跟着课文学语法丨北师大版·选择性必修四

Unit 10 Connections 过去完成时主被动语态 一、过去完成时主动语态 过去完成时主动语态的结构为“had+过去分词”，用于表示在过去某个时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动 作，即“过去的过去”，强调动作的执行者。 By the end of last month,she had finished all the tasks.到上个月底，她已经完成了所有任务。 (“完成任务”在“上个月底”之前) When I arrived at the cinema,they had already bought the tickets.当我到达电影院时，他们已经买好 了票。 (“买票”在“我到达”之前) He told me that he had seen the film twice.他告诉我他已经看过这部电影两次了。 (“看电影”在“他告诉我”之前) (观察试题) When we got to the station,the train A.left B.has left C.had left D.was leaving 答案：C解析：“火车离开”发生在“我们到达车站”这个过去动作之前，是“过去的过去”，要用过去完成时had let。 二、过去完成时被动语态 过去完成时被动语态的结构为*“had been+过去分词'*，表示在过去某个时间之前，某人或某物承受了某 个动作，强调动作的承受者。 The house had been built before I moved here.在我搬到这里之前，这房子就已经建好了。 (“房子被建好”在“我搬到这里”之前) All the work had been done by the time she came back.她回来的时候，所有工作都已经做完了。 (“工作被完成”在“她回来”之前) The old books had been given away before|found them.在我找到那些旧书之前，它们就已经被赠送出 去了。 (“旧书被赠送”在“我找到”之前) (观察试题) The project by the end of last year. A.had completed B.was completed C.had been completed D.completed 答案：C解析：“项目”是被完成，且“完成项目”在“去年年底”这个过去时间之前，是“过去的过去”的被动动作， 要用过去完成时被动语态had been completed。 三、过去完成时与一般过去时被动语态的区别 般过去时被动语态表示过去某一时间主语承受的动作；过去完成时被动语态强调在过去某一时间之 前，主语已经承受了某个动作。如： 跟着课文学语法 北师大版（必修+选必修139 一般过去时被动语态： The house was built in2010.这座房子建于2010年。（描述过去某时发生的被动动作。） 过去完成时被动语态： The house had been built for ten years when I bought it in2020.当我2020年买下这座房子时，它已 经建成十年了。（强调“建成”在“购买”之前。） 一般过去时被动语态： The statue was created by a famous artist last year.这座雕像去年由一位著名艺术家创作。 (一般过去时被动语态描述过去创作的动作。) 过去完成时被动语态： The statue had been damaged in a fire and then repaired before it was displayed in the museum. 这座雕像在火灾中受损，然后被修复，之后才在博物馆展出。（过去完成时被动语态突出“受损”和“修复”在“展 出”之前。) 四、过去完成时主动与被动语态在语篇中的应用 Last year,I visited my hometown.I was surprised because many things had changed.The small store where I used to buy snacks had been closed.My old school had been rebuilt,and a new library had been added.The villagers told me that they had planted many trees around the village.They also said that a new road had been built to connect the village with the town.It was clear that great progress had been made in my hometown. 去年，我回到了我的家乡。我很惊讶，因为很多事情都变了。我过去买零食的小商店已经关闭了。我的母校 已经被重建，还新建了一个图书馆。村民们告诉我，他们在村子周围种了很多树。他们还说，一条连接村子和城镇 的新路已经建成了。很明显，我的家乡已经取得了巨大的进步。 (观察试题) According to the passage,which of the following statements is TRUE? A.The small store was closed last year B.The villagers planted trees last year. C.The new library had been added before the writer visited the hometown. D.The new road was built last year. 答案：C解析：文中提到“I visited my hometown..The small store where I used to buy snacks had been closed..My old school had been rebuilt,and a new library had been added”,说明在作者回家乡之 前，新图书馆就已经建好了，C选项正确；A选项商店关闭在作者回家乡之前；B选项种树在作者回家乡之前；D选项 新路建成也在作者回家乡之前，均不符合原文表述。 【总结】 熟练掌握主动语态“had+过去分词”和被动语态“had been+过去分词”的结构形式。在分析句子时， 首先确定主语与动作之间的关系，若主语是动作的执行者，使用主动语态；若主语是动作的承受者，则使用 被动语态，避免语态误用。 140语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（用所给动词的适当形式填空） 1 By the time he arrived at the party,most of the guests (leave). ②The bridge (build)before the heavy rain came.3 She told me that she(see) the movie twice. 4 All the problems(solve)by the end of last week. 5When I got to the bookstore,the book I wanted(sell)out. 2.短文改错（每句均有一处与过去完成时主动或被动语态相关的错误，找出并改正） 1 The room had cleaned before I arrived. 2 He said he has finished his homework. 3The project had completed by the team last month. 4 By the time we got there,the concert has started. 5All the food had ate up when I came back. 3.语篇填空（在空白处填入适当的词或括号内动词的正确形式） Last weekend,I went to my grandparents house.When I arrived,I found that they 1. (prepare)a big meal for me.The table 2.(cover)with all my favorite dishes.My grandmother told me that she 3.(make)the dumplings by herself.She also said that the vegetables 4. _(grow)in their own garden.I was so touched.After the meal,my grandfather showed me his new painting.He said he 5.(spend)two months on it.It was really beautiful! 4.阅读理解中的句子分析（分析下列句子中过去完成时主动或被动语态的用法，并说明其在句中的作用） 1 The letter had been sent before she remembered to tell him the new address. 2 They realized they had made a big mistake. 5.句子改写（根据要求改写句子） ①They had finished the report by yesterday..(改为被动语态) ②The old house had been repaired by the workers.(改为主动语态) ③She said she had seen the film.(对划线部分提问，划线部分为“had seen the film”) 6.写作应用（根据中文提示，用过去完成时主动或被动语态完成英语句子） ①在我到达车站之前，火车已经开走了。The train_before I got to the station ②到去年年底，这座城市已经建了五座新学校。By the end of last year,,five new schools_in the city. ③他告诉我他已经读过这本书了。He told me that he__the book. ④所有的工作在昨天下午六点前就已经完成了。All the work by 6:00 p.m.yesterday. ⑤当我们到达时，他们已经准备好了晚餐。hen we arrived,they_dinner.. 跟着课文学语法 北师大版（必修+选必修141 【答案】 1.语法填空 ①答案：had left解析：“most of the guests离开”发生在he arrived at the party”"这个过去动作之前，是“过去的过去”， 用过去完成时主动语态had left。 ②答案：had been built解析：“桥被建造”在“the heavy rain came”之前，是“过去的过去"的被动动作，用过去完成时被 动语态had been built。 ③答案：had seen解析：“她看电影”在“told"之前，是“过去的过去”，用过去完成时主动语态had seen ④答案：had been solved解析：“问题被解决”在“the end of last week”这个过去时间之前，是“过去的过去”的被动动 作，用过去完成时被动语态had been solved。 ⑤答案：had been sold解析：“书被卖完”在“I got to the bookstore”之前，是“过去的过去”的被动动作，用过去完成时 被动语态had been sold。 2.短文改错 ①答案：在had后加been解析：“房间被打扫”，要用过去完成时被动语态had been cleaned,原句缺少been。 ②答案：将has改为had解析：主句“He said'”是过去时，宾语从句中“完成作业”在“说”之前，是“过去的过去”，应把has 改为had。 ③答案：在had后加been解析：“项目被完成”，要用过去完成时被动语态had been completed,原句缺少been。 ④答案：将has改为had解析：“音乐会开始”在“we got there"之前，是“过去的过去”，应把has改为had。 ⑤答案：将ate改为been eaten解析：“食物被吃完”，要用过去完成时被动语态had been eaten,原句误用主动形式。 3.语篇填空 ①答案：had prepared解析：“准备大餐”在“I arrived”之前，是“过去的过去”，用过去完成时主动语态had prepared。. ②答案：was covered解析：这里描述过去的状态“桌子被覆盖”，用一般过去时被动语态was covered。 ③)答案：had made解析：“包饺子”"在“told"之前，是“过去的过去”，用过去完成时主动语态had made ④答案：were grown解析：描述过去“蔬菜被种植”，用一般过去时被动语态were grown。 ⑤答案：had spent解析：“花费两个月"在“said”之前，是“过去的过去”，用过去完成时主动语态had spent。 4.阅读理解中的句子分析 ①用法：“had been sent'"是过去完成时被动语态，“信”是动作“发送”的承受者。 作用：表明在“她想起告诉他新地址”这个过去动作之前，“信被发送”这个动作已经完成，强调动作发生的先后顺序以及 信已发送的状态。 ②用法：“had made'”是过去完成时主动语态，“they是动作“make"的执行者。 作用：说明在“他们意识到”之前，“犯错误”这个动作已经发生，突出错误发生在前，意识到在后的时间关系。 5.句子改写 ①答案：The report had been finished by them by yesterday. ②答案：The workers had repaired the old house. ③答案：What did she say she had done? 6.写作应用 ①)答案：had left ②答案：had been built ③答案：had read ④答案：had been completed⑤答案：had prepared 142语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 Unit 11 Conflict and compromise 情态动词 一、情态动词表示能力 can和could表示现在或过去的能力。can用于现在时态，could是can的过去式，用于过去时态；be able to也可表示能力，可用于多种时态，强调经过努力后成功做成某事。 I can speak English fluently..我能流利地说英语。 hen I was young,.I could swim very fast.我年轻时，能游得很快。 After months of practice,.he was able to play the piano well.经过数月练习，他能把钢琴弹得很好。 (观察试题) -Can you ride a horse? -No,I A.may not B.cant C.neednt D.mustnt 答案：B解析：以can开头的一般疑问句，否定回答用cant,所以选B,表示“我不能骑马”。 二、情态动词表示推测 1.肯定推测 must(一定)，表示高度可能性；could,might,may(可能)，可能性依次递减。 He must be at home because his car is in the garage.他一定在家，因为他的车在车库里。 It may rain tomorrow.明天可能会下雨。 2.否定推测 cant(不可能)，语气强烈；couldnt(过去不可能)；may not/might not(可能不)。 The story cant be true.这个故事不可能是真的。 They might not come to the party.他们可能不来参加派对。 (观察试题) -Whose book is this? 一t be Toms.Look!His name is on it. A.must B.may C.might D.could 答案：A解析：根据“His name is on it”可知，这本书肯定是汤姆的，用must表示高度肯定的推测。 三、情态动词表示请求、许可 can/could,may/might可用于表示请求对方许可，could和might语气更委婉；回答时，肯定回答常用 can或may,否定回答常用cant或mustnt(mustnt表示禁止)。 1.请求许可 Can I borrow your pen?我可以借你的钢笔吗？ Might|ask you a question?我可以问你一个问题吗？ 2.回答示例： —May I use your computer'?我可以用你的电脑吗？ 跟着课文学语法 北师大版（必修+选必修143 一Yes,you can/may..是的，你可以。 —No,you cant//mustnt..不，你不可以/禁止使用。 (观察试题) -Could I use your dictionary? -Yes,of course you_ A.could B.will C.can D.might 答案：C解析：用could表示委婉请求时，肯定回答用can。 四、情态动词表示义务、责任 must(必须)，表示主观上的义务和必要；have to(不得不)，强调客观条件导致的必要性；should/ought to(应该)，表示建议、责任或义务。 You must finish your homework before watching TV.你看电视前必须完成作业。 I have to get up early because I live far from school..我不得不早起，因为我住得离学校远。 You should respect your elders.你应该尊重长辈。 (观察试题) You drive after drinking.Its very dangerous. A.mustnt B.neednt C.couldnt D.wouldnt 答案：A解析：“酒后禁止开车”，用mustnt表示禁止。 五、虚拟语气中的情态动词 should would/could might+do:表示假设或委婉语气。 If I were you,I would study harder.如果我是你，我会更努力学习。 You should see a doctor.你该去看医生。 (观察试题) fhe here,he help us A.were;would B.was;will C.is;would D.had been;will 答案：A解析：虚拟条件句，与现在事实相反。 六、情态动词的特殊用法 1.used to与would ①used to表示过去常常做某事，现在已经不做了，强调过去与现在的对比。 I used to go fishing on weekends,but now Im too busy.我过去周末常去钓鱼，但现在太忙了。 ②woud只表示过去反复发生的动作，不涉及现在情况。 When I was a child,my grandmother would tell me stories every night.我小时侯，奶奶每晚都会给我 讲故事。 2.dare和need ①dare作情态动词时，常用于否定句和疑问句，过去式为dared;作实义动词时，有人称、时态和数的变 化，后接带to的不定式。 情态动词：Dare he tell his parents the truth?他敢告诉他父母真相吗？ 144语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 实义动词：He doesnt dare to speak in public.他不敢在公共场合讲话。 ②need作情态动词时，常用于否定句和疑问句，后接动词原形；作实义动词时，有人称、时态和数的变 化，后接带to的不定式。 情态动词：You neednt worry about it..你不必担心这件事。 实义动词：Ne need to buy some food..我们需要买些食物。 (观察试题) -Need I finish the work today? -Yes,you A.must B.need C.can D.may 答案：A解析：以need开头的一般疑问句，肯定回答用must,否定回答用neednt。 七、情态动词在语篇中的应用 When traveling abroad,you must follow local customs.You may encounter different cultures and traditions.For example,in some places,you might have to dress appropriately.If you are not sure about something,you can ask the locals.They could give you useful advice.Also,you should respect the environment and avoid doing things that you mustn't do,like littering.Only in this way can you have a pleasant journey. 出国旅行时，你必须遵循当地的风俗习惯。你可能会遇到不同的文化和传统。例如，在一些地方，你可 能不得不穿着得体。如果你对某些事情不确定，你可以询问当地人。他们可能会给你有用的建议。此外， 你应该尊重环境，避免做禁止做的事情，比如乱扔垃圾。只有这样，你才能有一个愉快的旅程 (观察试题) According to the passage,which of the following is TRUE? A.You don't have to follow local customs. B.You mustn't ask the locals for advice. C.You should respect the environment. D.You can litter everywhere. 答案：C解析：文中明确提到“You should respect the environment'”,C选项正确；A选项与“you must follow local customs”不符；B选项与“you can ask the locals”不符；D选项与“avoid doing things that you mustn't do,like littering”不符 【总结】 核心功能：根据语境判断情态动词表达的态度（能力、推测、义务等）。 时态与推测：掌握must have done等完成式结构。 虚拟语气：注意would/could/might+do在假设句中的使用。 真题训练：通过语法填空、改错和选择题强化应用能力。 跟着课文学语法 北师大版（必修+选必修145 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（用适当的情态动词填空） 1 Yoube tired after working for such a long time.Take a rest! ②一_I take this book out of the library? -No,you You can only read it here. ③The boy_ swim across the river when he was ten years old. 4 Its raining heavily outside.Youstay at home. 5 He not have finished the work so soon.Its too difficult. 2.短文改错（每句均有一处与情态动词相关的错误，找出并改正） 1You need to not worry about the result.Just do your best. 2 Must I hand in the report today?No,you mustnt.You can hand it in tomorrow. 3 He could to solve the problem all by himself last week. 4 May I ask you a personal question?-Yes,you might. 5The ground is wet.It must rained last night. 3.语篇填空（在空白处填入合适的情态动词或其正确形式） Dear Editor, Im a high school student and Im in a dilemma.I 1.get along well with my deskmate at first.But recently,he 2.often talk loudly during breaks,which disturbs me a lot.I 3.tell him to be quiet,but Im afraid it 4.hurt our relationship.I 5. also ask our teacher for help,but I dont want to cause trouble.What 6.I do? Looking forward to your reply. Yours sincerely,Li Hua 4.阅读理解中的句子分析（分析下列句子中情态动词的用法及表达的含义） 1 The old man could play the violin very well when he was young. 2 It might rain later,so youd better take an umbrella with you. 3 You must follow the school rules,or youll be punished. 5.句子改写（根据要求改写句子，保持句意基本不变）》 ①Its necessary for you to arrive on time.(用情态动词改写) ②Perhaps she is at home now..(用情态动词表示推测改写) ③I was able to finish the task with his help.(用could改写，保持句意基本不变) 6.写作应用（根据中文提示，用适当的情态动词完成英语句子） 146语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 ①你禁止在图书馆里大声喧哗。YOu make loud noises in the library. ②她现在可能正在图书馆学习。She be studying in the library now. ③昨天他能修好自行车。He repair the bike yesterday. ④我们应该多花时间陪伴家人。We spend more time with our families. ⑤我可以用一下你的手机吗？ I use your mobile phone? 【答案】 1.语法填空 ①答案：must解析：根据“after working for such a long time”可知，此处是肯定推测，“你一定累了”，用must。 ②答案：May/Can;cant/mustnt解析：第一空表示请求许可，用May或Can;第二空否定回答，“不可以把书带出图书馆”，用 cant或mustnt。 ③答案：could解析：根据“when he was ten years old''可知，描述过去的能力，用could。 ④答案：should解析：“外面雨下得很大”，所以建议“你应该待在家里”，用should。 ⑤答案：could解析：“工作太难了”，所以推测“他不可能这么快完成工作”，用could not have done表示对过去事情的否定 推测。 2.短文改错 ①答案：将need to not改为neednt解析：need作情态动词时，否定形式为neednt,后接动词原形，应去掉to。 ②答案：将mustnt改为neednt解析：以Must开头的一般疑问句，否定回答用neednt,表示“不必”，mustnt表示“禁止”，此处 错误。 ③答案：去掉to解析：could是情态动词，后接动词原形，应去掉to。 ④答案：将might改为can解析：用May表示请求许可时，肯定回答用can,不用might,应改为can ⑤答案：在must后加have解析：对过去事情的肯定推测，用must have done,应在must后加have。 3.语篇填空 ①答案：could解析：根据“at first'”可知，描述过去能和同桌相处好，用could表示过去的能力。 ②答案：wold解析：此处表示“他过去常常在课间大声说话”，用wold表示过去反复发生的动作。 ③答案：should解析：“他的行为打扰到我”，所以“我应该告诉他安静点”，用should表示应该做的事。 ④答案：might解析：“我害怕这么做”可能“会伤害我们的关系”，用might表示可能性较小的推测。 ⑤答案：could解析：“我也可以向老师求助”，用could表示可以做某事。 ⑥答案：should解析：作者不知道该怎么办，问“我应该做什么”，用should。 4.阅读理解中的句子分析 ①D用法及含义：cod表示过去的能力，该句含义为“这位老人年轻时小提琴能拉得很好”。 ②用法及含义：migt表示推测，语气较委婉，该句含义为“稍后可能会下雨，所以你最好带把伞” ③用法及含义：mst表示义务和责任，语气强烈，该句含义为“你必须遵守校规，否则会受到惩罚”。 5.句子改写 ①答案：You must arrive on time.. (②答案：She may/might be at home now. ③答案：I could finish the task with his help. 6.写作应用 ①D答案：mustnt(②答案：may/might③答案：could ④答案：should⑤答案：May/Can 跟着课文学语法 北师大版（必修+选必修147 Unit 12 Innovation 形容词 一、形容词的用法 1.作定语（修饰名词代词） ①前置定语（多数情况） She is a beautiful girl.她是一个漂亮的女孩。 特殊：多个形容词修饰名词时遵循“限定词+描绘性+大小形状+颜色+国籍+材料”顺序 He bought a small round blue Chinese porcelain vase.他买了一个蓝色的中国小圆瓷瓶。 ②后置定语（特殊情况） 修饰不定代词 There is something wrong with the machine.机器出了点问题。 表语形容词(alive,alone,asleep等)： The man alive after the accident was his father..事故后幸存的人是他父亲。 “形容词+介词短语/不定式”结构： He is a boy easy to get along with.他是个容易相处的男孩。 成对使用的形容词： All countries,big or small,.are equal.所有国家，无论大小，一律平等。 (观察试题) I have (interest)news to tell you. 答案：interesting解析：修饰名词news用形容词，"interesting"表有趣的，注意区分interested(人感兴趣 的)o 2.作表语（跟在系动词后） ①常见系动词 状态系动词：be,seem,appear The story seems true.这个故事似乎是真的。 感官系动词：look,sound,smell,taste,feel The cake tastes delicious.蛋糕尝起来很美味。 变化系动词：become,get,grow,turn,fall Leaves turn yellow in autumn.秋天树叶变黄。 ②易错点：形容词与副词混淆 错误：He looks happyly.(×) 正确：He looks happy.(√，look是系动词，后接形容词) (观察试题) The music sounds wonderfully. 答案：wonderfully一wonderful解析：sound是感官系动词，后接形容词作表语。 3.作宾语补足语（补充说明宾语状态） 148语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍