Unit5 Section Ⅰ Vocabulary（Word教参）-【步步高】2024-2025学年高二英语选择性必修第二册学习笔记（外研版）

本讲义聚焦高中英语词汇学习核心知识点，系统梳理25个重点单词、7个短语的基础释义，通过词形变化网络（如ecology→ecological→ecologist）延伸拓展词汇，结合语境释义阅读词汇，构建“基础记忆-拓展延伸-语境应用”的学习支架。 资料特色在于融合语言能力与思维品质培养，通过重点词汇用法解析（如decrease的“by/to”搭配、写作佳句）提升语言表达，一词多义/熟词生义训练（如trap的名词“陷阱”与动词“诱骗”）强化逻辑思维，多样化练习（拼写、语法填空、环保主题阅读理解）助力学习能力提升。课中辅助教师分层教学，课后学生可借语篇练习巩固词汇应用，弥补知识盲点。

Section Ⅰ　Vocabulary Ⅰ.写重点词汇 1．halfway adj.中间的，半途的 2．heritage n．遗产；传统 3．penguin n．企鹅 4．habitat n．栖息地 5．subsequently adv.后来，随后 6．appetite n．胃口，食欲 7．chaos n．大混乱；紊乱 8．virus n．病毒 9．decrease v．(使)变小；(使)减少 10．trap n．夹子，陷阱 11．collapse v．倒坍；塌下 12．substantial adj.大量的，多的 13．incident n．事件 14．owe v．应该做；对……负有……的义务 15．pest n．有害小动物；害虫 16．visual adj.视觉的 17．session n．一段时间 18．status n．地位；身份 19．criterion n．标准，准则 20．rare adj.稀有的，罕见的 21．apparently adv.据说；看来，似乎 22．vast adj.巨大的；广大的 23．altitude n．海拔(高度) 24．thrive v．茁壮成长 25．fossil n．化石 26．elsewhere adv.在别处 27．on behalf of 代表 28．fail to do 未能做…… 29．in harmony with 与……和谐相处 30．out of control 失去控制；不受控制 31．in consequence 因此 32．turn out 关掉；熄灭；在场；使朝外；结果是 33．once and for all 彻底地，最终地 Ⅱ.悟拓展词汇 1．dramatically adv.显著地；戏剧性地→dramatic adj.戏剧性的；突然的→drama n．戏剧 2．multiply v．(使)大大增加，(使)倍增→multiple adj.多种多样的 3．conservation n．保护→conserve v．保护→conservative adj.保守的；守旧的 4．departure n．离开→depart v．离开；出发 5．explode v．突然增加→explosion n．爆炸；激增→explosive adj.易爆炸的；猛增的，激增的 6．nutrient n．养分，营养物→nutritious adj.有营养的；营养丰富的→nutrition n．营养；滋养 7．ecology n．生态；生态学→ecological adj.生态的→ecologist n．生态学家 8．prosper v．兴旺，发达→prosperous adj.繁荣的；兴旺的→prosperity n．繁荣；成功；昌盛 9．comparison n．比较→compare v．比较 10．mysterious adj.神秘的→mystery n．难以理解的事物；谜 11．biological adj.生物的，与生物有关的→biology n．生物学→biologist n．生物学家 12．variation n．差异；变化→variable adj.可变的；易变的→various adj.各种各样的→variety n．变化；多样化→vary v．变化 13．endangered adj.濒临灭绝的→endanger v．危及；使遭受危险→danger n．危险→dangerous adj.危险的 14．invasion n．涌入；侵犯，入侵→invade v．侵犯→invader n．侵略者 15．coexist v．共存，共处→coexistence n．共存，共处 16．secure adj.安全的；可靠的；稳固的 vt.获得；保护→security n．安全；保护措施 17．greeting n．问候，招呼→greet v．和(某人)打招呼(或问好)；欢迎；迎接 Ⅲ.认阅读词汇 1．The forest used to possess many inhabitants before the wildfire.n.栖居的动物 2．This was demonstrated in a laboratory experiment with rats.n.大老鼠 3．The hills are covered in lush green vegetation.n.植物，草木(总称) 4．These countries have different degrees of soil erosion.n.侵蚀 5．The vaccine provides longer immunity against flu.n.免疫力 6．The intervention of his parents only made the situation worse.n.干预，介入 7．Opening the letter，I found a brief，handwritten postscript lay beneath his signature.n.附言 8．Don’t dissolve the tablet in water，which will make it less effective.v.(使)溶解 9．Compared with herbal medicines，Western medicine has a faster effect.adj.用香(药)草制成的 decrease v．(使)减少；(使)变小 n．减少 ·decrease (from...) to...(从……)减少到…… decrease by...减少了…… ·on the decrease在减少 (1)Because of the loss of habitats，the number of penguins has decreased by 30% since 1987. (2)Through the 20th century，forested area in the Philippines decreased from 70 percent to 20 percent. [写作佳句] (3)据报道，由于智能手机的问世，看杂志的人数在减少。 It is reported that as a result of the appearance of smartphones，the number of people who read magazines is decreasing/on the decrease. trap n．夹子；陷阱 v．诱捕；诱骗；使处于困境 ·set/lay/place a trap for设陷阱捕捉…… fall into a trap落入圈套 ·be trapped in...困在……中；陷在……里 trap sb into doing...诱骗某人做…… (1)If the big rat keeps running forward，it is likely to fall into a trap. (2)When answering questions online，you may be trapped into giving(give) away very important personal information. [写作佳句] (3)我被困在拥挤的交通中了，这就是我上课迟到的原因。 I had been trapped in heavy traffic，and that was why I was late for the class. explode v．突然增加；爆炸；突然爆发(感情) (explosion n．激增；爆炸 explosive adj.易爆炸的；突增的) explode into/with laughter/anger哄堂大笑/勃然大怒 (1)There was a huge bang as if someone had exploded(explode) a rocket outside. (2)After the explosion(explode)，all the main train and subway stations were shut down. (3)The population explodes to over 40,000 during the tourist season.激增；猛增 [写作佳句] (4)看到小丑滑稽的表演，观众哄堂大笑。 Seeing the funny performance of the clown，the audience exploded into/with laughter. owe v．应该做；对……负有……的义务；欠(账、钱、人情等)；归因于，归功于 ·owe sth to sb (＝owe sb sth) 把……归功于某人；欠某人…… owe it to sb to do sth 应该为某人做某事，有必要为某人做某事 owe it to sb that...把……归功于某人 ·owing to (＝because of/on account of/due to) 由于 (1)These early settlers owed their survival to hard work and determination to succeed. (2)I owe it to you that this incident has obtained the media’s attention. (3)Owing(owe) to the infectious virus，his immunity has decrease dramatically. [写作佳句] (4)没能陪你去书店，我应该向你道歉。 I owe you an apology for not being able to accompany you to the bookstore. comparison n．比较 (compare v．& n．比较) ·by/in comparison (with) (与……)相比较 by comparison (尤用于句首)比较起来，较之 ·compare...to...把……比作……；把……与……相比 compare...with...把……与……相比 compared with/to和……比起来 ·beyond/without compare无与伦比；举世无双 (1)By comparison(compare)，the expense on education decreased last year. (2)The specialist compared the copy with/to the original，but found no difference. (3)It seemed to be a small challenge compared(compare) to the one I was about to face，but things started to go wrong right from the beginning. [写作佳句] (4)老师常被比作蜡烛，那是因为他们对工作的投入是无与伦比的。 A teacher is often compared to a candle，and that’s because their devotion to work is beyond/without compare. variation n．变化；差异 (vary vi.变化 variety n．品种；种类；变化 various adj.不同的，各种各样的) ·vary from...to...在……到……之间变化；从……到……不等 vary in sth 在某方面不同 vary with...随……而变化 ·a variety of＝varieties of＝various多种多样的 (1)By comparison，the new machine can record every variation(vary) in temperature. (2)In my class，the students vary in height from 100 cm to 120 cm. (3)Generally speaking，prices of fruit and vegetables vary with the season. [写作佳句] (4)随着生活成本的急剧上涨，许多年轻人出于各种原因逃离大城市。 With the living cost mounting dramatically，many young people flee big cities for various/a variety of/varieties of reasons. on behalf of(＝on one’s behalf) 代表 represent v．代表；象征；描绘 stand for代表；象征 (1)The specialist can’t be here today，so I’m going to speak on behalf of him. (2)It is known to us that in Western countries，“V” often stands for victory. (3)The competition attracted over 500 contestants representing(represent) 8 different countries. [写作佳句] (4)我很荣幸能代表我的学校在这里就环境保护问题发表演讲。 I’m greatly honored to be here and deliver a speech on environmental protection on behalf of/representing my school. Ⅰ.一词多义 multiply v. A.乘；乘以　B.使大大增加，使倍增　C.繁殖 1．Bacteria multiply quickly under favourable conditions. C 2．Even the little kids know that 2 multiplied by 4 makes 8. A 3．With effective measures taken，the population of deer is multiplying rapidly. B trap A.n.捕捉动物的陷阱　B.vt.使困住　C.n.圈套；诡计　D.vt.诱骗 4．The police set a trap to catch the sly thief. C 5．Some miners were trapped underground after the collapse. B 6．Were you just going to trap her into making the decision？ D 7．The only thing the wolf could do was climb up to the ground from the trap. A Ⅱ.熟词生义 1．Most children have an appetite for learning，which should be protected.渴望；渴求 2．He collapsed in the street and died two hours later.昏倒 3．(2023·北京改编)The sessions can be attended live or watched back after they are made available on the IOC channel.会议 4．(2019·北京改编)Moore and her father secured their first business meeting with a supermarket owner. v．获得 5．(2020·浙江7月)The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status.状态 训练1　Vocabulary(A)　[分值：44.5分] Ⅰ.单词拼写(共10题；每小题1分，共10分) 1．As is known to us all，ten multiplied by two is twenty. 2．When asked the reason for his success，he owed it to his devoted wife. 3．Trapped in the traffic jam，the specialist was late for the finance meeting. 4．If she marries a foreigner，will her status(身份) as a British citizen be affected? 5．Don’t spoil your appetite(食欲) by eating sweets before you go out for dinner. 6．In the last session(阶段) of the operation，she told me that she felt much better. 7．In comparison(比较) with his twin brother，he has a more attractive personality. 8．When Wilson heated it，the container exploded，leaving Wilson blind in both eyes. 9．According to the statistics，this species of parakeets is decreasing in number every year. 10．The public exploded with anger and called for an inquiry into the motorway’s collapse(倒塌)． Ⅱ.单句语法填空(共8题；每小题1.5分，共12分) 1．Over half of those questioned said they rarely(rare) took any exercise. 2．It was owing to her assistance that we succeeded in starting the engine. 3．Fortunately，the number of cyclists running against traffic lights is on the decrease. 4．It’s my honour to deliver this speech here on behalf of all the students in my school. 5．They had received no news of him since his departure(depart) from the island. 6．Compared(compare) with other animals，this species is more endangered and mysterious. 7．Smoking and using open fire are forbidden in places where there are explosive(explode) materials. 8．In the botanical garden，we can find varieties(vary) of plants that range from tall trees to small flowers. Ⅲ.阅读理解(共4题；每小题2.5分，共10分) Global animal populations are declining，and we’ve got limited time to try to fix it.That’s the outcome of a new report from the World Wildlife Fund(WWF)，which analyzed years of data on wildlife populations across the world and found a downward trend in the Earth’s biodiversity. According to the Living Planet Index，animal populations across the world decreased by 69% between 1970 and 2018.Not all animal populations decreased，though，and some parts of the world saw more dramatic changes than others.But experts say the loss of biodiversity is a worrying sign of what’s to come for the natural world.“The message is clear and the lights are flashing red，” said WWF International Director General Marco Lambertini. According to the report’s authors，biodiversity loss mainly results from land-use changes driven by human activities，such as infrastructure(基础设施) development，energy production and deforestation.But the report suggests that climate change—which is already causing wide-ranging effects on plant and animal species globally—could become the leading cause of biodiversity loss if rising temperatures can’t be limited to 1.5℃. Lambertini said the crisis of biodiversity loss and climate change is already responsible for plenty of problems for humans，including less access to food and water and a rise in the spread of diseases.He said world leaders should take major steps to deal with environmental damage.They are locked in old-world thinking，with no sign of the brave action needed to achieve a nature-positive future. WWF chief scientist Rebecca Shaw told a radio station that humans have the opportunity to change how they do things to benefit nature.“We don’t have to continue the patterns of development we have now.And we have an opportunity to change the way we produce，what we eat and how we consume food and what we waste when we consume our food，” Shaw said.“Little things that we can do every day can change the direction of animal population declines.” 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一份新报告，其结果显示地球生物多样性呈下降趋势，并分析了导致地球动物数量减少的原因以及应对措施。 1．What does the new report indicate about the animal populations? A．The drop in animal populations began in 1970. B．The degree of the decrease is relatively low. C．All species on Earth have witnessed a drop in population. D．Global animal populations are declining at an alarming speed. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段和第二段第一句可知，新报告表明全球动物数量正以惊人的速度下降。故选D。 2．What could become the main threatening factor of biodiversity? A．Land-use changes. B．Deforestation. C．The climate change. D．The high temperatures. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中“But the report suggests that climate change...could become the leading cause of biodiversity loss if rising temperatures can’t be limited to 1.5℃.”可知，气候变化可能会成为威胁生物多样性的主要因素。故选C。 3．What is Lambertini’s attitude to world leaders in environmental issues? A．Critical. B．Favorable. C．Tolerant. D．Neutral. 答案　A 解析　观点态度题。根据倒数第二段最后两句可推知，兰伯蒂尼批判了世界各国领导人在环境问题上的态度。故选A。 4．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．How to develop economy. B．How to prevent food waste. C．How to maintain sustainable diets. D．How to stop animal population decline. 答案　D 解析　段落大意题。根据最后一段尤其是最后一句可知，最后一段主要讲人类应如何做才能阻止动物数量的下降。故选D。 Ⅳ.七选五(共5题；每小题2.5分，共12.5分) When the British poet Alfred Lord Tennyson described nature as “red in tooth and claw”，he was telling us that the natural world can be cruel as well as beautiful. 1 Most people living in urban areas rarely encounter wild animals in their natural surroundings. 2 And they are willing to get close to them.But for wild animals，it is “eat or be eaten”，and they can’t distinguish between humans and other animals. 3 In Canadian woods lives a dog-like animal，coyote，which is a little bigger than a fox，but smaller than a wolf.They usually avoid humans，but the occasional attacks can be deadly.Every year，one or two people end up getting killed by coyotes. Earlier last year，a herd of elephants in Yunnan left their home in the Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve and went on a meandering journey through the province.They destroyed crops and buildings along the way.Villages in their path had to be evacuated because of the potential dangers they posed to villagers.Animal experts haven’t determined why the elephants went on their journey. 4 The wild animals we love are in a constant struggle for survival.Our expanding into the natural habitats of wild animals can be dangerous for the animals and then us humans as well. Maybe we should try to stay away from them. 5 Their lives—red in tooth and claw—are difficult enough without us causing them any more problems than they already have. A．A walk in the woods can be dangerous. B．It is a way to protect the wild animals，and it’s also our responsibility. C．In Canada，people have a more realistic attitude towards wild animals. D．In simple terms，we should try to keep proper distance from wild animals. E．Hence they misunderstand that wild animals are just as friendly as Disney characters. F．Thanks to active environmental conservation，the number of the elephants grew larger. G．A reasonable possibility is that they probably needed more room and more food to survive. 语篇解读　这是一篇议论文。文章以加拿大森林里的土狼伤人和云南大象迁徙为例告诫我们应当远离野生动物的生活，这是保护它们的一种方式，也是我们的责任。 1．答案　D 解析　上文提到了英国诗人认为自然界残酷而美丽，D项“简言之，我们应该与野生动物保持适当的距离”承接前文内容，符合语境。故选D项。 2．答案　E 解析　上文提到住在城市的人们很少遇到野生动物，E项承接上文并与上文构成因果关系，与下文衔接连贯，选项中的they指代上文中的住在城市的人们。故选E项。 3．答案　A 解析　下文提到了加拿大森林里有一种土狼，有时会把人咬死。由此可推知，此处段首提及的内容与森林有关，A项符合语境。故选A项。 4．答案　G 解析　上文提到了动物专家还没确定这些大象迁徙的原因是什么；下文提到了这些野生动物一直在为生存而奋斗；由此可推知，设空处可能是在谈这些大象迁徙的潜在原因。G项提到了一个合理的可能性，恰好与下文的“in a constant struggle for survival”对应。故选G项。 5．答案　B 解析　上文提到我们应该尽量远离野生动物。由此可推知设空处是在解释为什么需要远离野生动物。B项恰好与上下文对应。故选B项。 训练2　Vocabulary(B)　[分值：35分] Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8题；每小题2.5分，共20分) A There are almost 58,500 tree species in the world.But a new international study has warned that between a third and half of those are at risk of extinction in the wild—posing a risk of wider ecosystem collapse.The comprehensive report by Botanic Gardens Conservation International found that twice as many tree species are threatened as mammals，birds，amphibians and reptiles combined.More than 440 tree species have fewer than 50 individuals left in natural environments.Worse，even abundant trees that survive in many cases are greatly reduced.In Brazil，deforestation(滥伐森林) in the Amazon has hit the highest annual level in a decade. The key factor for tree loss is the destruction of habitat by farming，grazing and logging.Global heating and its consequences，from extreme weather to rising sea levels，are increasingly damaging wild forests.Tropical island states are particularly affected，but the problems lie closer too.Just 30 Menai whitebeams remain in north Wales，the only place on earth where they are found. Protecting such habitats must be the priority.One study suggests that global tree cover has actually increased over recent decades，but 420m hectares(公顷) of forest were lost between 1990 and 2020.Despite how important those recent tree-planting projects may be，new plantations(种植园) are by no means substitute for original，complex and biodiverse environments that have evolved over centuries. Where forests have been erased，natural regeneration is often best.Failing that，planting a variety of species is better than simply relying on a few fast-growing kinds of saplings(树苗)．Considering human interests is important: including harvestable trees will encourage more actions to protect the land (and the Amazon of today was shaped by humans over centuries)．Only by working with communities can protection be sustainable.Preserving seeds in the hope that species can be brought back to life is necessary too.But it is a final resolve.A seed bank cannot replace the rich life of a forest. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。全世界三分之一到一半的树木物种有在野外灭绝的风险，文章鼓励人们要采取多方面的措施来保护树木。 1．According to the passage，which of the following factors does NOT lead to the loss of forests? A．Expanding cities. B．Rising sea levels. C．Keeping animals that eat grass. D．Cutting down trees for their wood. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句可知，A选项“扩张的城市”不会导致森林消失。故选A项。 2．According to the passage，what is the best way to deal with tree loss? A．To set up seed banks. B．To plant a variety of tree species. C．To plant a few fast-growing tree species. D．To let the erased forests restore themselves. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Where forests have been erased，natural regeneration is often best.”可知，处理树木损失的最佳方法是让被抹去的森林再生。故选D项。 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Nearly five hundred tree species have disappeared. B．Global tree cover decreased between 1990 and 2020. C．Planting fruit trees may encourage people to protect forests. D．Man-made plantations could totally replace the original natural forests. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Considering human interests is important: including harvestable trees will encourage more actions to protect the land”可推断出，种植果树可以鼓励人们保护森林。故选C项。 4．What’s the structure of the passage? A．Pro—Con. B．Problem—Solution. C．Problem—Cause. D．Cause—Effect. 答案　B 解析　篇章结构题。文章介绍了全世界三分之一到一半的树木物种有在野外灭绝的风险，并鼓励人们要采取多方面的措施来保护树木。所以短文的结构为“问题——解决方法”。故选B项。 B Some insects contain poisons that do not affect an insect-eating bird until after the bird has swallowed one of them.Being swallowed is almost always fatal for these insects.How does an insect benefit by containing a poison that is effective only after it has been killed and eaten? This paradox(悖论) is resolved once we realize that birds，which are made ill by the poison but are rarely killed by it，soon learn to recognize the warning signals of poisonous insects and reject them on sight.Eating a poisonous insect is an educational experience for predators(捕食者)，and thus the death of the insect victim(受害者) serves to protect other members of its own species. On the one hand，if these other members of the species are relatives of the victim—perhaps its own offspring，siblings，or first cousins—their genetic makeup will be similar to the victim’s，and many of the victim’s genes will survive in them. On the other hand，an insect’s survival fitness is not improved if it kills the bird that eats it.Indeed，the victim benefits if the bird survives after eating the victim and becoming aware of its poisonous properties. How come? Most birds are territorial.They live in a small and delimited area from which they keep out members of their own species other than their mates.If the poisonous insect species does live within，or at least pass through，the territory of some bird，the bird will leave them alone because it has been taught not to attack them by the death of their relative.But if the territory-holding bird is killed，it will almost immediately be replaced by a wandering member of its own species，a floater that is still searching for a territory of its own.When an experienced predator that has learned not to attack the insects in question is replaced by a floater that happens to be inexperienced，the relatives of the insect victim do not benefit from its death.Thus protective systems based on benign(无害的) poisons are far more likely to evolve and continue than systems based on deadly poisons. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了昆虫和鸟类之间微妙的生态平衡关系。 5．What is the function of the first paragraph? A．To clarify a concept. B．To provoke thinking. C．To emphasize the topic. D．To introduce a conclusion. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第一段以及下文内容可推知，第一段旨在引发读者思考一个看似奇怪的现象。故选 B。 6．Why is eating a poisonous insect an educational experience for birds? A．Birds will learn to avoid poisonous insects. B．Birds will take in adequate nutrition afterwards. C．Birds will warn their members of the potential danger. D．Birds will adapt themselves to eating poisonous insects. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中“...birds，which are made ill by the poison but are rarely killed by it，soon learn to recognize the warning signals of poisonous insects and reject them on sight.”可推知，吃毒虫让鸟类学会避开有毒的昆虫。故选 A。 7．What would be the consequence if poisonous insects were fatal to the birds? A．Birds would have wider territories. B．Insects and birds would live in harmony. C．Both insects and predators would suffer loss. D．Insects would become the owner of the territory. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中“When an experienced predator...is replaced by a floater that happens to be inexperienced，the relatives of the insect victim do not benefit from its death.Thus protective systems based on benign(无害的) poisons are far more likely to evolve and continue than systems based on deadly poisons.”可推知，如果昆虫的毒性致死的话，身为捕食者的鸟类和被吃掉的昆虫都会遭受损失。故选C。 8．Which proverb can interpret the insects’ protective system in a way? A．Like cures like. B．Little things amuse little minds. C．Live and let live. D．A close mouth catches no flies. 答案　C 解析　主旨大意题。根据全文内容可知，文章讲述了食物链中捕食者鸟类和被捕猎者昆虫之间通过不致死的良性中毒来保持微妙的平衡，可以用C项“Live and let live.”(相互宽容，互不干扰)来解读。Like cures like以毒攻毒；Little things amuse little minds小人无大志；A close mouth catches no flies口紧不招祸。故选 C。 Ⅱ.语法填空(共10题；每小题1.5分，共15分) Nanjing silk brocade(织棉)，also called yunjin,1. (literal) means cloud-pattern brocade because it is as beautiful as the clouds during sunset.For more than 1,600 years，weavers(织工) in Nanjing，home to six famous ancient capitals of China，2. (make) brocades in a unique way. Best-known among the ancient silk fabrics is Nanjing yunjin,3. integrates the excellent tradition of brocade in previous dynasties into the 4. (value) experience of other silk weaving processes.Yunjin has a special process，operation difficulty and technical requirements. Nanjing yunjin is a craft(手工艺) 5. (date) back to 417 AD.In 2006，Nanjing yunjin weaving machines and skills were put on the list of the first state-level cultural heritage(遗产) with the 6. (approve) of the Chinese government.In 2009，it was selected and added 7. the UNESCO list.Yunjin was used as another calling card for Nanjing at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympic Games，where all the items 8. (use) were made of Nanjing silk brocade. 9． (survive) dynasties and wars，Nanjing yunjin proves its great vitality.We hold the belief 10. it will be passed down from generation to generation and presented in a modernized way to the people at home and abroad. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了南京云锦的相关知识。 1．答案　literally 解析　考查副词。副词literally作状语，修饰动词means。 2．答案　have made 解析　考查时态和主谓一致。make是谓语动词，结合For more than 1,600 years可知，此处指过去的动作或状态持续到现在，用现在完成时，主语weavers为复数，谓语用复数形式。 3．答案　which 解析　考查定语从句。此处的非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Nanjing yunjin，定语从句缺主语，故用关系代词which引导。 4．答案　valuable 解析　考查形容词。形容词valuable作定语，修饰名词experience。 5．答案　dating 解析　考查非谓语动词。本句已有系动词is且无连词，动词短语date back to(追溯到)用非谓语形式，date back to无被动形式，故用现在分词形式，作名词craft的后置定语。 6．答案　approval 解析　考查名词。该空应用抽象名词approval作宾语构成名词所有格结构。 7．答案　to 解析　考查介词。固定搭配be added to(被增加到……)。 8．答案　used 解析　考查非谓语动词。该空修饰名词短语all the items，use和all the items之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。 9．答案　Having survived 解析　考查非谓语动词。本句已有谓语proves，动词survive用非谓语形式，逻辑主语Nanjing yunjin与动词survive是主谓关系，且survive先发生在谓语proves之前，survive用现在分词的完成式表主动，作状语，句首单词首字母大写。故填Having survived。 10．答案　that 解析　考查同位语从句。该空引导同位语从句解释说明抽象名词belief的具体内容，从句结构完整，不缺任何成分，用只起连接作用的that。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $