around 10 recording ---researchers treated men at risk of heart disease. From 1974 to 2004 those men who took at east three weeks of vacation were 379% less likely to die than those who took fewer weeks off. Even if we don't view time as a matter of life and death, people who take more of their allotted vacation time tend to find their work more meaningful. Vacation can yield other benefits, too: People who took all or most of their paid vacation time to travel were more likely than others to report a recent raise or bonus. And time not taken depresses more than individual career prospects. In 2017, the average us worker left six paid vacation days unused, which works out to 705 million days of travel nationally, enough to support 1.9 million travel-related jobs. From longevity to career growth to macroeconomic achievements, the cease for vacation seems open-and shut. Yet the picture's not entirely rosy. Tourism's carbon footprint grew four times as much as expected from 2009 to 2013, and accounted for 8 percent of all greenhouse gas emission in that period. What's more, the travel industry is expected to consume 92 percent more water in 2050 than it did in 2010, and 189 percent more land. In other environmental news, people are less likely too recycle while on vacation (both because they are unsure how to, and because getting away with things seems to be a key part of getting away from it all) The frisson(短暂的、突然的兴奋或恐惧) of pitching plastic is not the only thrill tempting travelers. Interviews wit tourists returning from various international destinations revealed that they used more drugs while on vacation than in everyday life. Other studies have found that people are more likely to eat with abandon while traveling: On vacations of one to three weeks, tourists gain an average of 0.7 pounds, a significant portion of average annual weight gain. Finally, a 2015 study found that "travel and leisure" provoked envy — perhaps the single most toxic substance known to man — more than any other attribute( 特性) examined (including "relationship and family," "appearance" and “money and material possessions"). The effect may be especially severe on social media: 62% of people who described Facebook-caused bouts (发作) of jealousy said they'd been triggered by travel or leisure experiences--versus less than a quarter of people whose envy had been piqued (激起) in person. So for your own health and sanity (心智健全)，book that vacation. But for everyone else's, please travel as sustainably as you can, and take it easy with the Instagram. 1．From the first three paragraphs, we can learn that ______. A．souvenirs and suntans are not what people want when they go on vacation B．not using paid vacation days has little  impact on a person’s career prospect C．the time Americans spend on vacation has decreased by about three days from 1987 to 2017 D．the man in Helsinki Businessmen Study are more likely than others to take a vacation 2．Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “open-and shut" in paragraph 5? A．Tricky and challenging. B．Uncertain and doubtful. C．Interesting and inspiring. D．Obvious and straightforward. 3．Which of the following statement is NOT true? A．People are more likely to gain weight when they take a vacation. B．The booming of the tourist industry contributes to the acceleration of global warming. C．The thrill of throwing plastic tempts travelers to travel more often. D．Travel and leisure lead to more envious feelings compared with appearance or wealth. 4．It can be concluded that the author's tone in this passage is_____. A．objective B．skeptical C．sympathetic D．admiring 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．A 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。本文主要论述了假期的积极作用和负面影响，并在最后一段总结，从身心角度建议度假，而从全人类的角度，建议适度、可持续地旅行。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Americans get far fewer… and the time we actually take off has declined significantly, from the 20.3 days in 1987 to 17.2 days in 2017.” 可知，美国人的假期时间从1987年的20.3天减少到2017年的17.2天，减少了大约三天，故C项正确。A项原文中并未提及人们不再喜爱，排除；B项在第三段描述了假期对人的工作的积极影响，故排除；D项原文中是说在Helsinki的研究中，多休假的男人比少休假的人减少了死亡的可能性，与D项不符，排除。故选C项。 2．词义猜测题。前文叙述了度假给人的健康、职业成长、宏观经济带来的积极影响，而划线词后面的“yet”表转折，”not entirely rosy（不是完全乐观的）”可知，此处是与前面的总结形成反差对比的，后面的内容也呈现了假期带来的负面影响。所以“the case for vacation open-and-shut”可以确定的是积极的修饰语，故排除A,B项。另外根据open的基本含义以及前文，可以推测这里指的是假期的原因是显而易见的，作为前面积极影响的总结，故选D。C项描述词不是很恰当，在文章中未体现出来。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段可知，旅游业的蓬勃发展，使资源浪费，大大增加了温室气体排放，故B项正确，排除；根据第六段第四、五行可知，人们在旅游期间往往尽情地吃，几个星期增加的体重，占了年平均增长的很大一部分，故A项正确，排除。第六段的第六行指出，由假期引起的嫉妒，相较其他特性（包括家庭关系、外貌和金钱物质财富）也许对人类来说是最厉害的特性，故D项正确，排除；C项原文中未提及。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。本文作者的态度较为明晰，既客观介绍了假期的积极影响，也指出了其负面影响，并在最后一段总结，从身心角度建议度假，而从全人类的角度，建议适度、可持续地进行。故作者的态度是客观的。故选A项。 2 For two centuries, the famous University of Cambridge debating society has hosted many outstanding figures, from world leaders to scientists to comedians. On Nov 21, 2019, the Cambridge Union hosted its first-ever non-human guest. Designed by IBM, Project Debater is a machine that uses Artificial Intelligence (AI) to form a spoken argument. It can even listen to and answer opposing statements, much like a real person. Speaking with a voice similar to Siri, Project Debater uses AI to search journals, newspapers and other information sources. It then filters out useless information, picks the strongest arguments, and arranges them into a persuasive argument. In the Cambridge test debate, it argued the topic: AI will do more harm than good in the long term. According to IBM, it is the first machine that can debate complicated topics with humans. Before the debate, more than 1,100 arguments for the positives and negatives of AI were submitted to the IBM website. The machine then analyzed these sources and formed the basis of its arguments in minutes. Project Debater then showed off its AI by arguing for both sides of the debate. Over a four-minute speech, it argued first that, “AI can only make decisions that it has been programmed to solve, while humans can be programmed for all situations.” In support of AI, it then argued that AI would create new jobs and “bring a lot more efficiency” to the workplace. According to New Scientist, on both occasions, Project Debater repeated points and didn’t always sufficiently support them. Speaking to Cambridge Independent, Noam Slonim, the project’s lead engineer, said, “The AI is not perfect, but it’s going in the right direction.” 1．What can we learn about the University of Cambridge debating society? A．It has hosted many debating parties for centuries. B．It designed Project Debater with IBM. C．It has invited many famous hosts to join it. D．It has never hosted a non-human guest before. 2．What do we know about Project Debater? A．In the Cambridge test debate, it argued for both sides. B．AI helps it to find the useful information sources. C．Before the debate the arguments were submitted to it. D．It would create many new jobs in the future. 3．What’s the probable purpose of debate? A．To find out how AI works. B．To create a debating machine. C．To do an experiment about AI. D．To prove AI is better than humans. 4．How does Noam Slonim feel about AI? A．Worried. B．Hopeful. C．Doubtful. D．Nervous. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 【解析】本文是新闻报道。由IBM设计的机器人Project Debater使用人工智能进行辩论。在测试辩论赛中，该机器人就辩题“人工智能是否最终弊大于利”代表正方两方进行辩论。该项目的首席工程师Noam Slonim表示“人工智能并不完美，但它的方向是正确的。” 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“On Nov 21, 2019, the Cambridge Union hosted its first-ever non-human guest. ”可知，剑桥辩论学会迎来了首位非人类嘉宾，也就是说剑桥辩论学会第一次用机器人进行辩论。所以剑桥大学辩论协会从来没有接待过非人类的客人。故选D 项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段Project Debater then showed off its AI by arguing for both sides of the debate. 可知，在辩论测试赛中，机器人为正反两方进行辩论。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。在剑桥测试辩论赛上，机器人Project Debater使用人工智能进行辩论，并且还陈述正方两方的观点。该项目的首席工程师Noam Slonim 评论说“人工智能并不完美，但它的方向是正确的。”因此可以推断，这次测试辩论赛的目的是就人工智能进行辩论而进行的一次实验。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Noam Slonim所说的话“The AI is not perfect, but it’s going in the right direction”，Noam Slonim认为虽然人工智能并不完美，但对它进行研究的方向是正确的。因此可以推断，Noam Slonim认为对人工智能的研究是充满希望的。故选B项。 3 For several decades, there has been an extensive and organized campaign intended to generate distrust in science, funded by those whose interests and ideologies are threatened by the findings of modern science. In response, scientists have tended to stress the success of science. After all, scientists have been right about most things. Stressing successes isn’t wrong, but for many people it’s not persuasive. An alternative answer to the question “Why trust science?” is that scientists use the so-called scientific method. If you’ve got a high school science textbook lying around, you’ll probably find that answer in it. But what is typically thought to be the scientific method — develop a hypothesis (假设), then design an experiment to test it — isn’t what scientists actually do. Science is dynamic: new methods get invented; old ones get abandoned; and sometimes, scientists can be found doing many different things. If there is no identifiable scientific method, then what is the reason for trust in science? The answer is how those claims are evaluated. The common element in modern science, regardless of the specific field or the particular methods being used, is the strict scrutiny (审查) of claims. It’s this tough, sustained process that works to make sure faulty claims are rejected. A scientific claim is never accepted as true until it has gone through a lengthy “peer review” because the reviewers are experts in the same field who have both the right and the obligation (责任) to find faults. A key aspect of scientific judgment is that it is done collectively. No claim gets accepted until it has been vetted by dozens, if not hundreds, of heads. In areas that have been contested, like climate science and vaccine safety, it’s thousands. This is why we are generally justified in not worrying too much if a single scientist, even a very famous one, disagrees with the claim. And this is why diversity in science — the more people looking at a claim from different angles — is important. Does this process ever go wrong? Of course. Scientists are humans. There is always the possibility of revising a claim on the basis of new evidence. Some people argue that we should not trust science because scientists are “always changing their minds.” While examples of truly settled science being overturned are far fewer than is sometimes claimed, they do exist. But the beauty of this scientific process is that it explains what might otherwise appear paradoxical (矛盾的): that science produces both novelty and stability. Scientists do change their minds in the face of new evidence, but this is a strength of science, not a weakness. 1．How does the author think of the scientific method? A．Stable. B．Persuasive. C．Unreliable. D．Unrealistic. 2．What does the underlined word “vetted” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Explained. B．Examined. C．Repeated. D．Released. 3．According to the passage, the author may agree that ______. A．it is not persuasive to reject those faulty claims B．settled science tends to be collectively overturned C．a leading expert cannot play a decisive role in a scrutiny D．diversity in knowledge is the common element in science 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Put Your Faith in Science B．Defend the Truth in Science C．Apply Your Mind to Science D．Explore A Dynamic Way to Science 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．A 【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了为什么科学值得我们信任。 1．推理判断题。由第二段中的But what is typically thought to be the scientific method — develop a hypothesis (假设), then design an experiment to test it — isn’t what scientists actually do. Science is dynamic: new methods get invented; old ones get abandoned; and sometimes, scientists can be found doing many different things.可知，但是通常被认为是科学方法的方法——提出一个假设，然后设计一个实验来验证它——并不是科学家们真正在做的。科学是动态的：新方法被发明；旧的被遗弃；有时，科学家们会做很多不同的事情。由此可知，作者认为科学不是一成不变的，是新的方法不断发明，取代旧的方法。即科学方法不是固定的，不可信赖的，我们不能一成不变地依赖一种方法。故选C项。 2．词义猜测题。由划线词所在句的前文A key aspect of scientific judgment is that it is done collectively.可知，科学判断的一个关键方面是集体判断。由此推知，划线词所在句No claim gets accepted until it has been vetted by dozens, if not hundreds, of heads.意为“只有经过几十个（如果不是几百个）负责人的审查，观点才会被接受。”由此可知，划线词意为“审查，仔细检查”。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。由第四段中的A key aspect of scientific judgment is that it is done collectively. No claim gets accepted until it has been vetted by dozens, if not hundreds, of heads.(科学判断的一个关键方面是集体判断。只有经过几十个（如果不是几百个）负责人的审查，观点才会被接受)及This is why we are generally justified in not worrying too much if a single scientist, even a very famous one, disagrees with the claim.(这就是为什么当一个科学家，即使是一个非常著名的科学家，不同意这种观点时，我们通常没有理由过分担心)可知，科学观点是经过多人审查的，而某一个人，即使是非常著名的科学家也不能在审查中起决定性作用。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。由第一段For several decades, there has been an extensive and organized campaign intended to generate distrust in science, funded by those whose interests and ideologies are threatened by the findings of modern science. In response, scientists have tended to stress the success of science. After all, scientists have been right about most things. (几十年来，一直存在着一场广泛的、有组织的运动，旨在引起人们对科学的不信任，其资助者是那些其利益和意识形态受到现代科学发现威胁的人。作为回应，科学家们倾向于强调科学的成功。毕竟，科学家在大多数事情上都是正确的)及最后一段中的Scientists do change their minds in the face of new evidence, but this is a strength of science, not a weakness.(面对新的证据，科学家的确会改变主意，但这是科学的强项，而不是弱点)可知，文章主要论述了我们为什么要相信科学。由此可知，A. Put Your Faith in Science(相信科学)适合做本文最佳标题。故选A项。 4 Vancouver has had a crazy property (房地产) market since it hosted the winter Olympics in 2010. The downtown area is forested with new apartment blocks. Prices have risen by nearly 60% in the past three years. But until recently developers have largely avoided Chinatown. It is an underdeveloped area. Many Chinatown residents are old and poor. Developers now have Chinatown in their sights. Two years ago one built a 17-storey apartment building on its edge. This alarmed many residents, who had formed a group to stop the high-rise advance, now called SaveChinatownYVR. Ms. Melody Ma is its leader. Recently it has been successful. The main theatre of battle is a car park known as 105 Keefer, where Beedie Living plans to build a nine-storey brick-and-glass apartment block. The developer promises 111 luxury flats, with rooftop landscaping and shops below. 105 Keefer is in an area rich with cultural associations. Just to the south is a monument to Chinese-Canadian builders of the Canadian Pacific Railway and veterans of the Second Word War. Across the street is the Sun Yat-sen Classical Chinese Garden and the Chinese Cultural Centre Museum. “A lot of people were frightened” because of the building’s “closeness to sacred sites in the heart of Chinatown,” says Ms. Ma. Some residents also fear that it will push up rents. Conservationists hope that the parking lot is where they can stop development, which they say has spoilt the charm of other Vancouver neighborhoods such as Mount Pleasant. The dispute (分歧) is part of a debate about the city’s identity, says Andy Yan, an urban planner. Vancouverites, he says, are asking themselves, “Who are we? And what are we building for?” The people who might want to buy the flats that do not yet exist are, of course, not being consulted. 1．What will Ms. Melody Ma agree? A．To preserve Chinatown. B．To rebuild Chinatown. C．To build skyscrapers in Chinatown. D．To promote the property market in Chinatown. 2．What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4? A．To state some reasons. B．To offer some advice. C．To make some comparisons. D．To introduce a new topic. 3．What is Vancouverites attitude towards the recent development in Chinatown? A．Positive. B．Doubtful. C．Unfavorable. D．Divided. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．The alarmed citizens of Vancouver. B．The cultural associations of 105 Keefer. C．The property battle in Vancouver’s Chinatown. D．The identity of Vancouver. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．D 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要报道了开发商在靠近温哥华中国城的中心圣地盖了一座17层的公寓楼，这引发了当地居民的担心与不满，他们成立了一个名为SaveChinatownYVR的组织来阻止开发商继续盖楼，希望保护中国城的老城区。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Two years ago one built a 17-storey apartment building on its edge. This alarmed many residents, who had formed a group to stop the high-rise advance, now called SaveChinatownYVR. Ms. Melody Ma is its leader.”可知，两年前，一个开发商在中国城的边缘建了一栋17层的公寓楼，这让许多居民感到震惊，他们成立了一个名为SaveChinatownYVR的组织来阻止开发商继续盖楼，马悦凌女士是该组织的领导人，由此推断出，马悦凌女士会同意保护中国城，故A项正确。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段内容，特别是根据““A lot of people were frightened” because of the building’s “closeness to sacred sites in the heart of Chinatown,” says Ms. Ma. Some residents also fear that it will push up rents.”可知，马女士说，很多人都很害怕，因为这座建筑靠近中国城的中心圣地，一些居民也担心这会推高房租，由此推断出，作者在本段是想阐述人们担心的原因，故A项正确。 3．推理判断题。根据文章内容，特别是最后一段中的“The people who might want to buy the flats that do not yet exist are, of course, not being consulted.”可知，文章主要呈现的是不支持开发的人的意见，但想买公寓的人的意见没有被咨询，由此推断出，温哥华人对中国城的开发的态度是有分歧的，故D项正确。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第二段中的“Developers now have Chinatown in their sights.”及第三段中的“The main theatre of battle”可知，本文主要报道了开发商在靠近温哥华中国城的中心圣地盖了一座17层的公寓楼，这引发了当地居民的担心与不满，他们成立了一个名为SaveChinatownYVR的组织来阻止开发商继续盖楼，希望保护中国城的老城区，因此文章主要报道的是在温哥华中国城的地产之争，故C项正确。 【点睛】本篇第4题主旨大意题难度较大，文章没有明显的主题句，需要我们自己来概括，因此抓住能够反映出文章主题的关键词（句）尤为重要，通读全文，特别是根据第二段中的“Developers now have Chinatown in their sights.”及第三段中的“The main theatre of battle”可知，本文主要报道了开发商在靠近温哥华中国城的中心圣地盖了一座17层的公寓楼，这引发了当地居民的担心与不满，他们成立了一个名为SaveChinatownYVR的组织来阻止开发商继续盖楼，希望保护中国城的老城区，因此文章主要报道的是在温哥华中国城的地产之争。 5 It often happens that a number of applicants with almost identical qualifications and experience all apply for the same position. In their educational background, special skills and work experience, there is little, if anything, to choose between half a dozen candidates. How then does the employer make a choice? Usually on the basis of an interview. There are many arguments about the interview as a selection procedure. One argument is that it gives rise to a wholly subjective decision. As often as not, employers do not choose the best candidate, but the one who makes a good first impression on them. Some employers, of course, reply to this argument by saying that they have become so experienced in interviewing staff that they are able to make a sound assessment of each candidate’s likely performance. Unfortunately, both for the employers and applicants, there are many people of great ability who simply do not interview well. There are also, of course, people who interview extremely well, but are later found to be very unsatisfactory employees. Those in favour of the interview insist that the well-structured procedure is valid in assessing a candidate’s ability, an essential guarantee for the future job. They also argue that an employer is concerned not only with a candidate’s ability, but with the suitability of his or her personality for the particular work situation. Many employers, for example, will overlook occasional inefficiencies from their secretary so long as she has a pleasant personality. Perhaps the real purpose of an interview is not to assess the assessable aspects of each candidate but to make a guess at the more intangible things, such as personality and social ability. Today, interview is still a common section of the entire selection procedure, though different employers have different standards for competence. Generally speaking, candidates who interview well tend to be quietly confident, but never boastful; direct and straight-forward in their questions and answers; cheerful and friendly, but never over-familiar; and sincerely enthusiastic and optimistic. Candidates who interview badly tend to be at either end of the spectrum of human behaviour. They are either very shy or over-confident. They show either a lack of enthusiasm or an excess of it. They either talk too little or never stop talking. They are either over-polite or rudely abrupt. 1．According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A．Employers are experienced in assessing the interviewees’ performance. B．Interview is not always recognized as a sensible way to choose employees. C．The interview helps the employers to pick the desired employees. D．The remarkable candidates often distinguish themselves in an interview. 2．Which may not be considered in an interview? A．Personality B．Communication skills C．Background D．Capability 3．What is the author’s attitude towards the interview as a selection procedure? A．Supportive B．Negative C．Objective D．Unconcerned 4．The last paragraph indicates _________________. A．a link between success in interview and character B．connections between work abilities and character C．differences in interview experience D．differences in personal behaviour 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．A 【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章叙述了面试的争论，有些招聘者在面试时不挑选最好的应试者，而是挑选给他印象好的人；另一些招聘者认为无法衡量一个人的能力，而去招聘有个性的人。但是有许多面试不好的人却很有能力，而面试很好的人也有可能不是最好的员工。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中Unfortunately, both for the employers and applicants, there are many people of great ability who simply do not interview well. There are also, of course, people who interview extremely well, but are later found to be very unsatisfactory employees. 不幸的是，无论是对雇主还是求职者来说，有许多能力出众的人在面试中都表现不佳。当然，也有一些人，他们在面试中表现非常好，但后来发现他们是非常不令人满意的员工。可知，面试并不总是一种明智的选择员工的方式。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中Perhaps the real purpose of an interview is not to assess the assessable aspects of each candidate but to make a guess at the more intangible things, such as personality and social ability. 也许面试的真正目的不是评估每个应聘者可评估的方面，而是对一些更无形的东西，如个性和社交能力进行猜测。可知，应聘者能力、个性、沟通技巧等都是在面试中要被考虑的，背景除外。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段中As often as not, employers do not choose the best candidate, but the one who makes a good first impression on them. 通常情况下，雇主不会选择最好的候选人，而是选择给他们留下良好第一印象的人。可知，不选择最好的候选人而是对于应聘者采取第一印象的主管看法。作者是客观的态度。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Generally speaking, candidates who interview well tend to be quietly confident, but never boastful; 一般来说，面试表现好的求职者往往是低调自信的，但从不自夸；和Candidates who interview badly tend to be at either end of the spectrum of human behaviour. 面试表现糟糕的求职者往往是人类行为的两个极端。因此，本段叙述了成功的面试与个性之间的关系。故选A项。 6 Nowadays, we can read almost all “truths” on social media sites. But are they really reliable? Sites such as the micro messaging service Twitter, the social networking site Facebook and the photo-sharing app Instagram might “misrepresent the real world,” according to a study by computer scientists from McGill University and Carnegie Mellon University. The scientists warn that gathering information about public views and trends from these sites is unwise. There are still large parts of the population who do not take part in social media activities. Also, there's a risk that many social media users are under- represented. Instagram, for example, appeals to younger adults in urban areas while Pinterest is used mainly by females aged 25 to 34. And only 5 percent of Twitter users are over 65 years old, according Io the study. However, this is not the only issue, according to the scientific team. The design of a website can influence how people behave online, creating what the researchers call “Internet bias.” For example, micro-blogging sites such as Weibo promote “popular” stories. It saves time for some, but it also limits readers' choice of what they see. In the end, many people open those stories and make them more “popular.” But it's not because they choose those stories. Rather, it is because the content is right in front of them. Besides, it's possible that not everyone on your social networks is real. There might actually be a few fake accounts among them. Fake “bots” pretend to be human and are often included when measuring or predicting human behaviors online. The findings might be more important than you would think, since many social media studies “are used to inform and justify decisions and investments among the public and in industry and government,” said Derek Ruths, assistant Professor at McGill's School of Computer Science. If the team is right, you might have to think carefully the next time you say, “It's true, you know; I read it on Weibo.” 1．Why does the author mention Twitter, Facebook and Instagram? A．Because they are the best social media sites today. B．Because they are not in favor of the current study. C．Because the public are sharing truths on these sites. D．Because information on these sites may not be reliable. 2．How is the passage developed? A．By giving examples. B．By making comparisons. C．By dividing into groups. D．By analyzing cause and effect. 3．Which word can best describe the author's attitude toward information on social media sites? A．Ambiguous. B．Favorable. C．Disagreeable. D．Cautious 4．What's the author's main purpose in writing the passage? A．To analyze why information gathered from social media sites may not be trustworthy. B．To remind readers of things they should watch out for when using social media. C．To point out the advantages and disadvantages of social media. D．To recommend popular social networking sites for readers. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．D 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。这篇文章主要阐述了在社交网络所接触到的信息，我们需要谨慎小心去鉴别其真伪，作者提醒读者在使用社交媒体时需要注意的事情。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段的Sites such as the micro messaging service Twitter, the social networking site Facebook and the photo-sharing app Instagram might “misrepresent the real world,”（微信服务Twitter、社交网站Facebook和照片分享应用Instagram等网站可能“歪曲了现实世界”。）可知，作者提到了Twitter、Facebook和Instagram的原因是因为这些网站上的信息可能不可靠。故选D。 2．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章采用的论证结构是总分总结构，文章第一段提出论证的问题，即我们几乎可以在社交媒体网站上读到所有的“真相”。但它们真的可靠吗?（结果），接下来四个段落来解释这些真相是否可靠的原因，并在最后一段加以总结，由此可知，文章是通过分析因果关系展开的。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段的The scientists warn that gathering information about public views and trends from these sites is unwise. （科学家们警告说，从这些网站收集有关公众观点和趋势的信息是不明智的。）第四段的Besides, it's possible that not everyone on your social networks is real. （此外，你的社交网络上可能不是每个人都是真实的。）以及最后一段的If the team is right, you might have to think carefully the next time you say, “It's true, you know; I read it on Weibo.”（如果这个科学团队的调查是正确的，那么下次你说“这是真的，你知道;我是在微博上看到的。”时，你需要慎重思考）可知，作者对于网络社交网站上提供的信息多是“谨慎”的态度，故选D。 4．推理判断题。通读全文再结合第一段的Nowadays, we can read almost all “truths” on social media sites. But are they really reliable?（如今，我们几乎可以在社交媒体网站上读到所有的“真相”。但它们真的可靠吗?）以及文章最后一段的If the team is right, you might have to think carefully the next time you say, “It's true, you know; I read it on Weibo.”（如果这个科学团队的调查是正确的，那么下次你说“这是真的，你知道;我是在微博上看到的。”时，你需要慎重思考）内容可知，这篇文章主要阐述了在社交网络所接触到的信息，我们需要谨慎小心去鉴别其真伪，所以作者写这篇文章的主要目的是提醒读者在使用社交媒体时要注意的事情。故选B。 7 A 2018 report found that food waste would increase by a third to 2. 1billion tons by 2030. Beyond the cost of the waste itself，thrown-away food generates a gas that contributes to climate change. Home delivery meal kits(盒)can reduce food waste by more than two-thirds，but suppliers need to switch to reusable packaging to make them environmentally friendly. Tailor-made meal kits cut waste by providing people with precise amounts of fresh ingredients(烹饪原料)for chosen recipes，meaning leftovers are minimized. But while the  delivery services score well on reducing food waste，buying the same food ingredients from the supermarket almost always saves energy overall simply because meal kits use so much single-use packaging. The good news is that if people have meals that are tailored for consumption，they won’t overbuy and have less food waste. They fine-tune the amount of food to what they will actually eat. Meal kits can reduce transport emissions(排放)if people go to the supermarket less  frequently. If people only go and buy such goods as soap and toilet paper，they may only have to visit once every couple of months. A delivery truck can carry meals for a lot of people in the neighborhood. So dozens of car trips might be replaced with one truck trip. However，study found that even if delivery meal kits reduced food waste to zero，they would still use up more energy overall than buying the same food from the supermarket unless the energy used for the meal kit packaging was cut by a fifth. The packaging is a killer if it’s single-use and thrown away，which can make all the environmental benefits lost. But if the packaging can be reused，if it’s glass bottles，like in the old days，we can get some benefits. 1．What can we learn about home delivery meal kits? A．They can cut down on daily expenses. B．They will totally solve the problem of food waste. C．They can keep energy consumption to a minimum. D．They will benefit the environment with reusable packaging. 2．What does the underlined word“fine-tune”in paragraph 3 mean? A．Attach. B．Adjust. C．Raise. D．Compare. 3．The author suggests carrying meals with a delivery truck to__________. A．reduce transport emissions B．save more food C．shop only in the supermarket D．shorten car trip distances 4．What’s the author’s attitude to meal kits? A．Supportive. B．Unfavorable. C．Objective. D．Indifferent. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。套餐可以减少食物浪费，但包装是个问题。家庭送餐包可以减少超过三分之二的食物浪费，但供应商需要改用可重复使用的包装，使其更加环保。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段Home delivery meal kits(盒)can reduce food waste by more than two-thirds，家庭送餐包可以减少三分之二的食物浪费。可以得知可利用的包装对环保有益。故选D。 2．词义猜测题。第三段主要讲述量身定制餐会降低浪费。They fine-tune the amount of food to what they will actually eat. 人们可以根据将要吃多少来调整食物数量。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段Meal kits can reduce transport emissions(排放)if people go to the supermarket less  frequently. If people only go and buy such goods as soap and toilet paper，they may only have to visit once every couple of months. A delivery truck can carry meals for a lot of people in the neighborhood. So dozens of car trips might be replaced with one truck trip.得知餐盒可以减少对交通排放，运送卡车可以一次给小区很多人送餐饭，减少交通排放。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段However，study found that even if delivery meal kits reduced food waste to zero，they would still use up more energy overall than buying the same food from the supermarket unless the energy used for the meal kit packaging was cut by a fifth.得知研究表明外卖饭盒比超市买食物会耗费更多的能源，But if the packaging can be reused，if it’s glass bottles，like in the old days，we can get some benefits.但是如果这些包装能够被再利用，对我们还是会有一些益处的。作者对饭盒的使用是客观的态度。故选C。 【点睛】猜测词义题在高考中有三种考查形式：生词猜测词义或熟词生义、猜测一句话的意思、指代关系猜词（代词或者名词）。从近三年考查形势看，三种考查方式同等重要。本文中考查的是同义词猜测。这种题型的解法主要是运用逻辑推理能力，自身的生活经验及生活常识。再联系上下文能读懂的部分，可以正确猜出词义。例如本文第二题，第三段主要讲述量身定制餐会降低浪费。They fine-tune the amount of food to what they will actually eat. 人们可以根据将要吃多少来调整食物数量。故选B。 8 Screens during meals rob kids of opportunities to improve language and communication skills （storytelling, making jokes, etc.）, as well as to develop patience and even imagination as they entertain themselves waiting for food to arrive. Meals are an opportunity to connect, to learn more about and enjoy each other. They strengthen the bonds that will bring benefits to the rest of our lives. We squander that opportunity when we stick a screen in front of our kids during dinner. Of course, we all want to have enjoyable family meals, which is why I love Bruce Feiller's book "The Secrets of Happy Families", in which he devotes an entire chapter to ways to make them fun and meaningful for everyone---such as "fill in the blank" sentences you make up. Sharing something good and something challenging makes for pleasant conversations, too. And I've had fun playing Uno with my daughters until the food arrives in a restaurant. The American Academy of Pediatrics (小儿科）also offers guidelines to help families manage children's screen time. The academy recommends avoiding digital media for children under 2, except for video-chatting, and limiting screen time to just one hour a day of high-quality programming for children ages 2 to 5. Fundamentally, we all benefit from more human connection, not less — and that's especially true for children. Schools, airplane trips, most jobs, games, even "social" interaction were all once done without screens but now are filled with them. And while we have gained some advantages, including new connections, we have lost something fundamental, as well. Less is always more when it comes to screens, even if they are effective at keeping kids quiet. But soon after complaining that they are "bored, ” kids have a natural tendency to fill the screenless void （空虚）with creative games, art, exploration and conversation. There are no studies that warn against having too many hours of those activities. Let's all work harder to keep family meals special by getting rid of the iPads and nourishing our personal connections as we nourish our bodies. 1．What's the author's attitude to the kids' staring at screens during meals? A．Disapproving. B．Favorable. C．Cautious. D．Unconcerned. 2．What does the underlined word "squander" in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Take. B．Waste. C．Expect. D．Create. 3．What will kids do if they have no access to screens? A．Keep quiet. B．Refuse to eat. C．Feel bored all the time. D．Find ways to entertain themselves. 4．What is the author's purpose in writing this passage? A．To introduce the iPads to the children. B．To stress the importance of family meals. C．To appeal for family meals without screens. D．To teach parents how to punish their children. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了用餐时看电子产品既对孩子的发展不利也让我们浪费了一个和孩子增进联系的机会，作者呼吁家庭用餐时不要使用屏幕（电子产品）。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段和第二段内容可知，用餐时看电子产品既对孩子的发展不利（影响孩子的语言和交流技能，让他们变得没有耐心和缺乏想象力）而且还让我们浪费了一个和孩子增进联系的机会，由此可知，作者对孩子们吃饭时盯着屏幕看持反对态度，故A项正确。 2．词义猜测题。画线词前说用餐是一个相互联系的机会，可以让我们和孩子更多地了解和享受在一起的时间，再根据画线词后的“when we stick a screen in front of our kids during dinner”可知，但是当我们在晚餐时把屏幕（电子产品）放在孩子面前时，我们就浪费了这个机会，由此可知画线词词义为“浪费”，故B项正确。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“But soon after complaining that they are "bored, ” kids have a natural tendency to fill the screenless void （空虚）with creative games, art, exploration and conversation.”可知，但在抱怨自己“无聊”之后不久，孩子们就自然而然地倾向于用创造性的游戏、艺术、探索和对话来填补无屏幕的空白，由此可知，当没有屏幕（电子产品）时，孩子们会想办法自我娱乐，故D项正确。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，特别是根据最后一段“Let's all work harder to keep family meals special by getting rid of the iPads and nourishing our personal connections as we nourish our bodies. ”可知，让我们更加努力地保持家庭用餐的特殊性，摆脱ipad，在滋养身体的同时滋养我们的人际关系，由此可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是呼吁家庭用餐时不要使用屏幕（电子产品），故C项正确。 9 Most squirrels don’t hibernate(冬眠). Instead, they store food for the cold season and spend the winter in their nests. But the 13-lined ground squirrel, one species of squirrel in the U.S. Midwest, is not the case. For up to 8 months, the tiny mammals won’t eat or drink anything at all and the heart rate, metabolism(新陈代谢), and body temperature dramatically drop during their long rest, which is similar to bears and other hibernating animals. To find out how the hibernating squirrels hold back their thirst, a powerful force that could potentially wake them up, and researchers measured the blood fluid of dozens of squirrels. Generally, a high blood concentration(血液浓度) makes animals, including humans, feel thirty. The sleeping squirrels' blood concentration was low, preventing them from waking up for a drink. Even when researchers woke up the torpid squirrels, they wouldn’t drink a drop until the team artificially increased the concentration of their blood serum. Next, the researchers wanted to know how the squirrels’ blood concentration dropped so low. Perhaps the squirrels drank a lot of water before hibernation to dilute(稀释) their blood, the researchers thought. But when they filmed squirrels preparing for their winter snooze, they found the animals actually drank less water than they normally did. Instead, chemical tests revealed the squirrels regulate their blood concentration by getting rid of electrolytes(电解质)like sodium and other chemicals like glucose and urea and storing them elsewhere in the body (possibly in the bladder), the researchers reported last month in Current Biology. The finding could also explain how other hibernating animals stay containing water. This new knowledge might one day help humans with conditions such as diabetes(糖尿病), or astronauts who have launched on long space flights. Unfortunately, even if people can figure out how to drop their blood concentration, it’s unlikely they’ll ever be as cute as sleeping squirrels. 1．What do we know about the 13-lined ground squirrels? A．They don’t hibernate like many other squirrels. B．They are endangered species in the U. S. Midwest. C．They can live for months without water during hibernation. D．Their heart rule and body temperature are extremely abnormal. 2．The hibernating squirrels don' feel thirsty because of their___________. A．high blood concentration B．low blood concentration C．low body temperature D．high heart rate 3．Hibernating squirrels adjust their blood concentrations by_____________. A．Drinking much water before hibernation B．Not eating anything during hibernation C．Drinking less water than they normally do D．Removing certain chemicals and storing them somewhere 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the new findings? A．Objective B．Positive C．Disappointing D．Uncaring 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．B 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种冬眠的松鼠，地松鼠。它以将电解质从血液中换到其他地方储存的方式来降低血液浓度，而这项发明可能用于治疗糖尿病等人类疾病。 1．细节理解题。由第一段For up to 8 months, the tiny mammals won’t eat or drink anything at all可知，地松鼠可以多达8个月不吃不喝。即地松鼠冬眠时可以数个月不喝水。故选C。 2．推理判断题。由第二段a high blood concentration(血液浓度) makes animals, including humans, feel thirty可知血液浓度高促使动物包括人类感到口渴，由此可以推断出冬眠的松鼠不口渴是因为血液浓度低。故选B。 3．细节理解题。由倒数第二段chemical tests revealed the squirrels regulate their blood concentration by getting rid of electrolytes(电解质)like sodium and other chemicals like glucose and urea and storing them elsewhere in the body可知，化学测试表明松鼠调节血液浓度是通过将电解质转移至身体其他部位储存的方式进行的，即移走某种特定的物质即电解质，并储存到其他地方。故选D。 4．观点态度题。由最后一段可知这项发现可以用来治疗糖尿病或者帮助长时间在太空站的宇航员，有实际运用的价值，即作者对此持积极态度。故选B。 10 You want your children to do well in school. You want them to have nice friends and interesting hobbies and to not go out with strangers. You may even want them to be happy. But in this computer game, you can always start over with a new digital child if things don't work out as planned. A new game in China puts players in control of those most fearsome of characters: Mom and Dad. The mission? Raise a son or daughter from kindergarten to college. In a nation of famously demanding, scolding and, yes, sometimes loving mothers and fathers, the game, Chinese Parents, is a hit. Since its release in September, it has found a huge audience on Steam, an online marketplace run by the American game maker Valve Corporation. There are no official figures for how many people have downloaded the game but it has caused heated discussion online while earning tens of thousands of reviews. Yang Gee Yelling, a founder of Moy wan Games, the independent studio that developed Chinese Parents, said he hoped to produce an English version this year. The success of the game, which costs $9. 99 to play, does not appear to be driven by people hoping to exact revenge for their own upbringings. Quite the opposite:  Some fans have written that, by letting them experience childhood from their parents' perspective, it had moved them to tears. "I used to not understand many things my mom made me do when I was little, "said Kang Shang hero, 19, a professional blogger in the northeastern city of Qinhuangdao. "But when I play the game and try to increase figures for my son so he can unlock more achievements and marry the prettiest girl in school, start to understand my parents more. All the joys and trials of raising children are here. Players choose between pushing their digital generation to attain conventional success and allowing them some appearance of childhood innocence. They must give career guidance and tolerate (just barely) their teenager's first dates. Everything leads up to the gaokao, the highly competitive college entrance exam that decides the fortunes of so many young Chinese people. 1．What's the function of the first paragraph? A．To attract readers to the topic. B．To present the parents' expectations. C．To arouse argument among readers. D．To state clear fact. 2．How do we know this computer game Chinese Parents is popular? A．It is produced as expected. B．It has aroused heated discussions and received many comments online. C．Many parents have been engaged in playing this computer game. D．It is hoped that an English version of this computer game will come out this year. 3．What's the author's attitude towards this computer game? A．Pessimistic. B．Cautious. C．Supportive. D．Disgusted. 4．What's the author's purpose in writing the text? A．To introduce the computer game Chinese Parents. B．To encourage children to play this computer game Chinese Parents. C．To persuade parents to be strict with their children. D．To let parents understand their children better. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一款新游戏——“中国式家长”, 通过玩游戏, 人们能够在游戏中体验到教育孩子的过程。 1．推理判断题。 文章第一段提出了家长对孩子的几个美好期望，同时提出在“中国式家长”这款新游戏中, 可以实现一些对孩子的美好期望，由此可推知, 第一段的作用是引出文章主题——“中国式家长”这款新游戏，故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“There are no official figures for how many people ave downloaded the game, but it has caused heated discussion online , while earning tens of thousands of reviews. ” 可知，虽然没有官方数据显示究竟有多少人下载了这款游戏，但它已经在网上引发了热烈讨论, 并获得了数万条评论，故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据全文内容可知, 文章第一至三段讲这款游戏很受欢迎, 接下来讲游戏用户体验；最后一段又讲了这款游戏的好处，由此可推知，作者对这款游戏的态度是支持的，故选C。 4．推理判断题。通读全文可知, 文章一开始提到“中国式家长"这款游戏的功能, 然后提到这款新游戏一经推出就获得了大量的用户，接下来又举例说明用户玩游戏的感受，由此可推知, 作者写这篇文章是为了介绍这款游戏，故选A。 11 When I was small，my mother and I would walk to our local library in Franklin Square. As we didn't always have access to a reliable car，walking hand in hand was the most convenient way to get anywhere. It was at story time for children that both my mother and I made lasting friendships. Today，I am fortunate to live around the corner from the Cold Coast Public Library in Glen Head and a short walk to the Sea Cliff Children's Library. My 18-imonth-old son，Colin，and I find ourselves in Sea Cliff several times a week，meeting and making friends. Well，that is what many people don't understand-a library is more than books；it's a community. Sure，the library in Franklin Square was the place where I was introduced to Judy Blume novels. But it was also the place where I got my first email address in 1997. At the library，friends and I learned how to research colleges and search for scholarships on the Internet. The library was the place where we sometimes giggled（咯咯笑）too loudly，and where the librarians knew us by name. Their knowing our names wasn't a bad thing. When I came home from my first term at Binghamton University，Mary LaRosa，the librarian at the Franklin Square library，offered me my first teaching job. I now teach reading at Nassau Community College. My students are often amazed that they can check out books via their smartphones and virtually（虚拟地）visit a variety of Long Island libraries. The app used by Nassau and Suffolk county public libraries，as well as the college library，makes their homework easier by helping them find resources. Even though they can't always easily visit their local libraries，the library is always with them. 1．Why does the author consider herself lucky today？ A．She has become her mother's best friend. B．She has access to a reliable car now. C．She can meet friends at the library. D．She lives close to libraries. 2．What does the underlined word “that" in Paragraph 2 refer to？ A．Socializing in a library. B．Reading books in a library. C．Visiting a library with a family member. D．Building parent-child friendship in a library. 3．What is the author's attitude to her students' way of visiting libraries？ A．Cautious. B．Favorable. C．Doubtful. D．Disapproving. 4．Why does the author write the text? A．To discuss why libraries are important. B．To express her deep love for libraries. C．To explain how libraries change. D．To introduce her favorite libraries. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，作者讲述了从自己小时候到成家生子再到工作教书这一路上图书馆的变化。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Today，I am fortunate to live around the corner from the Cold Coast Public Library in Glen Head and a short walk to the Sea Cliff Children's Library.”可知，现在，我很幸运地住在格伦黑德的冷海岸公共图书馆附近，走一小段路就可以到海崖儿童图书馆，由此可知，作者认为自己很幸运是因为她住得离图书馆很近，故D项正确。 2．词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“My 18-imonth-old son，Colin，and I find ourselves in Sea Cliff several times a week，meeting and making friends.”可知，我和18个月大的儿子科林每周都要去几次海崖图书馆，在那里见面、交朋友，这是一种社交活动，画线词指代的就是“在图书馆社交”，故A项正确。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Even though they can't always easily visit their local libraries，the library is always with them.”可知，尽管学生们不能总是很容易地参观当地的图书馆，但图书馆总是与他们在一起，由此可知，作者对学生们访问虚拟图书馆的方式是支持的，故B项正确。 4．推理判断题。通读全文可知，作者讲述了从自己小时候到成家生子再到工作教书这一路上图书馆所发生的变化，由此可知，作者写这篇文章是为了解释图书馆的变化，故C项正确。 【点睛】涉及到观点态度的推理判断题难度较大，文章一般不会直接表明作者的态度，需要我们根据措辞的褒贬来揣摩其态度，例如本篇第3题，根据最后一段中的“Even though they can't always easily visit their local libraries，the library is always with them.”可知，尽管学生们不能总是很容易地参观当地的图书馆，但图书馆总是与他们在一起，特别是“always with them”表明了作者对学生们访问虚拟图书馆的方式是支持的。 12 As part of my research, I collected every digitized number one New York Times bestseller from 1960 to 2014 and ran the Flesch-Kincaid test* on 563 of them. Most books meant for a general audience will fall within the fourth- to eleventh-grade range, as did all of these bestsellers. If you look at the scores over the decades, an unmistakable trend becomes clear: The bestseller list is full of much simpler fiction today than it was 40 or 50 years ago. In the 1960s, the median （中间的，中位数的） book had a grade level of 8. Today the median grade level is 6. On the upper end, James Michener’s 1988 novel Alaska had a grade-level score of 11.1. Of the books I analyzed, 25 had a grade level of 9 or higher. But just two of these were written after 2000. On the low end, eight books tied for the lowest score of 4.4. All were written after 2000 by one of three high-volume writers: James Patterson, Janet Evanovich, and Nora Roberts. There’s no way around it: While prize-winning literary novels such as Jonathan Franzen’s. The Corrections make the number one spot on occasion, overall, the books we’re reading have become simpler. Does that mean that books-and therefore their readers-are getting “dumber” too? It is true that today’s bestsellers have much shorter sentences than the bestsellers of the past, a drop from a median of 17 words per sentence in the 1960s to 12 in the 2000s. Also, today’s list is much more often topped by commercial novels than in the past. It would be easy to associate the New York Times list of reading-level decline with the rise of arguments that the country’s intellect is at an all-time low, but I don’t think this is fair. Writing doesn’t need to be complicated to be considered powerful or literary. The winner of the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for fiction, The Goldfinch, was also a bestseller and has a reading level of 7.2. While many classics have high scores (The Age of Innocence at 10.4, Oliver Twist at 10.1, The Satanic Verses at 10.1), just as many have surprisingly low scores: To Kill a Mockingbird at 5.9, The Sun Also Rises at 4.2, and The Grapes of Wrath at 4.1. These books are highly respected, but they are also accessible enough to be taught in middle and high school. It’s logical that our bestselling books are not complex-by definition, popular means they appeal to the masses. For what it’s worth, plenty of successful “literary” writers have welcomed the beauty of “easy” writing. As one bestselling writer put it,” One day I will find the right words, and they will be simple.” His name: Jack Kerouac. By the way, Kerouac’s most popular book, On the Road, scores a reading level of 6.6. *The following is the formula of the Flesch-Kincaid test and the resulting score is the grade level required to understand the text. 1．What does the writer’s research find? A．The Flesch-Kincaid test fails to reflect the truth. B．More novels were written before 2000 than after 2000. C．The language of best-sellers has been getting simpler. D．High-volume writers were mostly born between 1960 and 2000. 2．By “there’s no way around it”, the writer means that what follows is _______. A．something that we cannot deny B．something that we think unusual C．something that is worthy of a prize D．something that will cause damage 3．Why does the writer mention the books To Kill a Mockingbird, The Sun Also Rises and The Grapes of Wrath? A．To illustrate how respected books are usually like. B．To stress the importance of being complicated to classics. C．To remind readers that there are too many classics to name. D．To show that books can be both respected and easy to read. 4．What does the writer think of the trend of best-sellers that is introduced in the passage? A．It makes readers dumber. B．It doesn’t do much harm. C．It fails to be accepted by writers. D．It should be paid attention to. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了，通过研究发现现在的畅销书籍的内容正在变得简单，其实这只是一个正常的趋向，不代表人们的欣赏力或智力下降。畅销书不一定非要晦涩难懂，它可以即受推崇也易懂。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段的The bestseller list is full of much simpler fiction today than it was 40 or 50 years ago.（当今畅销书上的作品比起40或50年前要简单的多）可知，现在的畅销书上的内容变简单了。C. The language of best-sellers has been getting simpler.（畅销书上的语言一直在简单化）符合以上说法。故选C项。 2．词意猜测题。根据文章中While prize-winning literary novels such as Jonathan Franzen’s.The Corrections make the number one spot on occasion, overall, the books we’re reading have become simpler.（虽然获奖的文学小说，如缴纳森.弗兰岑的《纠正》有时排在第一，但总的来说，我们正在读的书变得更简单了）可知，内容简单的书更畅销是长期存在的现象，这是一个客观事实。A. something that we cannot deny（不能否认的东西）符合以上说法。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第8段的WThese books are highly respected, but they are also accessible enough to be taught in middle and high school.（这些作品备受推崇，但是他们也足够容易可以在初中和高中被教）可知，作者列举那些书目，是为了说明作品可以在受推崇的同时也简单易懂。D. To show that books can be both respected and easy to read.（为了表明书可以既受尊重有容易读）符合题意。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据文章It would be easy to associate the New York Times list of reading-level decline with the rise of arguments that the country’s intellect is at an all-time low, but I don’t think this is fair.（很容易将《纽约时报》的阅读水平下降和为美国人的智力处于历史低点的观点联系在一起，但我认为这不公平）以及It’s logical that our bestselling books are not complex-by definition, popular means they appeal to the masses.（畅销书不复杂可以吸引跟多的读者，这是符合逻辑的）可知，作者对于目前畅销书语言简单的风尚是认可的。B. It doesn’t do much harm.（它不会造成伤害）符合以上说法。故选B项。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $