跟着课文学语法丨北师大版·必修一

Unit 1 Life choices 修 动词不定式 一、动词不定式的基本形式与特征 动词不定式的基本形式为“to+动词原形”，有时可省略to,称为“不带to的不定式”。否定形式为“not to+动词原形”。 动词不定式具有动词和名词的特征，可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。 二、动词不定式的语法功能 1.作主语 To learn a foreign language is not easy.学习一门外语并不容易。(To learn a foreign language直接作 主语。) It is important to protect the environment. 保护环境很重要。(it为形式主语，真正的主语是“to protect the environment。.) 第二句中 2.作宾语 She decided to go to college.她决定上大学，(to go to college作decided的宾语。) I hope to see you soon.我希望尽快见到你。(to see you soon"作hope的宾语。) 3.作表语 Her dream is to become a doctor..她的梦想是成为一名医生。(to become a doctor'"说明主语dream的 内容。) The problem is how to solve it..问题是如何解决它，(how to solve it说明主语problem的具体所指。) 4.作定语 I have a lot of work to do.我有很多工作要做。(todo”修饰work,表示“要做的工作”。) She is the first person to arrive.她是第一个到达的人。(to arrive”修饰person,表示“到达的人。) 5.作状语 He went to the library to borrow some books.他去图书馆借一些书。(to borrow some books”表示目 的。) To catch the train,she got up early.为了赶火车，她早起了，(To catch the train”表示目的。) 7.作宾语补足语 My parents encouraged me to study hard.我的父母鼓励我努力学习。 (to study hard”补充说明宾语me的行为。) The teacher made us clean the classroom.老师让我们打扫教室。 (clean the classroom”作宾语补足语，注意使役动词make后接不带to的不定式。) (观察试题) She pretended me when I passed by. A.not to see B.not seeing C.to not see D.having not seen 答案：A解析：pretend后接不定式，其否定形式为not to do,故选A。 2 语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 三、不带to的不定式的常见情况 1.使役动词和感官动词后 I saw him enter the room.我看见他进入房间。(see,watch,hear等感官动词后接不带to的不定式。) The boss made the workers work overtime.老板让工人们加班。 (make,let,have等使役动词后接不带to的不定式。) 2.固定句型中 hy not go for a walk'?为什么不去散步呢？(Vhy not+动词原形。) ould you please help me?你能帮我吗？(Vould you please+动词原形。) (观察试题) The teacher heard the students in the classroom. A.sing B.to sing C.singing D.both A and 答案：D解析：hear sb.do(听见动作全过程)或hear sb.doing(听见动作正在进行)。 四、动词不定式的复合结构 结构形式：“for/of+名词代词+to do sth.” for:表示客观必要性；of:表示人的性格、品质。 It is necessary for us to learn English.我们有必要学习英语。 (fous表示“对我们而言”，强调客观需要。) It is kind of you to help me.你帮助我真是太好了。 (of you表示“你具有..的品质”，强调人的性格。) (观察试题) It is important students to master good study methods. A.for B.of C.to D.with 答案：A解析：表示“对学生而言重要”，用for,故选A。 五、动词不定式在语篇中的应用 Last weekend,I went to the park to relax.I saw a little girl trying to feed the birds.She was so kind.Her mother told her not to get too close to the animals.To keep the park clean,we should throw the rubbish into the bins.Everyone has a responsibility to protect the environment. 上周末，我去公园放松。我看到一个小女孩试图喂鸟。她很善良。她妈妈告诉她不要太靠近动物。为 了保持公园于净，我们应该把垃圾扔进垃圾桶。每个人都有责任保护环境。 (观察试题) According to the passage,what should we do to keep the park clean? A.Feed the birds. B.Get close to the animals. C.Throw the rubbish into the bins. D.Relax in the park. 答案：C解析：文中明确提到“To keep the park clean,.we should throw the rubbish into the bins.”。 跟着课文学语法 北师大版（必修+选必修）3 【总结】 形式与功能：掌握不定式的基本形式(todo)和否定形式(not to do),理解其作主语、宾语、表语等功能。 不带to的情况：牢记使役动词和感官动词后接不带to的不定式，以及固定句型中的用法。 复合结构：区分for和of在不定式复合结构中的用法，根据语境选择合适的介词。 语篇理解：在阅读和写作中，准确识别和运用动词不定式，理解其在句中的逻辑关系和表达意图。 【单元练习】 1.语法填空（在空白处填入括号内动词的正确形式）》 ①It is necessary for us (learn)a foreign language well. 2 She hopes(get)a good grade in the exam. 3 I have something important(tell)you. 4 The teacher asked us(not be)late for class. 5 My dream is(become)a famous doctor. 2.短文改错（每句均有一处与动词不定式相关的错误，找出并改正） 1 He decided studying hard from then on. 2 I saw him to enter the room just now. 3 It is kind for you to help me with my homework. 4 She made her little brother to clean the room. 5 The best way solve the problem is to ask the teacher for help. 3.语篇填空（在空白处填入适当的词或括号内动词的正确形式） Last Sunday,I went to the zoo 1.(see)the animals.When I arrived,I saw some people 2. (feed)the monkeys.A zoo keeper came up and told them 3.(not do)that.He said it was dangerous for the animals 4.(eat)human food.Then,I walked around the zoo.I found a baby panda 5.(lie)on the ground.It was so cute!To protect the animals,we should follow the zoo rules and not try 6.(touch)them. 4.阅读理解中的句子分析（分析下列句子中动词不定式的成分及作用） 1 To achieve his goal,he works very hard every day. 2She is the first one to finish the task. 3 My parents want me to study abroad. 5.句子改写（根据要求改写句子） ①To learn English well is important.(用it作形式主语改写) 2 The teacher told us to clean the classroom.(改为否定句) ③He got up early to catch the early bus.(对划线部分提问，划线部分为“to catch the early bus”) 6.写作应用（根据中文提示，用动词不定式完成英语句子） ①他的愿望是成为一名优秀的运动员。His wish is 语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 ②为了保持健康，我们应该每天锻炼。 _we should exercise every day. ③我有很多作业要做。I have a lot of homework ④老师让我们不要在课堂上说话。The teacher asked us in class ⑤她努力学习是为了通过考试。She studies hard 【答案】 1.语法填空 ①答案：to learn解析：“tis+形容词+for sb.+to do sth.”为固定句型，意为“对某人来说做某事是…的”，所以填to learn。 2)答案：to get解析：hope to do sth.表示“希望做某事”，是固定用法，所以填to get.。 ③答案：to tell解析：“to tell you”作后置定语，修饰“something important'”,表示“有重要的事情要告诉你”，所以填to tell。 ④答案：not to be解析：ask sb.not to do sth.表示“要求某人不要做某事”，所以填not to be。 ⑤答案：to become解析：“to become a famous doctor'”作表语，说明“dream”的内容，所以填to become 2.短文改错 ①答案：将studying改为to study解析：decide to do sth.表示“决定做某事”，是固定搭配，所以将studying改为to study。 ②答案：去掉to解析：see sb.d0sth.表示“看见某人做某事（强调全过程）”，感官动词see后接不带to的不定式，所以去 掉to。 ③答案：将for改为of解析：“tis+形容词+ofsb.+to do sth.”中形容词描述人的品质，kind表示“善良的”，所以将for 改为of。 ④答案：去掉to解析：make sb.do sth.表示“让某人做某事”，使役动词make后接不带to的不定式，所以去掉to。 ⑤答案：在way后加to解析：the best way to do sth.表示“做某事的最好方法”，所以在way后加to。 3.语篇填空 ①答案：to see解析：“to see the animals”作目的状语，表示“去动物园的目的是看动物”，所以填to see。 ②答案：feeding解析：see sb.doing sth.表示“看见某人正在做某事”，这里表示看到人们正在喂猴子，所以填feeding。 3答案：not to do解析：tell sb.not to do sth.表示“告诉某人不要做某事”，所以填not to do ④答案：to eat解析：“tis+形容词+for sb.lsth.+to do sth.”为固定句型，所以填to eat。 ⑤答案：ying解析：find sb.doing sth.表示“发现某人正在做某事”，这里表示发现小熊猫正躺在地上，所以填ying。 ⑥答案：to touch解析：try to do sth.表示“试图做某事”，所以填to touch。 4.阅读理解中的句子分析 ①成分：目的状语 作用：“To achieve his goal'"表示“为了实现他的目标”，说明“he works very hard every day'的目的。 2成分：后置定语作用：“to finish the task”修饰“the first one”,表示“完成任务的第一个人”。 3成分：宾语补足语 作用：“to study abroad”补充说明宾语“me"的行为，即父母希望“我”做的事情是出国学习。 5.句子改写 1)答案：It is important to learn English well. 2答案：The teacher told us not to clean the classroom. 3)答案：Vhy did he get up early? 6.写作应用 ①答案：to become an excellent athlete 2答案：To keep healthy ③答案：todo ④答案：not to talk ⑤)答案：to pass the exam 跟着课文学语法 北师大版（必修+选必修）5 Unit 2 Sports and fitness 定语从句 一、定语从句的概念 定语从句是修饰名词或代词的从句，被修饰的词称为先行词，从句通常置于先行词之后，由关系代词或 关系副词引导。它的结构是：先行词+关系词（如which/that/who/whose/where/when/why)+从句。关系 词在从句中充当成分（主语、宾语、状语等）。 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 1.关系代词who(指人，作主语或宾语) 先行词为表示人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语（此时不可省略）或宾语（口语中可省略或用who代替）。 The girl who is singing is my sister.正在唱歌的女孩是我妹妹。 (“who is singing”修饰“the girl'”,who在从句中作主语。) The man who helped me yesterday is a teacher..昨天帮助我的那个男人是一名教师。 (“who helped me yesterday”修饰“the man”,who在从句中作主语。) (观察试题) The man saved the boy's life is a firefighter. 先行词the man指人，在从句中作主语，故填who。 2. The woman whom I met is from America.我遇见的那个女人来自美国。 (“whom I met'”修饰“the woman”,whom在从句中作宾语。) The teacher whom we all respect is very kind.我们都尊敬的那位老师非常和蔼。 (“whom we all respect'”修饰“the teacher'”,whom在从句中作宾语。) (观察试题) This is the doctor I told you about. A.who B.whom C.which 详解：先行词the doctor指人，在从句中作about的宾语，正式用法选B.whom,口语中A也可接受，但 此处为语法题，选更规范的whom。 3.关系代词whose(指人或物，作定语)表示所属关系，先行词可为“人”或“物”，其后需接名词，在从句中 作定语（不可省略）。 The boy whose father is a doctor is my classmate..父亲是医生的那个男孩是我的同学。 (“whose father is a doctor'”修饰“the boy”,whose在从句中作定语。) The house whose windows face south is very bright.窗户朝南的那所房子非常明亮。 (“whose windows face south”修饰“the house”,whose在从句中作定语。) (观察试题) I know the girl father is a famous scientist. 先行词the girl指人，从句中需表达“女孩的父亲”，故填whose 4.关系代词引导的定语从句在语篇中的应用 语篇示例 6 语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 The teacher who taught us English last year is very kind.She has a son whose name is Tom.Tom, whom we all know,is a very good student.The book whose cover is red is Tom's.He likes the book which/that his mother gave him.去年教我们英语的老师很和蔼。她有一个儿子，名叫汤姆。我们都知道汤 姆是个好学生。封面是红色的那本书是汤姆的。他喜欢他妈妈给他的那本书。 结构分析 “who taught us English last year'”修饰“the teacher'”,作主语，说明老师的身份。 “whose name is Tom”修饰“ason”,作定语，说明儿子的名字。 “whom we all know”修饰“Tom”,作宾语，补充说明我们对Tom的了解。 “whose cover is red”修饰“the book”,作定语，说明书的封面特征。 “which/that his mother gave him”修饰“the book'”,作宾语，说明书的来源。 (观察试题) In the sentence "The town,which has a history of over 500 years,attracts many tourists every year.",the function of the underlined part is A.to define the town B.to provide additional information about the town C.to show the result of the town's history D.to compare the town with others 答案：B解析：非限定性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用。 二、关系副词引导的定语从句 1.where引导定语从句时，先行词通常是表示地点的名词，在从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词+关系代 词(which)”。此时，先行词在从句中需要还原为地点状语的形式。如： This is the house where I lived last year.这就是我去年住的房子。 (先行词“the house”是地点，where在从句中作地点状语，相当于in which,即I lived in the house last year.) The school where my mother works is very big.我妈妈工作的学校非常大。 (“The school”是先行词，where在从句中作地点状语，还原为my mother works in the school,.) The city where we held the concert is beautiful..我们举办音乐会的那个城市很美丽。 (先行词“the city'”,where在从句中作地点状语，相当于in which,即we held the concert in the city。) (观察试题) They visited the village they once worked as volunteers. A.which B.where C.when D.why 答案：B解析从句缺地点状语，用where。 2.when引导定语从句，先行词为表示时间的名词，在从句中作时间状语，相当于“介词+关系代词 (which)”。先行词在从句中需还原为时间状语。 I still remember the day when we met for the first time.我仍然记得我们第一次见面的那一天。 (先行词“the day'是时间，when在从句中作时间状语，相当于on which,即we met for the first time on that day) July is the month when the weather is usually very hot.七月是天气通常很热的月份， (“July”是先行词，when在从句中作时间状语，相当于in which,即the weather is usually very hot in July。) 跟着课文学语法 北师大版（必修+选必修）7 The year when my sister graduated from college was2020.我姐姐大学毕业的那一年是2020年。 (先行词“the year'”,when在从句中作时间状语，相当于in which,即my sister graduated from college in that year。) (观察试题) October is the month the weather is usually cool. A.that B.which C.when D.where 答案：C解析：从句缺时间状语，用when。 3.why引导定语从句，先行词只有“reason”,在从句中作原因状语，相当于“for+关系代词(which)”。 如： This is the reason why he was late for school.这就是他上学迟到的原因。 (先行词“the reason”,why在从句中作原因状语，相当于for which,即he was late for school for this reason.) Idon't know the reason why she left the company.我不知道她离开公司的原因。 (“the reason”是先行词，why在从句中作原因状语，相当于for which,即she left the company for this reason.) Can you tell me the reason why he refused the invitation?你能告诉我他拒绝邀请的原因吗？ (先行词“the reason'”,why在从句中作原因状语，相当于for which,即he refused the invitation for this reason) (观察试题) The reason _he apologized is unknown. A.which B.that C.why D.when 答案：C解析：the reason后常接why引导定语从句。 4.关系副词引导的定语从句在语篇中的应用 语篇示例 Last summer,I went to a small town where there were many ancient buildings.The day when I arrived was sunny.I met a local guide there,and he told me the reason why the town was famous for its architecture.He showed me around the town,and I took many photos of the places where I visited. It was a wonderful trip that I will never forget. 去年夏天，我去了一个有很多古建筑的小镇。我到达的那天阳光明媚。我在那里遇到了一位当地导 游，他告诉我这座城镇以建筑闻名的原因。他带我参观了这个城镇，我拍了很多我参观过的地方的照片。 这是一次美妙的旅行，我永远不会忘记。 结构分析 “where|spent a wonderful vacation'”修饰“a small village”,作地点状语，说明在村庄的活动。 “when I arrived'”修饰“the day”,作时间状语，交代到达的时间情况。 “why the village was famous for its traditional handicrafts'”修饰“the reason”,作原因状语，解释村 庄闻名的原因。 “where they made beautiful pottery'”修饰“the workshop”,作地点状语，说明制作陶器的地点。 “where people gathered to celebrate”修饰“the square”,作地点状语，说明人们聚集庆祝的地点。 “when I think about that trip”修饰“Every moment'”,作时间状语，说明产生感受的时间。 8 语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 (观察试题) In the sentence "Last summer,I went to a small town where there were many ancient buildings.", what does the underlined part "where there were many ancient buildings"function as? A.Object B.Predicate C.Adverbial D.Attribute 答案：C解析：“here there were many ancient buildings'”在从句中作地点状语，修饰先行词“a small town'”。 四、限制性定语从句 1.限制性定语从句用于修饰和限定先行词，是句子中不可或缺的部分。若删除从句，主句含义将不完整 或产生歧义。其结构为： 先行词+关系词（关系代词或关系副词）+从句。如： The book(that)I borrowed yesterday is on the desk.我昨天借的书在桌上。 Do you remember the girl who taught us English?你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗？ The car that I bought is red.我买的车是红色的。 The students who work hard will succeed. “who work hard”修饰“the students”,是限制性定语从句，去掉后句子表意不明确 (观察试题) The book, _cover is broken,is still useful. A.its B.whose C.that D.which 答案：B解析：非限制性从句，需用whose表示所属关系。 2.限制性定语从句在语篇中的应用 语篇示例 The city which/that I visited last year is very beautiful.It has a famous museum where you can see many ancient artifacts.The guide who showed us around was very knowledgeable.He explained the reason why the city was important in history.The people that I met there were friendly and helpful.I really enjoyed my trip to this city that combines modernity and tradition. 我去年参观的城市非常美丽。它有一个著名的博物馆，在那里你可以看到许多古代文物。带我们参观 的导游知识渊博。他解释了为什么这座城市在历史上很重要。我在那里遇到的人都很友好，乐于助人。我 真的很喜欢这座融合了现代与传统的城市之旅。 结构分析 which/that I visited last year修饰“the city”,限定是哪座城市。 where you can see many ancient artifacts修饰“museum”,说明博物馆的功能。 who showed us around修饰“the guide”,限定导游的身份。 why the city was important in history修饰“the reason”,解释原因。 that I met there修饰“the people”,限定是哪些人。 五、非限制性定语从句 1.该从句对所修饰的先行词作进一步解释和说明，去掉之后主句部分意思仍然清楚完整，非限制性定语 跟着课文学语法 北师大版（必修+选必修）9 从句通常用逗号与主句隔开。如： Peter,whom you met in London,is now back in Paris.你在伦敦见过的彼得现在回巴黎了， Above the trees are the mountains,whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface 在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。 My brother,,who lives in Beijing,is a teacher.我哥哥是老师，他住在北京。 My mother,who is 50 years old,is a kind woman. “who is50 years old'”是对“my mother”的附加说明，是非限制性定语从句。 (观察试题) She has a son, likes playing football. A.which B.who C.whom D.that 答案：B解析：非限制性从句，指人用who。 2.非限制性定语从句在语篇中的应用 语篇示例 Last month,I went to Paris,which is the capital of France.It is a city that is famous for its romantic atmosphere and beautiful architecture.I visited the Eiffel Tower,which is one of the most famous landmarks in the world.My guide,who was a local,told me many interesting stories about the city.I also met some friendly people,with whom I had a great time.As I expected,Paris was a wonderful place to visit. 上个月，我去了法国的首都巴黎。这座城市以其浪漫的氛围和美丽的建筑而闻名。我参观了埃菲尔铁 塔，它是世界上最著名的地标之一。我的导游是当地人，他给我讲了许多关于这座城市的有趣故事。我还 遇到了一些友好的人，和他们一起度过了美好的时光。正如我所料，巴黎是一个值得一游的好地方。 结构分析 which is the capital of France对“Paris”进行补充说明，明确其地位。 which is one of the most famous landmarks in the world补充介绍埃菲尔铁塔的情况。 who was a local补充说明导游的身份。 with whom I had a great time补充说明和什么样的人度过了愉快时光。 As I expected”指代整个主句内容，对巴黎之行进行总结。 六、介词+关系代词 介词+which/whom(不可用that)。如： The man to whom I talked is kind.=The man whom I talked to is kind.和我说话的那个人很友善。 The book about which we discussed is controversial =The book which we discussed about is controversial..我们讨论的那本书有争议。 (观察试题) This is the house Lu Xun once lived A.in which B.which C.that D.where 答案：A/D解析：若用in which,则强调“在房子里”；若用where,则直接表地点。 七、定语从句的其它用法 10 语法点精准定位课文 学习事半功倍 1.先行词与定语从句的隔离 定语从句通常紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，造成先行词与定 语从句的隔离。如： This is the article written by him that I spoken to you about.这是我向你谈过的由他写的那篇文章。 He was the only person in this country who was invited.他是这个国家被邀请的唯一一个人a ①因定语从句过长，为保持句子平衡，常将定语从句和其修饰的名词或代词分开。如： The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that faraway village. 这部电影使我想起了我在那个遥远的村庄受到很好照顾的日子。 ②在定语从句中使用“插入语”以增强语言的灵活性，同时也加大了命题测试的难度。如： The pen I thought I had lost is on my desk,right under me nose. 我认为已经丢了的那支钢笔在我的书桌上，就在我眼前。 She offered a suggestion which she said would interest you.她提出一个她说一定会引起你兴趣的建 议。 2.as引导的定语从句 ①s有“正如，就像”之意，在非限制性定语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，从句可位于主句的前面、中 间和后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开；但which引导的非限制性定语从句一般只能放在主句之后。如： As we all know,the earth is round.众所周知，地球是圆的。 As was pointed out,,this kind of substance is poisonous.就像我们指出的那样，这种物质是有毒的。 In the presence of so many people he was a little tense,which was understandable. 在那么多人面前他有点儿紧张，这是可以理解的。 ②as引导的定语从句与it做形式主语的主语从句和what引导的主语从句的区别。试比较： As is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month It's known to everybody that moon travels round the earth once every month. What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month. 众所周知，月球每月绕地球旋转一周。 3.定语从句与并列句的区别 非限制性定语从句与主句之间常用“逗号”分开，并且不能加入and,but,so等词。并列句通常由and, but,so等词连接，中间可加逗号。如： He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows,most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. (which连词的作用) He paid the boy 10 for washing the windows,and most of them hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.(and连词的作用，them只是代词) He paid the boy 10 for washing the windows.Most of them hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. 那个男孩擦了窗户，他付给那个男孩10美元。大部分窗户至少一年没有擦了。 4.as与which在非限制性定语从句中 ①关系代词代替主句中某一个名词或词组，并对该名词或词组进行补充和说明时，只能用which引 导。如： 跟着课文学语法 北师大版（必修+选必修）11