跟着课文学语法丨人教版·选择性必修三

Unit 1 Art 选择性必修 三 动词不定式的被动形式 1.作主语 当动词不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，用被动形式"tobe+过去分词"，可直接作主语或借助形式 主语it。 Tobe prai sed by the teacher is an honor.被老师表扬是一种荣誉。 It isimportant to be prdected by laws.受法律保护很重要。 Tobe chosen for the team was her dream.被选入团队是她的梦想。 (观察试题) is a pity not to be invited to the wedding. A.That B.This C.It D.What 答案：C解析：此处用it作形式主语，真正主语是"not to be invited"。 2.作宾语 常见于want,hope,e以pect,deserve等动词后，表示主语"想要/希望被.."。 She hopesto be promdted next year.她希望明年得到晋升。 They deserveto be treated fairly.他们理应得到公平对待。 He pretended ndt to be affected by the criticism.他假装不受批评影响。 (观察试题) The students expect more chances to practice speaking A.giving B.to give C.being given D.to be given 答案：D解析："expect to do"结构，且students是"give"的承受者，用被动。 3.作表语 说明主语的内容，强调动作的被动性，常见于be,seem,remain等系动词后。 The task isto be completed by Friday.任务要在周五前完成。 Her goal is tobe admitted to a top university.她的目标是被顶尖大学录取。 The problem seems to be solved.(问题似乎已被解决。) (观察试题) The most urgent thing now_the damaged bridge. A.is to be repaired B.is repairing C.is to repair D.repairs 答案：C解析：表语用不定式，且bridge是repair'"的承受者，但此处主语是"thing",故用主动表被动。 4.作定语 修饰名词或代词，表"即将被"的动作，被修饰词与不定式存在动宾关系。 The meeting to be he d tomorrow isimpartant..明天要召开的会议很重要。 I have aletter tobe mailed.我有一封信要寄。 Sheis the first person to be interviewed.她是第一个被面试的人a (观察试题) Do you have any clothes today? A.to wash B.to be washed C.washing D.washed 144法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 答案：B解析：clothes是wash"的承受者，用被动。 5.作状语 表目的、原因、结果等，逻辑主语需与句子主语一致。 目的状语：He went tothe hospital tobee以amined..他去医院接受检查。 原因状语：She was happy to be prai sed.她因被表扬而高兴。 结果状语：The questi on is too diffi cult to be answered.问题太难无法回答。 (观察试题) late for the exam,he ran all the way to school. A.So as not to be B.In order not to be C.So as to not be D.In order to be not 答案：B解析：表目的"为了不迟到"，用in order not to 6.特殊结构中的被动不定式 在某些形容词后作状语，如easy,difficult,hard等，主动形式表被动含义。 The book is easy to unders生and.这本书容易理解。 The probl em is hard to sdve..问题很难解决。 The house is comfartable tolive in..房子住起来很舒适。 (观察试题) The math problem is not difficult A.to work out B.to be worked out C.working out D.being worked out 答案：A解析：形容词后用主动表被动。 7.动词不定式的被动形式在语篇中的应用 To be successful in the competition,a ld of preparation needs to be done.The plan to be made should be practical.The team members want to be arganized well.The tasks to be completed by each person must be dlear. Only in thisway can they hopeto be awarded at the end. 为了在比赛中取得成功，需要做大量的准备工作。将要制定的计划应该切实可行。团队成员希望被很 好地组织起来。每个人要完成的任务必须明确。只有这样，他们才有望在最后获奖。 (观察试题) In the passage,how many times does the passive form of the infinitive appear? A.3 B.4 c.5 D.6 答案：C解析：文中“To be successful'"“to be done'”“to be made”“to be organized”“tobe completed"“to be awarded”共出现5次动词不定式的被动形式，所以选C。 【总结】 作主语：形式主语t常见，真正主语后置。 作宾语：跟在表"愿望"的动词后，表"被”。 作表语：说明主语内容，主动表被动需注意主语类型。作定语：被修饰词是动作承受者，表将来被动 作状语：逻辑主语与句子主语一致，表目的、原因等。 主动表被动：在某些形容词后用主动形式。 跟着课文学语法 人教版（必修+选必修145 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（用所给动词的正确形式填空） 1 It issaid that the new library (complete)next month. ②The children are e以cited (invite)to the party. ③The problem seems】 (solve)by the expert. 4 The teacher told usthat the homework must (hand in)on time. 5 She pretended(not notice)themistake. 2.短文改错（每句均有一处错误，找出并改正） 1 The book istoo difficult to be understood by beginners. 2 The house to be built next year will be our new schodl. 3 I have alot of work to be done thisweekend. 4 The question iseasy enough to answer it. 5 She hopes being promoted next year. 3.语篇填空（在空白处填入适当的词或所给动词的正确形式） Last week,our dlass was told that a competition 1.(hol d)next month.All of us were eager to participate.The teacher said the topics 2.(choose)by ourselves,but they must be reated to environmental protection.We spent days 3.(prepare)our projects.Each group hoped 4.(sel ect) as the best one.I believe our hard work will not be in vain and we are sure 5. (reward)for our efforts. 4.阅读理解中的句子分析（分析下列句子中动词不定式被动形式的作用） 1The plan to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is of great importance. 2 To be given such a chance is really a privilege. 5.句子改写（根据要求改写句子） ①They want someone to repair the machine.(改为含动词不定式被动形式的句子) ②It is necessary that we should protect the environment..(用动词不定式被动形式改写) 6.写作应用（根据中文提示完成句子） ①这个问题太难了，无法在短时间内被解决。The problem is too difficult_一in a short time. ②他很高兴被邀请参加这个活动。He is very happy_to the activity:. ③明天要举行的会议非常重要。The meeting_tomorrow is very important.. ④我们希望得到更多的支持。NVe hope_more support. ⑤这本书值得被仔细阅读。The book is worth carefully. 146法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 【答案】 1.语法填空 ①答案：will be completed解析：:library与complete是被动关系，且next month表将来，用将来时态的被动语态。 ②答案：to be invited解析：be excited to do结构，children是invite的承受者，用被动。 ③)答案：to have been solved解析：seem to do结构，sole的动作先于seem发生，且problem是承受者，用完成被动 式。 ④答案：be handed in解析：mut后接动词原形，homework与hand in是被动关系 ⑤答案：not to have noticed解析：pretend not to do结构，notice的动作先于pretend发生，用完成式。 2.短文改错 ①答案：去掉be解析：difficult后用主动表被动，应改为"to understand" 2答案：正确解析：to be built作后置定语，表将来被动，正确。 3答案：去掉be解析：work由主语l完成，用主动todo形式，应改为"todo"。 ④答案：去掉it解析：answer的逻辑宾语是question,重复用it错误。 ⑤答案：在hopes.后加tobe解析：hopeto do结构，且she是promote的承受者，用被动。 3.语篇填空 ①答案：would be held解析：competition与hold是被动关系，且根据语境用过去将来时。 2)答案：could be chosen解析：topics与choose是被动关系，表"可以被选择"。 3)答案：preparing解析：spend time doing结构。 ④答案：to be selected解析：hope to do结构，且group是seet的承受者，用被动。 ⑤答案：to be rewarded解析：be sureto do结构，且we是reward的承受者，用被动。 4.阅读理解中的句子分析 ①作用：to be discussed作后置定语，修饰plan,表将来被动，说明计划"将被讨论"。 2作用：To be given such a chance作主语，强调"被给予机会"这一被动动作。 5.句子改写 ①答案：They want the machine to be repaired. ②答案：It is necessary for the environment to be protected.. 6.写作应用 ①答案：to be solved2)答案：to have been invited ③)答案：to be held ④答案：to be given⑤答案：being read/to beread 跟着课文学语法 人教版（必修+选必修147 Unit 2 Healthy lifestyle ever和no matter引导的状语从句 一、ever类引导的状语从句 1.hoever引导的让步状语从句 Whoever=No matter who,意为“无论谁”，引导让步状语从句，强调“任何人”。 Whoever breaks the rule will be punished.无论谁违反规则都会受到惩罚。 (“Whoever”在从句中作主语，强调“任何人”，) You can invite whoever you like to the party.你可以邀请任何你喜欢的人来参加派对。 (“whoever”在从句中作宾语，相当于“anyone who'”。) (观察试题) visits the exhibition will be impressed by the artworks. A.No matter who B.Whoever C.Whomever D.Whatever 答案：B解析：空格处需引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语，只能用“/hoever”。“No matter who”只能 引导让步状语从句，不能引导主语从句。 2.hatever引导的让步状语从句 Vhatever=No matter what,意为“无论什么”，引导让步状语从句，强调“任何事物”。 Whatever happens,I will always support you..无论发生什么，我都会支持你。 (“Whatever'”在从句中作主语，强调“任何事情”。) She can do whatever she wants with her money..她可以用她的钱做任何她想做的事。 (“whatever'”在从句中作宾语，相当于“anything that'”。) (观察试题) difficulties we face,we must try our best to overcome them. A.No matter what B.Whatever C.However D.Whichever 答案：B 解析：空格后是名词短语“difficulties”,需用“hatever'”或“No matter what'”引导让步状语从句。但 选项中“B”更简洁，且可引导主语从句（如“Whatever you say is right")。 3.henever引导的时间状语从句 Whenever=No matter when,意为“无论何时”，引导时间状语从句，强调“任何时间点”。 Whenever I see him,I feel nervous.无论何时我见到他，我都会感到紧张。 (“Whenever”在从句中作时间状语，相当于“every time when”。) Whenever you need help,just call me.无论你何时需要帮助，就打电话给我。 (“Whenever'”在从句中作时间状语，强调“任何需要帮助的时刻”。) (观察试题) she goes,she always wears a red dress. A.No matter where B.Wherever C.Whenever D.However 答案：B解析：空格后是地点状语从句，需用“Vherever'”或“No matter where”引导。但选项中“B更 简洁，且可引导地点状语从句（如“Wherever you go,I will follow”)o 二、no matter类引导的状语从句 148法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 1.No matter who/what/where/when/how引导的让步状语从句。 No matter+疑问词，意为“无论…”，引导让步状语从句，强调“无论何种情况”。 No matter who you are,.you must obey the law.无论你是谁，你都必须遵守法律。 (“No matter who”在从句中作表语，强调“任何人”。) No matter how hard he tries,he can't pass the exam.无论他多么努力，他都无法通过考试g (“No matter how'在从句中作状语，修饰“hard”。) (观察试题) much you earn,you should save some money for the future A.No matter what B.No matter how C.Whatever D.However 答案：B解析：空格后是形容词“much”,需用“no matter how”或“however”引导让步状语从句。但 “however”更强调“无论以何种方式”，而“no matter how”更强调“无论程度如何”，此处选“B”更合适。 三、-ever类与no matter类的区别 特征 -ever类 no matter类 引导从句类型 可引导让步状语从句和名词性从句 只能引导让步状语从句 位置 可位于主句前或后 通常位于主句前 语气 更强调“任何”，语气较强。 更强调“无论”，语气较委婉 对比。如： 让步状语从句： -ever类：hoever breaks the window must pay for it..谁打破了窗户，谁就要为此付出代价。 no matter类：No matter who breaks the window,he must pay for it.无论谁打破窗户，他都必须为此付 出代价。 名词性从句： -ever类：Whoever wants to join should sign up now.谁想加入，现在就报名。（主语从句） no matter类：×（错误，不能引导主语从句） (观察试题) _you choose,make sure it is the right one. A.No matter what B.Whatever C.Whichever D.All of the above 答案：D解析：三个选项均可引导让步状语从句，且在从句中作宾语，因此选“D”。 四、状语从句在语篇中的应用 语篇示例 Last week,I went hiking with my friends.Wherever we went,we saw beautiful scenery.No matter how tired we were,we kept walking.Whenever we stopped to rest,we shared our food and stories. Whoever suggested a break was always welcome.Whatever difficulties we faced,we supported each other.In the end,we reached the top of the mountain,wherever we could enjoy the amazing view. 周，我和朋友们去徒步旅行了。无论我们走到哪里，都能看到美丽的风景。不管我们有多累，我们还是继续 走。每当我们停下来休息时，我们都会分享我们的食物和故事。无论谁建议休息，都是受欢迎的。无论我 跟着课文学语法 、教版（必修+选必修149 结构分析 Wherever we went(地点状语从句)：修饰主句“we saw beautiful scenery”,强调“无论走到哪里”。 No matter how tired we were(让步状语从句)：修饰主句“we kept walking'”,强调“无论多累”。 Whenever we stopped to rest(时间状语从句)：修饰主句“we shared our food and stories”,强调“每 次停下来休息时”。 Vhoever suggested a break(让步状语从句)：修饰主句“was always welcome”,强调“任何人提议 休息”。 Whatever difficulties we faced(让步状语从句)：修饰主句“we supported each other'”,强调“无论遇 到什么困难”。 (观察试题) (Wherever/Whenever)you go,remember to keep in touch with us. (No matter what/Whatever)problems you have,we are here to help.(Whoever/Whomever)needs assistance,just let me know. 答案：Wherever;/hatever;Whoever解析：“herever'”引导地点状语从句，强调“无论你去哪 里”；“Whatever”引导让步状语从句，修饰名词“problems”;“Whoever'”在从句中作主语，指“任何人”。 【总结】 关系词选择步骤：确定从句类型（让步状语从句还是名词性从句）； 若为让步状语从句，可选择“ ever类”或“no matter类”；若为名词性从句，只能选择“-ever类”。 易错，点提醒：No matter who/what/where等不能引导主语从句、宾语从句等名词性从句；However引 导让步状语从句时，后接形容词或副词（如“However hard he works'”),而No matter how后可直接接形容 词或副词。 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（用适当的词填空） ① hard you try,you cant change his mind. @ you go,I will follow you. 3 breaks the law should be punished. 4 You can choose book you like 5 it rains or not,we will have the sports meeting. 2.单句改错（每句有一处错误，找出并改正） 1 No matter who leaves the room last,dont forget to turn off the lights. 2Whatever difficult we meet,we should never give up. 3 However he says,I wont believe him. 4 No matter what happened,she always keeps smiling 5 Whenever you want to talk with me,and I will be here for you. 3.阅读理解中的语法分析（根据状语从句回答问题） No matter how busy he is,Mr.Green always spends time with his family.Whenever his children 150法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 them.Thats why he is a great father. 1 Does Mr.Green spend time with his family even when he is busy? 2 What does Mr.Green do when his children ask for help? 3 What does Mr.Green do when his children have problems? 4.句子改写（根据要求改写句子） ①No matter where you are,I will find you.(用wherever改写) ②No matter who you are,you must obey the rules.(用whoever改写) ③No matter how difficult the task is,we will finish it on time.(用however改写) 5.完形填空（节选，选择正确的词填空） Life is full of challenges.(Whatever/However)difficulties we face,we should stay positive. (Whoever/Whomever)we meet on the way,we should treat them with kindness. (Whenever/Wherever)we feel tired,we should take a break and keep going.Only in this way can we achieve our dreams. 【答案】 1.语法填空 ①答案：However解析：“however+形容词副词”引导让步状语从句，修饰“hard”,表示“无论多么努力”。 ②)答案：Vherever解析：“wherever"引导让步状语从句，意为“无论你去哪里”。 ③答案：Whoever解析：“whoever'"引导主语从句，在从句中作主语，相当于“anyone who”,表示“无论谁”。 ④答案：vhichever解析：“hichever'"引导宾语从句，在从句中作定语修饰“book”,表示“无论哪一本书”。 ④答案：Whether解析：hether...or not'"固定搭配，表示“无论是否”。 2.单句改错 ①答案：将“No matter who'"改为“Whoever'”解析：“No matter who”不能引导主语从句，“Whoever'”可以引导主语从 句，且在从句中作主语。 ②答案：将“difficult'”政为“di惭culties'”解析：whatever'”在从句中作宾语，应接名词。 3)答案：将“However”改为“Vhatever”解析：“however”后接形容词或副词，“whatever'”后接名词或作主语、宾语，此处 “he says'”缺宾语。 ④答案：正确，无需修改解析：“No matter what'”引导让步状语从句，句子结构和语法均正确。 ⑤答案：去掉“and”解析：“whenever'"引导时间状语从句，主句前不需要连词“and”。 3.阅读理解中的语法分析 ①答案：Yes,he does.解析：根据“No matter how busy he is,.Mr.Green always spends time with his family..”可知，即 使他很忙，也会花时间陪家人。 2答案：He stops everything to listen.解析：从“Whenever his children ask him for help,he stops everything to listen.”可知，当孩子求助时，他会停下一切去倾听。 ③答案：He tries his best to solve them.解析：由“Whatever problems they have,he tries his best to solve them."可 知，孩子有问题时，他会尽力解决。 4.句子改写 ①答案：Wherever you are,I will find you.解析：“wherever'"和“No matter where'意思相同，可直接替换。 ②答案：Nhoever you are,.you must obey the rules.解析：“whoever'"和“No matter who'”可互换，引导让步状语从句。 ③答案：However difficult the task is,we will finish it on time..解析：“however+形容词'和“No matter how+形容词” 均可引导让步状语从句，可直接改写。 5.完形填空 答案：Whatever;:Nhoever;;Whenever解析： “Whatever difficulties'"表示“无论什么困难”，“whatever'"修饰名词“difficulties”。 “Vhoever we meet"'表示“无论我们遇到谁”，“whoever'”在从句中作宾语。 “Whenever we feel tired'表示“无论何时我们感到疲惫”，“whenever'"引导时间状语从句。 跟着课文学语法 教版（必修+选必修151 Unit 3 Environment protection 直接引语与间接引语 一、直接引语与间接引语的定义 1.直接引语 直接引语是直接引用别人的原话，通常用引号括起来。如： She said,.“I like reading books.”她说：“我喜欢读书。” 2.间接引语 间接引语是用自己的话转述别人的话，不用引号。如： She said that she liked reading books.她说她喜欢读书。 二、 直接引语变间接引语的规则 1.陈述句的转换 ①引导词：用that引导（口语中可省略）。 ②人称变化：遵循“一随主，二随宾，三不变”原则。 直接引语：He said,“I am happy.”他说：“我很开心。” 间接引语：He said that he was happy.他说他很开心。(“I"随主语He变为he) ③时态变化：主句为过去时态时，从句时态相应变为过去的某种时态。 直接引语：She said,“I have finished my homework.”她说：“我已经完成了我的作业。” 间接引语：She said that she had finished her homework, 她说她已经完成了她的作业。（现在完成时变为过去完成时） 2.疑问句的转换 ①一般疑问句： 引导词：用if或whether引导。 语序：将疑问句语序改为陈述句语序。 直接引语：He asked,“Are you a student?”他问：“你是学生吗？” 间接引语：He asked if/whether I was a student.他问我是否是学生。 ①特殊疑问句： 引导词：用原来的特殊疑问词引导。 语序：将疑问句语序改为陈述句语序。 直接引语：She asked,“Where do you live?”(她问：“你住在哪里？”) 间接引语：She asked where I lived.(她问我住在哪里。) 3.祈使句的转换 结构：ask/tel/order sb.(not)to do sth. 直接引语：The teacher said to us,“Be quiet!”老师对我们说：“安静！” 间接引语：The teacher told us to be quiet.老师告诉我们要安静。 (观察试题) He asked me,“Do you know the way to the station?”(改为间接引语) 152法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 答案：He asked me if/whether I knew the way to the station, 解析：直接引语是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，用if或whether引导，将疑问句语序改为陈述句语序， 同时主句为过去时，从句的一般现在时变为一般过去时。 三、直接引语与间接引语中的时态变化 1.主句为现在时态 从句时态不变。例如： 直接引语：She says,“I will go to the park tomomrow,”她说：“我明天要去公园。” 间接引语：She says that she will go to the park tomorrow.她说她明天要去公园。 2.主句为过去时态 常见时态变化如下： ①一般现在时→一般过去时 直接引语：He said,“I am a doctor.”他说：“我是一名医生。” 间接引语：He said that he was a doctor.他说他是一名医生。 ①现在进行时→过去进行时 直接引语：She said,“1 am reading a book.”她说：“我正在读一本书。” 间接引语：She said that she was reading a book.她说她正在读一本书。 ①现在完成时→过去完成时 直接引语：They said,“We have seen the film.”他们说：“我们已经看过这部电影了。” 间接引语：They said that they had seen the film.他们说他们已经看过这部电影了。 (观察试题) She said,.“I visited the museum yesterday.”(改为间接引语) 答案：She said that she had visited the museum the day before. 解析：主句为过去时，从句的一般过去时要变为过去完成时，同时yesterday变为the day before 四、直接引语与间接引语在语篇中的应用 Yesterday,Tom met Mary on the street.Mary said,"I am going to have a party this weekend."Tom asked,“Can I come?”Mary replied,“Sure,you are welcome.”Later,,Tom told his friend,“Mary invited me to her party.His friend asked,"When is the party?"Tom said,"She said it would be on Saturday." 昨天，汤姆在街上遇到了玛丽。玛丽说：“我这周未要举办一个派对。”汤姆问：“我能来吗？”玛丽回答： “当然，欢迎你来。”后来，汤姆告诉他的朋友：“玛丽邀请我去她的派对。”他的朋友问：“派对是什么时候？”汤 姆说：“她说会在周六。” (观察试题) According to the passage,which of the following is the correct indirect speech? A.Mary said that she was going to have a party that weekend. B.Tom asked if he could come,and Mary replied that he couldnt. C.Tom told his friend that Mary invites him to her party. D.Tom said that Mary said the party will be on Saturday. 答案：A解析：B选项与原文不符，玛丽回答欢迎汤姆来；C选项主句为过去时，从句时态应变为过去式， 跟着课文学语法 教版（必修+选必修153