Unit 1 Section Ⅱ Welcome to the unit & Reading（Word教参）-【步步高】2024-2025学年高中英语选修第一册学习笔记（译林版）

本讲义聚焦海洋探索主题的阅读理解与语言应用，系统构建“速读-细读-读后”三阶学习支架，涵盖整体文意把握、细节深度获取、语法填空、句子结构分析、词块积累及写作输出等环节，形成从输入到内化再到表达的完整学习脉络。 资料通过分层阅读训练（如速读抓主旨、细读析篇章结构）提升语言能力，结合海洋地质、生物适应等文本培养思维品质（分析推断），设计词块默写与写作仿写（如“it is+过去分词+that”句型）强化学习能力。课中助力教师实施精准教学，课后学生可依托资料巩固语言知识、弥补阅读与写作短板。

Section Ⅱ　Welcome to the unit & Reading Step 1　速读——整体理解文意 Ⅰ.明文章大意 What is the main idea of the passage? A．More than eighty per cent of the world’s oceans are unexplored. B．The amazing world beneath the ocean. C．Creatures living in the twilight zone. D．Geological formations beneath the ocean. 答案　B Ⅱ.悉篇章结构 Step 2　细读——深度获取细节 1．What’s the function of the last sentence in paragraph 1? A．To enrich the content. B．To encourage readers to think. C．To tell the readers the necessity of ocean exploration. D．To attract the readers to the topic of ocean exploration. 答案　D 2．What can we know according to paragraph 3? A．No creatures rely on eyesight to obtain food. B．There is no trouble for the fish to find a mate. C．Few organisms in the deep ocean rely only on eyesight. D．It is freezing cold and there is little light in the deep ocean. 答案　C 3．Why does the author mention Mount Qomolangma in paragraph 4? A．To highlight how deep the Challenger Deep is. B．To stress how important the Challenger Deep is. C．To tell the readers how high Mount Qomolangma is. D．To highlight the Challenger Deep is far from boring. 答案　A 4．How is the passage mainly developed? A．By making comparisons. B．In spatial order. C．In chronological order. D．By analyzing causes. 答案　B Step 3　读后——课文语法填空 It is believed that more than eighty per cent of the world’s oceans are not explored，which means that we have explored less than 20 per cent of them.If we want to find exciting new life 1.forms(form) as well as undiscovered and 2.unusual(usual) geological formations，the oceans are ideal places we should look for. The ocean 3.mainly(main) consists of three different zones.The first 200 metres just below the ocean surface 4.is called(call) the open ocean，where much of the known marine life lives and most visible light 5.exists(exist)．The twilight zone is below 200 metres，where with little sunlight，there is almost no plant life.Here live small filter feeders 6.and hunters.Past 1,000 metres，we have reached the deep ocean，where there is no light and the pressures are huge.Many strange creatures can be found living 7.in this extreme environment.On 8.reaching(reach) the ocean floor，we may see shrimps and other organisms around hydrothermal vents.The famous Mariana Trench can be found in this zone. 9．As you can see，the world beneath the surface of the ocean is really an amazing place.The incredible geological formations and unexpected creatures can fascinate you greatly! We can’t wait 10.to explore(explore) it. Ⅰ.补句子　析结构 1．So，if we want to find exciting(excite) new life forms as well as undiscovered and unusual geological formations，the ocean is where we should also be looking.(P2，Para.1) 结构分析：此句话为主从复合句。if引导条件状语从句，where引导表语从句。 汉语翻译：因此，如果我们想要发现令人兴奋的新的生命形式以及未被发现的、不寻常的地质构造，海洋是我们也应该寻找的地方。 2．The first 200 metres of our dive takes us through what can be called the open ocean，where most visible light exists.(P2，Para.2) 结构分析：此句话为主从复合句。what引导宾语从句，where引导非限制性定语从句。 汉语翻译：我们下潜的头200米带我们穿过所谓的透光区，这里有大部分可见光。 3．Sinking(sink) below 200 metres，we enter the twilight zone，where there is little sunlight and thus almost no plant life.(P2，Para.2) 结构分析：此句话为主从复合句。where引导非限制性定语从句。 汉语翻译：下潜到200米以下，我们进入暮光区，这里没有阳光，因此几乎没有植物。 4．Also living(live) in the twilight zone are hunters with telescopic，upward-pointing eyes that can easily spot a meal in the waters above.(P2，Para.2) 结构分析：此句话为主从复合句。主句是一个倒装句，句子的主语是hunters；that引导限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语。 汉语翻译：同样生活在暮光区的还有双眼凸起向上的猎食者，它们能轻易地发现上面水域中的食物。 5．Consequently(consequent)，the fish most likely to be eaten(eat) have evolved to have thin bodies so that they are less easily seen from below.(P2，Para.2) 结构分析：此句话为主从复合句。so that引导结果状语从句。 汉语翻译：结果，最有可能被吃掉的鱼已经进化出细长的身体，所以从下面不太容易看见它们。 6．Also，some fish have both male and female organs to increase the chances of reproduction，as fish are so scarce at these depths that it can be difficult for them to find(find) a mate.(P3，Para.3) 结构分析：此句话为主从复合句。主句中to increase the chances of reproduction 为不定式作目的状语；as引导原因状语从句，从句中又含有so...that...引导的结果状语从句。 汉语翻译：此外，一些鱼类同时拥有雄性和雌性器官，以增加繁殖的可能性，因为在这样的深度鱼类稀少，以至于它们很难找到配偶。 7．On our journey down，we have been fascinated by incredible geological formations as well as unexpected(expect) life forms that have become strangely adapted to their extreme environment.(P3，Para.5) 结构分析：此句话为主从复合句。that引导限制性定语从句。 汉语翻译：在我们下潜的旅途中，不可思议的地质结构，还有已经出奇地适应了极端环境的、出乎意料的生物，让我们心驰神往。 8．With so much of the oceans left(leave) to explore，who knows what wonders still await us in the future？(P3，Para.5) 结构分析：此句话为主从复合句。what引导宾语从句。 汉语翻译：海洋还剩下这么多的地方要被探索，谁知道未来还有什么奇迹等着我们呢？ Ⅱ.研典句　学用法 it is＋v.-ed＋that... Meanwhile，it is estimated that more than eighty per cent of the world’s oceans are unexplored.(P2，Para.1) 同时，据估算，世界上超过80%的海洋尚未被探索。 Before the discovery of these creatures，it was thought that all life on the Earth obtained its energy from the sun.(P3，Para.4) 在发现这些生物之前，人们认为地球上的所有生命都是从太阳获得能量的。 结构分析：这两句话中的it都是作形式主语，真正的主语为that引导的从句。 it作形式主语的常用句式： •It be＋过去分词(said，thought，believed，hoped，reported...)＋that从句 •It be＋形容词(strange，important，vital，obvious，possible...)＋that从句 •It be＋名词短语(a pity，a shame，a fact，a good idea，no wonder...)＋that从句 •It＋不及物动词(occur，happen，seem...)＋that从句 (1)希望将来某一天我有机会目睹海洋中的鱼类是如何被它们的敌人捕获的。 It is hoped that some day I will have a chance to witness how the fish in the ocean are captured by their enemies. (2)显然，我们应该花一些时间来简要回顾一下唐朝的历史。 It is obvious that we should spend some time taking a brief look at the history of the Tang Dynasty. (3)中国的载人潜水器“蛟龙号”在2012年创下了世界下潜纪录，这是事实。 It is a fact that China’s manned submersible，Jiaolong，set a world diving record in 2012. (4)(2022·浙江1月，应用文写作)碰巧两年前我们在“中国——爱尔兰文化节”上相识，并且成为好朋友。 It happened that we met at China-Ireland Cultural Festival and became good friends two years ago. on doing...一……就…… On reaching the ocean floor，we may see shrimps and other organisms around hydrothermal vents.(P3，Para.4) 一到达海底，我们就可能在热液喷口周围看到虾和其他生物。 •on/upon doing...“一……就……”，表示一件事紧接着另一件事发生。 •“一……就……”的其他表达：as soon as，the moment/minute/instant，immediately/directly/instantly，no sooner...than...，hardly...when...。 (1)(读后续写之情绪描写)一听到这个消息，他就抑制不住心中的兴奋，高兴地跳了起来。 On/Upon hearing the news，he was unable to control his inner excitement and jumped with joy. (2)(2021·浙江1月，读后续写)我的头一被从大南瓜里拔出来，我就松了一口气。 As soon as/The instant/Immediately my head was pulled out of the huge pumpkin，I sighed in relief. (3)She had hardly gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚出门就有一个学生来看望她。 独立主格结构 Of the many strange geological formations to be found here are rock bridges which cross the Trench，some reaching a height of 2,500 metres above the Challenger Deep.(P3，Para.4) 在这里发现的许多奇怪的地质构造中有跨越(马里亚纳)海沟的石桥，有些在“挑战者深渊”上方达2 500米的高度。 结构分析： 此句话为主从复合句。主句为倒装结构，其中to be found here为动词不定式作后置定语；which引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词rock bridges；“some reaching a height of...”为“主语＋现在分词短语”构成的独立主格结构。 •独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种结构，在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。 •其常用形式： 逻辑主语名词或代词＋ (1)(读后续写之情绪描写)当认出来访者是谁时，约翰张大了嘴巴，他的眼里闪耀着兴奋的光芒。(n.＋v.-ing) When he recognized who the visitor was，John opened his mouth wide，his eyes sparkling/shining with excitement. (2)他的精力都集中在研究海洋的地质构造上，他没有时间陪伴家人。(n.＋v.-ed) His attention concentrated/focused on researching geological formations of the ocean，he had no time for his family. (3)黄昏时分史蒂文低着头，眼里含着泪，慢慢地向公交车走去。(n.＋adv.) At twilight，Steven walked slowly to the bus，his head down and tears in his eyes. 课文重点词块默写 1．太空的浩瀚无垠 the vastness of space 2．增进我们对宇宙的了解advance our understanding of the universe 3．我们对外太空的好奇心our curiosity about outer space 4．仍然不动摇remain unshakeable 5．不寻常的地质结构unusual geological formations 6．潜到海底dive to the bottom of the ocean 7．很可能被吃掉be likely to be eaten 8．阻止它们逃跑prevent them from getting away 9．仅依靠它们的视觉生存rely solely on their eyesight to survive 10．避免被捕获avoid being caught 11．依靠其他感官depend on other senses 12．察觉水压的细微变化detect slight changes in water pressure 13．除了……以外(还)in addition to 14．位于be located in 15．作为……而出名be known as 16．一点也不无聊be far from boring 17．被……深深吸引be fascinated by 18．适应它们的极端环境adapt to their extreme environment 单句写作(课文佳句仿写) 1．据说，一位地质学专家将来我们学校开讲座。(it be＋v.-ed＋that...) It was said that a geologist would come to our school to deliver a lecture. 2．一听到这个消息，对地质学感兴趣的学生们高兴地跳了起来。(on doing) On hearing the news，the students who are interested in geology leapt with joy. 3．出席讲座的是来自我们学校的学生和老师。(完全倒装) Present at the lecture were the students and teachers from our school. 4．他的讲座由许多话题组成，一个是关于地球的形成。(独立主格) His speech consisted of a variety of topics，one concerning the formation of the earth. 5．这个讲座不仅激发了同学们对地质学的兴趣，还增进了同学们对地质学的了解。(not only倒装) Not only did the lecture arouse the students’ interest in geology，but it also advanced their understanding of geology. 组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。 It was said that a geologist would come to our school to deliver a lecture.On hearing the news，the students who are interested in geology leapt with joy.Present at the lecture were the students and teachers from our school.His speech consisted of a variety of topics，one concerning the formation of the earth.Not only did the lecture arouse the students’ interest in geology，but it also advanced their understanding of geology. 训练1　Welcome to the unit & Reading(A) (满分：32.5分) Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8题；每小题2.5分，共20分) A Explorers started making navigation(导航) charts showing how wide the ocean was more than 500 years ago.But it’s much harder to calculate how deep it is. In 1872，the HMS Challenger，a British Navy ship，set sail to learn about the ocean，including its depth.It carried 181 miles(291 kilometers) of rope to measure the depth of the ocean.During their four-year voyage，the Challenger crew collected samples of rocks，mud and animals from many different areas of the ocean.They also found one of the deepest zones，in the western Pacific，the Mariana Trench which stretches for 1,580 miles(2,542 kilometers)． Today scientists know that on average the ocean is 2.3 miles(3.7 kilometers) deep，but many parts are much shallower or deeper.To measure depth，they use sonar，which stands for Sound Navigation And Ranging.A ship sends out pulses of sound energy and measures depth based on how quickly the sound travels back. Ocean scientists study the sea floor because it helps us better measure the ocean.Our planet’s outer layer is made of tectonic plates.The Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount chain，a line of peaks on the ocean floor，was created when a tectonic plate moved over a spot where hot rock welled up from deep inside the Earth.When two tectonic plates move away from each other underwater，new material rises up into Earth’s layer.This process，which creates new ocean floor，is called seafloor spreading.Sometimes super-hot liquids from inside the Earth shoot up through cracks in the ocean floor called hydrothermal vents. Amazing fish，shellfish，tube worms and other life forms live in these zones.Between the creation and destruction of ocean plates，sediments(沉淀物) collect on the sea floor and provide an archive of Earth’s history，the evolution of climate and life that is available nowhere else. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“探测海洋有多深”，科学家们已经探测出海洋的宽度，但是对于海洋深度的探索仍然没有定论，而对于海底的研究，也能帮助人们更好地测量海洋。 1．Why did the HMS Challenger make the voyage? A．To test navigation. B．To calculate the age of the ocean. C．To explore the ocean. D．To do research into Mariana Trench. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段首句“In 1872，the HMS Challenger，a British Navy ship，set sail to learn about the ocean，including its depth.”可知，英国皇家海军“挑战者号”启航出海的目的是探索海洋。故选C。 2．How do scientists know the depth of the ocean? A．By measuring it with ropes. B．By studying samples of rocks and mud. C．By analyzing the habitats of the animals. D．By studying the returning speed of the sound. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“A ship sends out pulses of sound energy and measures depth based on how quickly the sound travels back.”可知，船只发出脉冲声能，进而根据声音回传的速度来测定海洋的深度。故选D。 3．What is the fourth paragraph mainly about? A．Certain changes of the sea floor. B．The layers that make up the Earth. C．The way that a volcano comes into being. D．Some definitions of the seafloor spreading. 答案　A 解析　段落大意题。第四段首句“Ocean scientists study the sea floor because it helps us better measure the ocean.”为该段主题句，后文围绕主题句展开。当海底(构造)板块移动时，地球内部热岩迸发而出，形成海底山，海底格局发生变化，不同地点的深浅度随之而变。研究海底状况有利于更准确地测量大海。故选A。 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．How Deep Is the Ocean? B．How Is the Ocean Studied? C．Ocean：An Unknown World D．Nature：A Place for Wildlife 答案　A 解析　标题归纳题。文章首段提出问题，即计算海洋的深度是一件困难的事；第二段讲述英国皇家海军“挑战者号”为此进行的探索；第三段叙述科学家利用声呐测量海洋的深度；第四、五段着重讲了海底发生的地壳变化及生态状况。全文围绕“探测海洋到底有多深”这一主题由浅入深展开。故选A。 B He may be approaching his 90th birthday，but Sir David Attenborough has no desire to slow down.Fresh from an appearance at the Paris Climate Change Summit，he fronts a new series David Attenborough’s Great Barrier Reef(大堡礁)． “There was a book by Saville-Kent called The Great Barrier Reef with fascinating hand-drawn illustrations which always fascinated me as a child.It was as if born from pure imagination.I thought no such place on Earth can surely exist，” he said. Nearly sixty years after his first visit，Attenborough dives 1,000 feet below the surface off the Queensland coast to explore the world’s largest living organism like never before. “It was the first place I was lucky enough to scuba(水肺) dive and I was，entering those waters，welcomed by magic.It was 1957 and I was shocked by remarkable beauty and life.” The dive also gives Attenborough the chance to properly examine the effects of climate change and how the rising temperatures and acidity of the seas is causing harm to the reef. “You can see where the seagrass is going and you know that if it continues on like that for the next decade or so，the coral(珊瑚) won’t be able to tolerate it.You can show experimentally that they’re incapable of living in these higher temperatures and the acidity will be such that they won’t be able to form coral limestone(石灰岩) anymore，” he explains. Attenborough admits that though he is incredibly enthusiastic about spreading awareness of climate change he is unwilling to be referred to as an authority on the subject.“I have a view，but it’s a second-hand view.I haven’t done the chemistry，” he said. The truth is，he is well respected and beloved.When he talks about something as serious as climate change we are willing to pay attention. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了大卫·爱登堡爵士从小喜爱大堡礁，同时也致力于保护大堡礁。他很受尊敬和爱戴。 5．What impressed Attenborough in his childhood? A．The vivid imagination of TV series. B．Severe pollution on the Great Barrier Reef. C．The importance of climate change summits. D．Interesting pictures in The Great Barrier Reef. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“There was a book by Saville-Kent called The Great Barrier Reef with fascinating hand-drawn illustrations which always fascinated me as a child.”可知，童年时期让爱登堡印象深刻的是《大堡礁》里有趣的图片。故选D。 6．What did Attenborough find during his second visit to the Great Barrier Reef? A．Mild temperatures stopped the growth of coral. B．The seagrass posed a potential threat to the coral. C．The acidity sped up the formation of coral limestone. D．Scientists were doing experiments under deep sea water. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中的“You can see where the sea grass is going and you know that if it continues on like that for the next decade or so，the coral(珊瑚) won’t be able to tolerate it.”可知，爱登堡在他第二次访问大堡礁时发现海草对珊瑚构成潜在威胁。故选B。 7．Which of the following can best describe David Attenborough? A．Passionate and frank. B．Humorous and creative. C．Brilliant and sociable. D．Competent and generous. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段内容可推知，大卫·爱登堡对传播气候变化意识充满热情，且坦率承认自己的观点是“二手”观点。故选A。 8．What is the purpose of the text? A．To set an example for the old. B．To analyze climate change effects. C．To introduce a famous and admired person. D．To promote underwater sports. 答案　C 解析　写作意图题。通读全文，尤其是第一段内容可推知，文章的目的是介绍一位受人尊敬的名人。故选C。 Ⅱ.七选五(共5题；每小题2.5分，共12.5分) Insects have an important role as part of the living planet，and they make up four-fifths of all animal species.But what difference do they make to our lives? Insects as a problem 1 We plant crops which some insect species love，and they thrive on them.That’s when we start to call them pests. Humans have caused some insect species to be moved from one part of the world to another—deliberately or by accident.If the introduced insect species has no natural enemies in their new home，they can become a real problem.A recent UK example is the Harlequin ladybird，which has found its way to Britain and eats other ladybirds. Some insects can sting，bite，or transmit disease to humans. 2 Mosquitoes，for example，gain nourishment by sucking blood，and in the process they can transmit diseases，such as malaria. Insects as an opportunity Insects are very important as pollinators(传粉者)．Bees are perhaps the best example of this. 3 Pollination is needed before many crops and fruits that we eat can be formed. Insects are also useful as models in scientific research.The Fruit Fly is a good example.It breeds rapidly，and can produce very many generations per year in the laboratory，so it is ideal for the study of evolution. 4 Insects can be useful to the gardener too—ladybirds，for example，are the gardeners’ friend because they eat aphids.Hover flies and wasps also hunt and kill other insects for food in the garden.These species are called predators(捕食者)． 5 A．Without them，many crops would fail. B．Many insect species compete with us for food. C．And don’t forget insects can also be eaten by man! D．Many of these have been caused by human activities. E．Sometimes it is joked that this is because they find us tasty. F．Many pests can be controlled by spraying with chemical pesticides. G．In fact，many genetic discoveries couldn’t have been made without it. 1．答案　B 解析　根据下文“We plant crops which some insect species love，and they thrive on them.”可知，有些昆虫喜欢吃我们种的庄稼。B项“许多昆虫与我们争夺食物”与之呼应。故选B。 2．答案　E 解析　空格上一句提到昆虫会蜇人、咬人，甚至传播疾病给人类。空格下一句举出具体例子说明昆虫叮咬的原因。E项“有时会有人开玩笑说，这是因为它们觉得我们可口”承上启下。故选E。 3．答案　A 解析　本段第一句说明昆虫的作用。空格下一句为具体作用发挥到人类生活中。故可推断空格处内容应说明这些昆虫的重要性。故选A。 4．答案　G 解析　该段上文提到昆虫是科学研究的理想选择，并进行了举例说明。G项与上文所说内容一致，总结该段内容。故选G。 5．答案　C 解析　上一段主要讲的是昆虫会吃掉其他的昆虫，说明捕食关系；C项说明人类也会吃掉昆虫，也是一种物种之间的捕食关系，上下文语意连贯。故选C。 训练2　Welcome to the unit & Reading(B) (满分：35分) Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8题；每小题2.5分，共20分) A To deal with the lack of light so far beneath the surface of the ocean，many deep-sea creatures employ a form of bioluminescence(生物发光)，a chemical reaction in their bodies that produces light but not heat.Biologists believe bioluminescence serves several functions.First，for some fish，it acts like a flashlight by enabling them to see as they swim while in others，it helps them attract mates.And some creatures use their light to draw in other sea life，which is then attacked and consumed.However，bioluminescence is a poor substitute for sunlight，so many deep-sea creatures have developed extra sensors to assist them.For example，some have evolved stronger senses of smell to detect the chemical scents sent out by members of the same species，which enable them to find mates. While going down deeper，the water places intense pressures on everything.To avoid being crushed，many creatures have evolved by becoming smaller as opposed to the more inflexible body structures of animals living near the surface.And some creatures have specialized molecular structures that help them better withstand the pressure.The molecules they are made up of，are common in all fish and are responsible for the distinct smell most fish have，but fish living at great depths have more of them and therefore have an even more intense smell. The temperature of the water here stays between －1℃ and 4℃，which is cold enough to freeze most life.Some animals move at slow speeds to conserve energy.Some spots on the ocean floor release energy from the Earth’s interior.Around these hot spots，many life forms reside，and they have established their own unique ecosystems. Another problem is food.There is a distinct lack of sea life for predators to catch so that many others depend on marine snow，the remains of dead fish falling from levels above the deepest parts of the ocean.Deep-sea creatures frequently have slower metabolisms that enable them to survive for long periods of time on small amounts of food.Since many creatures living deep in the ocean have multiple adaptations，they not only survive but also thrive. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了深海生物身体结构特点、生存方式和所面临的问题。 1．What is bioluminescence used for? A．Producing heat. B．Searching for food. C．Attacking predators. D．Detecting special smells. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中“And some creatures use their light to draw in other sea life，which is then attacked and consumed.”可知，生物发光可以用于寻找食物。故选B。 2．How do deep-sea creatures differ from those living near the surface of the ocean? A．They are much bigger. B．They have a stronger smell. C．They can move more swiftly. D．They are made up of fewer molecules. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，深海生物与那些生活在海洋表面附近的生物的不同之处在于它们有一种更强烈的气味。故选B。 3．Why does the author mention the Earth’s interior in paragraph 3? A．To describe freezing temperatures. B．To explore the use of heat energy. C．To stress intense water pressures. D．To explain the special ecosystems. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句可推知，作者在第三段提到了地球的内部是为了解释特殊生态系统。故选D。 4．What does the text mainly talk about? A．How marine snow is created. B．How deep-sea creatures survive. C．What most sea creatures look like. D．Why some fish have slower metabolisms. 答案　B 解析　主旨大意题。根据第一段首句以及最后一段中“Since many creatures living deep in the ocean have multiple adaptations，they not only survive but also thrive.”并结合文章主要介绍了深海生物身体结构特点、生存方式和所面临的问题可知，文章主要讲了深海生物如何生存。故选B。 B Climate change leads to threat to the world’s sandy beaches，and as many as half of them could disappear by 2100，a new study has found.Even by 2050 some coastlines could be unrecognizable from what we see today，with 10% to 12% facing serious erosion(侵蚀)． Using updated sea level rise predictions，the researchers analyzed how beaches around the world would be in a future with higher seas and more damaging storms.They also considered natural processes like wave erosion，as well as human factors—like coastal building developments，all of which can affect a beach’s health.The study found that sea level rise is expected to outweigh(胜过) these other factors，and that the more heat-trapping gases humans put into the atmosphere，the worse the influences on the world’s beaches are likely to be. It’s hard to overstate just how important the world’s beaches are.They cover more than one third of the world’s coastlines，and protect coastal areas from storms.Beaches are also important economic engines，supporting relaxation，tourism and other activities.And in some areas，the beach is more than a vacation destination.In places like Australia，life near the coast revolves(围绕) around the beach for much of the year. Some of the world’s most popular beaches are already taking action.Places like Miami Beach are trucking in thousands of tons of sand to patch up(修复) badly eroded shorelines，while others have built sea walls and breakwaters in an attempt to hold precious sand in place.But the financial and environmental costs of these projects are huge，and scientists say rising seas and more powerful storms，as well as a warmer climate，may make this a losing battle. However，the researchers did find that humans have some control over what happens to the world’s beaches.If the world’s governments are able to continue cutting heat-trapping gas pollution，the researchers found that 22% of projected beach losses by 2050 could be prevented，a number that grows to 40% by 2100 if greenhouse gases are limited. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。一项新研究显示，气候变化对世界上的海滩造成了威胁，到2100年将有一半的海滩消失。 5．Which of the following mainly causes serious beach erosion? A．Higher seas. B．Human factors. C．Damaging storms. D．Wave erosion. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The study found that sea level rise is expected to outweigh(胜过) these other factors...”可知，主要是更高的海平面导致严重的海滩侵蚀。故选A。 6．What can we infer from paragraph 3? A．Storms damage one third of world’s coastlines. B．Significance of beaches can’t be underestimated. C．Economic activities may cause damage to beaches. D．Beaches are the only economic engine for Australia. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。第三段通过具体举例强调了海滩对人类生活非常重要，由此得出海滩的重要性不容低估。故选B。 7．How do scientists think of the actions taken to protect beaches? A．Costly but failed. B．Effective but not enough. C．Orderly but slow. D．Enormous but not constant. 答案　B 解析　观点态度题。根据第四段最后一句以及第五段第一句可知，科学家认为采取的这些保护海滩的行动是有效的，但是并不能够完全解决问题，故选B。 8．What is the text mainly about? A．Actions have been taken to protect beaches. B．Beaches are facing the threat of disappearing. C．Life in coastal areas mainly depends on beaches. D．There exist challenges to protect eroded beaches. 答案　B 解析　主旨大意题。文章首段就点明了主题，气候变化对世界上的海滩造成了威胁，到2100年将有一半的海滩消失，由此得出文章主要讲海滩面临消失的威胁。故选B。 Ⅱ.完形填空(共15题；每小题1分，共15分) As our Earth’s temperature warms up because of climate change，it is having unexpected effects on our world’s forests.When temperatures rise，trees close their skins to 1 the loss of water，and this，in turn，slows down the 2 of photosynthesis(光合作用)．As a result，these trees are shorter and grow slowly，as well as have a 3 death rate. Climate change also increases the 4 of droughts and wildfires.After wildfires，it takes a while for the forest systems to 5 ，and in some cases，the forests are 6 permanently.Trees that are stressed are also 7 to attacks by bacteria.In tropical forests，vines that use the trees as 8 can often choke the trees and rob them of nutrients.Finally，humans have 9 the forest landscape through logging.When trees are replanted on the soil，they will never grow as large as the 10 trees that were cut down. As these forests disappear，species that once called them “home” are forced to change， 11 the variety of those systems. 12 ，some endangered species are unable to 13 and die.Old-growth forests are disappearing in all regions of our world.When forests die，younger forests that are reestablished in the same area grow back weaker and smaller 14 poor vegetation.With trees dying increasingly and continuously，will future generations 15 out on the wonders of forests? 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了由于气候变化导致地球温度上升，世界的森林正遭受意想不到的影响。 1．A.protect B．prevent C．save D．free 答案　B 解析　protect保护；prevent阻止；save拯救；free释放。根据后文“the loss of water”及常识可知，树木将气孔闭合是为了阻止水分的流失。故选B。 2．A.movement B．situation C．process D．operation 答案　C 解析　movement活动；situation情况；process进程；operation操作。结合语境可知，树木闭合了气孔来防止水分流失，这反过来又减缓了光合作用的进程。故选C。 3．A.higher B．firmer C．lighter D．smaller 答案　A 解析　higher更高的；firmer更坚固的；lighter更轻的，更明亮的；smaller更小的。根据上文“these trees are shorter and grow slowly”可知树木矮小，生长缓慢，所以死亡率也会更高。故选A。 4．A.choice B．measure C．qualification D．chance 答案　D 解析　句意：气候变化也增加了出现干旱和野火的可能性。choice选择；measure测量；qualification资格；chance可能性，机会。故选D。 5．A.grow B．rescue C．recover D．decline 答案　C 解析　grow生长；rescue营救；recover恢复；decline下降。结合语境及常识可知，野火焚烧了森林之后，森林系统需要一段时间才能恢复。故选C。 6．A.ignored B．lost C．hurt D．left 答案　B 解析　ignored被忽视的；lost无法恢复的；hurt受伤的；left被丢下的。结合上文可知野火焚烧了森林，森林需要很长时间来恢复，而且某些情况下，森林也可能永远不能恢复了。故选B。 7．A.accessible B．enjoyable C．acceptable D．favorable 答案　A 解析　accessible易接近的；enjoyable快乐的；acceptable可接受的；favorable赞成的。根据后文“to attacks by bacteria”可知，树木也容易受到细菌的攻击。短语be accessible to意为“容易进入的，容易接近的”。故选A。 8．A.attention B．command C．trust D．support 答案　D 解析　句意：在热带森林中，以树木为支撑的藤本植物经常会使树木窒息，并剥夺树木的营养。attention注意力；command命令；trust信任；support支撑，支持。故选D。 9．A.frightened B．paid C．ruined D．wasted 答案　C 解析　frighten使害怕；pay支付；ruin毁灭；waste浪费。结合后文“the forest landscape through logging”可知人类伐木毁坏了森林景观。故选C。 10．A.common B．original C．distant D．strong 答案　B 解析　common普通的；original原来的；distant遥远的；strong强壮的。结合后文“trees that were cut down”可知此处指的是人们新种植的树木不会长得像原来被砍伐的树木那么高大了。故选B。 11．A.affecting B．improving C．forgetting D．reflecting 答案　A 解析　句意：随着这些森林的消失，曾经把它们称为“家”的物种被迫改变，对这些系统的多样性产生了影响。affect影响；improve改善；forget忘记；reflect反射。故选A。 12．A.Besides B．Surprisingly C．Otherwise D．Unfortunately 答案　D 解析　besides而且；surprisingly惊人地；otherwise否则；unfortunately不幸地。根据后文“some endangered species are unable to and die”可知，这是不幸的事。故选D。 13．A.devote B．keep C．adapt D．lead 答案　C 解析　devote献身；keep保持；adapt适应；lead带领。根据上文“species that once called them ‘home’ are forced to change”可知，物种被迫发生改变，而某些物种无法适应，只能死去。故选C。 14．A.due to B．in addition to C．instead of D．in spite of 答案　A 解析　due to由于，因为；in addition to另外；instead of而不是；in spite of尽管。根据后文“poor vegetation”可知，此处指幼龄林由于植被不良，而变得更弱更小。故选A。 15．A.pass B．miss C．break D．bring 答案　B 解析　句意：随着树木不断地死亡，子孙后代会错过森林的奇迹吗？短语miss out on意为“错过”。故选B。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $