基础语法汇编 chapter 8 形容词和副词 讲义 2026届高考英语一轮复习

该高中英语讲义围绕形容词和副词高考核心考点，按定义分类、构成用法、比较等级的逻辑层次系统编排，通过考点梳理（如前置后置形容词辨析）、方法指导（比较级变化规则归纳）、真题训练（语境应用实例）等环节，帮助学生构建完整语法体系，突破用法差异等难点。 资料突出对比教学与分层训练特色，如通过-ing/-ed形容词情感指向对比培养思维品质，设计“形容词后置情境填空”活动提升语言应用能力。设置基础规则识记、中阶句式转换、高阶真题仿写的分层练习，确保高效复习，助力学生精准应考，为教师把控复习节奏提供清晰路径。

高中英语基础语法汇编 chapter 8 形容词和副词 形容词 第一节 形容词的定义与分类 一、形容词的定义 形容词(Adjective), 是指用来描述或修饰名词或代词, 表示人或事物的性质、状态、特征或属性的一类词。形容词是许多语言中均有的一种主要词类, 常用作定语, 也可用作表语、补语或状语。形容词通常置于其修饰的名词之前, 且多数形容词具有比较等级。 二、形容词的分类 1.前置形容词 前置形容词是指位于所修饰名词之前的形容词, 用以描述或限定名词。例如： a pretty woman and handsome man 2.后置形容词 后置形容词是指位于所修饰名词之后的形容词, 通常为主语补足语或宾语补足语。 (1)常用的后置形容词有： afraid→be afraid alone→be alone asleep→fall asleep awake→be awake likely→be likely (2)修饰词尾为-body, -one, -thing等不定代词时, 采用后位修饰。例如： anyone happy anything suitable everybody absent everything edible nothing much someone important something special (3)当else作为形容词, 表示“别的, 其他的”时, 位于疑问词以及no-, any-.some- 等词后面。例如： Who else has been to the commodity fair? Jack has to prepare for something else. (4)说明数词的度量衡性质时, 采用后位修饰。例如： Bingo is a dog.He is two years old and fifty centimeters tall, but his dog house is five feet long, three feet wide and six feet high. 注意：大多数形容词兼具前置形容词与后置形容词性质。例如： This is a big house. This house is big. 第二节 形容词的构成与用法 一、形容词的构成 (1)许多形容词是规则动词的现在分词(-ing)或过去分词(-ed)形式。例如： satisfy 满意→satisfying 令人满意的 satisfied 感到满意的 relax 放松→relaxing 令人放松的 relaxed 感到放松的 excite 激动→exciting 令人激动的 excited 感到激动的 tire 疲倦→tiring 令人疲倦的 tired 感到疲倦的 I've had a tiring day, so I'm very tired now. 我度过了疲劳的一天, 所以我现在很累。 The film I saw last night was very exciting. 我昨晚看的那场电影太好看了。 I was so excited that I couldn't speak. 我激动得说不出话了。 注意：-ing表示主动意义, -ed表示被动意义。 (2)一部分形容词由表示身体部位或其他物品组成部分的名词加后缀-ed构成。例如： a red-haired woman 一个红发女人 a big-nosed man 一个大鼻子男人 black-eyed peas 一堆豇豆 leather-jacketed teenagers 一群穿皮夹克的少年 注意：名词用作形容词时, 复数形式不用加-s。 a 12-year-old boy(not：a 12-years-old boy) 一个12岁的男孩 a ten-dollar bill(not：a ten-dollars bill) 一份十美元的账单 (3)当两个名词并列(名词+名词或者复合名词)时, 第一个名词作为形容词修饰第二个名词。例如： the city walls 城墙 the computer keyboard 电脑键盘 a business partner 一位生意伙伴 通常第一个名词修饰第二个名词的这一结构可用于下列情形中。 ①构建事物与事物之间或者事物与一座城市之间的关联(与所有格无关, 因此不用 “'s”形式)。例如： the kitchen table 餐桌 the church choir 教堂唱诗班 London Transport 伦敦公交系统 York Minster 约克大教堂 ②表达时间或节日。例如： the winter holiday 寒假 a weekend trip 一次周末旅行 Christmas carols 圣诞颂歌 a birthday car 一张生日贺卡 ③表达衣物、设备、交通工具等的用途。例如： football boots 足球鞋 a tennis racket 一只网球拍 a pencil sharpener 一只转笔刀 the school bus 校车 ④物品的用途经常用动词的-ing形式来表示 a frying pan 一个煎锅 a washing machine 一台洗衣机 a shopping bag 一个购物袋 a swimming pool 一个游泳池 ⑤表示文学、电影、音乐、绘画等艺术题材。例如： crime stories 犯罪故事 action film 动作片 disco music 迪斯科音乐 performance art 行为艺术 ⑥三个或三个以上名词组合在一起时, 也可应用此种结构。例如： the World Football Champion 世界足球锦标赛 the UK Energy Center(UKERC)英国能源研究中心 二、形容词的用法 (1)作定语。例如： The company is in a difficult situation. (2)作表语。例如： The shop assistant is very responsible. (3)作主语或宾语。此时, 形容词处于“定冠词+形容词”的结构中, 已被名词化。 ①the+形容词, 表示具有同一特征的人, 含复数语意。例如： the rich=rich people the poor=poor people the blind=blind people ②the+国名形容词, 表示具有相同国籍的人。例如： the English=English people the Chinese=Chinese people ③the+分词, 当指示人时, 单、复数按语意而定。例如： The injured will be sent to hospital. The accused was fined twenty thousand dollars. (4)作宾语补足语。例如： Some people find the transportation in this district not so convenient. (5)作主语补足语。例如： He spent seven days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry. (6)作感叹词。例如： Sorry!Fantastic!Wonderful! 三、形容词的比较级 1.同级比较 (1)升级比较, 表示形容词的程度一样, 其结构为： A如同B一样的……→ A+be动词+as+形容词原级+as+B 例如：Marry is as tall as Jane. (2)降级比较, 表示形容词的程度较少, 其结构为： A不如B……→ A+be动词+not as+形容词原级+as+B 例如：Tom is not as tall as William. 2.比较级 (1)升级比较, 表示形容词的程度较多, 其结构为： A比B……→ A+be动词+形容词比较级+than+B 例如：Shirley is taller than Emily. 当描述A在A与B中较……, 即表示形容词在两者中程度较多时, 结构为： A比 B……→ A+be动词+the+形容词比较级+介词短语 例如：Shirley is the taller of the two girls. (2)降级比较, 表示形容词的程度较少, 其结构为： A不比B……→ A+be动词+less+形容词原级+than+B 例如：Fred is less tall than Milo. =Fred is not as tall as Milo. =Fred is shorter than Milo. 当描述A在A与B中比较不……, 即表示形容词在两者中程度较少时, 结构为： A不比 B……→ A+be动词+less+形容词比较级+介词短语 例如：Fred is the less taller of the two. 3.最高级 (1)升级比较, 表示形容词的程度最多, 其结构为： A在范围中最……→ A+be动词+the+形容词最高级+介词短语 例如：Jackson is the tallest boy in his class. =Jackson is taller than all other boys in his class. =Jackson is taller than any other boy in his class =No other boys are taller than Jackson in his class. =No other boys are as tall as Jackson in his class. (2)降级比较, 表示形容词的程度最少, 其结构为： A在范围中最不……→ A+be动词+the least+形容词原级+介词短语 例如：Jackie is the least tall in his class. = Jackie is shorter than all other boys in his class. = Jackie is shorter than any other boy in his class. = No other boys are shorter than Jackie in his class. = No other boys are as short as Jackie in his class. 4.形容词比较级的变化规则 (1)一般单音节词和少数以-er, -ow结尾的双音节词, 比较级在后面加-er。 单音节词, 例如： small→smaller short→shorter tall→taller great→greater 双音节词, 例如： clever→cleverer narrow→narrower (2)以不发音e结尾的单音节词, 比较级在原级后加-r。例如： large→larger nice→nicer true→truer (3)在重读闭音节(即：辅音+元音+辅音)中, 先双写末尾的辅音字母, 再加er。例如： big→bigger hot→hotter fat→fatter (4)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词, 把y改为i, 再加er。例如： easy→easier heavy→heavier busy→busier happy→happier (5)其他双音节词和多音节词, 在前面加more。例如： beautiful→more beautiful different→more different easily→more easily 副词 第一节 副词的定义与作用 一、副词的定义 副词(Adverb), 是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的一类词。通常用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句, 表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。 二、副词的作用 (1)修饰动词。例如： Alice enjoyed a romantic candle-lit dinner with her boyfriend leisurely 爱丽丝悠闲地和她男朋友享受了一顿完美的烛光晚餐。 (2)修饰形容词。例如： The evening gown looks pretty nice on Marry. 那件晚礼服玛丽穿起来相当漂亮。 (3)修饰名词。例如： The family next door came from Paris long time ago. 隔壁那户人家很久以前来自巴黎。 (4)修饰全句。例如： Theoretically, polar bears won't mate with brown bears. 理论上来说, 北极熊不会和棕熊交配。 常用于修饰全句的副词有： basically 基本上, certainly当然地, frankly坦白地, ideally理想地, undoubtedly无疑地, briefly简要地, fortunately幸运地, generally一般地, obviously明显地, unfortunately不幸地, hopefully希望地。 ※修饰全句的副词可与speaking搭配： generally speaking 一般来说 briefly speaking 简单地说 frankly speaking 坦白地说 第二节 副词的分类与构成 一、副词的分类 (一)疑问副词 疑问副词通常置于句首用以提出疑问, 表示“何时”“何地”“为何”以及“如何”等。常见的疑问副词有When(什么时候)、Where(在哪里)、Why(为什么)、How(如何)。 (1)When表示询问时间。例如： —When will the bus come? —The bus comes every 15 minutes. (2)Where表示询问地点。例如： —Where does she learn to play the guitar? —She learns to play the guitar here at the Cultural Center. (3)Why表示询问原因。例如： —Why did you come to school late this morning? —I went to school late this morning because I did not sleep well last night. (4)How表示对频率、程度、状况及方法的询问。例如： ①表示询问多久。例如： —How often do you see each other? —We meet each other once a month. ②表示询问程度。例如： —How much does he love her? —He loves her through and through. ③表示询问状况。例如： —How's everything going? —Everything is going well. ④表示询问方法。例如： —How do you lose so much weight within two weeks? —I lost the weight by long running every morning. (二)一般副词 从意义上看, 一般副词可分为时间副词、频率副词、地点副词、程度副词、方式副词、表示原因和理由的副词以及表示肯定或否定的副词。同学们需重点掌握的一般副词如下所示。 时间副词：then, now, soon, yesterday, today, tomorrow。 频率副词：always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, once。 地点副词：here, there, everywhere, far, near, up, across。 程度副词：very, enough, almost, hardly。 方式副词：well, lovely, pretty。 表示原因和理由的副词：consequently, therefore, hence。 表示肯定或否定的副词：yes, absolutely, exactly, surely, certainly, never。 (三)连接副词 连接副词虽然具有连接功能, 但在语法上仍是副词。常见的连接副词有： ·however, meanwhile, furthermore, as a result； ·in addition, besides, on top of that, 表示除此以外(包括在内)； ·except for, apart from, aside from, 表示除此以外(排除在外)。 (四)关系副词 关系副词具有连词与副词的功能, 常见的关系副词有when(指时间)、where(指地点)、why(指原因)、how(指方法), 分别用来修饰表示时间、地点、原因与方法的先行词。 1.限定性定语从句中关系副词的用法 关系副词引导定语从句时, 用以修饰先行词所指的时间、地点、原因与方法。限定性定语从句对被修饰的先行词起限定制约作用, 不能被省略。关系副词之前的先行词可以省略。例如： This is the day when they met each other. 这是他们相遇的日子。 It is the building where the conflict occurred. 这是冲突发生的地方。 The response to a stimulus explains the reason why the dog barks. 对刺激的反应说明了狗为什么吠叫的原因。 An expert shows us the method how we can turn leftover food waste into fertilizer for organic gardens. 一位专家告诉我们如何将厨房垃圾变成有机庭园用的肥料。 上述例句可省略先行词, 变为： 省略the day：This is when they met each other. 省略the building：It is where the conflict occurred. 省略the reason：The response to a stimulus explains why the dog barks. 省略the method：An expert shows us how we can turn leftover food waste into fertilizer for organic gardens. 2.非限定性定语从句中关系副词的用法 关系副词的非限定用法, 目的在于补述, 需要在关系副词前面加上逗号。此时, 关系副词所引导的不是定语从句, 而是独立分句, 用以补述主句的不足之处。例如： At eight o'clock on every Monday night, when she has her math class.(补述时间) Hangzhou, where West Lake is located, impresses its visitors with beautiful scenery.(补述地点) His claim of sunflowers as bananas, the reason why he was harshly criticized, was known to the world as a joke.(补述原因) This is the method, how I open the door, without other's help.(补述方法) 二、副词的构成规则 1.规则变化 (1)形容词词尾加ly。例如： abrupt→abruptly：The car turned abruptly on the street. careful→carefully：We carefully assessed the report. quick→quickly：She runs quickly. (2)词尾去y加ily。例如： easy→easily：They can work with computers easily. happy→happily：I can get along with colleagues easily and happily. heavy→heavily：The problem weighed heavily on her mind. (3)词尾le变成ly。例如： possible→possibly：This disease can possibly be cured. simple→simply：Simply put, it is very simple to be happy, but it is very difficult to be simple. comfortable→comfortably：They live comfortably. (4)词尾ue去e加ly。例如： true→truly：They love each other truly. (5)词尾ll加 y。例如： dull→dully：This knife cuts dully. full→fully：We reported the event fully. (6)词尾ic加ally。例如： automatic→automatically：The robot arm operates automatically. historic→historically：The exchange rate to convert Euros into Dollars hit historically high in February. (7)现在分词或过去分词形式的形容词加ly。例如： surprising→surprisingly：The hotel room in Tokyo was surprisingly small. unexpected→unexpectedly：When I tried to connect my computer with the Internet, an error occurred unexpectedly. 2.不规则变化 (1)形容词变成副词的不规则变化。例如： good→well：He writes well. (2)形容词与副词相同。例如： early：She was early to the meeting.(形容词) She came to the meeting early.(副词) enough：We don't have enough time to finish the project.(形容词) They did not work hard enough to finish the project.(副词) fast：It is a fast train.(形容词) The high speed train runs very fast.(副词) far：It is far between two cities.(形容词) We don't need to walk far to the lake.(副词) hard：Math is hard to me.(形容词) We have to study hard to pass the math exam.(副词) high：Their emotions are high.(形容词) Their emotions ran high.(副词) late：It is late now.(形容词) She arrived late.(副词) little：We only have little water left.(形容词) I little think of him.(副词) low：The price is low for a tablet computer.(形容词) The stock price of that company went low due to poor financial statements.(副词) much：I have much work to do today.(形容词) She loves him very much.(副词) only：He is the only son of Mr.Smith.(形容词) I only want to be with you.(副词) Well：We are well.(形容词) We have been doing well.(副词) 第三节 副词的用法 (1)绝大多数副词可用来修饰动词。例如： She died here.(地点) She died yesterday.(时间) She died suddenly.(方式) She nearly died.(程度) She has probably died.(肯定性) (2)程度副词可用来修饰形容词、另一副词、动词。例如： i.She is rather silly. The room is very dark. She has an extremely difficult problem. ii.She ran much faster than I. She speaks English fluently enough. She works too hard. iii.He loves her wife very much. I little know that he is his brother. (3)表示程度、时间、地点的副词可用来修饰介词。例如： i.He is much against her proposal. He arrived exactly at six o'clock. He sat just behind her. ii.He came soon after noon. He left long before the war. iii.He stood close beside her. It is near by the building. (4)表示程度、时间的副词可用来修饰连词。例如： i.He fell ill partly because he worked too hard. He met her exactly when she was angry. ii.He got married long before he was graduated. He died soon after he got sick. (5)表示肯定程度、方式的副词可用来修饰整个句子。例如： i.He will surely succeed. He will probably come. We must positively get the license. Yes, I can./No, I can't. ii.Happily, he was pardoned. Luckily, he has tried his best and succeeded. 第四节 副词的比较等级 1.单音节副词的比较等级 单音节副词的原级、比较级和最高级形式如下例： hard→harder→hardest —You worked hard. —You worked harder than me. = I didn't work as hard as you. —You worked hardest in our office. fast→faster→fastest —He ran fast. —He ran faster than me. —Among us, he ran fastest. soon→sooner→soonest late→later→latest early→earlier→earliest 2.两个以上音节的副词的比较等级 两个以上音节的副词原级、比较级和最高级形式如下例： often→more often→most often kindly→more kindly→most kindly carefully→more carefully→most carefully —He drives carefully. —He drives more carefully than she. —He drives most carefully among his classmates. quickly→more quickly→most quickly 3.副词比较级与最高级的不规则变化 副词比较级与最高级的不规则变化如下例： well→better→best —She writes well. —She writes better than her brother. =Her brother does not write so well as she. —She wrote best in the contest. badly→worse→worst much→more→most 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $