跟着课文学语法丨冀教版·选择性必修四

必 Unit 1 Caring for each other 四 过去分词 一、过去分词的基本形式和意义 1.规则动词与不规则动词的过去分词 ①规则动词： 直接加-ed(如：work→worked,.play→played) ②不规则动词： 需特殊记忆（如：go→gone,eat→eaten,,write→written) 2.核心意义：被动&完成 ①被动：表“被…”。如： The broken window needs repair..被打破的窗户需要修理。 ②完成：表“已完成”。如： The retired teacher still volunteers.退休的老师仍在做志愿活动。 二、过去分词的用法 1.作定语 ①单个过去分词作前置定语 The stolen bike was found.被偷的自行车找到了。(stolen表“被偷的”，修饰bike,前置。) ②过去分词短语作后置定语 The book written by Mo Yan is popular..莫言写的书很受欢迎。 (written by Mo Yan which was written by Mo Yan,the book) (观察试题) The house (build)last year is very beautiful 答案：built解析：built表“被建造”，修饰house,相当于which was built last year。 2.作表语（系表结构） ①表主语状态 例句：She is interested in art.她对艺术感兴趣。 (interested表“感兴趣的”，描述主语状态。) ②区分被动语态与系表结构 The window was broken by Tom.窗户被汤姆打破了。被动语态（动作） The window is broken.窗户是破的。系表结构（状态） (观察试题) The door is closed..(判断是否正确，并说明类型) 答案：正确，系表结构，表“门是关着的”状态。 3.作宾语补足语 ①感官动词+宾语+过去分词（表被动完成）》 I heard the song sung in English.我听到这首歌被用英语唱，(song与sing是被动关系，用sung) ②使役动词+宾语+过去分词（表“让某事被做”） 134语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 She had her hair cut..她剪了头发，(hair与cut是被动关系，用cut) (观察试题) She got her car (repair)yesterday. 答案：repaired解析：car与repair是被动关系，用repaired,get sth.done表“让某事被做”。 4.作状语（表时间、原因、条件等）》 ①时间状语 When heated,water turns into steam.当被加热时，水变成蒸汽。(heated=When it is heated,表时 间。) ②原因状语 Tired from work,he went to bed early.由于工作累了，他早早睡觉了 (Tired=Because he was tired,表原因。) ③条件状语。如： United,we stand;divided,we fall.团结，我们就能站立；分裂，我们就会倒下。 (相当于If we are united.;if we are divided..) (观察试题) (inspire)by the speech,the students worked harder. 答案：Inspired解析：students与inspire是被动关系，用Inspired,表“被演讲激励”。 三、过去分词的特殊用法 1.独立主格结构 The work done,we went home.(工作完成后，我们回家了。) The work done是独立主格，=After the work was done。 2.固定搭配 ①compared with/to与…相比 Compared with last year,the price has dropped.与去年相比，价格下降了。 2 generally speaking一般来说 Generally speaking,girls are more careful.一般来说，女孩更细心。 3 given(考虑到) Given his age,he did a good job.考虑到他的年龄，他做得很好， 四、过去分词在语篇中的应用 语篇示例 The city,located in the south,is famous for its history.Built in the 13th century,it has witnessed many changes.The old buildings,damaged in the war,have been repaired.Now,visitors can enjoy the citys beauty,influenced by both ancient and modern cultures. 这座城市位于南方，以其历史而闻名。它建于3世纪，经历了许多变化。在战争中受损的旧建筑已经 修复。现在，游客可以欣赏到这座城市的美丽，受到古代和现代文化的影响。 结构分析 ①located in the south:过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the city。 跟着课文学语法 冀教版（必修+选必修135 ②Built in the13 th century:过去分词短语作时间状语，表“被建造于13世纪”。 ③damaged in the war:过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰buildings。 ④influenced by both ancient and modern cultures:过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰beauty。 (观察试题) According to the passage,which of the following statements is TRUE? A.The old town is surrounded by tall buildings. B.The ancient buildings were built last year. C.All the ancient buildings are in good condition. D.Visitors will be impressed by the town's atmosphere. 答案：D 解析：文中“When visiting the town,you will be impressed by the friendly people and the peaceful atmosphere.”表明游客会被古镇的氛围打动，D选项正确；A选项古镇被青山绿水环绕，不是高楼；B选项 古建筑建于几百年前，不是去年；C选项一些建筑因自然灾害受损，并非都状况良好。 【总结】 牢记过去分词可作定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语等，根据在句中的不同功能准确使用。 把握逻辑关系：重点关注过去分词与所修饰词、主语、宾语之间的被动或完成关系，这是判断是否使用过去 分词的关键。 清晰辨别过去分词与现在分词在作定语、状语等用法上的差异，通过逻辑关系和动作状态进行区分。 掌握使役动词后接过去分词作宾补的特殊用法，如“have/get+宾语+过去分词”的不同含义。 在阅读中，分析过去分词在语篇中的具体作用；在写作时，灵活运用过去分词，丰富句子结构和表达。 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（用所给动词的正确形式填空） 1 The(break)window needs to be replaced immediately. ② (surprise)by the news,she couldnt say a word. 3 The house(build)last year is very beautiful. 4 I found my wallet(steal)when I got home. ⑤ (give)more time,we could have finished the project. 2.短文改错（每句均有一处错误，找出并改正） 1The book publishing last month has sold well. 2He was very exciting about the result of the exam. 3 The girl dressing in red is my sister. 4 Having finished his homework,the TV was turned on. 5 The problem discussing at the meeting is very important 3.阅读理解（根据文章内容选择正确答案） Passage 136语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 The city,located in the south of the country,has a long history.Founded in the 13th century,it was once a small fishing village.Over the years,it has developed into a modern metropolis with many historical buildings preserved.The most famous one is the ancient temple,damaged in a fire last year but now being restored. 1What is the main idea of the passage? A.The citys geographical location. B.The citys development and historical buildings. C.The fire that damaged the temple. 2 The word "preserved"in the passage is closest in meaning to A.destroyed B.protected C.built 4.写作应用（根据中文提示，用过去分词结构完成句子） ①被老师表扬后，他更加努力学习了。 _by the teacher,he studied harder. ②这个问题已经被讨论过很多次了。The problem_many times, ③昨天我让人修了我的自行车。Imy bike repaired yesterday. ④坐在窗边的那个女孩是我的同学。The girl is my classmate. ⑤由于被大雨困住，他们不得不待在旅馆里。 by the heavy rain,they had to stay in the hotel. 【答案】 1.语法填空 ①答案：broken解析：单个过去分词作定语，表被动和完成，“broken window"指“被打破的窗户”。 2答案：Surprised解析：过去分词短语作原因状语，逻辑主语是“she”,表“被消息惊讶”。 ③答案：buit解析：过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰“house”,表“去年被建造的房子”。 ④答案：stolen解析：“fnd+宾语+宾补”结构，“wallet'”与“steal'"是被动关系，用过去分词。 ⑤答案：Given解析：过去分词短语作条件状语，表“如果被给予更多时间”。 2.短文改错 ①答案：publishing→published解析：book与publish是被动关系，用过去分词作定语。 ②答案：exciting→excited解析：修饰人用-ed形式的形容词，表“感到兴奋的”。 ③)答案：dressing→dressed解析：“dressed in red”表状态，相当于“who is dressed in red'。 ④答案：Having finished his homework一After he had finished his homework解析：原句中分词短语的逻辑主语与句 子主语不一致，需改为从句。 ⑤答案：discussing一discussed解析：problem与discuss是被动关系，用过去分词作后置定语。 3.阅读理解 ①答案：B解析：文章主要介绍城市的发展和历史建筑的保护，B选项最全面。 ②答案：B解析：“preserved”意为“被保护”，与“protected"同义。 4.写作应用 1答案：Praised ②答案：has been discussed ③答案：had ④答案：sitting by the window⑤答案：Trapped 跟着课文学语法 冀教版（必修+选必修137 Unit 2 Poetry-calling forth the riches of life 同位语从句 一、同位语从句的基本概念与结构 同位语从句是对前面名词的具体内容进行解释或说明的从句，通常跟在某些抽象名词（如news,fact, idea,hope,belief等)之后，二者在逻辑上是等同关系。 基本结构：抽象名词+连接词+同位语从句 The news that our team won the game is exciting..我们队赢了比赛的消息很令人兴奋。 He expressed the hope that he would visit China again.他表达了再次访问中国的希望。 The fact that he didnt pass the exam surprised us.他没通过考试这一事实让我们很惊讶。 二、同位语从句的连接词 1.从属连词 ①that无实义，不可省略。 The idea that we should protect the environment is very important..我们应该保护环境这个想法非常 重要。 ②whether是否 The question whether we should go there remains unsolved.我们是否应该去那里这个问题仍然没 有解决。 2.连接代词 ①who谁 The problem who will be responsible for this task needs to be solved.谁将负责这项任务这个问题需 要解决。 ②what什么 Ve have no idea what he is doing.我们不知道他在做什么。 ③which哪一个 The decision which option we should choose is very difficult.我们应该选择哪个选项这个决定非常 难。 3.连接副词 ①when何时 They havent announced the time when the meeting will start.他们还没有宣布会议开始的时间。 ②)where何地 This is the question where we should build the new factory..这就是我们应该在哪里建造新工厂的问 题。 ③why为什么 The reason why he left is still unknown.他离开的原因仍然未知。 4how如何 138语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 I have no idea how he managed to finish the work so quickly.我不知道他是如何如此迅速地完成工 作的。 (观察试题) The fact he had not said anything surprised everybody. A.which B.what C.that D.why 答案：C解析：“he had not said anything"是对“fact"的具体内容进行解释，用that引导同位语从句。 三、同位语从句与定语从句的区别 1.语法功能不同 同位语从句：对名词进行解释或说明，与名词是等同关系。 定语从句：对名词进行修饰或限定，与名词是修饰关系。 2.连接词不同 同位语从句：常用that,whether,who,what等连接词，that在从句中不充当成分： 定语从句：常用关系代词(who,whom,whose,which,that)和关系副词(when,where,why),连接词在从 句中充当成分。对比如： 同位语从句：The news that he will come is true.他要来的消息是真的。 定语从句：The news that he told me is true.他告诉我的消息是真的。 (观察试题) The question _we should call the police requires careful consideration. A.that B.whether C.which D.why 答案：B解析：“we should call the police”是对“question”的具体内容进行解释，且表示“是否”，用 whether引导同位语从句。 四、同位语从句的位置与分隔现象 1.正常位置 同位语从句通常紧跟在被修饰的名词之后。 The belief that all men are created equal is the foundation of this country. 人人生而平等的信念是这个国家的基础。 2.分隔现象 当主语较长时，同位语从句可能与被修饰的名词分隔。 Vord came that our team had won.消息传来，我们队赢了。 →正常语序：The word that our team had won came. (观察试题) An order came all soldiers should be sent to the front immediately. A.where B.that C.which D.when 答案：B解析：“all soldiers should be sent to the front immediately"是对“order'"的具体内容进行解 释，用that引导同位语从句，此处因主语较长，从句与名词分隔。 跟着课文学语法 冀教版（必修+选必修139 五、同位语从句在语篇中的应用 We are discussing the problem whether we should reduce the price.The idea that we should focus on quality rather than price has been accepted by most people.The fact that the market is changing rapidly requires us to make quick decisions.We hope that everyone can contribute their ideas to solve this problem. 我们正在讨论是否应该降价的问题。我们应该注重质量而不是价格的想法已被大多数人接受。市场 变化迅速这一事实要求我们迅速做出决策。我们希望每个人都能贡献自已的想法来解决这个问题。 (观察试题) According to the passage,what idea has been accepted by most people? A.That we should reduce the price.B.That we should focus on quality. C.That the market is changing. D.That everyone should contribute ideas. 答案：B解析：根据语篇中“The idea that we should focus on quality rather than price has been accepted by most people."可知，大多数人接受的想法是应该注重质量。 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（在空白处填入合适的连接词） 1 The news_our school team won the championship spread quickly among the students. 2 I have no idea_he will come back from abroad. ③The question_ we should do next remains to be discussed ④The fact she is a famous singer is known to everyone. 5 There is a doubt he can finish the task on time. 2.短文改错（每句均有一处与同位语从句相关的错误，找出并改正） 1 The thought which we should go on a picnic this weekend is exciting 2 i have no information that when he will arrive 3 The news when he told me yesterday is true. 4 The reason why he gave for his absence was not believable. 5 The idea if we could start a club together sounds great. 3.语篇填空（在空白处填入适当的连接词或所给词的正确形式） Our school is facing a problem 1. there is not enough space for students to do outdoor activities.The suggestion 2.we build a new playground has been put forward.However,the question 3.we can get enough money to build it is still unclear.The fact 4. the government may support us gives us some hope.We believe 5.with everyones efforts,we can solve this problem. 4.阅读理解中的句子分析（判断下列句子中的从句是否为同位语从句，并分析连接词、作用） 1 The news that our city will host the international conference makes us proud. 2 The story that he told us yesterday was very interesting. 5.句子改写（根据要求改写句子） 140语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 ①He asked a question.Will the meeting be held on time?(合并为含同位语从句的句子) ②The idea is very good.We should plant more trees in the park.(合并为含同位语从句的句子) 3 The fact is true.He won the first prize in the competition.(合并为含同位语从句的句子) 6.写作应用（根据中文提示，用同位语从句完成英语句子）》 ①他离开家乡的原因是他想在大城市找份工作。The reason_is that he wanted to find a job in a big city. ②我们有信心一定能赢得比赛。Ve have the confidence】 ③她提出了一个建议，我们应该成立一个英语学习小组。She put forward a suggestion_ ④他不知道该选哪条路。He has no idea ⑤消息传来，我们的球队又赢了一场比赛。ord came 【答案】 1.语法填空 ①答案：that解析：“our school team won the championship”是对“news"具体内容的解释，为同位语从句，用that引 导，that在从句中不充当成分且不可省略。 ②答案：when解析：根据句意“我不知道他什么时候从国外回来”，“he will come back from abroad"缺少时间状语，用 When引导同位语从句，解释“idea”的内容。 ③)答案：what解析：“we should do next'”中do缺少宾语，用what引导同位语从句，说明“question”的具体内容，即“我 们接下来该做什么”。 4)答案：that解析：“she is a famous singer'”是对“fact"的解释说明，为同位语从句，用that引导。 ⑤答案：whether解析：句意为“他是否能按时完成任务存在疑问”，“he can finish the task on time"表示不确定的情况， 用Whether引导同位语从句，说明“doubt'"的内容。 2.短文改错 ①答案：将which改为that解析：“we should go on a picnic this weekend”是对“thought'"具体内容的解释，为同位语从 句，应用that引导，that在从句中不充当成分，which在同位语从句中无此用法。 ②答案：去掉that解析：“when he will arrive”本身是完整的同位语从句，解释“information”的内容，that多余，应去掉。 ③答案：将when改为that/which解析：“he told me yesterday”是对“news"的修饰限定，为定语从句，先行词是news, 在从句中作told的宾语，应用关系代词that或which引导，而不是when。 ④答案：将why改为that/which解析：“he gave for his absence”是对“reason”的修饰限定，为定语从句，先行词reason 在从句中作gave的宾语，应用关系代词that或which引导，why在定语从句中作原因状语，此处用法错误。 ⑤)答案：将if改为that解析：“we could start a club together'”是对“idea”具体内容的解释，为同位语从句，应用that引 导，f不能引导同位语从句。 3.语篇填空 ①答案：that解析：“there is not enough space for students to do outdoor activities'”是对“problem”具体内容的解释， 为同位语从句，用that引导。 ②答案：that解析：“we build a new playground'是对“suggestion'”具体内容的说明，为同位语从句，用that引导。 ③答案：whether解析：“we can get enough money to build it'”表示不确定的情况，即“我们是否能得到足够的钱来建造 它”，用hether引导同位语从句，说明“question'"的内容。 ④)答案：that解析：“the government may support us”是对“fact"的解释，为同位语从句，用that引导。 ⑤答案：that解析：“with everyones efforts,.we can solve this problem”是对“believe”内容的说明，此处可看作省略 that的宾语从句。 4.阅读理解中的句子分析 ①判断：是同位语从句连接词：that 作用：“'that our city will host the international conference”"是对“news”具体内容的解释，说明“news”的具体所指，that 在从句中不充当成分，只起连接作用。 ②判断：不是同位语从句，是定语从句连接词：that 作用：“'that he told us yesterday”是对“story''的修饰限定，说明是“他昨天给我们讲的故事”，that在从句中作told的宾 跟着课文学语法 翼教版（必修+选必修141 Unit 3 Chinese painting and artists 倒装句 一、英语倒装句 英语倒装句通过改变正常语序来强调句子中的特定成分或达到特定的语法、修辞效果。 二、完全倒装 完全倒装是将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前，其结构为“谓语动词+主语+其他成分”。 这种倒装通常用于强调句子中的地点、时间或方向等状语，且主语为名词（或名词短语），谓语动词多为 不及物动词，如come,go,lie,stand,sit等。 1.表示地点的介词短语位于句首时： In the corner of the room stands a bookshelf.房间的角落里有一个书架。 (正常语序为“A bookshelf stands in the corner of the room”,将地点状语“In the corner of the room” 提前，谓语动词“stands”完全倒装到主语“A bookshelf'”之前，突出地点信息。) 2.表示时间的副词位于句首时： Now comes your turn.现在轮到你了。 (原句为“Your turn comes now”,把时间副词“Now”提前，谓语“comes”置于主语“your turn”前，强调 时间点。) 3.表示方向的副词位于句首时： Out rushed the children.孩子们冲了出去。 (正常语序是“The children rushed out”,将方向副词“Out”提前，谓语“rushed”移到主语“The children”前面，生动地表现出动作的迅速。) (观察试题) At the foot of the mountain A.a village lie B.lies a village C.does a village lie D.lying a village 答案：B解析：表示地点的介词短语“At the foot of the mountain'”位于句首，句子要用完全倒装，即“谓 语动词+主语”结构，A选项主谓不一致，C选项是部分倒装结构，D选项缺少谓语动词。 二、部分倒装 部分倒装是将谓语中的助动词、情态动词或be动词提到主语之前，而谓语的实义动词仍保留在主语之 后，结构为“助动词情态动词be动词+主语+谓语的实义动词+其他成分”。部分倒装通常用于特定的 语法结构或强调句子中的某些成分。 1.含有否定意义的词或短语位于句首时：常见的有never(从不)、seldom(很少)、hardly(几乎不)、little(几 乎没有)、scarcely(几乎不)、rarely(很少)、not only..but also..(不但…而且…)、hardly..when.(一…就 …)、no sooner..than.(一…就…)等。 Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset.我从未见过如此美丽的日落。 (原句为“I have never seen such a beautiful sunset'”,将否定词“Never"提前，把助动词“have”提到主 语“”之前，强调“从未见过”的情况。) 2.oly+状语位于句首时：这里的状语可以是副词、介词短语或从句。 Only in this way can we solve the problem.只有用这种方法我们才能解决问题。 142语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 (正常语序是“Ne can solve the problem only in this way”,将“Only in this way''提前，把情态动词 “can”移到主语“we”前面，突出解决问题的方式。) 3.so/such.that..结构中，so或such位于句首时： So excited was he that he couldnt say a word.他如此兴奋以至于一句话也说不出来。 (原句为“He was so excited that he couldnt say a word”,把“so excited"提前，将be动词“was"提到 主语“he”之前，强调兴奋的程度。) 4.省略if的虚拟条件句中：当虚拟条件句中有were,had,should时，可以省略if,并将were,had,should 提前，构成倒装。 Had I known the news,I would have told you.如果我知道这个消息，我就会告诉你了。 (正常语序是“If I had known the news,.I would have told you”,省略if后，把助动词“had”提前到主语 “”之前，是虚拟语气与倒装的结合运用。) (观察试题) Not until he retired from teaching three years ago _having a holiday abroad.A.he had considered B.had he considered C.he considered D.did he consider 答案：D解析：“Not until'”引导的时间状语从句位于句首，主句要用部分倒装，即把助动词提到主语之 前。根据“three years ago”可知，时态为一般过去时，所以要把助动词“did"提前。 三、倒装句在语篇中的应用 In the small town by the river lived an old man.Seldom did he go out of the town.Only when there was something important to buy would he take a bus to the city.One day,Hardly had he arrived at the market when it began to rain heavily.So quickly did the rain come that he didnt have time to find a shelter.He rushed into a store nearby,where he met an old friend he hadnt seen for years. 在河边的小镇上住着一位老人。他很少离开小镇。只有当有重要的东西要买时，他才会乘公共汽车去 城里。有一天，他刚到市场，天就下起了大雨。雨来得如此之快，以至于他没有时间找地方避雨。他冲进了 附近的一家商店，在那里他遇到了一位多年未见的老朋友。 (观察试题) According to the passage,which of the following statements is TRUE? A.The old man often went out of the town. B.The old man took a bus to the city every day. C.When the old man arrived at the market,it started to rain. D.The old man didnt meet any friends in the store. 答案：C解析：文中“Hardly had he arrived at the market when it began to rain heavily"使用了倒装结 构，正常语序是“He had hardly arrived at the market when it began to rain heavily”,意思是他刚到市场就 下雨了，C选项正确；A选项与“Seldom did he go out of the town'”不符；B选项“every day'错误；D选项与 “He rushed into a store nearby,where he met an old friend he hadnt seen for years"不符。 【总结】 明确完全倒装和部分倒装的结构差异，完全倒装是谓语动词全部前置，部分倒装是助动词、情态动词或 be动词前置。 熟练掌握引起倒装的各种情况，如否定词、oly+状语、so/such.that.…结构等，遇到相关词或短语位于 句首时，能准确判断是否需要倒装以及采用何种倒装形式 跟着课文学语法 翼教版（必修+选必修143