跟着课文学语法丨冀教版·选择性必修三

Unit 3 Confucius and today's society "完成"时态 (现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时) 完成时态概述 完成时态是英语中用于表达动作或状态在特定时间之前已经完成、持续或产生影响的时态体系，主要 包括现在完成时、过去完成时和将来完成时。 一、现在完成时的基本意义和结构 现在完成时在英语时态体系中占据重要地位，它主要用于描述过去发生的动作或存在的状态，对现在 造成的影响或结果，以及从过去持续到现在的动作或状态。 现在完成时的基本结构为“have/has+过去分词”。 其中，“have”用于第一人称单数(I)、第二人称(you)和复数形式(we、you、they),“has”用于第三人称 单数(he、she、it)。过去分词根据动词的规则或不规则变化形式确定。 二、现在完成时的用法 1.过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。如： 该用法强调动作在过去发生，但其影响或结果一直持续到现在。常与already、yet、just、ever、never等 副词连用。 I have already finished my homework.我已经完成作业了。 （过去完成作业，现在作业已经完成了，无需再做。) She has just left.她刚刚离开。（现在她不在这里。） Have you ever been to Paris?你去过巴黎吗？ (询问过去是否有去过巴黎的经历，对现在的认知有影响。) He hasn't seen the movie yet.他还没看过这部电影，（到现在为止还没看过这部电影。） The students are excited because they have won the school debate competition.Their hard work over the past few months has finally paid off,and they are now looking forward to representing the school in the regional competition..学生们很兴奋，因为他们赢得了学校辩论比赛。他们过去几个月的努 力终于得到了回报，他们现在期待着代表学校参加地区比赛。(“赢得比赛”发生在过去，对现在学生的状态 和未来计划产生影响。) (观察试题) Over the past years, a famous artist.在过去的几年里，他已经成为一位著名的艺术家。 答案he has become解析：从过去到现在的变化。 2.从过去开始持续到现在的动作或状态 常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如“for+时间段”“since+时间点”“since+从句（一般过去时）”“so far”“up to now'“in the past/.last+时间段”等。如： I have lived here for ten years.我在这里住了十年。（从十年前开始一直住在这里，持续到现在。） 114语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 She has known him since2015.她从2015年就认识他了。 (从2015年那个时间点开始认识他，一直到现在。) Ve have studied English since we were children.我们从小就学习英语。 (从我们小时候开始学习英语，持续到现在。) So far,,we have learned five English songs..到目前为止，我们已经学了五首英文歌曲。 (到目前为止，学习英语歌曲的动作持续到现在。) Mr.Smith has taught in this school for 20 years.Since he came here in 2004,he has inspired countless students with his enthusiasm for teaching.Up to now,many of his students have become successful professionals in various fields.史密斯先生在这所学校教了20年书。自2004年来到这里以 来，他对教学的热情激励了无数学生。到目前为止，他的许多学生已经成为各个领域的成功专业人士。 (“教学”的动作从2004年持续到现在，期间对学生产生影响。) (观察试题) Over the past decade,the city has developed rapidly. 解析：在过去的十年里，城市发展的动作持续到现在，对现在城市的面貌产生影响。 4.用于固定句型中 It is the first/second/..time that..结构中，that从句常用现在完成时，表示“这是某人第几次做某事”。 如： It is the first time that I have seen such a beautiful sunset.这是我第一次看到如此美丽的日落。 (观察试题) It is the second time that she has won the championship in this competition 解析：这是她第二次在该比赛中获得冠军。 5.This/That/tis+形容词最高级+名词+that.结构中，that从句也常用现在完成时。如： This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.这是我读过的最有趣的书。 (观察试题) That is the best performance that we have seen so far. 解析：那是我们到目前为止看过的最精彩的表演。 三、现在完成时在语篇中的应用 I have been a teacher for eight years.During these years,I have taught hundreds of students. Some of them have become doctors,while others have become engineers.I have also attended many training courses to improve my teaching skills.So far,I have won several teaching awards.I feel very proud of what I have achieved. 我当老师已经八年了。在这些年里，我教过数百名学生。他们中的一些人成为了医生，而另一些人成 为了工程师。我还参加了许多培训课程来提高我的教学技能。到目前为止，我已经获得了几个教学奖项。 我为自已所取得的成就感到非常自豪。 (观察试题) According to the passage,which of the following statements is TRUE? A.The writer has been a teacher for ten years. B.None of the writer's students have become engineers. C.The writer has attended training courses to improve teaching skills 跟着课文学语法 翼教版（必修+选必修）115 D.The writer hasn't won any teaching awards. 答案：C解析：文中“I have also attended many training courses to improve my teaching skills'”表明 作者参加了培训课程来提高教学技能，C选项正确；A选项作者当老师八年，不是十年；B选项与“while others have become engineers'”不符；D选项与“So far,,I have won several teaching awards'”不符。 四、过去完成时的基本意义和结构 过去完成时在英语时态体系中扮演着重要角色，用于描述在过去某个时间或动作之前已经发生或完成 的动作，体现“过去的过去”这一时间关系。 过去完成时的基本结构为“had+过去分词”，其中“had”没有人称和数的变化，“过去分词”根据不同 的动词按照规则或不规则变化形式来确定。 五、过去完成时的用法 1.在过去动作之前发生的动作 表示在过去的某个动作或时间之前就已经完成的动作，强调动作发生的先后顺序。如： Vhen I arrived at the station,the train had already left.当我到达车站时，火车已经开走了。 (“火车离开”发生在“我到达车站”这个过去动作之前。) She found the key that she had lost.她找到了丢失的钥匙(“丢失钥匙”在“找到钥匙”之前。) Last weekend,I went to visit my old friend.When I knocked on the door,I realized he had moved away.He had sold his house and moved to another city a month ago.上周末，我去看望了我的老朋友。 当我敲门时，我意识到他已经搬走了。一个月前，他卖掉了房子搬到了另一个城市。 (“搬走”“卖房”都在“我去拜访敲门”这个过去动作之前。) (观察试题) Before the new policy was introduced,the company had suffered heavy losses. 解析：“遭受重大损失”发生在“新政策出台”这个过去时间之前。 2.过去的经历或经验 用于描述在过去某个时间点之前所经历过的事情，常与before、by the time等引导的时间状语连用。 如： By the end of last year,I had learned2,000 English words.到去年年底，我已经学了2000个英语单 词。 (到去年年底这个过去时间为止，“学习单词”的动作已经完成。) He had worked in this factory for ten years before he moved to another city. 在搬到另一个城市之前，他在这家工厂工作了十年。 (在搬到另一个城市时间为止，“工厂工作”的动作已经完成。) By the time she graduated from high school,she had participated in many volunteer activities.She had helped the elderly,taught children in poor areas,and organized environmental protection campaigns.These experiences had broadened her horizons and made her a more responsible person. 到高中毕业时，她已经参加了许多志愿者活动。她帮助老人，在贫困地区教孩子，组织环保运动。这些 经历拓宽了她的视野，使她成为一个更负责任的人。 (参与志愿活动”“帮助老人”等一系列动作都在“高中毕业”这个过去时间之前。) 116语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 (观察试题) When the police arrived at the scene,the thief had disappeared.The neighbors said that they had seen the thief running away ten minutes ago. 解析：“小偷消失”“邻居看见小偷逃跑”都在“警察到达现场”之前。 3.表示过去未曾实现的想法、打算或意图常用动词有hope、plan、intend、mean等，通过过去完成时表达 这些想法在过去某个时间点之前未能实现。如： I had hoped to go to the concert,but I didn't have enough money 我本来希望去听音乐会，但我没有足够的钱。(“希望去听音乐会”是过去未曾实现的想法。) They had planned to start a business together,but they couldn't reach an agreement. 他们本来打算一起创业，但没能达成协议。(“一起创业”的计划未能实现。) My parents had intended to take me to Europe last summer.They had booked the tickets and prepared everything.However,due to the sudden change of circumstances,we had to cancel the trip. 我父母去年夏天打算带我去欧洲。他们订了票，准备好了一切。然而，由于情况的突然变化，我们不得不取 消这次旅行。 (“带‘我'去欧洲”的打算因意外情况未能实现。) (观察试题) She had meant to call you yesterday,but she was too busy 解析：打算给你打电话”在过去未实现。 4.用于虚拟语气中 在if引导的虚拟条件句中，如果表示与过去事实相反的假设，从句用过去完成时，主句用“woud/coud山 should/might+have+过去分词”。如： If I had studied harder,,I would have passed the exam.如果我再努力一点，我就会通过考试了， (事实是过去没有努力学习，考试也没通过。) If she had known the truth,she wouldn't have been so angry.如果她知道真相，她就不会这么生气 (过去不知道真相，所以当时很生气。) If he had listened to his teacher's advice,he wouldn't have made such a big mistake.His life might have been completely different now.如果他听了老师的建议，他就不会犯这么大的错误。他的生活现在可 能完全不同了。 (听老师建议”是与过去事实相反的假设。) (观察试题) If you had come to the party last night,you would have met many interesting people. 解析：与过去未参加派对的事实相反的假设。 六、过去完成时在语篇中的应用 Last weekend,I visited my grandparents'house.When I entered the room,I found that my grandmother had decorated it with colorful balloons and flowers.She told me that she had started preparing for my visit two days ago.My grandfather,who had retired for five years,showed me his new painting.He said he had spent two months finishing it.After we had a big dinner,I helped them clean 跟着课文学语法 冀教版（必修+选必修）117 the table,which they were very happy about. 上周末，我去了祖父母家。当我走进房间时，我发现奶奶已经用彩色气球和鲜花装饰好了房间。她告 诉我她两天前就开始为我的到来做准备了。我爷爷已经退休五年了，他给我看了他的新画作。他说他花了 两个月才完成它。在我们吃了一顿丰盛的晚餐后，我帮他们收拾桌子，他们对此非常开心。 (观察试题) According to the passage,which of the following statements is TRUE? A.The grandmother decorated the room after the writer arrived. B.The grandfather retired last year. C.The grandfather spent two weeks finishing the painting. D.The writer helped clean the table after dinner. 答案：D解析：文中“After we had a big dinner,,I helped them clean the table”表明作者在晚餐后帮 忙收拾桌子，D选项正确；A选项奶奶是在作者到达前装饰好房间；B选项爷爷已退休五年，不是去年退休； C选项爷爷花了两个月完成画作，不是两周。 七、将来完成时的基本意义和结构 将来完成时在英语时态体系中用于描述在将来某个时间之前将会完成的动作或状态，它体现了动作在 未来时间框架内的完成性。 将来完成时的基本结构为“will shall+have+过去分词”。其中，“will”用于各种人称，“shal”通常 用于第一人称(I和we),但在现代英语中，“wil”的使用更为普遍，“shal”的使用相对较少。过去分词的形 式根据动词的规则或不规则变化而定。 八、将来完成时的用法 1.表示在将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作 By the end of next month,I will have finished this project.到下个月底，我将完成这个项目。 (到下个月底这个将来时间之前，“完成项目”的动作将会完成。) She will have graduated from university by2025.到2025年，她将从大学毕业。 (在2025年这个将来时间之前，“毕业”的动作将会完成。) In the coming year,our team will work hard on this new product.By the end of the year,we will have developed a prototype and started the testing phase.This will be a significant step forward for our company. 在未来的一年里，我们的团队将努力开发这款新产品。到今年年底，我们将开发出一个原型并开始测 试阶段。这将是我们公司向前迈出的重要一步。 (在未来一年中，团队努力工作，到年底前会完成产品原型开发并开始测试阶段，强调在将来时间点前 动作的完成。) (观察试题) By 2030,scientists will have developed more effective ways to deal with climate change. 解析：到2030年这个将来时间之前，“开发出更有效方法”的动作将会完成。 2.表示对将来某一时刻之前情况的推测。如： 118语法点精准定位课文 习事半功倍 He will have arrived at the airport by now.他现在应该已经到机场了。 (推测他现在应该已经到达机场了，对现在之前的将来情况进行推测。) They will have finished the work by tomorrow afternoon.他们将在明天下午之前完成这项工作。 (推测他们明天下午之前会完成工作。) The weather forecast says it will rain tomorrow.By the time we start our journey,it will have stopped raining. 天气预报说明天会下雨。当我们开始旅行时，雨已经停了。（天气预报说明天有雨，推测在我们开始旅 程时，雨应该已经停了，对将来某时刻前的天气情况进行推测。) (观察试题) The train is running late.It will have arrived at the station by 9 o'clock,I guess. 解析：推测火车在9点之前会到达车站。 3.与其他将来时态区分 将来完成时强调动作在将来某时之前的完成性，而一般将来时只是单纯描述将来发生的动作或存在的 状态；将来进行时则侧重于将来某个时间正在进行的动作。比较如： I will go to the park tomorrow.我明天要去公园。（一般将来时，明天去公园这个动作尚未发生。） I will be studying at this time tomorrow.我明天这个时候会学习。（将来进行时，明天这个时候正在学 习。)I will have finished my homework by tomorrow evening.到明天晚上我将完成作业。 (将来完成时，明天晚上之前完成作业。) 九、将来完成时在语篇中的应用 Next year,my family will have lived in this city for ten years.By then,my parents will have retired, and they will have more time to travel.My younger brother will have finished high school and entered university.As for me,I will have completed my master's degree and started my career.We are all looking forward to these new changes in the future. 明年，我们家将已经在这个城市生活了十年。到那时，我的父母将已经退休，他们会有更多时间去旅 行。我的弟弟将已经完成高中学业并进入大学。至于我，我将已经完成硕士学位并开始我的职业生涯。我 们都期待着未来这些新的变化。 (观察试题) According to the passage,which of the following statements is TRUE? A.The family has lived in the city for ten years now. B.The parents will retire next year. C.The younger brother has already entered university. D.The writer will start working after finishing the master's degree. 答案：D解析：文中“As for me,I will have completed my master's degree and started my career'” 表明作者完成硕士学位后将开始工作，D选项正确；A选项明年才满十年，现在还没有；B选项明年父母将已 经退休，不是明年退休；C选项弟弟明年才将进入大学，现在还没有。 十、完成时态在语篇中的应用 跟着课文学语法 冀教版（必修+选必修）119 I have always been interested in history.Last year,I visited a museum that had been built in the 19th century.By the time I arrived,the exhibition had already started.I was excited because I had never seen such ancient artifacts before.The guide told us that they would have restored all the paintings by the end of next month.I spent the whole day there and I have learned a lot. 我一直对历史感兴趣。去年，我参观了一座建于9世纪的博物馆。当我到达时，展览已经开始了。我 很兴奋，因为我以前从未见过如此古老的文物。导游告诉我们，到下个月底他们将已经修复所有的画作。 我在那里度过了一整天，学到了很多东西。 (观察试题) According to the passage,which of the following statements is TRUE? A.The museum was built last year. B.The exhibition started after the writer arrived. C.The writer has seen ancient artifacts before. D.The paintings will be restored by the end of next month 答案：D解析：文中“The guide told us that they would have restored all the paintings by the end of next month”表明到下个月底画作将被修复，D选项正确；A选项博物馆建于19世纪，不是去年；B选项展览 在作者到达之前已经开始；C选项作者以前从未见过古老文物。 【总结】 明确不同完成时态的时间参照点，现在完成时以现在为参照，过去完成时以过去某一时间为参照，将来 完成时以将来某一时间为参照，这是判断使用哪种完成时态的关键。 完成时态容易与一般时态、进行时态混淆，要通过大量练习和阅读，体会不同时态在语境中的差异，掌 握各自的使用场景。 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（根据语境和时间状语，用括号内动词的正确完成时态填空） 1 By the end of last term,we (learn)10 English songs. ②She (live)in Beijing since she was born. 3 When I got to the library,the book I wanted (be)borrowed by someone else. ④By2025,scientists (find)a way to reduce plastic pollution ⑤1 (not see)him for three years.He has changed a lot. ⑥The film (start)when we arrived at the cinema. ⑦So far,,China (launch)several spacecraft successfully. 8 They. (plan)to visit the museum,but it rained heavily yesterday. 9 By the time you read this letter,I (leave)for Shanghai. 101 (lose)my key.Can you help me look for it? 2.短文改错（文中共有10处时态错误，每句最多两处，找出并改正） Last year,I have visited the Great Wall for the first time.It is an unforgettable experience.By the time we arrived at the foot of the wall,the sun has risen.We were excited because we had never saw 120语法点精准定位课文 习事半功倍 such a magnificent building before.My friend,who has studied history for years,told us that the wall had been built over 2,000 years ago.Since then,I had developed a strong interest in Chinese history. Now,I am reading a book about ancient China,and I already have learned a lot.Next month,I will visit the History Museum,and by then I will have finished read the book.I believe the trip will be meaningful because I had prepared for it carefully. 3.语篇理解（阅读下面短文，完成1-3题） A Time Travel Through TensesIn 2010,Lisa moved to London.By 2015,she had worked there for five years and had made many friends.Now,she has lived in the city for 15 years,and she still loves exploring its streets.Next year,she will have been in London for 16 years."When I first arrived,"she says,"I had never imagined staying here so long.But the city has given me so much."By the time she retires in 2030,she will have worked for 20 years."I hope I will have saved enough money to travel the world,”she adds. 1Why does the author use "had worked"in the second sentence? A.To show an action happening after 2015. B.To indicate an action completed before 2015. C.To describe a present action. ②hat does“has lived”in the third sentence emphasize? A.A past action with no connection to now. B.An action starting in the past and continuing to now. C.A future action. ③What tense is“will have saved'”and what does it express'? A.Future Perfect Tense,indicating an action completed before 2030. B.Present Perfect Tense,showing a result now. C.Past Perfect Tense,describing "past in the past". 4.语篇填空（在空白处填入括号内动词的正确完成时态） Last weekend,I visited my grandparents.When I got there,my grandmother 1.(cook)a delicious meal.She told me she 2.(prepare)it since early morning.My grandfather,who 3. (retire)for ten years,showed me his collection of stamps.He said he 4. (collect) stamps since he was a child.Before I left,my grandmother promised that by the next visit,she 5. (teach)me how to make dumplings. 5.句子改写（根据要求改写句子，使用完成时态） ①|started to learn English five years ago.(用现在完成时改写) ②He finished the project last month.(用过去完成时，添加时间状语“by the end of last year"改写) ③We will complete the task next month.(用将来完成时，添加时间状语“by the end of next month” 改写) 跟着课文学语法 翼教版（必修+选必修121 【答案】 1.语法填空 ①had learned解析：“By the end of last term”(过去时间)，用过去完成时。 ②has lived解析：“since she was born”(从过去持续到现在)，用现在完成时。 ③had been解析：“书被借走”发生在“到达图书馆”（过去动作）之前，用过去完成时被动语态。 4 will have found解析：“By2025"(将来时间)，用将来完成时。 5)haven't seen解析：“for three years”(持续到现在)，用现在完成时。 ⑥had started解析：“电影开始”在“到达影院”之前，用过去完成时。 7)has launched解析：“So far”(到目前为止)，用现在完成时。 ⑧had planned解析：“计划”是过去未曾实现的意图，用过去完成时。 ⑨)will have left解析：“By the time you read"(将来时间)，用将来完成时。 0 have lost解析：“丢钥匙”对现在有影响（找不到钥匙），用现在完成时。 2.短文改错 ①have visited→visited解析：“Last year'”是具体过去时间，用一般过去时，非现在完成时。 ②has risen→had risen解析：“太阳升起”在“到达长城脚下”（过去动作）之前，用过去完成时。 ③saw→seen解析：过去完成时结构为“had+过去分词”，“see”的过去分词是“seen”。 ④had been built→was built解析：“2,000 years ago”是具体过去时间，描述过去事实，用一般过去时被动语态。 ⑤had developed→have developed解析：“Since then”(从那时到现在)，用现在完成时。 ⑥have learned一have already learned解析：原句无误，“already”可保留（若题目要求改多余词，则删去“already”, 但此处语境合理)。 ⑦read一reading解析：“finish doing sth.”,用动名词“reading'”。 ⑧had prepared-have prepared解析：“到下个月参观时”，准备动作持续到将来，此处应改为“will have。 ⑨prepared'”,但根据上下文，更合理的是强调对现在的影响，用现在完成时“have prepared”。 3.语篇理解 ①B解析：“had worked'”表示在2015年（过去时间）之前完成的动作，属于“过去的过去”。 2)B解析：“has lived”强调从过去(2010年)持续到现在（当前时间）的状态。 ③)A解析：“will have saved”是将来完成时，表示在2030年（将来时间）之前完成的动作。 4.语篇填空 ①答案：was cooking解析：根据语境，“当我到达那里时，奶奶正在做饭”，表示过去某个时间点正在进行的动作，用过去 进行时，所以填was cooking。 ②答案：had been preparing解析：“since early morning'表示从过去某一时间点开始持续到“告诉我”这个过去的时 间，强调动作的持续性，用过去完成进行时，所以填had been preparing。 ③答案：had retired解析：“for ten years”结合语境，“退休”这个动作在“给我展示邮票”之前就已完成，用过去完成时， 所以填had retired。 ④答案：had been collecting解析：“since he was a child'"表示从过去某一时间点开始持续到“说"这个过去的时间，强 调动作一直在进行，用过去完成进行时，所以填had been collecting。 ⑤答案：would have taught解析：“by the next visit'"表示到将来某个时间，用将来完成时，所以填would have taught。 5.句子改写 ①答案：I have learned English for five years. ②答案：By the end of last year,he had finished the project. ③答案：By the end of next month,we will have completed the task. 122语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 Unit 4 The rise of bioengineering 非限制性定语从句 概述 非限制性定语从句是对先行词进行补充说明的从句，它与主句之间用逗号隔开，即使去掉该从句，主句 的意思仍然完整。非限制性定语从句在句中起到补充信息、解释说明的作用，使句子表达更丰富、具体。 一、非限制性定语从句的引导词 1.关系代词 ①which 可指代先行词（指物）或整个主句的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语等。 The book,which was written by a famous writer,has been translated into many languages. 是一位著名作家写的，已被翻译成多种语言。(which指代先行词book,作主语)】 He passed the exam,hich made his parents very happy..他通过了考试，这使他的父母非常高兴。 (which指代整个主句内容，作主语》 ②who 指人，在从句中作主语。 My sister,.who is a doctor,,works in a big hospital.我的姐姐是一名医生，在-家大医院工作。 (who指代先行词sister,作主语) ③whom:指人，在从句中作宾语，可省略，但在非限制性定语从句中通常不省略。 The man,hom you met at the party,is my uncle.你在聚会上遇到的那个男人是我的叔叔。 (whom指代先行词man,作宾语)】 4 whose: 既可指人也可指物，在从句中作定语。 Mary,whose brother is my classmate,is a kind girl.玛丽是个善良的女孩，她的哥哥是我的同学。 (whose指人，修饰brother) The house,whose windows face south,is very bright.那座房子的窗户朝南，非常明亮。 (whose指物，修饰windows〉 4 as 可指代整个主句的内容，常与such、as、so、the same等连用，在从句中作主语、宾语等。as引导的非限 制性定语从句可位于句首、句中或句尾。 As we all know,the earth is round.众所周知，地球是圆的。(as指代整个主句内容，作宾语) He is a clever boy,as we can see from his grades.他是个聪明的男孩，从他的成绩我们可以看出。 (as指代整个主句内容，作宾语) (观察试题) The meeting, lasted for three hours,was very important. A.that B.which C.who D.whom 【解析】先行词是meeting,指物，且是非限制性定语从句，用which引导，选B。 跟着课文学语法 冀教版（必修+选必修123