Unit 1 Section Ⅰ Vocabulary（Word教参）-【步步高】2024-2025学年高二英语选择性必修第一册学习笔记（人教版）

本高中英语讲义聚焦词汇学习核心知识点，系统梳理重点词汇（如crucial, vital）、拓展词汇（如commit→committed→commitment的词形转换）及阅读词汇，通过搭配（如be vital to）、句型（如It is vital that...）和写作佳句示例，构建从基础识记到语境应用的学习支架。 资料特色在于以“悟拓展词汇”强化词形转换能力提升语言能力，通过“一词多义”“熟词生义”训练培养思维品质，课时精练融入科学家传记（如吴健雄事迹）渗透文化意识。课中辅助词汇用法讲解，课后通过单词拼写、语法填空等题型帮助学生查漏补缺，巩固学习效果。

Section Ⅰ　Vocabulary Ⅰ.写重点词汇 1．crucial adj.至关重要的；关键性的 2．vital adj.必不可少的；极其重要的；充满生机的 3．objective n．目标；目的adj.客观的 4．property n．性质；特征；财产 5．boil vt.& vi.(使)沸腾；煮开；烧开 n．沸腾；沸点 6．liquid n．液体 adj.液体的；液态的 7．obtain vt.(尤指经努力)获得；赢得 vi.(规章、习俗等)存在；流行 8．defeat n．失败；挫败 vt.击败；战胜 9．apparently adv.显而易见；看来；显然 10. substance n．物质；物品；事实根据 11．insist vi.& vt.坚持；坚决要求 12．mostly adv.主要地；一般地 13．circumstance n．[usually pl.]条件；环境；状况 14．flow n．流；流动；流畅；供应 vi.流；流动 15．infer vt.推断；推定 16．theory n．理论；学说 17．genius n．(pl.geniuses)天才；天资；天赋 18．extraordinary adj.不一般的；非凡的；意想不到的 19．gradually adv.逐渐地；逐步地 20．encounter vt.偶然碰到；遇到 n．邂逅；遭遇 21．device n．方法；技巧；装置；仪器 22．draft n．草稿；草案 vt.起草；草拟 23．commit oneself to (sth/doing sth/do sth)承诺；保证(做某事、遵守协议或安排等) 24．insist on 坚决要求 25．come to power (开始)掌权；上台 26．take up a position担任；任职 27．sum up 总结；概括 Ⅱ.悟拓展词汇 1．commit vt.做出(错或非法的事)；犯(罪或错等)；承诺；保证 vi.忠于；全心全意投入(工作、活动等)→committed adj.尽心尽力的；坚定的；坚信的→commitment n．投入；奉献；承诺 2．academy n．(艺术、文学、科学等的)研究院；学会；专科院校→academic adj.学业的；学术的 3．evaluate vt.评价；评估→evaluation n．评价；评估 4．distinct adj.清晰的；清楚的；有区别的→distinction n．区别；差别 5．acknowledge vt.承认(属实、权威等)；(公开)感谢→acknowledgement n．承认；确认；感谢 6．analyse(NAmE-ze)vt.分析→analysis(pl.analyses) n．分析 7．scientific adj.科学(上)的；关于科学的→science n．科学→scientist n．科学家 8．conclusion n．结论；推论→conclude vt.断定；推断出 9．novelist n．小说家→novel n．(长篇)小说 adj.新颖的；珍奇的 10．found vt.创建；建立；把……建立在→foundation n．创建；基金会→founder n．创建者；创始人 11．politician n．政治家；从政者；政客→politics n．政治→political adj.政治的 12．gentle adj.温柔的；文静的→gently adv.温柔地；温和地→gentleness n．和蔼；温和；温柔 13．passion n．酷爱；激情→passionate adj.具有强烈信念的；热爱的，酷爱的 14．consequence n．结果；后果→consequent adj.随之发生的；作为结果的→consequently adv.结果；因此；所以 15．professor n．教授→profession n．职业，行业→professional adj.职业的 n．专业人士 16．remarkable adj.非凡的；显著的→remark n．言论，评述v.谈论，说起；注意到 17．sum vi.总结；概括 n．金额；款项；总数；总和→summary n．总结；摘要；概要→summarize/se vt.& vi.总结；概括；概述 Ⅲ.认阅读词汇 1．The teacher in the famous academy has been committing himself to his academic research，which is crucial for the development of AI. n．(艺术、文学、科学等的)研究院；学会；专科院校 adj.学业的；学术的 2．We spent a whole day appreciating various plants and flowers in the botanical garden. adj.植物学的 3．We are capable of extracting more useful information from his previous extracts，which helps us achieve our initial objective.vt.提取；提炼n.摘录 4．Having broken the new equipment，he intended to flee the scene but finally acknowledged his fault to the leader.vi.& vt.迅速离开；逃跑 5．Do not draw it on the chart，however，as this will confuse the issue.n.图表 6．Being a genius for mathematics，he has achieved numerous achievements in the field. adj.众多的，许多的 7．I have great difficulty understanding the theory of relativity，so I am writing to turn to you for assistance.n.相对论；相对性 8．He has extracted valuable substance from these plants，for which he has obtained a patent. n．专利；专利证书 9．He obtained his doctorate in chemistry two months ago and that is，he has been a doctor for two months.n.博士学位 10．The old-fashioned institutions in the public departments urgently need improving. n．制度；习俗 11．Individuals can sign up for self-study courses in the university’s language institute with the objective of strengthening their language ability.n.(教育、专业等)机构 12．Could you be kind enough to pick up my uncle at the airport who is of medium height and wears a full moustache? n．上唇的胡子；髭 13．No one can deny the fact that every author has some peculiarities in his descriptions or in his style of writing.n.个性；特点；怪异的性质 14．The wind is howling as if it were mourning the great loss of an extraordinary politician. vt.& vi.哀悼；忧伤 vital adj.必不可少的；极其重要的；充满生机的 be vital to/for...对……是至关重要的 It is vital to do...做……很重要。 It is vital that...……是十分重要的。(从句中的谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可省略) (1)To learn Chinese well，reading interesting Chinese news every day is vital to/for American exchange students. (2)It is vital to memorize(memorize) as many words and expressions as possible at the beginning of learning English. [写作佳句] (3)(2023·上海1月，书面表达)就我而言，选择有趣的话题对我们是至关重要的，这样我们才能在英语口语课上活跃起来。 As far as I am concerned，it is vital for us to pick interesting topics/it is vital that we (should) pick interesting topics so that we can be active in our oral English class. commit vt.做出(错或非法的事)；犯(罪或错等)；承诺；保证 vi.忠于；全心全意投入(工作、活动等) (committed adj.尽心尽力的；坚定的；坚信的commitment n．投入；奉献；承诺) ·commit oneself to (doing) sth专心致志于(做)某事，献身于(做)某事 commit oneself to (sth/do sth/doing sth) 承诺；保证(做某事、遵守协议或安排等) ·be committed to (doing) sth对……忠诚；致力于…… (1)It is because of the experts’ commitment(commit) that a cure for the deadly disease has been found. (2)My son committed himself to obey the school rules and thus，I sighed in relief.词义：承诺；保证 [写作佳句] (3)(2023·天津3月，书面表达)因为他致力于帮助那些需要帮助的人摆脱困境，我们的班长被称为“活雷锋”。 ①Because he commits himself to/is committed to helping those in need out of trouble，our monitor is called “a living Lei Feng”． ②Committing himself to/Committed to helping those in need out of trouble，our monitor is called “a living Lei Feng”．(分词短语作状语) acknowledge vt.承认(属实、权威等)；(公开)感谢 (acknowledgement n．承认；确认；感谢) acknowledge doing/having done sth承认做了某事 acknowledge sth/sb to be/as...承认某事/某人是…… It is universally/generally acknowledged that...……是大家公认的；全世界都知道…… (1)I will show you around Beijing in acknowledgement(acknowledge) of your selfless help. (2)Since you acknowledged committing/having committed(commit) the mistake，I would offer you another opportunity to correct it. (3)Our head teacher is acknowledged to be(be) the most generous，hard-working and warm-hearted teacher in the academy. [写作佳句] (4)(2022·全国甲，书面表达) 众所周知，海洋不仅为我们提供足够的食物，而且保持着大自然的平衡，因此我们必须致力于保护海洋。 It is universally/generally acknowledged that oceans not only offer us enough food but also keep the balance of nature，so we must be committed to protecting them. insist vi.& vt.坚持；坚决要求 ·insist on/upon doing sth坚持/坚决要求做某事 ·在“insist that...”结构中，当insist作“坚持主张，坚决要求”讲时，其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略；当insist作“坚持说，坚持认为”讲时，其后的宾语从句用陈述语气。 (1)(2021·浙江1月，读后续写)What made me scared to death was that my brother insisted on/upon using a knife to cut the pumpkin open. (2)He insisted that he was(be) healthy，but the doctor insisted that he (should) take(take) the medicine. [写作佳句] (3)(2023·新课标Ⅰ，读后续写)我的老师向我投来鼓励的目光，他坚持认为我有写作天赋，所以他坚持要我参加即将到来的写作比赛。 Casting me a look of encouragement，my teacher insisted that I had a talent for writing，so he insisted that I (should) take part in the approaching writing contest. conclusion n．结论；推论(conclude vt.断定；推断出) •in conclusion最后；总之 come to/reach/arrive at/draw a conclusion得出结论 •conclude...with sth/by doing sth 以……结束 conclude from...从……中得出结论 (1)I insist that the conclusion(conclude) he has reached doesn’t make sense at all. (2)He concluded his speech with a famous saying，“Where there is a will，there is a way.” [写作佳句] (3)(读后续写之个人成长主题句)总之，我从自己的经历中得出了一个结论：无论发生什么事，一个人都应该坚持自己的梦想。 In conclusion，I drew a conclusion from/concluded from my own experience: One should stick to his/her dream no matter what happens. come to power (开始)掌权；上台(表示动作，不能和一段时间连用)(power n．能力；力量；权力；职权；政权；电力供应 powerful adj.强有力的；有影响力的) be in power掌权，执政(表示状态，可以和一段时间连用) have the power to do sth具有做某事的能力/权力 beyond/out of one’s power某人力所不能及的 (1)The politician full of passion came(come) to power three years ago.In other words，he has been(be) in power for three years. (2)With the remarkable development of science and technology，China has become more powerful(power) than ever before. [写作佳句] (3)(应用文写作之申请信)我非常确信我有能力担任您的助教，所以请考虑我的申请。 I am greatly convinced that I have the power to take up a position as your teaching assistant，so please take my application into consideration. (4)(读后续写之情感描写)意识到这个问题超出了我的能力范围，我非常焦虑，眼泪顺着脸颊流下来。 Sensing that the problem was beyond/out of my power，I was so anxious that tears flowed down my cheeks. take up a position 担任；任职 take up拿起；占据；开始从事；接受 take off脱下；起飞；事业腾飞；休假 take in吸收；理解；收留；欺骗 take over接管；接任 take on呈现；雇用；承担 take down写下，记下；拆除 take apart拆开；拆卸 (1)Since he took over the company，heavy work has almost taken up all of his time.Being a person full of passion and modesty，he always takes in some scientific and novel ideas to manage the company.Due to his great efforts，his career has taken off and his company has taken on a completely new look. (2)The clever professor had no difficulty taking apart the gold watch and mended it successfully. (3)Ever since I took up a position in the academy，I have been committed to my job. [写作佳句] (4)(应用文写作之建议信)我强烈建议你应该记下重点，而不是老师在课堂上说的每一个字。 I strongly suggest that you (should) take down the key points rather than every word the teacher says in class. Ⅰ.一词多义 flow A.n.流动　B.n.流畅　C.n.供应　D.vi.液体流动　E.vi.大量人或物流动 1．There is no doubt that the country encourages the flow of goods and services to faraway areas. C 2．We have a hard time controlling the flow of crowds during the Spring Festival. A 3．More and more young people desire to flow into big cities after graduation from university. E 4．To make sure the smooth flow of the whole text，I have determined to cancel some details. B 5．No one can deny the fact that the Yangtze River flows into the East China Sea. D Ⅱ.熟词生义 1．I discovered a novel way to deal with the challenging problem.新颖的 2．I must tell you that all applications will be acknowledged by emails.告知收悉 3. (2021·新课标Ⅰ) “I was turning the page to get ready for the next page，but the draft wind from the turn caused the spare pages to fall off the stand，” Mr Titterton said.“Luckily I was able to catch them and put them back.”(小股)气流 4．These two sentences extracts are from the book I like most.摘录 课时精练(一) A卷(56.5分) Ⅰ.单词拼写(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分) 1．As a consequence，it is crucial for us students to make a proper plan before studying for a bachelor’s degree. 2．Founded in 1990，the company has expanded into an international one through great efforts. 3．It can be inferred from his words that he has fully understood the flow chart. 4．Under no circumstances can you give up even if you come across difficulties. 5．It was because of his wonderful suggestions that my academic performance got greatly improved. 6．He’s a genius(天才) at organizing people，so he is quite qualified for the position. 7．The scientist with a moustache succeeded in extracting(提取) useful substances from these wild flowers. 8．I encountered(偶然碰到) my former English teacher on the street and I was too excited to speak a word. 9．Despite numerous failures，I defeated(击败) him in the end，which made me burst into laughter. 10．To sum up，all of these materials will be evaluated(评估) in a way that he has put forward. Ⅱ.单句语法填空(共10小题；每小题2分，满分24分) 1．It is vital to analyse(analyse) the whole event carefully before making a final decision. 2．We insist on/upon forming a team with the objective of solving the complex problem as soon as possible. 3．Apparently(apparent)，I have made a silly and unforgivable mistake. 4．In the end，he acknowledged obtaining/having obtained(obtain) his father’s financial support. 5．Committed(commit) to creating his latest story，the novelist can’t spare any time to travel around. 6．Through joint efforts，I strongly believe that our country will become powerful(power) in the near future. 7．Learning that I was taken in by his clever words，I boiled with extreme anger. 8．Being a passionate(passion) young man，he can perform his duties wonderfully. 9．I am writing to congratulate the professor who has made remarkable(remark) achievements in his career. 10．Based on numerous scientific analyses，we can safely come to a final conclusion(conclude)． 11．He gently(gentle) patted me on the shoulder，encouraging me not to give up halfway. 12．I gradually understood his political(politics) beliefs and I supported him heart and soul. Ⅲ.阅读理解(共4小题；每小题2.5分，满分10分) Compared with physicists such as Marie Curie or Richard Feynman，Wu Chien-shiung is not a household name in China but she was one of the most influential nuclear physicists of the 20th century，one that “completely” changed human’s view of the universe. Wu’s father，Wu Zhongyi，founded the first school for girls in Taicang，aiming to break the old idea that it was women’s virtue to have no talents，which had the greatest influence on Wu Chien-shiung’s life.Working in the scientific world dominated(支配) by men，she never gave up or lowered her standards even if unequally treated.After graduating from the former National Central University in Nanjing in 1934，Wu registered at the University of California，Berkeley at the age of 24 to continue her study in physics. During her 44-year career as a nuclear physicist，Wu’s pioneering achievements won her nicknames such as “Chinese Madame Curie”，“queen of nuclear research” and “first lady of physics”．She was the first woman to be president of American Physical Society，the first female winner of the Comstock Prize in physics given by the US National Academy of Sciences，the first person to receive the Wolf Prize in physics，the first honorary doctorate awarded by Princeton University to a woman，and the first female professor of physics in the history of Columbia University. To get accurate results from experiments，she worked very hard day and night at a laboratory and gained a reputation for accuracy.There was a saying among physicists: If the experiment was done by Wu，it must be correct.She was always very careful in experiments，spending a great deal of time calibrating(校准) instruments.She didn’t start collecting data until she fully understood the instruments.Her experiments overturned many previous experimental results and theories，said Samuel Chao Chung Ting，American physicist and Nobel Prize winner. On Feb 16,1997，Wu died in the US.According to her will，she was buried in her hometown Taicang.She was a distinguished world citizen，and was forever a Chinese. 语篇解读　这是一篇人物传记，讲述了20世纪最有影响力的核物理学家之一——吴健雄的生平事迹。 1．What influenced Wu Chien-shiung when she was young? A．Her life in America. B．Her love for physics. C．Her family background. D．Marie Curie’s achievements. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“Wu’s father，Wu Zhongyi，founded the first school for girls in Taicang，aiming to break the old idea that it was women’s virtue to have no talents，which had the greatest influence on Wu Chien-shiung’s life.”可知，吴健雄的家庭背景对她有深远的影响。故选C。 2．What does the author intend to show in paragraph 3? A．Awards are usually gained through great efforts. B．Wu Chien-shiung was “a pioneer” in many ways. C．No scientists were better than Wu Chien-shiung. D．We cannot stress the importance of physics enough. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段“During her 44-year career as a nuclear physicist，Wu’s pioneering achievements won her nicknames such as ‘Chinese Madame Curie’．..and the first female professor of physics in the history of Columbia University.”可知，作者旨在通过本段说明吴健雄在许多方面都是“先锋”。故选B。 3．Which of the following can best describe Wu Chien-shiung? A．Caring and responsible. B．Courageous and creative. C．Stubborn and sensitive. D．Cautious and hard-working. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第四段中“To get accurate results from experiments，she worked very hard day and night at a laboratory and gained a reputation for accuracy.”可知，吴健雄是一个勤奋的人；再根据“She was always very careful in experiments，spending a great deal of time calibrating(校准) instruments.She didn’t start collecting data until she fully understood the instruments.”可知，她是一个谨慎小心的人。综上，吴健雄是一个勤奋且谨慎的人。故选D。 4．What is the text mainly about? A．An influential woman nuclear physicist. B．An important contribution to physics. C．The influence of modern education. D．Nuclear researches in scientific world. 答案　A 解析　主旨大意题。根据第一段“Compared with physicists such as Marie Curie or Richard Feynman，Wu Chien-shiung is not a household name in China but she was one of the most influential nuclear physicists of the 20th century，one that ‘completely’ changed human’s view of the universe.”以及通读整篇文章可知，本文讲述的是女性核物理学家吴健雄的生平事迹。故选A。 Ⅳ.七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分) Chemists have spent the past century trying to make plastics break down in seawater.Most plastics take centuries to fully break down in the ocean. 1 However，this may change.Scientists have designed a new kind of plastic that can break down in seawater within weeks，not decades or more. 2 It is known as polylactide(聚乳酸) or PLA.It’s made by linking many building blocks into a long string.Scientists had hoped PLA would quickly break down in the environment.And in some places it does，but not in seawater.After three years in the ocean，PLA remains largely unchanged. Timo Rhein Berger is a PhD student at the University of Twente in the Netherlands. 3 For part of that work，he became part of a team that just added some biology-inspired breaking points to PLA.They put those breaking points to places where monomers(单体) in the PLA molecules are linked.Then，they soaked(浸泡) their samples in artificial seawater.In this way，they measured how fast the PLA broke down.As the team had hoped，seawater attacked the weakened links between monomers.That could tear the PLA chain apart. 4 When the researchers weakened 15% of PLA’s monomer links，the PLA broke down entirely within just two weeks.When they weakened only 3% of the links，the breakdown took about two years. 5 This can be achieved by adjusting how many weakened links it has. A．Plastics are useful. B．That’s why plastics make up 80% of ocean trash. C．So researchers have much confidence in their efforts. D．His work has focused on speeding PLA’s breakdown. E．Scientists created the now-popular plastic in the 1930s. F．This means the team can design how quickly PLA breaks down in seawater. G．The more breaking points researchers added，the faster the PLA broke down. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了科学家们设计了一种新型塑料，可以在海水中迅速分解。 1．答案　B 解析　根据前文“Most plastics take centuries to fully break down in the ocean.”可知，塑料在海洋中难以分解，这会导致海洋垃圾中塑料占比很高，与B项“这就是为什么塑料占海洋垃圾的80%”上下文一致，故选B。 2．答案　E 解析　根据下文“It is known as polylactide...or PLA.”可知，空处会提到一种塑料，即PLA。E项“科学家在20世纪30年代创造了现在流行的塑料”与下文衔接紧密，下文中的It指代E项中的the now-popular plastic，故选E。 3．答案　D 解析　根据上文“Timo Rhein Berger is a PhD student at the University of Twente in the Netherlands.”可知，本段内容与Timo Rhein Berger有关，结合下文“For part of that work，he became part of a team that just added some biology-inspired breaking points to PLA.”可知，空处应为他的工作。D项“他的工作重点是加速PLA的分解”与上下文一致，His work与For part of that work前后呼应，故选D。 4．答案　G 解析　根据上文“For part of that work，he became part of a team that just added some biology-inspired breaking points to PLA.”与“In this way，they measured how fast the PLA broke down...That could tear the PLA chain apart.”可知，增加突破点能加速PLA分解，G项“研究人员添加的突破点越多，PLA的分解速度就越快”与上下文一致，breaking points为原词复现，符合文意，故选G。 5．答案　F 解析　根据上文“When the researchers weakened 15% of PLA’s monomer links，the PLA broke down entirely within just two weeks.When they weakened only 3% of the links，the breakdown took about two years.”可知，研究团队可以控制PLA的分解速度了，F项“这意味着团队可以设计PLA在海水中分解的速度”与上下文一致，符合文意，故选F。 课时精练(一) B卷(35分) Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分) A When I was in the fifth grade，my teachers first discovered that I could not even read the first grade books.They didn’t think this kind of problem could happen to me since my father was a famous scientist.My parents sent me to experts，trying to find out what the problem was.My IQ was high，but I had severe problems in learning.They discovered that I was dyslexic(诵读困难的)．I was lucky that my parents cared enough to find a way out for me. When my parents went to Ford Country Day School and sat down with Brent，a teacher in the school，he agreed to help without thinking twice.My family was not rich and I was allowed to go to school free of charge because my mother drove some students to school in the morning in her car.I do know，however，without Brent reaching out to my family，my life would have taken a turn for the worst.Brent and my parents decided to have me retake the fifth grade in the next school year. I was afraid of going to school with my difficulties in learning，but Brent’s kind and loving support helped me slowly learn to grow and overcome my learning disability.Ford Country Day School has become the most important turning point in my life.The foundation that Brent gave me has in many ways set my direction in life. I went to Japan to live with my brother for one year right out of Ford Country Day School.I was in an international school in Tokyo.If I had not had the experience in Ford Country Day School，I would not have been able to survive in Japan.I count myself as one of the truly lucky people having been touched by Brent’s care and love. 语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者在五年级时发现诵读困难，但他得到了老师布伦特的帮助和支持并最终克服困难，为此作者十分感激。 1．What’s the problem with the author? A．He had trouble in learning. B．His parents didn’t care about him. C．He didn’t like going to school. D．The experts were unwilling to help him. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段的“When I was in the fifth grade，my teachers first discovered that I could not even read the first grade books.”和“They discovered that I was dyslexic(诵读困难的)．”可知，作者在学习上遇到了困难。故选A。 2．Why did the author go to school for free? A．His family was very poor. B．His mother sent some students to school. C．His IQ was quite high. D．His father was a famous scientist. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“My family was not rich and I was allowed to go to school free of charge because my mother drove some students to school in the morning in her car.”可知，作者能免费上学是因为他妈妈送一些学生去上学。故选B。 3．What does the underlined word “overcome” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Be responsible for. B．Get used to. C．Get over. D．Write down. 答案　C 解析　词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句中的“helped me slowly learn to grow”可知，布伦特的帮助是有作用的，结合“my learning disability”可推知，作者最终“克服”了学习障碍。画线词与get over同义，意为“克服”。故选C。 4．What is the author’s purpose of writing the text? A．To share his learning methods. B．To give a high praise for his parents. C．To express his thanks to Brent. D．To introduce Ford Country Day School. 答案　C 解析　写作意图题。通读全文，结合第二段中“I do know，however，without Brent reaching out to my family，my life would have taken a turn for the worst.”和最后一段末句“I count myself as one of the truly lucky people having been touched by Brent’s care and love.”可推知，作者撰文回忆老师布伦特对自己的帮助和支持，是为了表达对布伦特的感激之情。故选C。 B Marilyn Hughes Gaston，M.D.has concentrated on medical care for poor families and activities for health care equality for all Americans.Her 1986 study of sickle cell disease(SCD) led to a nationwide screening(筛查) program to test newborns for immediate treatment，and she was the first African American woman to lead a public health service department. SCD is a blood illness.In a person with SCD，some blood cells take on a sickle shape，blocking the capillaries(阻塞毛细血管)．Over time，it can cause weakness，even death，especially for patients in developing nations，where treatment is underdeveloped.According to the Sickle Cell Disease Association of America，Inc.，each year about a thousand babies are born with the disease in America. Dr.Gaston first became interested in the problems of children with sickle cell disease while doing her training at Philadelphia General Hospital in 1964.One evening，Dr.Gaston admitted a baby with a badly swollen(肿胀的) hand.No wound was reported，and she could not find the cause of the swelling.Her instructor suggested she check the blood work for evidence of sickle cell disease.The child did have SCD，and his hand was swollen from a certain complication(并发症)．Gaston was shocked that she hadn’t even considered checking for this condition，and set out to learn everything she could learn about it.She got government support to study SCD in children and established projects for routine screening for the disease.In 1976，she began to work with the National Institutes of Health as a medical expert. In 1986 Dr.Gaston published the results of a groundbreaking national study showing that babies should be screened for SCD at birth，so that preventive treatment could be given right away.The study resulted in Congress encouraging and funding SCD screening programs nationwide.Within one year，forty states had begun screening programs.One of the most important conclusions of her work was that the complication of SCD could be avoided with early treatment，a life-saving practice that became a central policy of the U．S.Public Health Service. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了玛丽莲·休斯·加斯顿为研究和治疗镰状细胞疾病SCD而做出的努力和贡献。 5．What do the facts about SCD in paragraph 2 show? A．The risks faced by newborns. B．The difficulty of treating SCD. C．The serious state of medical care. D．The need for treating SCD effectively. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。结合第二段对镰状细胞疾病所造成的严重后果的介绍和在美国这种疾病不容乐观的发病率，以及上下文语境可推知，罗列这些事实是为了强调这种疾病急需有效的治疗手段。故选D。 6．What inspired Dr.Gaston to further study SCD? A．Encouragement from her instructor. B．The recent progress in SCD treatment. C．Her failure to properly examine a patient. D．Her strong feelings for poor SCD patients. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。结合第三段中“Gaston was shocked that she hadn’t even considered checking for this condition，and set out to learn everything she could learn about it.”可知，未给予病患正确的检查让加斯顿深受触动，因此她想进一步研究镰状细胞疾病。故选C。 7．What is the importance of SCD screening programs? A．Finding the variation of SCD. B．Testing serious complications of SCD. C．Controlling SCD at an early stage. D．Getting to know the seriousness of SCD. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。结合最后一段中“...so that preventive treatment could be given right away ...the complication of SCD could be avoided with early treatment”可推知，镰状细胞疾病是可以在早期得到控制的，筛查的意义在于帮助病患早发现早治疗。故选C。 8．What can be the best title for the text? A．SCD Screening Programs: the Best Cure for SCD B．A Pioneer in Treating SCD: Dr.Marilyn Hughes Gaston C．A Fighter for Medical Equality: Dr.Marilyn Hughes Gaston D．SCD Screening Programs: the Development in Medical Care 答案　B 解析　标题归纳题。结合全文内容可知，本文介绍了非洲裔医学家玛丽莲·休斯·加斯顿为镰状细胞疾病的研究和早期治疗所做出的开拓性的贡献。故选B。 Ⅱ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分) Although Laughter Yoga definitely includes some yoga，don’t expect it to have much in common with the yoga classes 1. (offer) at your local studio or gym.It promotes the use of laughter as a form of physical exercise，attaching 2. (much) importance to the former than to the latter. Laughter Yoga 3. (create) in the mid-1990s as a social experiment.In 1995，Dr Madan Kataria called on a group of students in a park 4. (test) whether adding regular laughter to people’s lives would improve 5. (they) well-being.Kataria also introduced deep breathing and simple yoga moves 6. the exercises. Medical research 7. (suggest) that language is a good way to reduce stress and help people feel good.Kataria Laughter Clubs are popping up in response to people’s need to handle 8. (press)． Kataria also offers books and DVDs to people 9. don’t have access to a local Laughter Club.However，connecting with other humans is 10. big part of Laughter Yoga’s success in helping people feel better and experience more joy. 1．答案　offered 解析　考查过去分词。offer与the yoga classes为被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。故填offered。 2．答案　more 解析　考查比较级。句中“than”提示，需用much的比较级修饰importance。故填more。 3．答案　was created 解析　考查时态、语态和主谓一致。Laughter Yoga(单数名词)和create为被动关系，谓语动词create需要用被动语态。in the mid-1990s是过去时间，谓语用一般过去时，助动词用单数。故填was created。 4．答案　to test 解析　考查动词不定式。call on sb to do sth“号召某人干某事”为动词加复合宾语结构，动词不定式在句中作宾补。故填to test。 5．答案　their 解析　考查代词。well-being为名词，需要用形容词性物主代词限定。故填their。 6．答案　into 解析　考查介词。introduce...into...“把……引进……”为固定短语，故填into。 7．答案　has suggested 解析　考查时态和主谓一致。根据上下文可知，此处应该用现在完成时，表达过去的动作对现在的影响，表示“医学研究已经表明”。主语Medical research为第三人称单数。故填has suggested。 8．答案　pressure 解析　考查名词。handle为及物动词，后面需要接名词作宾语。press的名词形式为pressure，故填pressure。 9．答案　who 解析　考查定语从句。分析句子可知，此句为含有定语从句的复合句。先行词为people，who指代people，指人，引导定语从句，在从句中作主语。故填who。 10．答案　a 解析　考查冠词。part为可数名词，此处表示泛指，big的首字母发音为辅音音素。故填a。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $