Unit 2 Section Ⅲ Grammar and usage（Word教参）-【步步高】2024-2025学年高二英语选择性必修第二册学习笔记（译林版）

本讲义聚焦过去完成时的被动语态（had been done）和过去进行时的被动语态（was/were being done），通过“短文感知-语法规则解析-分层练习巩固”的脉络构建学习支架，从语篇实例入手提炼语法结构，系统讲解两种被动语态的基本用法、时间标志及与其他时态被动语态的区别。 资料以生活化短文导入语法感知，结合“过程vs结果”对比（如过去进行时被动强调动作正在进行，一般过去时被动强调结果）培养思维品质，通过单句填空、语境语段、综合语篇（含阅读理解、语法填空）等多样化练习提升语言应用能力。课中教师可依托实例引导学生分析语境，课后学生能通过梯度练习查漏补缺，强化语法规则的灵活运用。

Section Ⅲ　Grammar and usage 阅读以下短文，感知加黑部分，并完成下面的练习 The whole city soon learnt that a large sum of money ①had been lost.Tom White，a local businessman，had lost his wallet while taking his savings to the post office.Tom was sure that the wallet must have been found by one of the citizens，but it was not returned to him.Three months passed，and then one morning，when his breakfast ②was being prepared，Tom heard someone knocking on his door.After opening the door，he found that his wallet ③had been placed outside his front door.It ④had been wrapped up in a newspaper and it contained half the money he had lost，along with a note saying，“A thief，yes，but only 50% a thief！” Two months later，some more money was sent to Tom with another note: “Only 25% a thief now！” Finally，all Tom’s money was returned in this funny way.The last note said: “I am 100 percent honest now.” [语法感知] 1．加黑部分①③④使用了过去完成时态的被动语态，表示在过去某一时间之前(之前/之后)已经被完成的动作，其结构是：had been done。 2．加黑部分②使用了过去进行时态的被动语态，表示过去某一特定时间某事正在被做，其结构是：was/were being done。 一、过去完成时的被动语态的基本用法 1．当by，before，when，by the time，until等引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词是一般过去式时，以及by，before等后接过去的时间时，主句的动作发生在从句的动作或过去的时间之前，且表被动时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。 By the time Tom，an amateur，got to the golf club，the first period had been finished. 当业余运动员汤姆到达高尔夫俱乐部时，第一阶段已经结束了。 Had the new conclusion been discussed before the meeting？这个新结论在开会前被讨论过吗？ 2．用在told，said，knew，heard，thought，wondered等动词后的宾语从句中，表示宾语从句中的动作已被完成。 The boy was told that his politics paper had not been handed in. 这个男孩被告知他还没有交政治试卷。 The journalist reported more than 1,000 people had been killed in the earthquake of this area. 记者报道有1 000多人在这个地区的地震中丧生。 3．在It was the first/second/...time that...句型中，that从句的主语是动作的承受者时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。 It was the second time that his food and towel had been stolen. 这是第二次他的食物和毛巾被偷了。 4．在虚拟语气中，条件句表示与过去的事实相反，且主语是动作的承受者时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。 If I had been asked earlier，I would have helped him objectively analyze the problem. 如果他早点问我，我会帮助他客观地分析问题。 5．根据语意可以判断出过去发生动作先后的被动语态，先发生的被动动作用过去完成时的被动语态。 As the assignment had been done，he switched on the TV and lay on the sofa，very relaxed. 因为任务已经完成了，他打开电视并躺在沙发上，非常放松。 二、过去进行时的被动语态的基本用法 1．表示过去某个时间点正在进行的被动动作，经常和时间副词then，at this time last week，at this moment yesterday 等连用。 This issue was being discussed at this moment yesterday by the people present at the meeting. 昨天这个时候这个议题正在被出席会议的人讨论。 2．表示过去某个阶段正在进行的被动动作(说话时动作不一定正在进行)。 It is said that his teapot was being repaired last week in the shop. 据说他的茶壶上周正在店里维修。 3．过去进行时的被动语态与一般过去时的被动语态的区别：过去进行时的被动语态强调动作发生的过程，一般过去时的被动语态强调动作的结果。 Several patients were being treated in the local hospital then.(表示被动的动作正在进行或持续) 当时有几个病人正在当地医院接受治疗。 Several patients were treated in the local hospital then.(表示过去发生了的动作) 当时有几个病人在当地医院接受了治疗。 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Three parts in the project had been finished(finish) as expected by the end of last month. 2．Farming produced more food per person than hunting and gathering，so people were able to raise more children.And，as more children were born，more food was needed(need)． 3．I remember well that the witness was being questioned(question) by a policeman at that time. 4．In the past few years thousands of films have been produced(produce) all over the world. 5．After a day’s work，I went to the restaurant near my company to have dinner，only to be told that it was being decorated(decorate)． 6．The trees were being planted(plant) from Monday to Friday last week by us. 7．They were living with their parents for the moment because their own house was being rebuilt(rebuild)． 8．It was the third time that the book had been revised(revise) for publication. 9．All the necessary items had been sent(send) to the flood-hit area by the end of last week. 10．The tiger was being fed(feed) some nice meat by a bunch of visitors at this time yesterday. Ⅱ.完成下列语段，尽可能多地使用本单元语法 在停完车后，John Anderson和他的同事Carol Lawrence就去超市购物了。在超市待了大约半小时之后，John意识到他的车窗没被摇下来。更糟糕的是，他的钱包被放在了前座上。与此同时，他不知道那时他的钱包正被一个无家可归的人照料着，这个人在雨中一直站着等着车主回来。当他们回来的时候，他们很惊讶地发现两个警察正站在他的车旁边。这两个警察告诉了他们一切。他们下定决心帮助这个无家可归的人，他们到家的时候这个善意的行为已经被发布在了社交媒体上，并且迅速传播开来。直到昨天，工作以及各种各样的帮助已经提供给了这个无家可归的人。 After parking his car，John Anderson and his colleague Carol Lawrence went to the supermarket for shopping.Having stayed in the supermarket for approximately half an hour，John realized that his car window 1.hadn’t been rolled(not，roll) down.What was even worse was that his wallet 2.had been placed(place) on the front seat.In the meanwhile，he didn’t know that his wallet 3.was being attended(attend) to by a homeless man then，who had been standing in the rain waiting for the owner to return.They were astonished to find two policemen standing next to his car when they came back.The two policemen told them everything.They made a decision to help the homeless man and by the time they got home the act of kindness 4.had been posted(post) on the social media，which went viral.Job offers and all sorts of help 5.had been offered(offer) to the homeless man until yesterday. 训练3　Grammar and usage　[分值：72.5分] Ⅰ.单句语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分) 1．It was the second time that the idiom had been used(use) in his article. 2．By the time I arrived at the restaurant，the dinner had been finished(finish)． 3．Before he went into the chocolate factory，the light had been switched(switch) off. 4．When we came into the factory，our water pump was being repaired(repair) by an experienced worker. 5．Prior to coming to China，my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America，with Chinese food that had been changed(change) to suit American tastes. 6．A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended(recommend) to us by a friend，and finally，we found it. 7．The reason why I didn’t bring it here yesterday was that my tablet was being checked(check) by my elderly neighbor then. 8．What you didn’t know was that he was being interviewed(interview) by our headmaster at that time. 9．Finding that I was being chased(chase) by a fierce wolf，I was frightened to death，my legs trembling uncontrollably. 10．The chef said that the menu had been adjusted(adjust) to suit local tastes.That’s why more and more customers were coming to the restaurant. Ⅱ.完成句子(共5小题；每小题2分，共10分) 1．伯纳德感谢他们为他所做的一切。 Bernard felt grateful to all of them for what had been done for him. 2．今天早晨爸爸不得不骑自行车去上班，因为他的汽车正在被维修。 Dad had to cycle to work this morning because his car was being repaired. 3．到去年年底，两万辆汽车已经被生产了出来。 By the end of last year,20,000 cars had been produced. 4．在被问到事故发生的原因时，负责人表示正在调查中。 When asked about the cause of the accident，the man in charge said it was being investigated. 5．我没有参加今天早上的集会，因为没人告诉我这件事情。 I didn’t attend the assembly this morning，for I had been told nothing about that. Ⅲ.阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，共20分) A Paris Baker is a 30-year-old mother who has two daughters，Kallie，nine，and Harper，five. One day，the three were playing at home.Harper was playing mom，feeding her mother，then her teddy bear and finally herself.Suddenly，Paris started choking on a piece of cookie.Soon，the cookie was at the back of her throat.The two girls started hitting her back at once.After about a minute of hitting her back，Kallie went to call an ambulance as she started to worry.As she did this the other girl carried on doing what she had been doing and thankfully the cookie finally came up. Paris was diagnosed(诊断) with motor neurone disease(MND) in 2017，and was told she had five years to live.The condition will gradually paralyse(使……瘫痪) her，leaving her trapped inside her body. Due to her condition，she’s more likely to fall and has received serious injuries.She felt it was very important to teach her girls what to do in a dangerous situation she might be in.This included applying pressure to a bleeding wound，what to do if someone is choking and how to call emergency services. The girls know that if their dad isn’t home and an emergency happens there are three steps.Step one is to ring 999，ask for an ambulance and give their address.Step two is to put their dogs in the garden，and step three is to open the front door for the emergency services. After the accident，Paris was so grateful that she had taught her daughters what to do in such a situation.But accidents like that can happen to anyone.So if your kid hasn’t learned first-aid skills yet，it’s time to do that now. 语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述帕里斯被一块饼干噎住了，她的两个女儿对她进行了急救。文章通过这个故事告诉人们急救的重要性。 1．How did the two girls react as their mother choked? A．They called an ambulance at once. B．They took action as soon as possible. C．They were too frightened to do anything. D．They tried to carry their mother somewhere else. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“Suddenly，Paris started choking on a piece of cookie.Soon，the cookie was at the back of her throat.The two girls started hitting her back at once...As she did this the other girl carried on doing what she had been doing and thankfully the cookie finally came up.”可知，当她们的母亲被一块饼干噎住时，两个女孩尽快采取了行动。故选B。 2．Why did Paris teach her two girls first-aid skills? A．She knew she’d need their help. B．She wanted them to help others. C．She planned to make them doctors. D．She was afraid of losing them in accidents. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第四段中“Due to her condition，she’s more likely to fall and has received serious injuries.She felt it was very important to teach her girls what to do in a dangerous situation she might be in.”可知，帕里斯之所以教她的两个女儿急救技能，是因为她知道她会需要她们的帮助。故选A。 3．What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph? A．To introduce useful first-aid skills. B．To explain kids’ role in stopping accidents. C．To encourage the learning of first-aid skills. D．To tell readers what to do in an emergency. 答案　C 解析　写作意图题。根据最后一段中“But accidents like that can happen to anyone.So if your kid hasn’t learned first-aid skills yet，it’s time to do that now.”可推断，作者写最后一段的目的是鼓励人们让孩子学习急救技能。故选C。 4．What would be the best title for the text? A．A Game Puts a Mother’s Life at Great Risk B．A Mother Teaches Her Daughters a Life Lesson C．Girls Learn First-Aid Skills from Their Mother D．Girls Save Their Mother’s Life Using First-aid Skills 答案　D 解析　标题归纳题。根据全文可知，文章主要讲述帕里斯被一块饼干噎住了，她的两个女儿对她进行了急救。因此“Girls Save Their Mother’s Life Using First-aid Skills”作为文章标题最为合适。故选D。 B Since it’s made up of over 7,000 islands，the Philippines is not a train-heavy nation.That means coach buses are going to be your best choice for getting city-to-city.There is a small light rail system in the Manila metro area(called the Light Rail Transit System or “LRT” for short)，but it has a bad name for being delayed most of the time. If the phrase “coach bus” calls forth images of old Greyhounds，you’re off the mark.Because coaches in the Philippines are the primary means of intercity transit，many popular bus companies actually feature onboard attendants(think flight attendants，but，you know，on a bus) as well as entertainment centers，posh seats，and other comfortable accouterments(配备)． There’s no one central bus company in the Philippines，so central bus stations are uncommon.That means you need to know which company you want to take，what bus to get on，and where to catch it.Connect with a Filipino local for help when you’re planning your trip.They’ll help you figure out the who/what/where/when of bus transit and walk you through the entire process. Besides coach buses，jeepneys are also very popular.They are old military jeeps left over from the US occupation of the Philippines which have since been converted into colorful，uniquely-Filipino private buses.They’re cheap，usually around 10 pesos per ride，they’re everywhere，and they’re probably the most popular form of mass transit in the Philippines. More than anything though，jeepneys are colorful.The owners take lots of pride in their rides，and it’s common to see richly-painted jeepneys on most major roads.Where do you catch a jeepney and where do they go? Make it easy on yourself: have your local trip planner contain at least one jeepney ride into your travel plan—they’ll give you all the information you need. 5．How does a coach bus in the Philippines differ from a Greyhound? A．Often running behind the schedule. B．Traveling within the city area of Manila. C．Painted with bright colors with low cost. D．Comfortable equipment with fine service. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段可知，菲律宾长途客车与老旧灰狗巴士不同的是，菲律宾长途客车有堪比空姐的乘务人员，有豪华舒适的座位，还有娱乐中心等配套设施。故选D。 6．What can we infer from the passage? A．Jeepneys are popular as they are modern and comfortable. B．A Filipino local is the best choice to help you plan your trip. C．A central bus station can give you the information you need. D．Coach buses provide the experience of a flight with low cost. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段可知，菲律宾没有中央巴士公司，因此要想在菲律宾旅行顺利，需要联系菲律宾当地人寻求帮助。故选B。 7．What can be impressive transit if you travel in the Philippines? A．LRT. B．Train. C．Jeepney. D．Coach bus. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段以及最后一段首句“More than anything though，jeepneys are colorful.”可知，吉普尼最具菲律宾特色，是最能给游客们留下深刻印象的交通工具。故选C。 8．What can be the best title of the passage? A．Tourist Attractions in the Philippines B．Cheap Unique Transit in the Philippines C．Options of Transportation in the Philippines D．Special Traveling Experiences in the Philippines 答案　C 解析　标题归纳题。根据第一段中的“...the Philippines is not a train-heavy nation.That means coach buses are going to be your best choice for getting city-to-city.”以及下文内容可知，本文主要介绍了在菲律宾旅行时可以选择的交通工具。故选C。 Ⅳ.七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，共12.5分) Sleeping in class prevents you from paying attention to the teacher as well as stops you from learning about the material that is being taught. 1 It is important to determine why you are falling asleep in class and try to change the situation so that you are able to stay awake and pass all of your classes.There are a number of different tricks you can use to try to stay awake，as well as habits you can adopt to help your alertness. Get a full night’s sleep on school nights.The National Sleep Foundation has reported that teenagers may need more sleep than adults. 2 This is a key part to staying awake in class.If you are not tired，you are unlikely to fall asleep. Eat a healthy breakfast full of nutritious foods. 3 If you get hungry or tired in the middle of the day，try eating a healthy snack like a piece of fruit or some biscuits.If necessary，drink something with sugar or caffeine in it directly before the class. 4 If you are actively engaged in the information the teacher is presenting，you are less likely to doze off.Taking notes，asking questions and otherwise getting involved in classroom activities and discussions will make you far less likely to doze off. Contact your doctor in order to rule out medical conditions that can cause you to fall asleep. 5 Prescription drugs may also cause sleepiness or drowsiness as a side effect，so discuss any medicines you are taking with your doctor. A．Get involved during class. B．Early to bed，early to rise. C．It can also get you in trouble with your teachers. D．It can provide you with enough protein to fuel your body. E．Energy-boosting drinks keep you energized during the time you’re in class. F．Go to bed earlier and make sure you get as many hours of sleep as your body needs. G．If you have a medical condition that is causing you to fall asleep in class，you will need to be treated by a professional. 1．答案　C 解析　根据上文可知，课堂上睡觉坏处很多，设空处继续列举。因此，选项C“It can also get you in trouble with your teachers.”符合文意，且It指代上文的Sleeping in class，also也是暗示点。故选C。 2．答案　F 解析　根据本段首句“Get a full night’s sleep on school nights.”可知，本段从充足的睡眠这一角度展开，再结合下文“This is a key part to staying awake in class.”可知，选项F“Go to bed earlier and make sure you get as many hours of sleep as your body needs.”符合上下文语境，下文中的This指代选项F表达的内容。故选F。 3．答案　D 解析　根据上文“Eat a healthy breakfast full of nutritious foods.”可知，该句是本段中心句，设空处应该解释为什么需要吃营养早餐，选项D“It can provide you with enough protein to fuel your body.”对此作出了解释，故选D。 4．答案　A 解析　由上下文段落结构可知，设空处为段落中心句，应总结该段内容。由该段下文内容可知，本段主要讲的是积极地参与到课堂中。故选项A“Get involved during class.”符合语境。故选A。 5．答案　G 解析　根据上文“Contact your doctor in order to rule out medical conditions that can cause you to fall asleep.”可知，嗜睡可能是一种病。结合选项G“If you have a medical condition that is causing you to fall asleep in class，you will need to be treated by a professional.”与上文相呼应，选项中的be treated by a professional与上文的Contact your doctor对应，故选G。 Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分) Erhai Lake 1. (know) since ancient times as the “flawless jade among mountains” due to the color and purity of its waters.Beside the Erhai Lake，a mountain peak，named Cangshan,2. (cover) with snow all year round. According to legend，the husband of a princess 3. (send) into battle just after their marriage.He was gone for more than ten years and she feared he 4. (kill) in battle.As the princess was crying day and night，Erhai Lake 5. (form) gradually from her tears gathered.When her husband finally returned，he found that the princess 6. (die) of a broken heart.He swore to heaven that he would turn 7. a mountain to stay with the lake.The couple，Erhai Lake and Cangshan Mountain lived together forever. Along the shore of the Erhai Lake there are many small hotels and pubs 8. you can hear the gentle lapping of the waters.The lake is also an 9. (attract) spot for movie makers.Erhai Lake，shaped like an ear，seems to be listening to every story 10. (tell)． 1．答案　has been known 解析　考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。根据句中的since ancient times可知，此处谓语动词需用现在完成时，“be known as”意为“作为……而出名”，句子主语Erhai Lake为第三人称单数，故填has been known。 2．答案　is covered 解析　考查动词时态、主谓一致和固定搭配。此处是在讲一个事实，故用一般现在时态。主语“a mountain peak”为第三人称单数，“be covered with”意为“被……覆盖”，故填is covered。 3．答案　was sent 解析　考查时态、语态和主谓一致。此处在讲过去的一个传说，故用一般过去时态。主语the husband为单数，与send之间为被动关系，故应用被动语态，故填was sent。 4．答案　had been killed 解析　考查时态和语态。根据句意可知，她担心他已经在战争中死了。“他在战争中死了”这件事发生在过去的过去，故用过去完成时。he与kill之间为被动关系，故应用被动语态。故填had been killed。 5．答案　was being formed 解析　考查时态、语态和主谓一致。根据句意可知，当公主日夜一直在哭泣的时候，洱海也在逐渐形成。故此处应用过去进行时的被动语态，主语Erhai Lake为第三人称单数，故填was being formed。 6．答案　had died 解析　考查时态和语态。根据句意可知，当她的丈夫回来时，他发现公主死于心碎。公主死这个动作发生在found之前，应用过去完成时。故填had died。 7．答案　into 解析　考查介词。固定短语turn into“变成”，结合句意，此处指他发誓要变成一座山。故填into。 8．答案　where 解析　考查定语从句。分析句子可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词为 hotels and pubs，在从句中作地点状语，所以要用关系副词where。故填where。 9．答案　attractive 解析　考查形容词。修饰名词spot要用形容词，所以此处要用形容词attractive，故填attractive。 10．答案　being told 解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构，空处应用非谓语动词，此处表示“倾听正在被讲述的每一个故事”，story与tell之间为动宾关系，表示正在被进行的动作，所以此处要用being done形式作后置定语，故填being told。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $