跟着课文学语法丨外研版·必修三

Unit 1 Knowing me,knowing you Unit 2 Making a difference 必修三 过去分词 一、过去分词的基本形式和意义 1.规则动词与不规则动词的过去分词 ①规则动词： 直接加-ed(如：work→worked,.play→played) ②不规则动词： 需特殊记忆（如：go→gone,eat→eaten,write→written) 2.核心意义：被动&完成 ①被动：表“被…”。如： The broken window needs repair.被打破的窗户需要修理。 ②完成：表“已完成”。如： The retired teacher still volunteers.退休的老师仍在做志愿活动。 二、过去分词的用法 1.作定语 ①单个过去分词作前置定语 The stolen bike was found.被偷的自行车找到了。(stolen表“被偷的”，修饰bike,前置。) ②过去分词短语作后置定语 The book written by Mo Yan is popular..莫言写的书很受欢迎。 (written by Mo Yan which was written by Mo Yan,the book) (观察试题) The house (build)last year is very beautiful. 答案：built解析：built表“被建造”，修饰house,相当于which was built last year。 2. 作表语（系表结构） ①表主语状态 例句：She is interested in art.她对艺术感兴趣。 (interested表“感兴趣的”，描述主语状态。) ②区分被动语态与系表结构 The window was broken by Tom.窗户被汤姆打破了。被动语态（动作） The window is broken..窗户是破的。系表结构（状态） (观察试题) The door is closed.(判断是否正确，并说明类型) 答案：正确，系表结构，表“门是关着的”状态。 3. 作宾语补足语 ①感官动词+宾语+过去分词（表被动/完成】 I heard the song sung in English.我听到这首歌被用英语唱，(song与sing是被动关系，用sung,) ②使役动词+宾语+过去分词（表“让某事被做”） 54语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 She had her hair cut.她剪了头发。(hair与cut是被动关系，用cuto) (观察试题) She got her car (repair)yesterday. 答案：repaired解析：car与repair是被动关系，用repaired,get sth.done表“让某事被做”。 4.作状语（表时间、原因、条件等） ①时间状语 When heated,water turns into steam.当被加热时，水变成蒸汽。(heated=When it is heated,表时 间。) ②原因状语 Tired from work,he went to bed early.由于工作累了，他早早睡觉了。 (Tired=Because he was tired,表原因。) ③条件状语。如： United,we stand;divided,we fall.团结，我们就能站立；分裂，我们就会倒下。 (相当于If we are united.;if we are divided.) (观察试题) (inspire)by the speech,the students worked harder. 答案：Inspired解析：students与inspire是被动关系，用Inspired,表“被演讲激励”。 三、过去分词的特殊用法 1.独立主格结构 The work done,we went home.(工作完成后，我们回家了，) The work done是独立主格，=After the work was done。 2.固定搭配 ①compared with/to与…相比 Compared with last year,the price has dropped.与去年相比，价格下降了。 2 generally speaking一般来说 Generally speaking,girls are more careful.一般来说，女孩更细心。 3 given(考虑到) Given his age,he did a good job.考虑到他的年龄，他做得很好， 四、过去分词在语篇中的应用 语篇示例 The city,located in the south,is famous for its history.Built in the 13th century,it has witnessed many changes.The old buildings,damaged in the war,have been repaired.Now,visitors can enjoy the citys beauty,influenced by both ancient and modern cultures. 这座城市位于南方，以其历史而闻名。它建于3世纪，经历了许多变化。在战争中受损的旧建筑已经 修复。现在，游客可以欣赏到这座城市的美丽，受到古代和现代文化的影响。 结构分析 ①located in the south:过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the city。 眼着课文学语法 外研版（必修+选必修）55 ②Built in the13 th century:过去分词短语作时间状语，表“被建造于13世纪”。 ③damaged in the war:过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰buildings。 ④influenced by both ancient and modern cultures:过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰beauty。 (观察试题) According to the passage,which of the following statements is TRUE? A.The old town is surrounded by tall buildings. B.The ancient buildings were built last year. C.All the ancient buildings are in good condition. D.Visitors will be impressed by the town's atmosphere 答案：D 解析：文中“hen visiting the town,you will be impressed by the friendly people and the peaceful atmosphere.”表明游客会被古镇的氛围打动，D选项正确：A选项古镇被青山绿水环绕，不是高楼；B选项 古建筑建于几百年前，不是去年；C选项一些建筑因自然灾害受损，并非都状况良好。 【总结】 牢记过去分词可作定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语等，根据在句中的不同功能准确使用。 把握逻辑关系：重点关注过去分词与所修饰词、主语、宾语之间的被动或完成关系，这是判断是否使用过去 分词的关键。 清晰辨别过去分词与现在分词在作定语、状语等用法上的差异，通过逻辑关系和动作状态进行区分。 掌握使役动词后接过去分词作宾补的特殊用法，如“have/get+宾语+过去分词”的不同含义。 在阅读中，分析过去分词在语篇中的具体作用；在写作时，灵活运用过去分词，丰富句子结构和表达。 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（用所给动词的正确形式填空） ①The (break)window needs to be replaced immediately. ② (surprise)by the news,she couldnt say a word 3The house(build)last year is very beautiful. 4 I found my wallet(steal)when I got home. ⑤ (give)more time,we could have finished the project 2.短文改错（每句均有一处错误，找出并改正） 1 The book publishing last month has sold well. 2 He was very exciting about the result of the exam. 3 The girl dressing in red is my sister. 4 Having finished his homework,the TV was turned on. 5 The problem discussing at the meeting is very important. 3.阅读理解（根据文章内容选择正确答案）》 Passage 56语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 The city,located in the south of the country,has a long history.Founded in the 13th century,it was once a small fishing village.Over the years,it has developed into a modern metropolis with many historical buildings preserved.The most famous one is the ancient temple,damaged in a fire last year but now being restored. ①hat is the main idea of the passage？ A.The citys geographical location. B.The citys development and historical buildings. C.The fire that damaged the temple. 2 The word "preserved"in the passage is closest in meaning to A.destroyed B.protected C.built 4.写作应用（根据中文提示，用过去分词结构完成句子） ①被老师表扬后，他更加努力学习了。 by the teacher,he studied harder. ②这个问题已经被讨论过很多次了。The problem many times. ③昨天我让人修了我的自行车。1 _my bike repaired yesterday. ④坐在窗边的那个女孩是我的同学。The girl_is my classmate. ⑤由于被大雨困住，他们不得不待在旅馆里。 by the heavy rain,they had to stay in the hotel. 【答案】 1.语法填空 ①答案：broken解析：单个过去分词作定语，表被动和完成，“broken window'"指“被打破的窗户"。 ②答案：Surprised解析：过去分词短语作原因状语，逻辑主语是“she”,表“被消息惊讶”。 ③答案：buit解析：过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰“house'”,表“去年被建造的房子” ④答案：stolen解析：“fnd+宾语+宾补”结构，wallet'"与“steal'是被动关系，用过去分词。 ⑤答案：Given解析：过去分词短语作条件状语，表“如果被给予更多时间”。 2.短文改错 ①答案：publishing→published解析：book与publish是被动关系，用过去分词作定语。 2答案：exciting一excited解析：修饰人用-ed形式的形容词，表“感到兴奋的”。 ③答案：dressing→dressed解析：“dressed in red"表状态，相当于“who is dressed in red''。 ④答案：Having finished his homework一After he had finished his homework解析：原句中分词短语的逻辑主语与句 子主语不一致，需改为从句。 ⑤答案：discussing一discussed解析：problem与discuss是被动关系，用过去分词作后置定语。 3.阅读理解 ①)答案：B解析：文章主要介绍城市的发展和历史建筑的保护，B选项最全面。 ②答案：B解析：“preserved'意为“被保护”，与“protected"同义。 4.写作应用 ①答案：Praised ②答案：has been discussed ③答案：had 4答案：sitting by the window5答案：Trapped 眼着课文学语法 外研版（必修+选必修）57 Unit 3 The world of science 现在完成时被动语态 一、现在完成时被动语态的基本构成 现在完成时被动语态的结构为“have/has been+过去分词”，表示过去发生的被动动作对现在造成的影 响或结果，或动作从过去持续到现在并可能继续延续。主语是动作的承受者，强调动作的完成性和对现在 的关联性。 1.肯定句： The new regul ati ans an campus safety have been issued by the schod authority. 学校管理部门已经发布了关于校园安全的新规定。（过去发布的动作完成，现在新规已生效） 2.否定句： The mystery of the ancient relic hasnt been solved by archaed ogists so far. 到目前为止，考古学家还没有解开古代遗迹的谜团。（过去未解开的状态持续到现在） 3.一般疑问句： Hasthe damaged computer been repaired by the technician? 那台损坏的电脑已经被技术员修好了吗？（询问过去维修的动作是否对现在产生结果） (观察试题) -Why are the students so excited about the lecture? -Because the famous scientist to give a speech on space exploration. A.has invited B.has been invited C.invited D.was invited 答案：B解析：科学家被邀请的动作已完成，对现在学生兴奋的状态产生影响，且“scientist”与“invite”是 被动关系，所以用现在完成时被动语态“has been invited”。 二、现在完成时被动语态的核心用法 1.强调动作完成且对现在有影响 常与already,yt,ju过，neve,ever等副词连用。 The historical documentary has already been watched by millions of viewerswarldwide. 这部历史纪录片已经被全球数百万观众观看过了。（观看动作完成，现在纪录片有广泛影响力） Hasnt the new pdicy on environmental prdection been announced yet? 关于环境保护的新政策还没有宣布吗？（过去应宣布的动作未发生，导致现在政策未知） 2.表示动作从过去持续到现在（需与持续性动词连用） 常与for+时间段，since+时间点等状语连用。 The dd bridge has been used by local residents for over a century. 这座古老的桥已经被当地居民使用了一个多世纪。（使用的动作从过去持续到现在） The antique vase has been carefully preserved by the family since it was passed down from their ancestors 这个古董花瓶自从祖先传下来后，就一直被这个家族小心保存着。（保存动作持续至今） (观察试题) The abandoned factory by the local government as a cultural and creative park since 2018. 58语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 A.has transformed B.was transformed C.has been transformed D.is being transformed 答案：C解析：“since2018”表示从过去持续到现在的时间，“factory”与“transform”是被动关系，所以 用现在完成时被动语态“has been transformed”。 三、现在完成时被动语态的特殊情况 1.主动语态变被动语态的注意事项 ①含有双宾语的主动句（如give,send,teach等）： 主动：The professor hastaught us alot of knowledge.. We have been taught a lot of knowledge(by the professor)./A lot of knowledge has been taught to us (by the professor). ①含有动词短语（如look after,take care of)的被动句： 主动：The volunteers have taken care of the stray animasfor months.. The stray animalshave been taken care of(by the volunteers)for months. 2.与其他时态被动语态的对比 时态 结构 核心意义 现在完成时被动语态have/has been+过去分词过去动作完成，对现在有影响或持续至今。如： The novel has been trans ated into ten languages.这部小说已被翻译成十种语言。 现在进行时被动语态m/is/are being+过去分词现在正在进行的被动动作。如： The novel is being trans ated now.这部小说正在被翻译。 一般过去时被动语态was/were+过去分词 过去某个时间发生的被动动作。如： The novel was trans ated las过year.这部小说去年被翻译了。 (观察试题) -Can I borrow the book on the desk? -Sorry,it by my classmate and yet. A.has borrowed:hasnt returned B.has been borrowed;hasnt been returned C.was borrowed;wasnt returned D.is borrowed;isnt returned 答案：B解析：书被借走的动作已完成且对现在产生影响（不能借），用现在完成时被动语态“has been borrowed”;“yet"提示第二空也用现在完成时被动语态的否定形式“hasnt been returned'”。 四、现在完成时被动语态在语篇中的应用 In the past decade,remarkable changes have taken place in the small coastal town.A modern part has been constructed,through which various goods from around the world have been transparted.Many traditional houses have been renovated into stylish cafes and inns,attracting alarge number of tourists.The local customs and culture have also been well-preserved and promdted by the community,making the town a popul ar destination for cultural expl cration. 在过去十年里，这个沿海小镇发生了巨大的变化。一座现代化的港口已经建成，通过它，来自世界各地 的各种货物得以运输。许多传统房屋已被翻新成时尚的咖啡馆和客栈，吸引了大量游客。当地的风俗文化 也一直被社区很好地保护和推广，使这个小镇成为文化探索的热门目的地。 眼着课文学语法 外研版（必修+选必修）59 (观察试题) 根据上述语篇，完成句子改写： The community has well-preserved and promoted the local customs and culture..(改为被动语态) The local customs and culture have been well-preserved and promoted by the community. 根据语篇判断 The traditional houses were renovated last year.( A.正确 B.错误 答案：B解析：语篇中“have been renovated"表示从过去持续到现在的动作，并非“去年被翻新”。 【总结】 熟练掌握“have/has been+过去分词”结构，通过时间状语(already,yet,for,since等)快速判断是否 适用现在完成时被动语态。 区分强调结果（如already)和强调持续（如for /since)的不同语境。 注意短暂性动词（如build,finish)和持续性动词（如use,preserve)在现在完成时被动语态中的使用差 异。牢记双宾语和动词短语的被动转换规则，避免遗漏介词。 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（用所给动词的正确形式填空） ①The ancient temple (restore)several times by the local government in the past decade. 2 So far,five new bridges_ (build)across the river in this city. 3 Many endangered species (protect)by the organization since it was founded. 4 The important document (not,submit)yet,which may cause a delay in the project. 5 How many books(borrow)from the library by the students this semester? 2.短文改错（每句均有一处与现在完成时被动语态相关的错误，找出并改正） 1 The new policy has been announcing by the government last week. 2 The old house has repaired by the workers for two months. 3 These stamps have collected by my father since 2010. 4 The problem hasnt been solving yet,though many experts have tried. 5 Has the new movie been showed in the local cinema? 3.语篇填空（在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式，涉及现在完成时被动语态） In recent years,great changes 1. (take place)in the field of environmental protection. Many forests 2. (replant)in the areas that once suffered from desertification.The air quality in big cities 3. _(improve)as well,thanks to the strict control of industrial pollution.A large number of rivers and lakes 4. (clean up),and the water quality 5. (test) regularly to ensure safety.These achievements 6. (praise)by the public,who are more confident about a greener future. 60语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 4.阅读理解中的句子分析（分析下列句子中现在完成时被动语态的用法，并说明其在语境中的作用） 1The traditional handicraft techniques have been passed down from generation to generation by local artisans,keeping the cultural heritage alive. 2 The old railway station has been transformed into a modern museum,attracting thousands of visitors every year. 5.句子改写（将下列句子改为现在完成时被动语态） 1They have developed a new type of energy-saving car. 2 The company has offered many job opportunities to graduates this year. 3Scientists have discovered a new species in the rainforest. 6.写作应用（根据中文提示，用现在完成时被动语态完成英语句子） ①这个小镇的面貌在过去几年里已经被彻底改变了。 The appearance of the small town in the past few years. ②到目前为止，已经有数百棵树被种在了山坡上。 Hundreds of trees on the hillside so far. ③这本著名的小说已经被翻译成多种语言了吗？ into several languages yet? ④这些历史建筑多年来一直被政府保护得很好。These historical buildings by the government for many years. ⑤我的自行车不见了，一定是被人偷走了。My bike is missing.It must by someone. 眼着课文学语法 外研版（必修+选必修）61 【答案】 1.语法填空 ①答案：has been restored解析：“in the past decade"是现在完成时的标志，“temple'”与“restore”是被动关系，所以用 现在完成时被动语态“has been restored”。 ②答案：have been built解析：“So far''表明句子时态为现在完成时，“bridges'”和build"'是被动关系，主语为复数，因此 用“have been built'”。 ③答案：have been protected解析：“since it was founded'”表示从过去持续到现在，“species'”与“protect"是被动关系， 故用现在完成时被动语态“have been protected'。 ④答案：hasnt been submitted解析：“yet”常用于现在完成时的否定句和疑问句，“document'”与“submit”是被动关系， 所以填“hasnt been submitted''。 ⑤答案：have been borrowed解析：“this semester'"表示一段时间内的情况，适用现在完成时，“books'”和“borrow'是 被动关系，且为复数，所以用have been borrowed'”。 2.短文改错 ①答案：将announcing改为announced解析：现在完成时被动语态结构是“have/has been+过去分词”，“announce' 的过去分词是“announced”。 ②答案：在has后加been解析：“house'”与“repair'”是被动关系，此句应使用现在完成时被动语态，缺少“been”。 ③答案：在have后加been解析：“stamps'和“collect'”是被动关系，现在完成时被动语态不能遗漏“been”。 ④答案：将solving改为solved解析：现在完成时被动语态中，动词需用过去分词形式，“sole"的过去分词是“solved”。 ⑤答案：将showed改为shown解析：“show'的过去分词是“shown”,应使用正确形式构成现在完成时被动语态的一般 疑问句。 3.语篇填空 ①答案：have taken place解析：“In recent years”是现在完成时标志，“changes”与“'take place”是主动关系，所以用 “have taken place”g ②答案：have been replanted解析：句子强调过去到现在森林被重新种植，“forests”与“replant'”是被动关系，用现在完 成时被动语态“have been replanted'”。 ③答案：has been improved解析：“as well""表明空气质量从过去到现在得到改善，“quality'与“improve”是被动关系， 用“"has been improved”。 ④答案：have been cleaned up解析：“rivers and lakes'”与“clean up”是被动关系，结合语境用现在完成时被动语态 “have been cleaned up'。 ⑤答案：is tested解析：此处描述常规性动作，“water quality”与“test”是被动关系，用一般现在时被动语态“'is tested”。 ⑥答案：have been praised解析：“achievements”与“praise”是被动关系，“by the public'表明动作已完成对现在有影 响，用现在完成时被动语态“have been praised”。 4.阅读理解中的句子分析 ①用法分析：“have been passed down”是现在完成时被动语态，“techniques'”是动作承受者，“by local artisans”表明 执行者，动作从过去持续到现在。 作用：强调传统手工艺技术传承的持续性，突出文化遗产得以延续的现状，体现当地工匠在文化传承中的重要作用。 2)用法分析：“has been transformed'是现在完成时被动语态，“station”是动作承受者，动作已完成且对现在（吸引大量 游客)产生影响。 作用：说明老火车站改造完成的结果，解释其现在能成为博物馆并吸引游客的原因，展现改造带来的积极变化。 5.句子改写 ①答案：A new type of energy-saving car has been developed by them. ②答案：Many job opportunities have been offered to graduates by the company this year. ③)答案：A new species has been discovered in the rainforest by scientists. 6.写作应用 ①答案：has been completely changed ②答案：have been planted ③答案：Has this famous novel been translated④答案：have been well protected⑤答案：have been stolen 62语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 Unit 4 Amazing art 现在进行时被动语态 一、基本构成与意义 现在进行时被动语态的基本结构为“am/is/are+being+过去分词”，表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行 的被动动作，强调动作的执行者是动作承受者，且动作在说话时正在发生或现阶段持续发生。如： The room is being dleaned by my mather now.现在房间正在被我妈妈打扫。 Many trees are being planted on the hill these days.这些天山上正在种许多树。 A new bridge isbeing built over the river..河上正在修建一座新桥。 (观察试题) -Look！The classroom by the students. -They are so hard-working. A.cleans B.is cleaning C.is being cleaned D.was cleaned 答案：C解析：根据“Look!"可知动作正在发生，且“classroom”与“clean”之间是被动关系，要用现在进 行时被动语态“is being cleaned”。 二、现在进行时被动语态的句式变化 1.否定句 在be动词后加not,构成“am/is/are+nd+being+过去分词”。如： The repart isnt being written by him now..他现在没有在写这份报告。 2.一般疑问句 将be动词提到句首，构成*“Am/IsAre+主语+being+过去分词.？”。如： Isthe cake being made by your sister?蛋糕正在被你姐姐制作吗？ (观察试题) the project by the workers these days? -Yes,it is A.Does;complete B.Did;complete C.Is;being completed D.Was;completed 答案：C解析：根据答语“Yes,itis.”以及“these days'”可知，询问的是现阶段正在进行的被动动作，要用 现在进行时被动语态的一般疑问句形式“ls.being completed”。 三、现在进行时被动语态在不同场景的应用 1.强调现阶段正在进行的被动动作 常用于描述一段时间内持续进行的被动行为。如： The old house is being repaired this month.这个月那座老房子正在被修缮。 2.新闻报道、通知等场景 用于实时报道正在发生的被动事件。如： A big fire is being put out by the firefighters.消防员正在扑灭一场大火。 (观察试题) 眼着课文学语法 外研版（必修+选必修）63