跟着课文学语法丨北师大版·选择性必修一

Unit 2 Success 动词不定式 一、动词不定式的基本形式 动词不定式 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 to do tobe dane 进行式 to be doing 完成式 tohave done tobe dane 完成进行式 to have been doing 二、动词不定式的一般式(to+动词原形) 表示将来的动作：一般式的动词不定式所表示的动作通常发生在谓语动词之后，与谓语动词的动作在 时间上存在先后顺序。在句中充当多种成分。如： 1.作主语： To learn a foreign language is important.学习一门外语很重要。 2.作宾语： I want to buy a new book.我想买一本新书。 3.作宾语补足语： The teacher asked us to finish the homework on time.老师让我们按时完成作业。 4.作定语： I have a lot of work to do.我有很多工作要做o 5.作状语： He got up early to catch the first bus.他早起是为了赶上第一班公交车。 6.作表语： My dream is to become a doctor.我的梦想是成为一名医生。 (观察试题) It is necessary (take)measures to protect the environment. 解析：此处考查动词不定式作真正主语，it是形式主语，构成“tis+形容词+to do sth.”结构，所以应 填to take。答案：to take 三、动词不定式的进行式(tobe+现在分词)】 表示动作正在进行：强调不定式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，且正在进行。通常作宾语、宾语补 足语、状语。如： 1.作宾语： He pretended to be reading when his mother came in.他妈妈进来时，他假装正在读书。 2.作宾语补足语： We saw him to be working in the garden.我们看到他正在花园里千活。 跟着课文学语法 北师大版（必修+选必修）85 3.作状语： To be traveling around the world is my dream.正在环游世界是我的梦想。 (观察试题) The boy seemed_ _(be)playing the piano when I passed by his room. 解析：“seem to be doing sth.”表示“似乎正在做某事”，此处表示当“我”经过时，男孩似乎正在弹钢 琴，所以填to be playing。答案：to be playing 四、动词不定式的完成式(to have+过去分词)》 表示动作发生在谓语动词之前：即不定式的动作先于谓语动词的动作完成。在句中充当多种成分。 如： 1.作主语： To have made such a mistake is a pity.犯了这样一个错误真是可惜。 2.作宾语： She regretted to have missed the film.她后悔错过了那部电影。 3.作宾语补足语： I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.很抱款让你等了这么久a 4.作状语： To have finished the work on time,he worked day and night.为了按时完成工作，他日夜加班。 (观察试题) The student was very happy_ (have)won the first prize in the competition 解析：“be happy to have done sth.”表示“很高兴已经做了某事”，“赢得比赛”这个动作发生在“很高 兴”之前，所以填to have won。答案：to have won 五、动词不定式的完成进行式(to have been+现在分词) 表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，并且可能还会继续下去：强调动作的持续性和未完成 性。在句中充当多种成分。如： 1.作主语： To have been studying English for ten years is a great achievement..已经学习英语十年是一项了不起 的成就。 2.作宾语： He appears to have been working on this project for months.他似乎已经致力于这个项目好几个月 了。 3.作宾语补足语： We found him to have been living here for a long time.我们发现他已经在这里住了很长时间了。 4.作状语： To have been waiting for hours,she was very impatient.因为已经等了好几个小时，她非常不耐烦。 (观察试题) The old man seems (have been working)in this factory since he was young 解析：根据“since he was young”可知，“在工厂工作”这个动作从过去持续到现在，且可能继续，所以 86 语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 用完成进行式to have been working。答案：to have been working 六、动词不定式在语篇中的应用 To achieve success in life,one needs to set clear goals.First,you should decide what to do and make a plan to reach your goals.It is also important to learn new skills and knowledge to improve yourself.Sometimes,you may face difficulties,but don't be afraid to try new things.To overcome the challenges,you need to work hard and never give up.With determination and the right methods,you can realize your dreams. 为了在生活中取得成功，一个人需要设定明确的目标。首先，你应该决定做什么，并制定一个实现目标 的计划。学习新技能和知识来提升自已也很重要。有时，你可能会面临困难，但不要害怕尝试新事物。为 了克服挑战，你需要努力工作，永不放弃。有了决心和正确的方法，你就能实现梦想。 (观察试题) According to the passage,which of the following statements is TRUE? A.Setting goals is not necessary for success. B.One should be afraid to try new things. C.To improve oneself,it's important to learn new skills. D.Giving up easily can help achieve goals. 答案：C解析：文中“'It is also important to learn new skills and knowledge to improve yourself.”表 明为了提升自己，学习新技能很重要，C选项正确；A选项与“To achieve success in life,one needs to set clear goals..”不符；B选项与“don't be afraid to try new things”不符；D选项与“you need to work hard and never give up”不符。 【总结】 熟悉“to+动词原形”的基本结构，以及“to”省略的特殊情况。 明确动词不定式在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等成分，根据不同成分的用法规则准确使用。 记住“疑问词+动词不定式”结构的用法，以及形式主语“t”代替动词不定式作主语的情况。 在阅读中，分析动词不定式在语篇中的功能；在写作时，合理运用动词不定式，丰富句子表达。 【单元练习】 1.语法填空 ①I have nothing (do)this afternoon. 2 They got up early(catch)the early bus. ③The question is how (solve)the problem. ④ly dream is_ (become)a famous scientist. ⑤She seems_ (be)happy today. 2.单句改错 1 I saw him to play basketball on the playground. 2 Let's to go home together. 3 He made me to wait for him for two hours. 跟着课文学语法 北师大版（必修+选必修）87 4 I don't know what should I do next. 5 To finish the work on time,so he worked hard. 3.完成句子 ①对我们来说，保护野生动物是很重要的。It's very important for us wild animals. ②她计划明年去国外学习。She plans_ abroad next year. ③老师告诉我们在课堂上要认真听。The teacher told us」 carefully in class. ④他足够大了，可以照顾自己了。He is old himself. ⑤为了赶上早班火车，他起得很早。 the early train,he got up very early. 4.语篇填空 When I was a child,my parents often told me 1. (study)hard.They said that knowledge could help me 2.(have)a better future.I wanted 3. (make)them proud of me,so l spent most of my time 4._ (read)books.My dream was 5. (become)a teacher.To achieve my dream,I knew I had to work hard.I also tried 6. (join)some clubs at school 7. (improve)my skills.Now,I am on the way 8. (realize)my dream and I believe I will succeed one day. 【答案】 1.语法填空 ①答案：todo解析：have nothing to do意为“无事可做”，todo作后置定语修饰nothing。 ②答案：to catch解析：此处to catch the early bus作目的状语，表示“早起”的目的是“赶上早班车”。 ③答案：to solve解析：“疑问词+不定式"”结构，how to solve the problem在句中作表语。 ④答案：to become解析：动词不定式作表语，说明“dream"的内容是成为一名著名科学家。 ⑤答案：tobe解析：seem to do sth.表示“似乎做某事”，是固定用法。 2.单句改错 ①答案：去掉to解析：see sb.do sth.表示“看见某人做某事（全过程）”，感官动词see后作宾补的不定式省略to。 2答案：去掉to解析：let's do sth.为固定句型，意为“让我们做某事”，let后接动词原形。 ③答案：去掉to解析：make sb..do sth表示“使某人做某事”，make是使役动词，其后宾补用动词原形。 ④答案：should|改为I should解析：“疑问词+不定式”结构作宾语时，要用陈述句语序，应改为|don't know what| should do next。 ⑤答案：去掉so解析：To finish the work on time为目的状语，句子已有谓语worked,so多余。 3.完成句子 ①)答案：to protect解析：根据“lt's+形容词+for sb.+to do sth.”结构，填入to protect。 ②答案：to study解析：plan to do sth.表示“计划做某事”，故填to study。 ③答案：to listen解析：tell sb.to do sth.意为“告诉某人做某事”，所以填to listen。. ④答案：enough to look after解析：“形容词+enough+to do sth."表示“足够…能做某事”，look after意为“照顾”。 ⑤)答案：To catch解析：用动词不定式作目的状语，位于句首表“为了赶上早班火车”。 4.语篇填空 ①答案：to study解析：tell sb.to do sth.表示“告诉某人做某事”，填to study。 ②答案：(to)have解析：help sb.(to)do sth.意为“帮助某人做某事”，to可省略，填(to)have。 3答案：to make解析：want to do sth.是固定搭配，“想要做某事”，此处填to make。 ④答案：reading解析：spend time(in)doing sth.表示“花费时间做某事”，in可省略，填reading。. ⑤答案：to become解析：动词不定式作表语，说明“dream"的内容，填to become。 ⑥答案：to join解析：try to do sth.意为“努力做某事”，此处表示努力加入俱乐部，填to join ⑦答案：to improve解析：此处to improve my skills作目的状语，说明加入俱乐部的目的。 ⑧答案：to realizing解析：on the way to doing sth.表示“在做某事的路上”，to为介词，后接动名词realizing。 88 语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 Unit 3 conservation 选择性必 非限制性定语从句 概述 非限制性定语从句是对先行词进行补充说明的从句，它与主句之间用逗号隔开，即使去掉该从句，主句 的意思仍然完整。非限制性定语从句在句中起到补充信息、解释说明的作用，使句子表达更丰富、具体。 一、非限制性定语从句的引导词 1.关系代词 ①which 可指代先行词（指物）或整个主句的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语等。 The book,which was written by a famous writer,has been translated into many languages. 是一位著名作家写的，已被翻译成多种语言，(which指代先行词book,作主语)》 He passed the exam,which made his parents very happy.他通过了考试，这使他的父母非常高兴。 (which指代整个主句内容，作主语) ②who 指人，在从句中作主语 My sister,who is a doctor,works in a big hospital..我的姐姐是一名医生，在一家大医院工作。 (who指代先行词sister,作主语) ③whom:指人，在从句中作宾语，可省略，但在非限制性定语从句中通常不省略。 The man,.whom you met at the party,is my uncle.你在聚会上遇到的那个男人是我的叔叔o (whom指代先行词man,作宾语) ④whose: 既可指人也可指物，在从句中作定语。 Mary,whose brother is my classmate,is a kind girl..玛丽是个善良的女孩，她的哥哥是我的同学。 (whose指人，修饰brother) The house,.whose windows face south,is very bright.那座房子的窗户朝南，非常明亮。 (whose指物，修饰windows) ④as 可指代整个主句的内容，常与such、as、so、the same等连用，在从句中作主语、宾语等。as引导的非限 制性定语从句可位于句首、句中或句尾。 As we all know,the earth is round.众所周知，地球是圆的，(as指代整个主句内容，作宾语) He is a clever boy,.as we can see from his grades.他是个聪明的男孩，从他的成绩我们可以看出。 (as指代整个主句内容，作宾语) (观察试题) The meeting lasted for three hours,was very important. A.that B.which C.who D.whom 【解析】先行词是meeting,指物，且是非限制性定语从句，用which引导，选B。 跟着课文学语法 北师大版（必修+选必修）89 语篇示例 Our school,which was founded in 1950,has a long history.Mr.Li,who is our head teacher,is very strict with us.He often tells us stories,which are very interesting.As we all know,he cares about every student. 2.关系副词 ①when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，先行词通常是表示时间的名词。 He was born in1990,when his father was working abroad.他出生于1990年，那时他的父亲正在国 外工作。(when指代先行词1990，作时间状语) ②where 指地点，在从句中作地点状语，先行词通常是表示地点的名词。 e visited Paris,where we stayed for a week..我们参观了巴黎，在那里我们待了一周。 (where指代先行词Paris,作地点状语) (观察试题) We went to Beijing, we visited the Great Wall A.when B.where C.which D.that 【解析】先行词是Beijing,指地点，且是非限制性定语从句，用where引导，选B。 语篇示例 Last summer,we went to Shanghai,where we had a good time.We arrived on July 10th,when the weather was very hot.The city,which is very modern,left a deep impression on us. 二、非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别 1.语法结构 非限制性定语从句与主句之间用逗号隔开；限制性定语从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。 非限制性：y brother,.who is a teacher,,lives in Beijing.我的哥哥是一名教师，他住在北京。 限制性：My brother who is a teacher lives in Beijing.我当教师的那个哥哥住在北京。 2.意义作用 非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充说明，去掉后主句意思仍完整：限制性定语从句是对先行词的限 制和修饰，去掉后主句意思不明确。 非限制性：The sun,which is very big,gives us light and heat..太阳很大，它给我们光和热。 (去掉从句后，“太阳给我们光和热”意思仍完整) 限制性：The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.我昨天买的那本书很有趣。 (去掉从句后，“那本书很有趣”意思不明确，不知道指哪本书) 3.引导词 非限制性定语从句不能用that引导，且关系代词作宾语时不能省略；限制性定语从句可以用that引导， 关系代词作宾语时可以省略。 非限制性：This is the car,which I bought last month.这就是那辆车，我上个月买的。 (不能用that,which不能省略) 90 语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 限制性：This is the car(that/which)I bought last month.这就是我上个月买的那辆车。 (可用that,that/which可以省略) (观察试题) The town, _we visited last year,is very beautiful. A.that B.which C.where D.when 【解析】这是非限制性定语从句，先行词是town,指物，用which引导，不能用that,选B。 语篇示例 I have a friend.He likes reading.(合并为非限制性定语从句川have a friend,who likes reading. I have a friend who likes reading.(限制性定语从句，暗含可能还有不喜欢阅读的朋友) 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入适当的关系代词或关系副词。 1 My hometown,is in the south of China,is a beautiful place. 2 Mr.Wang,teaches us math,is very patient. 3 We will go to the park tomorrow, we can have a picnic. 4 The book,cover is green,is mine. 5He didnt come to the party,made us very disappointed. 6 This is my sister,you met at my home last week. 7 We visited the farm,a lot of apples are grown. 8 The meeting,was held yesterday,was a great success. 9 She was born in 2000,many important events happened. 10 is known to all,English is very important. 2.读后续写（根据所给语段，用适当的非限制性定语从句完成续写） 阅读下面语段，根据提示进行续写，注意非限制性定语从句的正确使用。 Last summer,I went to the beach with my family.The beach, is very famous,attracts many visitors every year.My little brother,likes playing with sand,had a good time.My parents, _love taking photos,took many pictures of us. 续写提示：我们在海滩上玩了很多游戏，傍晚还看了日落…最后我们依依不舍地离开。 要求：续写两段，每段不少于100词，适当运用非限制性定语从句。 2.短文改错（找出文中关于非限制性定语从句的错误并改正） 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错 误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。 I have a friend that is called Tom.He is from America,that is a big country.We study in the same school,where we often help each other. Tom,which is good at English,often helps me with my English.I,whose math is good,help him with his math.Last week,we went to the cinema,that we saw a wonderful film. 跟着课文学语法 北师大版（必修+选必修）91 The film,its name is The Wandering Earth,is very popular.As it is known to all,it is a great science fiction film.We had a good time,that made us very happy. 4.语法填空（用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空） A:Hi,Lucy!Do you know the girl is talking to our teacher? B:Yes,she is Lily,just transferred to our class. A:Where is she from? B:She is from London,_ is a beautiful city in England A:What does her father do? B:Her father,is a doctor,works in a hospital near our school. A:I want to make friends with her,seems very kind. B:I think you can.She likes music,is also your hobby. A:When can I talk to her? B:After class, she will be free. A:Thank you for telling me about her. B:Youre welcome. 【答案】 1.语法填空 1 which2who③)where④whose5 which6whom⑦where⑧which(⑨when1oAs 2.读后续写（参考范文） Last summer,I went to the beach with my family.The beach,which is very famous,attracts many visitors every year.My little brother,who likes playing with sand,had a good time.My parents,who love taking photos,took many pictures of us. We started with building a sandcastle,which turned out to be much harder than we thought.My dad,who is good at drawing,designed a tower on top,and my mom helped decorate it with shells we collected.My brother,whose imagination is endless,added a "moat"around the castle and filled it with seawater.By noon,the castle,which looked like a small palace,stood proudly on the beach. In the evening,we sat on the sand to watch the sunset,which painted the sky in orange and pink.The sea,which was calm and shiny,reflected the colorful sky like a mirror.My brother,who was tired from playing,fell asleep on my dads lap.When the sun finally set,we packed our things and left,which made us all a little sad.But we knew we would come back,which is a promise we made to each other. 3.短文改错 第一句：that一who/which(非限制性定语从句指人，不能用that,用who) 第二句：第二个that→which(非限制性定语从句指物，不能用that,用which) 第四句：which→who(先行词是Tom,指人，用Who)】 第六句：that→where(先行词是cinema,在从句中作地点状语，用where) 第七句：its一whose(表示“电影的名字”，用whose作定语)》 第八句：去掉it(As is known to al是固定搭配，it多余) 第九句：that→hich(指代整个主句内容，非限制性定语从句用which) 4.语法填空 ①)who/that 2 who ③which ④who 5 who ⑥which 7 when 92 语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 【选择性必修一综合练习】 一、语法填空（阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。） The Silk Road was an ancient network of trade routes that connected China with the Mediterranean world.It 1.(play)a crucial role in promoting cultural exchange and economic development between the East and the West.Along the Silk Road,goods such as silk,tea and porcelain were transported from China to 2.(other)parts of the world.In return,China received 3.(variety)products like spices and precious metals.The Silk Road was not only 4._ trade route but also a bridge for cultural exchange.Ideas,religions and technologies 5.(spread) along this route.For instance,Buddhism was introduced to China via the Silk Road.Today,the Belt and Road Initiative,inspired by the ancient Silk Road,aims to strengthen cooperation among countries 6._(involve).It promotes infrastructure building,trade and investment,7._(hope)to bring more prosperity to the participating countries.With the development of modern transportation and communication,the new Silk Road is expected to 8._(wide)its influence and play an even more important role in global cooperation.9.(realize)the potential of the Belt and Road Initiative requires the joint efforts of all countries along the routes.By working together,we can build a community with a 10._(share)future for mankind. 二、阅读理解七选五 Actions to Protect the Environment【保护环境的行动】 Protecting the environment is everyone's responsibility.Here are some simple actions we can take. 1.Using reusable items like shopping bags,water bottles,and coffee cups instead of disposable ones can reduce waste.This helps minimize the amount of trash that ends up in landfills or oceans 2. _Conserving water by fixing leaky faucets,taking shorter showers,and using water- saving appliances can help preserve this valuable resource.Water scarcity is a growing problem in many parts of the world. 3.Planting trees and other plants can improve air quality.They absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen,helping to combat climate change.They also provide habitat for wildlife. 4.Reducing energy consumption by turning off lights and appliances when not in use, using energy-efficient bulbs,and insulating your home can lower your carbon footprint. 5._Properly sorting and recycling waste,such as paper,plastic,glass,and metal,allows materials to be reused.This reduces the need for raw materials and saves energy. A.Use reusable items B.Conserve water. C.Plant more trees and plants D.Reduce energy use. E.Recycle properly. 跟着课文学语法 北师大版（必修+选必修）93 F.Avoid single-use plastics. G.Support green energy. 三、读后续写（阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。） Emma was an aspiring young artist.She spent most of her free time drawing and painting in her small studio at home.One day,she heard about an art competition in the city.The theme of the competition was"Hope and Renewal".Emma was excited and decided to participate. She started working on her painting immediately.She chose to paint a beautiful landscape with a bright sun rising over a field of flowers.She spent hours carefully choosing the colors,mixing them to get the perfect shade,and adding fine details to the painting.After days of hard work,her painting was finally finished. Emma was very proud of her work.She carefully wrapped the painting and took it to the competition venue.When she arrived,she saw a lot of other amazing artworks.She started to feel a bit nervous,wondering if her painting would be good enough. 注意： 续写词数应为150左右 四、短文改错(2021年·全国甲卷略有改动) 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作业，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错 误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。 注意 1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词； 2.只允许修改8处，多者（从第9处起）不计分。 Last week our teacher asked us to fill in a questionnaire.One of the questions are:Who will you go in times of trouble?Here are the results.Many students say they will talk to their friend or classmates because they're of the same age and can understand each other.Some will turn out to their parents or teachers for help.Only a little choose to deal with the problems on our own.Their answers also show that they dislike talk to others.They kept very much to themselves.In my opinion,where in trouble,we should seek help from those we trust mostly. 94 语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍