跟着课文学语法丨译林版·选择性必修二

常见时态的形式及语用功能 英语中常见的时态包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、 过去完成时和过去将来时。每种时态都有其特定的形式和语用功能，在不同的语境中表达不同的时间概念 和动作状态。 一、一般现在时 1.形式 主语为第三人称单数时，动词后加-s或-es(如：works,watches); 其他主语用动词原形（如：work,watch)。 否定式：don't/doesn't+动词原形； 疑问式：Do/Does+主语+动词原形？ 2.语用功能 ①表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态。如： I get up at6 oclock every morning.我每天早上6点起床。 ②表示客观真理、科学事实或普遍规律。如： The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 ③表示主语的特征、能力或性格。如： She speaks English very well.她英语说得很好， ④在时间、条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时。如： If it rains tomorrow,we will stay at home.如果明天下雨，我们就待在家里。 观察考题 单项选择：He usually to school by bike,but today he by bus A.goes;goes B.goes;is going C.go;goes D.go;is going 【解析】第一空表示经常性动作，用一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数，填gos;第二空表示今天正在进 行的动作，用现在进行时表将来，填is going,选B。 3.语篇示例 Tom is a student.He goes to school from Monday to Friday.He likes playing basketball and often plays it with his friends after school.His favorite subject is math because he thinks it is interesting.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.That's a truth he learns in science class. 二、 般过去时 1.形式 动词用过去式（规则动词加-ed,不规则动词需特殊记忆，如：worked,went); 否定式：Didn't+动词原形； 疑问式：Did+主语+动词原形？ 2.语用功能 ①表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。如： 跟着课文学语法 件津版（必修+选必修）83 |visited my grandparents last week.我上周去看望了祖父母。 ②表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作。如： He often played football when he was young.他小时候经常踢足球。 ③在虚拟语气中，表示与现在事实相反的假设。如： If I were you,I would accept the invitation.如果我是你，我会接受邀请。 观察考题 -What did you do last night? a movie with my family A.watch B.watched C.will watch D.am watching 【解析】问句询问昨晚做的事，用一般过去时，答语也应用一般过去时，选B。 3.语篇示例 Last summer,I went to Beijing with my parents.We visited the Great Wall,the Forbidden City and other famous places.The weather was hot,but we had a good time.I took many photos and bought some souvenirs.On the last day,we ate Peking duck.It was delicious. 三、一般将来时 1.形式 wi+动词原形； be going to+动词原形； be+动词不定式（表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作）； be about to+动词原形（表示即将发生的动作）。 2.语用功能 ①表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。如： I will go to college next year..我明年要上大学了。 ②表示计划、打算或准备做某事。如： She is going to learn to play the piano.她打算学弹钢琴。 ③表示根据现有迹象推测将要发生的事情。如： Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain.看那些鸟云，要下雨了a 观察考题 We _a party to celebrate our success this weekend. A.have B.had C.will have D.are having 【解析】this weekend表示将来时间，用一般将来时，选C。 3.语篇示例 Tomorrow is Sunday.I will get up late.In the morning,I am going to do my homework.In the afternoon,I plan to go shopping with my mother.We will buy some food and clothes.In the evening, we are going to watch a movie at home.I think we will have a happy day. 四、现在进行时 1.形式 84语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 am/is/are+动词-ing形式； 否定式：amis/are+not+动词-ing形式； 疑问式：Amls/Are+主语+动词-ing形式？ 2.语用功能 ①表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。如： She is reading a book now.她现在正在看书。 ②表示现阶段正在进行的动作（说话时不一定正在进行）。如： I am learning English this term.这学期我正在学英语。 ③表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作（常用come,go,leave,arrive等动词）。如： He is leaving for Beijing tomorrow.他明天要去北京。 观察考题 Listen!Someone in the next room. A.sings B.sang C.is singing D.will sing 【解析】儿isten!提示动作正在进行，用现在进行时，选C。 3.语篇示例 It is 7 oclock in the evening.My family are doing different things.My father is watching TV in the living room.My mother is cooking dinner in the kitchen.My sister is talking on the phone with her friend.I am doing my homework in my room.We are all busy but happy. 五、过去进行时 1.形式 was/were+动词-ing形式； 否定式：was/were+not+动词-ing形式； 疑问式：Was/Were+主语+动词-ing形式？ 2.语用功能 ①表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。如： I was reading a book at8 oclock last night.昨晚8点我正在看书。 ②表示过去某个动作发生时，另一个动作正在进行。如： hile I was walking in the street,.I met an old friend..我在街上走的时侯，遇见了一位老朋友o 观察考题 -What you at this time yesterday? -I was doing my homework. A.do;do B.did;do C.were;doing D.are;doing 【解析】at this time yesterday表示过去某一时刻，用过去进行时，选C。 3.语篇示例 Yesterday afternoon,from 2 to 4 o'clock,we were having a music class.The teacher was playing the piano and we were singing.Some students were dancing to the music.It was a wonderful class.At 3 o'clock,when we were singing happily,a bird flew into the classroom.We were all surprised. 跟着课文学语法 年津版（必修+选必修）85 Unit 1 The mass media 选择性必修 六、现在完成时 1.形式 have/has+动词过去分词； 否定式：have/has+not+动词过去分词； 疑问式：Have/Has+主语+动词过去分词？ 2.语用功能 ①表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。如： I have finished my homework.Now I can watch TV.我已经做完作业了，现在可以看电视了。 ②表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态，常与for,sice等时间状语连用。如： He has lived in Beijing for10 years.他在北京住了10年了。 ③表示动作发生在过去，但对现在有某种影响，且动作可能还会继续。如： I have read this book many times.这本书我已经读了很多遍了。 观察考题 you the Great Wall? -Yes,I went there last year. A.Have;visited B.Did;visit C.Will;visit D.Are;visiting 【解析】问句询问是否去过长城，强调对现在的影响（是否有过这样的经历），用现在完成时，选A。 3.语篇示例 I have lived in this city for 15 years.I have seen many changes here.Many new buildings have been built.The roads have become wider.Peoples lives have become better.I have made many friends here.They have helped me a lot.I love this city. 七、过去完成时 1.形式 had+动词过去分词； 否定式：had+not+动词过去分词； 疑问式：Had+主语+动词过去分词？ 2.语用功能 ①表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。如： hen I arrived at the station,the train had left..我到达车站时，火车已经开走了。 ②表示过去某一时间之前发生的动作持续到过去该时间，并可能继续下去。如： He said he had worked in that company for5 years.他说他在那家公司已经工作了5年了。 观察考题 By the end of last month,they the project. A.finish B.finished C.have finished D.had finished 【解析】By the end of last month表示过去的时间点，动作在该时间点之前已经完成，用过去完成时，选 D。 3.语篇示例 When I got to the cinema,the movie had already started.I missed the beginning.My friend told 86语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 Unit 3 Fit for life me that she had bought the tickets the day before.She had waited for me for 10 minutes before I arrived.I felt sorry for being late. 八、过去将来时 1.形式 would+动词原形； was/were going to+动词原形。 2.语用功能 ①表示从过去的某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。如： He said he would come to see me the next day..他说他第二天会来看我。 ②表示过去计划、打算要做的事。如： She told me she was going to learn to swim during the summer vacation.她告诉我她暑假打算学游泳。 观察考题 He said that he us as soon as he got there. A.will call B.would call C.called D.has called 【解析】主句用一般过去时，宾语从句表示从过去看将要发生的动作，用过去将来时，选B。 3.语篇示例 Last week,Tom told me his plan for the holiday.He said he would go to the mountains.He was going to climb the mountains and take photos.He thought he would have a good time.He also said he would buy me a gift. 九、现在完成进行时 1.形式 have/has+been+动词-ing形式，如I have been studying for3 hours.She has been waiting for you.; 否定式为have/has+not+been+动词-ing形式，如They have not been working.; 疑问式为Have/Has+主语+been+动词-ing形式，如Have you been listening?。 2.语用功能 ①表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且该动作还在进行中。如： I have been learning English since I was10 years old.我从10岁起就-直在学英语。 ②强调动作的持续性和重复性，以及对现在造成的影响。如： He has been working all day,so he is very tired.他一整天都在工作，所以很累。 观察考题 -How long _youon this project? -For about a month,and we are still working on it. A.do;work B.did;work C.have;worked D.have;been working 【解析】For about a month表示从过去持续到现在的时间，且动作仍在进行，用现在完成进行时，选D。 3.语篇示例 The workers have been building the bridge for two years.They work very hard every day.So far, 跟着课文学语法 牛津版（必修+选必修）87 they have completed half of the project.Everyone is looking forward to its completion.The bridge, when finished,will make peoples travel much more convenient. 十、过去完成进行时 1.形式 had+been+s动词-ing形式，如He had been working for10 hours before he rested.They had been talking for a while when I came in.; 否定式为had+not+been+动词-ing形式，如She had not been studying.; 疑问式为Had+主语+been+动词-ing形式，如Had you been waiting long?。 2.语用功能 ①表示在过去某一时间之前开始，一直持续到过去该时间的动作，并且该动作在过去该时间可能刚刚结束 或仍在进行。如： She was tired because she had been running for an hour.她很累，因为她已经跑了一个小时了。 ②强调动作在过去某段时间内的持续性。如： By the time the rain stopped,we had been staying indoors for three days.雨停的时候，我们已经在 室内待了三天了。 观察考题 When the police arrived,the thieves_ the jewelry for 10 minutes. A.stole B.had stolen C.were stealing D.had been stealing 【解析小whn引导的从句用一般过去时，主句动作在从句动作之前开始并持续了一段时间，用过去完成 进行时，选D。 3.语篇示例 The old man was sitting on the bench,looking tired.He had been walking for hours in the sun.His legs ached a lot.A kind girl noticed him and gave him a bottle of water.He thanked her repeatedly.He said he had been trying to find his way home but got lost. 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（根据语境用所给动词的适当形式填空） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内动词的正确形式。 It was a cold winter morning.Tom 1.(wake)up early.He 2. (know)he had to catch the 7:30 train to London.He 3. (hurry)to the bathroom,4.(wash)his face and 5._ (brush)his teeth.Then he 6._(run)downstairs.His mother 7.(cook)breakfast in the kitchen."Hurry up,Tom!The train 8.(leave)in 20 minutes,"she 9.(shout).Tom 10. _(grab)a sandwich and 11._(rush)out of the house.He 12.(reach)the station just in time.As he 13.(get)on the train,he 14.(see)his friend Jack."I 15.(wait) for you for 5 minutes,"Jack said."We 16.(meet)at the library at 10 oclock,remember?"Tom 17. (nod).He 18.(be)glad he 19.(not miss)the train.He 20.(look) forward to their day in London. 88语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 2.读后续写（根据所给语段，用适当的时态完成续写） 阅读下面语段，根据提示进行续写，注意时态的正确使用。 Yesterday,Lily went to the park with her dog,Lucky.They usually 1.(play)fetch in the park.Lucky 2._(be)a very smart dog.He always 3.(bring)the ball back to Lily.But yesterday,something unexpected happened.When Lily 4.(throw)the ball,Lucky 5._ (run)after it,but he 6.(not come)back.Lily 7.(be)worried.She 8.(call)his name again and again,but there 9. (be)no response.She 10. (start)to look for him. 续写提示：Lily在寻找Lucky的过程中，遇到了一位老人…最终Lily找到了Lucky。 要求：续写两段，每段不少于100词，注意时态的正确运用。 3.短文改错（找出文中时态错误并改正） 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错 误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。 增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（入），并在其下面写出该加的词。 删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。 修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。 Dear Mary, I am writing to tell you about my trip to the mountains last weekend.It is a wonderful experience. On Saturday morning,we set off early.The sun shines brightly when we started our journey.We drive for about two hours before we arrived at the foot of the mountain.The mountain is covered with green trees and colorful flowers.We start climbing.It was a bit tiring,but we all enjoyed us.When we reached the top,we see a beautiful view.The air is fresh,and the wind blew gently.We had a picnic there.We eat sandwiches and fruits.After that,we played games.We laughed a lot. In the afternoon,we began to go down.We were walking when it rains suddenly.We got wet,but we were still happy.When we got home,we are very tired.But we had a great time. I hope you can go there with me next time. Yours, Li Hua 4.语法填空（用括号内动词的适当形式填空，注意时态与语境的搭配） A:Hi,John!I 1. (not see)you for a long time.Where 2._ you (be)? B:1 3.(be)in Shanghai.I 4.(work)there for a project. A:When 5. you(come)back? B:1 6.(return)last week. A:How 7. your trip(be)? B:It 8. (be)great.I 9.(learn)a lot.What 10. you (do)recently? A:111. (prepare)for the final exam.It 12.(be)next month B:113. (hope)you 14.(pass)it. A:Thank you.I 15. (study)hard every day. 跟着课文学语法 年津版（必修+选必修）89 【答案】 1.语法填空 1.woke 2.knew 3.hurried 4.washed 5.brushed 6.ran 7.was cooking 8.will leave 9.shouted 10.grabbed 11. rushed 12.reached 13.was getting 14.saw 15.have been waiting 16.will meet 17.nodded 18.was 19.hadnt missed 20.was looking 2.读后续写（略） 3.短文改错 tis一twas(根据last weekend可知用一般过去时) shines→shone(根据when we started可知用一般过去时) drive一drove(根据before we arrived可知用一般过去时) start一started(叙述过去的事情用一般过去时) see一sawM根据上下文可知用一般过去时) is→was(叙述过去的事情用一般过去时) eat→ate(叙述过去的事情用一般过去时) rains一rained(根据we were walking可知用一般过去时) are→were(根据when we got home可知用一般过去时) 4.语法填空 1.havent seen 2.have;been 3.have been 4.was working 5.did;come 6.returned 7.was;like 8.was 9.learned 10.have;been doing 11.have been preparing 12.will be 13.hope 14.will pass 15.am studying 90语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 Unit 2 Sports culture 被动语态 一、被动语态的意义 被动语态的基本结构为“b+过去分词”，其中“be”动词会根据时态、人称和数进行变化。被动语态用 于强调句子的主语是动作的承受者，而不是执行者，其核心意义在于突出动作承受的结果或状态。 二、不同时态下的被动语态形式 1.一般现在时的被动语态 结构为“am/is/are+过去分词”，用于表示经常性、习惯性的动作或客观事实。如： The classroom is cleaned every day.教室每天都被打扫。 This book is written by a famous author.这本书是一位著名作家写的。 In our school,English is taught as a compulsory subject.Students are required to learn it from the first grade 在我们学校，英语是作为必修科目来教授的。学生从一年级起就被要求学习英语。 (观察试题) The park (visit)by thousands of tourists every year. 解析句子描述每年的常规情况，用一般现在时的被动语态，主语The park是单数，故填is visited。答 案：is visited 2.一般过去时的被动语态 结构为“was/were+过去分词”，表示过去某个时间发生的被动动作。如： The old bridge was built in1990.这座旧桥建于1990年。 The letter was sent yesterday.这封信是昨天寄出去的。 Last year,a new museum was opened in the city center.Many historical relics were displayed there. 去年，市中心新开了一座博物馆。许多历史文物在那里展出。 (观察试题) The house (buy)by a young couple last month. 解析根据last month可知是过去时间，主语The house是单数，用一般过去时的被动语态was bought。答案：was bought 3.一般将来时的被动语态 结构为“will be+过去分词”或“be going to be+过去分词”，表示将来某个时间会发生的被动动作。如： A new hospital will be built in this area next year.明年这个地区将建一所新医院。 The project is going to be completed soon.这个项目很快就会完成。 In the future,more renewable energy sources will be used.Many traditional power plants are going to be replaced.未来，更多的可再生能源将被使用。许多传统发电厂将被取代。 (观察试题) The sports meeting (hold)next week. 眼着课文学语法 年津版（必修+选必修）91 解析由next week可知是将来时间，用一般将来时的被动语态will be held。答案：will be held 4.现在完成时的被动语态 结构为“have/has been+过去分词”，表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，且主语是动作的 承受者。如： The task has been finished.任务已经完成了。 Many trees have been planted in the city.城市里已经种了很多树。 Since last year,several new policies have been introduced to promote economic development. Great changes have been brought about in people's lives.自去年以来，几项新政策被推出以促进经济发 展。人们的生活已经发生了巨大变化。 (观察试题) The book (translate)into five languages so far. 解析根据so far可知用现在完成时，主语The book是单数，用现在完成时的被动语态has been translated。答案：has been translated 5.过去完成时的被动语态 结构为“had been+过去分词”，表示在过去某个时间之前已经完成的被动动作，即“过去的过去”的被 动。如： The building had been damaged by the earthquake before the rescue team arrived.在救援队到达 之前，这座建筑已经被地震损坏了。 By the end of last month,the project had been completed.到上个月底，这个项目已经完成了。 When the historian started his research,the ancient site had been explored by several teams. Some valuable artifacts had been discovered.当这位历史学家开始他的研究时，这个古代遗址已经被几 个团队勘探过了。一些有价值的文物已经被发现。 (观察试题) The old temple (repair)many times before it was finally rebuilt. 解析“修复”发生在“重建”之前，是“过去的过去”，用过去完成时的被动语态had been repaired。答 案：had been repaired 6.现在进行时的被动语态 结构为“amis/are+being+过去分词”，表示现在正在进行的被动动作。如： The road is being widened.这条路正在被拓宽。 The room is being cleaned by the students.学生们正在打扫房间。 Nowadays,the traditional handicraft is being passed on to the younger generation.Many workshops are being set up to teach the skills..如今，传统手工艺正在被传授给年轻一代。许多作坊正在被 建立起来以传授这些技艺。 (观察试题) The new stadium (build)at present 解析根据at present可知用现在进行时，主语The new stadium是单数，用现在进行时的被动语态is being built。答案：is being built 92语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍