考前押题07 完形填空题（期中专项训练）高一英语上学期上海通用

专题07 完形填空题 话题1 科技与人工智能 话题4 健康与生活方式 话题2 教育与校园生活 话题5 社会现象与职业生活 话题3 文化与社会观念 话题6 心理与个人成长 话题 1 科技与人工智能 聚焦人工智能技术的发展、相关研究成果及对社会的影响，展现科技在不同领域的突破与应用。 1．《The scientific Nobel prizes have always...》：介绍 2024 年诺贝尔科学奖首次认可人工智能的变革潜力，普林斯顿大学的约翰・霍普菲尔德和多伦多大学的杰弗里・辛顿因对人工智能模型发展至关重要的计算机科学突破获物理学奖；DeepMind 的德米斯・哈萨比斯和约翰・贾默及华盛顿大学的大卫・贝克因蛋白质结构预测与设计相关研究获化学奖，体现 AI 在科学领域的重要性。 2．《The similarities between babies and scientists...》：虽主要探讨婴儿与科学家的探索行为，但提及人类通过类似 AI 的 “学习”“实验” 模式理解世界，婴儿会主动寻找周围事物的规律、测试假设并寻求解释，从认知角度间接关联科技领域的学习与探索逻辑。 Passage 1 【来源】上海市上海交通大学附属中学2024-2025学年高一上学期期中英语试卷 The scientific Nobel prizes have always, in their way, 1 human intelligence. This year, for the first time, the transformative 2 of artificial intelligence (AI) has been recognized as well. That recognition began on Tuesday October 8th 2024, when Sweden’s Royal Academy of Science awarded the physics prize to John Hopfield of Princeton University and Geoffrey Hinton of the University of Toronto for computer-science 3 essential to the development of many of today’s most powerful AI models. The next day, the developers of one such model also 4 the call from Stockholm. Demis Hassabis and John Jumper from DeepMind, Google’s AI company, received one half of the chemistry prize for their development of AlphaFold, a program 5 of predicting three-dimensional protein structure, a long-standing grand challenge in biochemistry. The prize’s other half went to David Baker, a biochemist at the University of Washington, for his computer-aided work designing new proteins. The AI focus was not the only thing this year’s Nobel Prize announcements had 6 . In both cases, the research being awarded would be seen as being outside the area of the prize-giving committees (AI research is computer science; protein research arguably counts as biology). Such flexibility is not unprecedented. In 1973 three pioneering students of animal behaviour, who worked on honeybees, geese, and sticklebacks, 7 , were categorized into the physiology field. Both researchers did their crucial work in the early 1980s. Dr Hopfield was responsible for what has become known as the Hopfield network—a type of artificial neural (神经的) network that 8 like a physical structure called a “spin glass”, which gave the academy a tenuous reason to call the field “physics”. Dr Hinton’s 9 was to use an algorithm (算法) to train neural networks. Artificial neural networks are computer programs 10 on the way in which real, biological networks of nerve cells or neurons are believed to work. In particular, the strengths of the connections (known as weights) between “nodes” (the equivalent of neurons) in such networks can be 11 . It is this nature of being able to be remodelled that gives a network the ability to 12 information differently in response to past performance; or, in other words, to learn. Hopfield networks, in which each node is connected to every other except itself, are particularly good at learning to 13 patterns from raw or noisy data. It is the activities of these two researchers which have made machine learning really sing. AI models can now not only learn, but 14 (or, for skepticism, reorganize in a most sophisticated manner). Such tools have thus gone from being able to perform highly 15 tasks to general jobs like writing essays for lazy undergraduates. 1．A．boosted B．attached C．supported D．honored 2．A．coverage B．potential C．distribution D．consultation 3．A．frequencies B．destinations C．breakthroughs D．foundations 4．A．missed B．received C．rejected D．anticipated 5．A．capable B．decent C．dynamic D．confident 6．A．for sure B．in doubt C．in common D．at odds 7．A．on the contrary B．as a result C．in particular D．for example 8．A．behaves B．infers C．facilitates D．formats 9．A．capacity B．explanation C．contribution D．failure 10．A．based B．launched C．expanded D．evaluated 11．A．reversed B．reshaped C．relieved D．refined 12．A．dominate B．establish C．process D．entitle 13．A．extract B．break C．connect D．interrupt 14．A．copy B．create C．repeat D．exist 15．A．chaotic B．common C．contradictory D．specific 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．C 4．B 5．A 6．C 7．D 8．A 9．C 10．A 11．B 12．C 13．A 14．B 15．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了2024年诺贝尔科学奖首次认可AI变革潜力，多位科学家因相关突破获奖，体现奖项灵活性，AI已从处理特定任务迈向通用领域。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：科学领域的诺贝尔奖一直以来都在以自己的方式表彰人类的智慧。A. boosted促进；B. attached附加；C. supported支持；D. honored表彰。根据上文“The scientific Nobel prizes”可知，诺贝尔科学奖的本质是表彰人类智慧，故选D。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：今年，人工智能（AI）的变革潜力首次得到了认可。A. coverage新闻报道；B. potential潜能；C. distribution分发；D. consultation咨询。根据后文“of artificial intelligence (AI) has been recognized as well”指人工智能的变革性潜力被认可，“potential”（潜力）与“transformative”呼应，体现AI的发展前景。故选B。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这一认可始于2024年10月8日星期二，当时瑞典皇家科学院将物理学奖授予了普林斯顿大学的约翰·霍普菲尔德和多伦多大学的杰弗里·辛顿，以表彰他们在计算机科学领域取得的突破性成果，这些成果对于当今许多最强大的人工智能模型的发展至关重要。A. frequencies频率；B. destinations目的地；C. breakthroughs突破；D. foundations基础。根据后文“essential to the development of many of today’s most powerful AI models”指两位科学家的贡献是计算机科学领域的突破，对AI模型发展至关重要，故选C。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：第二天，其中一款模型的开发者也接到了来自斯德哥尔摩的电话。A. missed错过；B. received收到；C. rejected拒绝；D. anticipated预期。前文提到Hopfield和Hinton获奖，此处承接 “第二天，某模型开发者也‘收到’斯德哥尔摩的来电（即获奖）”，“received”与前文“awarded”呼应，符合逻辑。故选B。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：来自谷歌人工智能公司DeepMind的德米斯·哈萨比斯和约翰·贾默因开发出“阿尔法折叠”程序而共同获得化学奖的一半奖金，该程序能够预测蛋白质的三维结构，这是生物化学领域长期以来的一个重大难题。A. capable有能力的；B. decent体面的；C. dynamic动态的；D. confident自信的。根据后文“of predicting three-dimensional protein structure, a long-standing grand challenge in biochemistry”指程序能够预测蛋白质结构，“be capable of”为固定搭配，意为“能够”，故选A。 6．考查介词短语辨析。句意：今年诺贝尔奖的获奖成果所共有的并非仅仅是人工智能这一主题。A. for sure确定地；B. in doubt怀疑地；C. in common共同的；D. at odds不同意彼此。后文“In both cases, the research being awarded would be seen as being outside the area of the prize-giving committees (AI research is computer science; protein research arguably counts as biology).”指出两项研究均超出传统奖项范畴，说明这是今年诺奖的“共同点”，故选C。 7．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，在1973年，三位研究动物行为的开创性学者（他们分别研究蜜蜂、鹅和棘鱼）被归入了生理学领域。A. on the contrary相反；B. as a result因此；C. in particular特别；D. for example例如。前文“Such flexibility is not unprecedented.”提到这种灵活性并非前所未有，此处以1973年的例子佐证，“for example”（例如）符合举例逻辑。故选D。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：霍普菲尔德博士负责开发了后来被称为“霍普菲尔德网络”的一种人工神经网络，这种网络的运作方式类似于一种被称为“自旋玻璃”的物理结构，这使得该学院有了一点理由将这一领域称为“物理学”。A. behaves表现，行动；B. infers推断；C. facilitates促进；D. formats格式。根据后文“like a physical structure called a “spin glass””指Hopfield 网络表现得像物理结构“自旋玻璃”，“behaves”（表现）描述其特性，故选A。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：希顿博士的贡献在于他利用一种算法来训练神经网络。A. capacity能力；B. explanation解释；C. contribution贡献；D. failure失败。根据后文“use an algorithm to train neural networks”可知，Hinton博士的贡献是用算法训练神经网络，“contribution”（贡献）对应科研成就。故选C。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：人工神经网络是基于真实生物神经细胞或神经元网络的运作方式而设计的计算机程序。A. based基于；B. launched启动；C. expanded扩大；D. evaluated评估。根据后文“on the way in which real, biological networks of nerve cells or neurons are believed to work”可知，人工神经网络基于生物神经网络的工作原理，“be based on”为固定搭配，意为“基于”，故选A。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：特别是，此类网络中“节点”（相当于神经元）之间连接的强度（即所谓的权重）是可以被重新调整的。A. reversed逆转；B. reshaped重塑；C. relieved安慰；D. refined改进。后文提到“being able to be remodelled”（可重塑），此处“reshaped”（重塑）与之呼应，指网络节点连接强度可被改变，故选B。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：正是这种可被重新构建的特性，使网络能够根据过往的表现对信息进行不同的处理；换句话说，就是能够“学习”。A. dominate控制；B. establish建立；C. process处理；D. entitle授权。根据后文“information differently in response to past performance”指网络通过重塑处理信息，以响应过往表现，“process”（处理）符合计算机领域对信息的操作描述。故选C。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：霍普菲尔德网络中，每个节点都与其他节点（自身除外）相连，这种网络特别擅长从原始或有噪声的数据中学习提取模式。A. extract提取；B. break打破；C. connect联系；D. interrupt打断。根据后文“patterns from raw or noisy data”可知，Hopfield网络擅长从原始或嘈杂数据中提取模式，“extract”（提取）符合数据处理逻辑。故选A。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如今，人工智能模型不仅能学习，还能创造（或者，对于持怀疑态度的人来说，也能以极其复杂的方式重新组织）。A. copy复制；B. create创造；C. repeat重复；D. exist存在。根据上文“AI models can now not only learn, but”可知，AI 模型不仅能学习，还能创造（或重组信息），“create”（创造）体现AI的高级能力，与“sophisticated manner”呼应。故选B。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，这类工具的功能已从能够执行极其特定的任务，发展到了诸如为懒惰的大学生撰写论文这类一般性的工作。A. chaotic混乱的；B. common共同的；C. contradictory矛盾的；D. specific特别的。根据后文“tasks to general jobs”可知，AI工具从能执行特定任务发展到处理通用工作（如写论文），“specific”（特定的）与“general”（通用的）形成对比，符合发展逻辑。故选D。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市建平中学2024-2025学年高一上学期11月期中英语试题 The similarities between babies and scientists become particularly vivid when we consider how babies learn about things. In science, and even in ordinary life, we 1 the surfaces of the world and try to infer its deeper patterns. We look for the 2 causes of events. We try to figure out the nature of things. It’s not just that we human beings can do this, we need to do it. We seem to have a kind of explanatory drive, like our drive for food. When we’re presented with a puzzle, a mystery, a hint of a pattern, or something that doesn’t quite 3 , we work until we find a solution. As scientists, we may stay up all night to solve a problem, and it doesn’t seem rather likely that our salaries are the only 4 . We see this same drive to 5 the world in its purest form in children. Human children in the first three years of life are consumed by a desire to explore and 6 with objects. From the time human babies can move around, they are torn between the safety of a grown-up hug and the 7 drive to explore. Toddlers (学步儿童)in the park venture (冒险)out to explore and then, in a sudden panic, race back to the safe harbour, only to venture forth again some few minutes later. Seen from an evolutionary point of view, children’s exploratory behaviour is rather peculiar. Not only do babies invest enormous energy in exploring the world, their explorations often 8 their very survival. However, for our species, the dangers of exploration are 9 by the benefits of learning. The change in children’s understanding of the world seem related to the ways they explore and experiment. Children actively do things to 10 their understanding of disappearances, causes and categories. Fortunately, these aspects of the 11 world are so common that babies can do their experiments quite easily and for the most part safely. The bed, the house, the garden are excellent laboratories. 12 , we can see babies become interested in hiding-and-finding games when they are about a year old. We once recorded a baby putting the same ring under a cloth and finding it 17 times, saying “all gone” each time. In our experiments, babies often begin by 13 when we take the toy to hide it. But after one or two turns, they often start hiding the toy themselves or give the cloth and toy to us with instructions to hide it again. A key aspect of our developmental picture is that babies actively 14 looking for patterns in what is going on around them, in testing hypotheses (假设)and in seeking 15 . They aren’t just stamped(标识)by evolution or shaped by their environment or moulded (塑造)by adults. 1．A．reflect on B．judge from C．stand by D．look beyond 2．A．disappearing B．interesting C．conflicting D．underlying 3．A．serve any purpose B．draw any attention C．make sense D．take place 4．A．motivation B．reward C．requirement D．initiative 5．A．challenge B．understand C．transform D．access 6．A．cooperate B．communicate C．experiment D．interfere 7．A．desirable B．uniform C．original D．irresistible 8．A．endanger B．benefit C．feature D．indicate 9．A．dominated B．highlighted C．outweighed D．driven 10．A．feature B．record C．enhance D．organize 11．A．perceptible B．physical C．senseless D．familiar 12．A．For instance B．In addition C．In other words D．In all 13．A．cheering B．disapproving C．appealing D．cheating 14．A．call for B．object to C．think over D．engage in 15．A．purposes B．contributions C．explanations D．instructions 【答案】 1．D 2．D 3．C 4．A 5．B 6．C 7．D 8．A 9．A 10．C 11．B 12．A 13．B 14．D 15．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人类探索行为的本质，从科学家到儿童，都展现出对探索和学习的强烈渴望。 1．考查短语辨析。句意：在科学中，甚至在日常生活中，我们透过世界的表面，试图推断其更深层次的模式。A. reflect on思考；B. judge from根据……判断；C. stand by支持；D. look beyond考虑更多。根据下文“try to infer its deeper patterns(试着推断出更深层次的模式)”可知，此处是指“透过、超越”世界的表面。此处故选D项。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们寻找事件的根本原因。A. disappearing消失的；B. interesting有趣的；C. conflicting冲突的；D. underlying潜在的、根本的。根据下文“We try to figure out the nature of things(我们试图弄清事物的本质)”可知，此处是指寻找事件的“根本的”原因。故选D项。 3．考查短语辨析。句意：当我们面对一个谜题，一个谜团，一个模式的暗示，或者一些不太有意义的事情时，我们会一直努力，直到找到解决办法。A. serve any purpose服务于任何目的；B. draw any attention引起注意；C. make sense有意义； D. take place发生。根据上文“a puzzle, a mystery, a hint of a pattern,(一个谜题，一个谜团，一个模式的暗示，) ”可知，此处应该和上文并列，所以指“不太有意义”的事情。故选C项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：作为科学家，我们可能会为了解决一个问题而熬夜，而且工资似乎不太可能是我们唯一的动力。A. motivation动力；B. reward奖励；C. requirement要求；D. initiative倡议。根据上文的 salaries可知，此处是指工资不大可能使我们唯一的“动力”。故选A项。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们在孩子身上看到了同样的动力，想要以最纯粹的形式去理解世界。A. challenge挑战；B. understand理解；C. transform转化；D. access接近。根据上文“We see this same drive(我们看到了同样的动力)”可知，此处是指看到了同样的动力去“理解”世界。故选B项。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：人类儿童在生命的前三岁被探索和试验物体的欲望所消耗。A. cooperate合作；B. communicate交流；C. experiment试验；D. interfere干涉。根据and前的explore可知，此处用动词experiment和explore并列表示探索和“试验”物体。故选C项。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：从人类婴儿能四处走动的时候起，他们就在成年人的拥抱和不可抗拒的探索动力之间摇摆不定。A. desirable向往的；B. uniform全部相同的；C. original起初的；D. irresistible无法抗拒的。根据下文“Toddlers(学步儿童)in the park venture(冒险)out to explore and then, in a sudden panic, race back to the safe harbour, only to venture forth again some few minutes later.(在公园里蹒跚学步的孩子们冒险出去探索，然后突然惊慌失措地跑回安全港，几分钟后又冒险出来。)”可知，此处是指在安全港和“不可抗拒的”探索之间摇摆不定。故选D项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：婴儿不仅在探索世界上投入了巨大的精力，而且他们的探索常常危及他们的生存。A. endanger危及；B.benefit使受益；C. feature以……为特色；D. indicate表明。根据下文the dangers of exploration可知，此处是指探索会“危及”他们的生存。故选A项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，对于人类来说，探索的危险被学习的好处所控制。A. dominated控制、支配；B. highlighted突出、强调；C. outweighed比……重要；D. driven驱使。根据上文的 However可知，上下文之间是转折关系，所以此处是指探索的危险被学习的好处所“控制”。故选A项。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：孩子们积极地做一些事情来增强他们对失踪、原因和类别的理解。A. feature以……为特色；B. record记录；C. enhance提高；D. organize组织。根据下文“their understanding of disappearances, causes and categories(他们对失踪、原因和类别的理解)”可知，此处是指“增强”对这些的理解。故选C项。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：幸运的是，物质世界的这些方面是如此普遍，婴儿可以很容易地做他们的实验，而且在很大程度上是安全的。床、房子、花园都是极好的实验室。A. perceptible可察觉的；B. physical物质的；C. senseless无意识的；D. familiar熟悉的。根据空格后的world可知，此处是指“物质”世界。故选B项。 12．考查短语辨析。句意：床、房子、花园都是极好的实验室。例如，我们可以看到婴儿在大约一岁时开始对捉迷藏游戏感兴趣。A. For instance例如；B. In addition另外；C. In other words换句话说；D. In all总共。根据下文“we can see babies become interested in hiding-and-finding games when they are about a year old.(我们可以看到婴儿在大约一岁的时候开始对捉迷藏游戏感兴趣。)”可知，此处是指举例说明情况。故选A项。 13．考查动名词词义辨析。句意：在我们的实验中，当我们把玩具拿起来藏起来时，婴儿通常一开始就不赞成。但在一两个回合后，他们经常开始自己藏玩具，或者把布和玩具交给我们，并指示我们再藏起来。A. cheering欢呼；B. disapproving不赞成；C. appealing呼吁；D. cheating欺骗。根据下文“when we take the toy to hide it(当我们把玩具拿起来藏起来时)”可知，藏起玩具时婴儿通常应该是“不赞成的”。故选B项。 14．考查短语辨析。句意：我们的发展图景的一个关键方面是婴儿积极地寻找他们周围发生的事情的模式，测试假设并寻求解释。A. call for要求；B. object to反对；C. think over仔细考虑；D. engage in参与。根据下文“looking for patterns in what is going on around them,(寻找他们周围发生的事情的模式)”可知，此处是指“参与”寻找。故选D项。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. purposes目的；B. contributions贡献；C. explanations解释；D. instructions指示。根据上文testing hypotheses可知，此处是和上文并列，指测试假设并寻求“解释”。故选C项。 话题 2 教育与校园生活 围绕大学生活、学习策略、校园环境对学生的影响展开，探讨教育过程中的成长与挑战。 1．《Having a clear picture in mind of what their future will look like...》：研究发现对未来有清晰规划能激励学生应对大学生活挑战，尤其对社会经济地位较低的女学生有效。基于 “基于身份的动机理论”，想象成功未来可帮助学生在学术困境中保持积极，如展现更自信的肢体语言、更努力应对测试，体现目标对学习的推动作用。 2．《Most of us assume that we go to college in order to be educated...》：指出上大学不仅为学习知识，还是社会的缩影，能培养处理人际关系、参与活动的能力，还提到部分学生存在 “极端” 行为（过度学习或过度参与校园活动），强调需平衡学业与活动，才能全面发展。 Passage 1 Having a clear picture in mind of what their future will look like can motivate students to keep going despite the challenges of college life. This 1 seems to be particularly effective for female students from relatively low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds says, Mesmin Destin of Northwestern University in the US. College is a time of great opportunity for some, but can be 2 for others. It is often the first time that many students are away from the regular and familiar support of their family and friends. Weak students from lower SES backgrounds often encounter greater financial and psychological challenges than others, and this can lead to 3 and even withdrawal from difficult situations, such as when interacting with their lecturers or taking tests and exams. Destin and his colleagues wanted to understand if students' 4 to academic challenges improve when they look forward to the future. This idea is built around the theory of identity-based motivation. It holds that people can take positive action during times of unfavorable conditions when they 5 a successful future for themselves. "The theory of identity-based motivation proposes that stimulating a focus on a successful future identity may be especially 6 in motivating students who are weak during challenging academic situations to develop a sense of action readiness," explains Destin. "This involves feeling ready and able to take appropriate action when 7 difficulty.” In two almost identical laboratory experiments -- one involving 93 female students, the other 185 students (including 101 women) -- participants were first asked either to write about their past or their future 8 . After their deep thoughts, the participants were filmed during an imitated interview with a so-called lecturer, and then had to 9 a difficult academic test. The research team noted whether participants' body language was bold and confident, and measured the amount of effort participants' 10 the academic test. The results were in agreement with the theory of identity-based motivation. Destin and his team found that having a successful future identity can prevent especially female students from lower SES backgrounds from 11 during challenging academic situations. Specifically, lower SES women who wrote about their future identities displayed greater action 12 compared to those who considered their past. They showed more confident body language. It helped them to make more effort to tackle the test, and had an indirect effect on their 13 . "Stimulating imagined successful future identities appears to provide a 14 pathway to enable weak students to effectively navigate everyday stressors," says Destin. "The findings 15 suggest that certain students may benefit from strategies that remind them to image their successful futures before any difficult and important task that they might otherwise be likely to avoid." 1．A．instruction B．strategy C．challenge D．psychology 2．A．disgraceful B．shameful C．harmful D．stressful 3．A．hesitation B．intention C．depression D．decision 4．A．willingness B．options C．responses D．applications 5．A．destroy B．imagine C．abandon D．substitute 6．A．powerful B．upright C．unique D．ambitious 7．A．avoiding B．overcoming C．surrendering D．encountering 8．A．experience B．suffering C．success D．failure 9．A．design B．complete C．comment D．revise 10．A．put away B．put on C．put out D．put into 11．A．withdrawing B．transforming C．advancing D．engaging 12．A．quantity B．dullness C．readiness D．inability 13．A．fascination B．ignorance C．dilemma D．performance 14．A．tolerable B．potential C．straight D．academic 15．A．therefore B．however C．otherwise D．meanwhile 【答案】 1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C 5．B 6．A 7．D 8．C 9．B 10．D 11．A 12．C 13．D 14．B 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究发现想象自己的成功未来这一策略会让大学生受益。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这一策略似乎对社会经济地位相对较低的女学生特别有效。A. instruction指令；B. strategy策略、战略；C. challenge挑战；D. psychology心理。空前说对自己的未来有一个清晰的认识可以激励学生在大学生活的挑战中继续前进，此处指的就是这个策略，文章最后一句话中的“strategies”也是提示，故B项正确。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：大学对一些人来说是一个很好的机会，但对另一些人来说可能会有压力。A. disgraceful可耻的；B. shameful不体面的；C. harmful有害的；D. stressful有压力的、紧张的。空后说这往往是许多学生第一次远离家人和朋友经常和熟悉的支持，社会地位较低的弱势学生往往比其他人遇到更大的经济和心理挑战，这可能导致犹豫，甚至从困难的情况下退缩，这说明大学对一些人来说可能是有压力的，故D项正确。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这可能导致犹豫，甚至从困难的情况下退缩。A. hesitation犹豫；B. intention目的；C. depression沮丧；D. decision决定。空前说社会地位较低的弱势学生往往比其他人遇到更大的经济和心理挑战，因此这可能导致他们犹豫，甚至从困难的情况下退缩，故A项正确。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：Destin和他的同事们希望了解学生在展望未来时，对学术挑战的反应是否有所改善。A. willingness乐意；B. options选择；C. responses反应、回应；D. applications应用。根据空后的“to academic challenges improve when they look forward to the future.”可知，他们想知道学生在展望未来时，对学术挑战的反应是否有所改善，故C项正确。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它认为，当人们为自己设想一个成功的未来时，他们可以在不利的条件下采取积极的行动。A. destroy破坏；B. imagine想象、憧憬；C. abandon放弃；D. substitute替代。空前说这个想法是建立在基于身份的动机理论的基础上的，此处是对这个理论的解释，即：当人们为自己设想一个成功的未来时，他们可以在不利的条件下采取积极的行动，故B项正确。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：基于身份的动机理论认为，激发对成功的未来身份的关注可能特别有助于激励那些在挑战性学习环境中表现不佳的学生培养行动准备意识。A. powerful强大的、有力量的；B. upright正直的；C. unique独特的；D. ambitious有抱负的。上文说这个理论认为当人们为自己设想一个成功的未来时，他们可以在不利的条件下采取积极的行动，所以激发对成功的未来身份的关注会特别有助于激励那些在挑战性学习环境中表现不佳的学生培养行动准备意识，be powerful in表示“在……方面是有力的”，故A项正确。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这包括在遇到困难时感到准备好并能够采取适当的行动。 A. avoiding避免；B. overcoming克服；C. surrendering投降；D. encountering遇到。根据空前的“feeling ready and able to take appropriate action”可知，感到准备好并能够采取适当的行动是遇到困难时的反应，故D项正确。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：参与者首先被要求写下他们的过去或未来的成功。A. experience经历、经验；B. suffering苦难；C. success成功；D. failure失败。上文说基于身份的动机理论认为，激发对成功的未来身份的关注可能特别有助于激励那些在挑战性学习环境中表现不佳的学生培养行动准备意识，这个理论的核心就是“成功的身份”，所以参与者被要求写下他们的过去或未来的成功，故C项正确。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：经过深思熟虑后，参与者在模拟采访一位所谓讲师的过程中被拍摄下来，然后完成一次困难的学术测试。A. design设计；B. complete完成；C. comment评论；D. revise修正。根据空后说的研究团队衡量了参与者在学术测试中投入的努力程度可知，参与者需要完成一次困难的学术测试，故B项正确。 10．考查动词短语辨析。句意：研究团队记录了参与者的肢体语言是否大胆自信，并衡量了参与者在学术测试中投入的努力程度。A. put away放好；B. put on穿上；C. put out熄灭；D. put into放进、放到。根据空前的“measured the amount of effort”可知，研究团队衡量了参与者在学术测试中投入的努力程度，故D项正确。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Destin和他的团队发现，拥有一个成功的未来身份可以防止特别是来自较低社会地位背景的女学生在充满挑战的学习环境中退缩。A. withdrawing退缩、撤离；B. transforming转换；C. advancing推动；D. engaging从事。上文说基于身份的动机理论认为当人们为自己设想一个成功的未来时，他们可以在不利的条件下采取积极的行动，所以此处是说拥有一个成功的未来身份可以防止特别是来自较低社会地位背景的女学生在充满挑战的学习环境中退缩，故A项正确。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：具体来说，社会经济地位较低的女性在写自己未来身份时，比那些考虑过去身份的女性表现出更强的行动准备。A. quantity数量；B. dullness迟钝；C. readiness准备就绪、愿意；D. inability无能。上文说基于身份的动机理论认为，激发对成功的未来身份的关注可能特别有助于激励那些在挑战性学习环境中表现不佳的学生培养行动准备意识，所以社会经济地位较低的女性在写自己未来身份时，比那些考虑过去身份的女性表现出更强的行动准备，故C项正确。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这帮助她们更加努力地应对考试，并对她们的表现产生了间接影响。A. fascination魅力；B. ignorance无知；C. dilemma    困境；D. performance表现。空前说她们表现出更加自信的肢体语言，这间接影响了她们的表现，故D项正确、 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：激发想象中的成功的未来身份似乎提供了一条潜在的途径，使弱势学生能够有效应对日常压力。A. tolerable可容忍的；B. potential潜在的；C. straight直的；D. academic学术的。根据空后的“___ pathway to enable weak students to effectively navigate everyday stressors”可知，激发想象中的成功的未来身份提供了一条使弱势学生能够有效应对日常压力的潜在途径，故B项正确。 15．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，研究结果表明，某些学生可能会从一些策略中受益，这些策略提醒他们在完成任何困难而重要的任务之前，先想象自己成功的未来，否则他们可能会逃避这些任务。A. therefore因此；B. however然而；C. otherwise否则；D. meanwhile同时。此处总结上文，说的是这个研究结果的意义，前后是因果关系，此处表示结果，故A项正确。 【点睛】本篇第8题难度较大，对基于身份的动机理论的理解是关键，根据上文中的“The theory of identity-based motivation proposes that stimulating a focus on a successful future identity may be especially ___6___ in motivating students who are weak during challenging academic situations to develop a sense of action readiness”可知，基于身份的动机理论认为，激发对成功的未来身份的关注可能特别有助于激励那些在挑战性学习环境中表现不佳的学生培养行动准备意识，这个理论的核心就是“成功的身份”，所以参与者被要求写下他们的过去或未来的成功，故C项正确。 Passage 2 【来源】上海安亭高级中学2024-2025学年高一上学期期中考试英语试卷 Most of us assume that we go to college in order to be educated, to become 1 , and be 2 to society when we complete our studies. Of course, this is true, but it is more than that.We go to college not only to learn knowledge, but to prepare ourselves for the real world, for college is a 3 to society in miniature. Thus, it teaches us how to 4 relationships between different kinds of people later. College life provides many 5 ,which is a stepping stone in the real world. College education also 6 a student to develop a mind that is able to think clearly and critically. While we are at college, we should have as 7 contacts with our teachers as possible. They are as human as we are but with a wider 8 of knowledge than we do which can help   9 our secret little problems. Therefore, they can help us in more ways than just teaching us school 55 Some of us tend to go to 10 . We are either too fond of studies and become book worms or too much occupied by campus activities. The former kinds of students, 11 , are star pupils at college but not likely to be successful in their career 12 they don’t have the knowledge of real human beings and their range of interests is too 13 . The latter, since they lack the basic knowledge of science and humanities, are not likely to succeed, either. Thus we must steer(朝..前进，取道)the middle 14 between these two extremes. 1．A．leaders B．scholars C．ancestors D．authorities 2．A．joyful B．enjoyable C．practical D．useful 3．A．class B．society C．group D．team 4．A．take away B．make up C．put up D．deal with 5．A．disputes B．conflicts C．activities D．communities 6．A．chooses B．assigns C．employs D．trains 7．A．quick B．slow C．continuous D．frequent 8．A．range B．reach C．control D．distance 9．A．suggest B．solve C．discover D．explain 10．A．symbols B．imaginations C．contributions D．subjects 11．A．ends B．peaks C．degrees D．extremes 12．A．generally B．surely C．nearly D．exactly 13．A．because B．so C．after D．why 14．A．narrow B．broad C．correct D．foolish 15．A．match B．way C．idea D．program 【答案】 1．B 2．D 3．B 4．D 5．C 6．D 7．D 8．A 9．B 10．D 11．D 12．B 13．A 14．A 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍我们上大学不仅是为了学习知识，也是为了为现实世界做好准备，因此我们要学会处理不同类型的人之间的关系，参加各种活动，培养清晰和批判性思考的能力。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们大多数人认为我们上大学是为了接受教育，成为学者，并在完成学业后对社会有用。A. leaders领导；B. scholars学者；C. ancestors祖先；D. authorities权威。根据上文“Most of us assume that we go to college in order to be educated”可知，大多数人读大学，接受教育是为了成为有学识的人，即学者。故选B。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们大多数人认为我们上大学是为了接受教育，成为学者，并在完成学业后对社会有用。A. joyful欢乐的；B. enjoyable令人愉快的；C. practical实际的；D. useful有用的。根据上文“Most of us assume that we go to college in order to be educated”可知，大多数人读大学，是为了成为学者或是毕业之后为社会做贡献，即对社会有用。故选D。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们上大学不仅是为了学习知识，也是为了为现实世界做好准备，因为大学是社会的缩影。A. class班级；B. society社会；C. group小组；D. team团队。根据下文“to society in miniature.”可知，大学是社会的缩影，即一个小社会。故选B。 4．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：因此，它教会我们以后如何处理与不同类型的人之间的关系。A. take away拿走；B. make up弥补；C. put up张贴；D. deal with处理。根据下文“relationships between different kinds of people later.”可知，在大学这个小社会中，我们需要处理与不同人之间的关系。故选D。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：大学生活提供了许多活动，这是进入现实世界的垫脚石。A. disputes争论；B. conflicts冲突；C. activities活动；D. communities社区。根据下文“which is a stepping stone in the real world.”可知，大学中的各种活动与真实社会生活有相似之处，因此参加各种大学活动可以帮助学生更好的进入社会，故选C。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：大学教育还训练学生培养清晰和批判性思考的能力。A. chooses选择；B. assigns安排；C. employs雇佣；D. trains训练。根据下文“to develop a mind that is able to think clearly and critically.”可知，我们在大学接受教育，因此大学会教授，训练我们培养思考能力。故选D。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当我们在大学的时候，我们应该尽可能多地和老师接触。A. quick快速的；B. slow缓慢的；C. continuous持续的；D. frequent频繁的。根据上文“While we are at college”可知，我们在大学求学期间，会与老师进行频繁的接触才能获得知识技能。故选D。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们和我们一样是有文化的人，但比我们有更广泛的知识，可以帮助我们解决秘密的小问题。A. range范围；B. reach到达；C. control控制；D. distance距离。根据上文“We go to college not only to learn knowledge”可知，我们进入大学向老师学习，因此相比之下，老师具有更广泛的知识，更加博学。故选A。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们和我们一样是有文化的人，但比我们有更广泛的知识，可以帮助我们解决秘密的小问题。A. suggest建议；B. solve解决；C. discover发现；D. explain解释。根据上文“but to prepare ourselves for the real world”可知，接受大学教育可以帮助我们为进入真实世界作准备，即帮助我们解决生活中遇到的问题。故选B。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，他们可以在更多的方面帮助我们，而不仅仅是教我们学校的科目。A. symbols符号；B. imaginations想象；C. contributions贡献；D. subjects学科。根据上文“to develop a mind that is able to think clearly and critically.”可知，大学教育不仅仅教授学科知识，还培养我们清晰的思考及批判性思维。故选D。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们中的一些人倾向于走向极端。A. ends末尾；B. peaks顶峰；C. degrees程度；D. extremes极端。根据下文“We are either too fond of studies and become book worms or too much occupied by campus activities.”可知，我们有些学生要么太痴迷于学习要么大多数时间参与校园活动，这两种情况是两个行为极端。故选D。 12．考查副词词义辨析。句意：前一类学生当然是大学里的明星学生，但不太可能在事业上取得成功，因为他们并不真正了解人际交往，而且他们的兴趣范围太单一了。A. generally通常地；B. surely确定地；C. nearly几乎；D. exactly确切地。根据上文“We are either too fond of studies and become book worms”可知，这些痴迷于学习的书虫一定是成绩优异的明星学生。故选B。 13．考查连词词义辨析。句意：前一类学生当然是大学里的明星学生，但不太可能在事业上取得成功，因为他们并不真正了解人际交往，而且他们的兴趣范围单一了。A. because因为；B. so因此；C. after之后；D. why为什么。根据下文“they don’t have the knowledge of real human beings”可知，此处在解释痴迷于学习的书虫在其他领域不能成功的原因。故选A。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：前一类学生当然是大学里的明星学生，但不太可能在事业上取得成功，因为他们并不真正了解人际交往，而且他们的兴趣范围太单一了。A. narrow窄的；B. broad宽广的，广泛的；C. correct正确的；D. foolish愚蠢的。根据上文“We are either too fond of studies and become book worms”可知，这些书中学生只痴迷于学习，因此他们的兴趣或生活技能知识太单一，并不广泛。故选A。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，我们必须在这两个极端之间走中庸之道。A. match匹配；B. way道路，方法；C. idea观点；D. program项目。根据上文“but not likely to be successful in their career”及“The latter, since they lack the basic knowledge of science and humanities, are not likely to succeed, either.”可知，过渡痴迷学习或是过渡参与学校活动都是极端行为，不利于学生成长，因此我们不能走极端，要走一条中庸的路线。故选B。 话题 3 文化与社会观念 涵盖文化差异、社会对不同群体的态度、文化活动对社会的影响，展现文化与社会的紧密关联。 1．《The term culture now is used to describe everything...》：解释文化的原始含义（包含民族、国家的自然环境、历史、传统等），说明文化通过符号（如图腾柱、颜色象征）识别，不同文化对同一符号反应不同（如黄色在亚洲与中国古代的不同含义），还提及民族优越感的利弊，强调多元文化共存的重要性。 2．《Reading living books》：介绍 “活图书馆” 项目，该项目 2000 年源于丹麦，通过让不同文化背景、宗教、职业的人作为 “活书” 与读者面对面交流，减少偏见、促进理解，2009 年传入中国，在多个城市举办活动，体现文化交流对社会观念的积极影响。 Passage 1 【来源】上海市育才中学2024-2025学年高一上学期期中测试英语试题 The term culture now is used to describe everything from the fine arts to the outlook of a business group or a sports team. In its original sense, however, culture 1 all identifying aspects of an ethnic (民族的) group, nation, or empire: its physical environment, history, and traditions; its social rules and economic structure; its religious beliefs and arts. The central beliefs and customs of a group are handed down from one generation to another. It is for this reason that most people regarded culture as 2 rather than inborn. People acquire a culture; they are not 3 with one. The process by which a person develops a 4 for regional foods, or an outlook on the world over time, 5 , is known as enculturation (文化适应). Cultures are often identified by their 6 — images that are familiar and have meanings. Totem (图腾) poles carved with animal and creative figures suggests aspects of the Native American peoples of the Pacific Northwest but more accurately 7 specific families. In Asia and India, the color of yellow is identified with Buddhist and Hindu priests; in ancient China it was a color only for the family of the 8 Thus, different cultures may respond to a symbol quite 9 . For example, to some a flag may represent pride, historical accomplishments, or ideals; to others, 10 , it can be an danger or oppression. To individuals unfamiliar with cultures outside their own, the beliefs, behaviors, and artistic expression of other groups can seem 11 and even threatening. A society that 12 all other cultures with its own standards is said to be ethnocentric (民族优越感的). A strongly ethnocentric society assumes also that what is different from its own culture is likely to be 13 and, possibly, wrong or evil. All people are ethnocentric to some degree, and aspects of ethnocentrism, such as national pride, 14 a well-functioning society. An appreciation for one’s own culture, however, does not preclude (排除) acceptance and respect for another culture. History documents the long-term vigor and success of multicultural groups in which people from numerous and diverse cultural backgrounds live and work together. Ethnocentrism, 15 , can lead to racism — the belief that it is race and ethnic origin that account for variations in human character or ability and that one’s own race is superior to all others. 1．A．benefits B．involves C．attracts D．neglects 2．A．learned B．created C．developed D．inherited 3．A．supplied B．exchanged C．carried D．born 4．A．style B．taste C．method D．culture 5．A．therefore B．besides C．otherwise D．nevertheless 6．A．religions B．symbols C．arts D．traditions 7．A．make up B．take over C．stand for D．bring up 8．A．minister B．maid C．prisoner D．emperor 9．A．appropriately B．positively C．differently D．similarly 10．A．furthermore B．however C．thus D．also 11．A．national B．normal C．pleasant D．strange 12．A．removes B．ranks C．controls D．abandons 13．A．inferior B．productive C．traditional D．industrial 14．A．belong to B．refer to C．turn to D．contribute to 15．A．in contrast B．in particular C．as a result D．on the whole 【答案】 1．B 2．A 3．D 4．B 5．A 6．B 7．C 8．D 9．C 10．B 11．D 12．B 13．A 14．D 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了文化的含义、特点以及文化适应、文化多元性和民族优越感等相关内容。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，从其原始意义上来说，文化包含一个民族、国家或帝国的所有可识别的方面：其自然环境、历史和传统；其社会规则和经济结构；其宗教信仰和艺术。A. benefits有益于；B. involves包含；C. attracts吸引；D. neglects忽视。根据后文“all identifying aspects of an ethnic (民族的) group, nation, or empire: its physical environment, history, and traditions; its social rules and economic structure; its religious beliefs and arts”可知，这些是文化这一概念所包含的内容。故选B项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：正因为如此，大多数人认为文化是后天学习的，而不是天生的。A. learned学习；B. created创造；C. developed发展；D. inherited继承。根据前文“handed down from one generation to another”和后文“People acquire a culture”可知，文化是从一代传到另一代的，即文化是后天学习到的。故选A项。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：人们获得文化；他们不是天生就有的。A. supplied供应；B. exchanged交换；C. carried携带；D. born出生。根据前文“rather than inborn”和“People acquire a culture”可知，人们不是天生就带有文化。故选D项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一个人随着时间的推移对地区性食物的品味或对世界的看法的发展过程，被称为文化适应。A. style风格；B. taste品味；C. method方法；D. culture文化。根据前文“The process by which a person develops”和后文“for regional foods”可知，指对食物品味的形成过程。故选B项。 5．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，一个人随着时间的推移对地区性食物的品味或对世界的看法的发展过程，被称为文化适应。A. therefore因此；B. besides此外；C. otherwise否则；D. nevertheless然而。根据前文“People acquire a culture”和后文“known as enculturation”可知，文化是通过学习获得的，所以人们获得文化的过程就是适应的过程，被称为文化适应，前后文之间是因果关系。故选A项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：文化通常通过其符号来识别——这些符号是熟悉的，并且有意义。A. religions宗教；B. symbols符号；C. arts艺术；D. traditions传统。根据后文“images that are familiar and have meanings”和“Totem (图腾) poles carved with animal and creative figures suggests aspects of the Native American peoples of the Pacific Northwest”可知，通过符号来识别文化。故选B项。 7．考查动词短语辨析。句意：刻有动物和创意人物的图腾柱表明了太平洋西北地区美洲原住民的一些方面，但更准确地代表了特定的家族。A. make up组成；B. take over接管；C. stand for代表；D. bring up抚养。根据前文“Totem (图腾) poles carved with animal and creative figures suggests aspects of the Native American peoples of the Pacific Northwest”可知，图腾柱能表明太平洋西北地区美洲原住民的一些方面，所以此处指图腾柱更准确地代表了特定的家族。故选C项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在亚洲和印度，黄色与佛教和印度教祭司有关；在中国古代，它是皇帝家族专用的颜色。A. minister部长；B. maid女仆；C. prisoner囚犯；D. emperor皇帝。根据后文“Thus, different cultures may respond to a symbol quite 9 .”可知，不同文化对同一符号的反应可能不同，结合常识可知，此处举例说明，在中国古代黄色是皇帝家族专用的颜色。故选D项。 9．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，不同文化对同一符号的反应可能截然不同。A. appropriately适当地；B. positively积极地；C. differently不同地；D. similarly相似地。根据前文举例可知在亚洲和印度，黄色与佛教和印度教祭司有关，而在中国古代，黄色是皇帝家族专用的颜色，说明不同文化对同一符号的反应可能不同。故选C项。 10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：例如，对一些人来说，旗帜可能代表骄傲、历史成就或理想；然而，对其他人来说，它可能意味着危险或压迫。A. furthermore而且；B. however然而；C. thus因此；D. also也。根据前文“to some a flag may represent pride, historical accomplishments, or ideals”和后文“it can mean danger or oppression”可知，前后文之间为转折关系，所以应用however连接。故选B项。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对于不熟悉自身以外文化的人来说，其他群体的信仰、行为和艺术表达可能看起来很奇怪，甚至具有威胁性。A. national国家的；B. normal正常的；C. pleasant愉快的；D. strange奇怪的。根据前文“unfamiliar with cultures outside their own”可知，对其他群体的文化不熟悉，所以它们会看起来很奇怪。故选D项。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一个用自己的标准来给所有其他文化分等级的社会被认为具有民族优越感。A. removes移除；B. ranks把……分等级；C. controls控制；D. abandons抛弃。根据后文“with its own standards”可知，用自己的标准来衡量所有其他文化；rank...with...为固定短语，意为“用……给……分等级”。故选B项。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一个强烈民族优越感的社会也假设，与其自身文化不同的东西很可能是低劣的，而且可能是错误的或邪恶的。A. inferior低劣的；B. productive多产的；C. traditional传统的；D. industrial工业的。根据后文“and, possibly, wrong or evil”可知，有强烈民族优越感的社会会认为与其自身文化不同的东西是低劣的。故选A项。 14．考查动词短语辨析。句意：所有人在一定程度上都是民族优越的，民族优越感的某些方面，如民族自豪感，对社会的良好运转做出了贡献。A. belong to属于；B. refer to参考；C. turn to转向；D. contribute to有助于。根据前文“All people are ethnocentric”和后文“a well-functioning society”可推知，民族优越感对社会的良好运转做出了贡献。故选D项。 15．考查介词短语辨析。句意：相反，民族优越感可能导致种族主义——认为种族和民族起源是人类性格或能力差异的原因，并且认为自己的种族优于其他所有种族。A. in contrast相比之下；B. in particular特别；C. as a result结果；D. on the whole总的来说。前文“All people are ethnocentric to some degree, and aspects of ethnocentrism, such as national pride, 14 a well-functioning society.”说明民族优越感对社会的良好运转做出了贡献，后文“can lead to racism — the belief that it is race and ethnic origin that account for variations in human character or ability and that one’s own race is superior to all others.”讲民族主义会导致种族主义，前后文之间形成对比关系，所以应用in contrast连接。故选A项。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市风华中学2024-2025学年高一上学期期中测试英语试题 Reading living books You may know the saying, “Don’t judge a book by its cover.” It 1 the idea behind the Living Library project. Like 2 library, a Living Liberty offers readers books, except that these “books” can 3 to you. But these living books are not like anything from a(n) 4 movie — they are people, like you and me. The Living Library project was started in 2000 by a group of young people in Denmark. They wanted to reduce prejudice (偏见) and encourage 5 between people, and they had the idea of bringing together some very different people to communicate 6 . These living books were from different cultural backgrounds, nations, educational levels, religions and 7 . Reading living books is very 8 : Each book can talk with readers face to face, and sometimes a small group of readers can read one book together. The book and the reader(s) 9 and share different thoughts, ideas, lifestyles and so on. The project began to gain in 10 in other parts of the world and was introduced to China in 2009. This past April, a wave of Living Library events was held in more than 20 Chinese cities. In Guangzhou, for example, 50 living books were 11 to 200 readers. The event was divided into four rounds; each lasted 40 minutes. In each round, up to eight readers would read one book together. One of the living books, Tang, suffered from depression. She talked about her experience of fighting depression and also pointed out a problem: People’s 12 about mental illnesses was preventing many patients from getting treatment in time. In Living Library events like this one, it is not one person 13 another, but someone introducing others to a different idea or way of life. Everyone can raise questions and everyone is 14 . “Everyone is a book,” said Liu Qiongxiong, the organizer of the event in Guangzhou. “By reading others we can 15 understand each other and ourselves.” 1．A．challenges B．talks about C．makes use of D．sums up 2．A．the other B．any other C．another D．each other 3．A．convey B．relate C．talk D．donate 4．A．science-fiction B．comedy C．horror D．action 5．A．understanding B．difference C．violence D．change 6．A．fairly B．silently C．equally D．seriously 7．A．locations B．occasions C．schools D．professions 8．A．simple B．difficult C．complex D．shallow 9．A．test B．organize C．dismiss D．discuss 10．A．control B．popularity C．access D．time 11．A．presented B．lent C．borrow D．delivered 12．A．curiously B．questions C．hesitation D．misunderstanding 13．A．fighting B．challenging C．teaching D．criticizing 14．A．judged B．respected C．ranked D．numbered 15．A．dramatically B．significantly C．worsely D．better 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 5．A 6．C 7．D 8．A 9．D 10．B 11．A 12．D 13．C 14．B 15．D 【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了Living Library项目的活动理念和活动内容。 1．考查动词（短语）词义辨析。句意：它总结了Living Library项目背后的理念。A. challenges挑战；B. talks about讨论；C. makes use of利用；D. sums up总结。根据下文“behind the Living Library project”及上文“Don’t judge a book by its cover.”可知，这句俗语总结了Living Library项目背后的理念。故选D项。 2．考查代词词义辨析。句意：和其他图书馆一样，Living Liberty也为读者提供书籍，只不过这些“书”可以和你对话。A. the other用于两者之中的另一个；B. any other任何其他；C. another再一个；D. each other相互。根据下文“a Living Liberty offers readers books”可知，Living Library提供和其他图书馆一样的阅读服务，即，像任何其他的图书馆一样。故选B项。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：和其他图书馆一样，Living Liberty也为读者提供书籍，只不过这些“书”可以和你对话。A. convey传达；B. relate联系；C. talk交谈；D. donate捐赠。根据下文“they are people, like you and me”可知，Living Liberty中的书就是普通人，这些人可以进行对话交谈。故选C项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但这些活生生的书并不像科幻电影里的任何东西——他们是像你和我一样的人。A. science-fiction科幻；B. comedy喜剧；C. horror恐怖；D. action动作。根据上文“except that these “books” can  　3　 to you.”可知，这些书能说话，会让人以为像是科幻电影里的任何东西。故选A项。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们想要减少偏见，鼓励人们之间的理解，他们有一个想法，让一些截然不同的人聚集在一起，平等地交流。A. understanding理解；B. difference差异；C. violence暴力；D. change改变。根据前文“They wanted to reduce prejudice”可知，减少偏见，应是想鼓励人们之间的理解。故选A项。 6．考查副词词义辨析。句意：他们想要减少偏见，鼓励人们之间的理解，他们有一个想法，让一些截然不同的人聚集在一起，平等地交流。A. fairly十分；B. silently无声地；C. equally平等地；D. seriously严肃地。根据上文“They wanted to reduce prejudice (偏见) and encourage 　5　 between people”可知，项目是为了减少偏见，鼓励人们之间的理解，也就是让一些截然不同的人聚集在一起，平等地交流。故选C项。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些活着的书来自不同的文化背景、民族、教育水平、宗教和职业。A. locations位置；B. occasions场合；C. schools学校；D. professions职业。根据前文“These living books were from different cultural backgrounds, nations, educational levels, religions”可知，这些活着的书来自不同的地方，空处与cultural backgrounds, nations, educational levels, religions并列，应该是“职业”。故选D项。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：读活书很简单：每本书都可以和读者面对面地交谈，有时一小群读者也可以一起读一本书。A. simple简单的；B. difficult困难的；C. complex复杂的；D. shallow浅的。根据后文“Each book can talk with readers face to face, and sometimes a small group of readers can read one book together.”可知，阅读这些活书是简单的。故选A项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：书和读者讨论和分享不同的想法、观念、生活方式等等。A. test测试；B. organize组织；C. dismiss抛弃；D. discuss讨论。根据上文“Each book can talk with readers face to face”可知，“书”和读者讨论不同的想法。故选D项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：该项目开始在世界其他地区受到欢迎，并于2009年被引入中国。A. control控制；B. popularity流行；C. access通道；D. time时间。根据下文“and was introduced to China in 2009”可知，该项目流行开来。故选B项。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：以广州为例，50本“活体书籍”被呈现给了200名读者。A. presented展现；B. lent借出；C. borrow借来；D. delivered交付。根据前文“This past April, a wave of Living Library events was held in more than 20 Chinese cities.”可知，一股“Living Library”活动的热潮席卷了中国20多个城市，所以此处是在广州，有50本“活体书籍”被呈现给了200名读者。故选A项。 12．考查副词、名词词义辨析。句意：她谈到了自己与抑郁症作斗争的经历，并指出了一个问题：人们对精神疾病的误解使许多患者无法及时得到治疗。A. curiously好奇地；B. questions问题；C. hesitation犹豫；D. misunderstanding误解。根据后文“preventing many patients from getting treatment in time”可知，人们对于精神病有误解，使得病人无法及时治疗。故选D项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在像这样的Living Library活动中，不是一个人教另一个人，而是有人向其他人介绍不同的思想或生活方式。A. fighting斗争；B. challenging挑战；C. teaching教；D. criticizing批评。根据下文“Everyone can raise questions”可知，此处每个人都可以提问题，因此，不是一个人教另一个人。故选C项。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：每个人都可以提出问题，每个人都受到尊重。A. judged评价；B. respected尊敬；C. ranked排名；D. numbered标号。根据前文“Everyone can raise questions”可知，在这个阅读项目中，每个人都受到尊敬。故选B项。 15．考查副词词义辨析。句意：通过阅读别人，我们可以更好地了解对方和自己。A. dramatically显著地；B. significantly明显地；C. worsely更糟糕的是；D. better更好地。根据前文“Everyone is a book”可知，每个人都是一本书，通过与别人交谈，我们能更好地了解自己。故选D项。 话题 4 健康与生活方式 围绕饮食对健康、外貌的影响，以及生活习惯与心理健康的关联展开，提供科学的健康建议。 1．《Why the Color Green Makes Us Feel Good》：提出 “绿色假说”，指出人类对绿色空间的需求源于进化。干旱时绿色消失会引发消极心理（如抑郁），绿色回归则激发积极行为（如寻找食物）；现代城市绿色空间有限，可能导致压力与抑郁，建议城市规划优先恢复自然环境，体现自然与心理健康的关联。 2．《If you want to look your best in the morning...》：法国研究发现，早餐摄入精制碳水化合物（如法式长棍、果汁）的人比摄入粗粮（如全麦面包、无糖茶）的人外貌吸引力更低，原因是精制碳水导致血糖波动影响皮肤状态，而粗粮有助于维持良好的皮肤外观，强调饮食对健康与外貌的影响。 Passage 1 【来源】上海市进才中学2024-2025学年高一上学期期中英语试卷 Why the Color Green Makes Us Feel Good Scientists have revealed a new theory into why the color green makes us feel good. It is already well known that being out in nature is good for a person’s mental health. But now, a new study published in the British Ecological Society 1 a new theory for this called the “greenery hypothesis (假说).” They suggest that our need for green spaces 2 evolution. The researchers suggest that when greenery disappears during times of drought, it triggers a signal in humans for environmental degradation (恶化). This can lead to 3 psychological response, and even lead to feelings of depression. 4 , when greenery returns, the researchers report that it triggers a positive mental response, which further encourages them to 5 positive activities, like searching for food. “These psycho-physiological 6 must be crucial for survival during environmental fluctuations (波动) that humans have experienced in evolutionary adaptive environments,” a summary of the study reports. “However, in modern urbanized societies with limited greenery, this psychological system may lead to non-adaptive negative effects, such as increased stress and depression, creating a 7 between our evolutionary past and current cultural evolution. This hypothesis can provide valuable insights into understanding how humans psychologically respond to nature exposure, with implications for 8 such as urban planning, biodiversity conservation, etc. The scientists created this new hypothesis by bringing together previous research into the 9 of nature on humans. And from this, they gather that ongoing loss of green spaces, 10 in urban environments, could have severe impacts on human health and well-being. They note that restoring natural environments in urban areas should be a matter of priority in order to 11 “mass psychological health problems in contemporary society.” They hope that the hypothesis outlined in the study provides a framework for improving conservation efforts and prioritizing green environments in urban areas. They also emphasize how nature and greenery must be 12 for human well-being. The greenery hypothesis also notes that humans are more likely to find a place beautiful or pleasing to look at if there is greenery. This is even more likely if a person is more used to urban environments that have a 13 amount of nature around. “Our proposed hypothesis states that humans have adapted to periodic severe 14 and re-watering cycles by developing both negative and positive psychological responses to the absence or 15 of greenery within the landscape as hints to optimize their own behavioral activities.” the authors write in the study. 1．A．has acknowledged B．has proposed C．has proved D．has supposed 2．A．is devoted to B．is rooted in C．is controlled by D．is denied by 3．A．despair B．positive C．neutral D．negative 4．A．However B．Therefore C．After all D．More over 5．A．continue B．cease C．consider D．change 6．A．mindsets B．transitions C．responses D．contradictions 7．A．connection B．similarity C．difference D．mismatch 8．A．experts B．technologies C．fields D．views 9．A．effects B．affections C．lessons D．shadows 10．A．definitely B．respectively C．partly D．particularly 11．A．distinguish B．address C．cancel D．assist 12．A．planned B．demonstrated C．prioritized D．produced 13．A．limited B．huge C．appropriate D．considerable 14．A．flood B．sandstorm C．disaster D．drought 15．A．disappearance B．presence C．defence D．endurance 【答案】 1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A 5．A 6．C 7．D 8．C 9．A 10．D 11．B 12．C 13．A 14．D 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了绿色为何能提升人类的心理健康，提出了“绿色假说”，并探讨了其对城市规划和生物多样性保护的意义。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但现在，一项发表在《英国生态学会》的新研究提出了一种新的理论，称为“绿化假说”。A. has acknowledged承认；B. has proposed提出；C. has proved证明；D. has supposed假设。根据下文的“a new theory for this called the “greenery hypothesis””可知，这是一个新提出的理论。故选B。 2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：他们认为我们对绿色空间的需求源于进化。A. is devoted to致力于；B. is rooted in源于；C. is controlled by被控制；D. is denied by被拒绝。根据下文的“evolution”以及语境可知，研究人员认为我们对绿色空间的需求是源于进化的。故选B。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这会导致消极的心理反应，甚至导致抑郁的感觉。A. despair绝望的；B. positive积极的；C. neutral中立的；D. negative消极的。根据下文的“and even lead to feelings of depression”可知，这甚至导致抑郁的感觉，推测此处表示这会导致消极的心理反应。故选D。 4．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，当绿色回归时，研究人员报告说，它会触发积极的心理反应，这进一步鼓励他们继续积极的活动，比如寻找食物。A. However然而；B. Therefore因此；C. After all毕竟；D. Moreover而且。根据上文的“This can lead to 3 psychological response, and even lead to feelings of depression”和下文的“when greenery returns, the researchers report that it triggers a positive mental response”可知，上文描述消极的心理反应，下文描述积极的心理反应，上下文为转折关系，应用however，位于句首，首字母大写。故选A。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，当绿色回归时，研究人员报告说，它会触发积极的心理反应，这进一步鼓励他们继续积极的活动，比如寻找食物。A. continue继续；B. cease停止；C. consider考虑；D. change改变。根据上文的“it triggers a positive mental response, which further encourages them to”和下文“positive activities”可知，这会进一步鼓励他们继续积极的活动。故选A。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究总结报告称：“这些心理生理反应对于人类在进化适应环境中经历的环境波动中生存至关重要。”A. mindsets心态；B. transitions过渡；C. responses反应；D. contradictions矛盾。根据上文的“it triggers a positive mental response”可知，这些心理生理反应很重要。故选C。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，在现代城市化社会中，由于绿色空间有限，这种心理系统可能导致非适应性的负面影响，如压力和抑郁增加，从而在我们的进化过去和当前的文化进化之间产生了不匹配。A. connection联系；B. similarity相似性；C. difference差异；D. mismatch不匹配。根据上文的“increased stress and depression”和下文的“between our evolutionary past and current cultural evolution”可知，在进化过去和当前的文化进化之间产生了不匹配。故选D。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这一假设可以提供有价值的见解，以了解人类对自然暴露的心理反应，对城市规划、生物多样性保护等领域的含义。A. experts专家；B. technologies技术；C. fields领域；D. views观点。根据下文的“such as urban planning, biodiversity conservation, etc.”可知，这是指城市规划、生物多样性保护等领域。故选C。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：科学家们通过将以前对自然对人类影响的研究结合起来，提出了这个新的假设。A. effects影响；B. affections情感；C. lessons教训；D. shadows阴影。根据下文的“of nature on humans”以及“could have severe impacts on human health and well-being.”可知，这是指自然对人类的影响。故选A。 10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：从这一点出发，他们得出结论，正在进行的绿色空间的丧失，特别是在城市环境中，可能会对人类健康和福祉产生严重影响。A. definitely当然；B. respectively分别地；C. partly部分地；D. particularly特别地。根据上文的“they gather that ongoing loss of green spaces”和下文的“in urban environments”可知，这里强调城市环境中绿色空间的丧失，所以此处指特别是在城市环境中的绿色空间的丧失。故选D。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们指出，恢复城市地区的自然环境应该是解决“当代社会的大规模心理健康问题”的首要任务。A. distinguish区分；B. address解决；C. cancel取消；D. assist帮助。根据下文的“mass psychological health problems in contemporary society”可知，这是指解决当代社会的大规模心理健康问题。故选B。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们还强调，为了人类福祉，自然和绿色必须被优先考虑。A. planned计划；B. demonstrated证明；C. prioritized优先考虑；D. produced生产。根据上文的“They note that restoring natural environments in urban areas should be a matter of priority”、“They also emphasize how nature and greenery must be”和下文“for human well-being”可知，这是指自然和绿色必须被优先考虑。故选C。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果一个人更习惯于周围有有限自然环境的城市环境，这甚至更有可能。A. limited有限的；B. huge巨大的；C. appropriate适当的；D. considerable相当大的。根据上文的“urban environments that have a”和下文“amount of nature around”可知，此处指城市环境中的有限的自然环境。故选A。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：“我们提出的假说认为，人类已经适应了周期性的严重干旱和再湿润循环，通过发展对景观中绿色植物缺失或存在的负面和正面心理反应，来作为优化自身行为活动的提示。”研究作者在文中写道。A. flood洪水；B. sandstorm沙尘暴；C. disaster灾难；D. drought干旱。根据上文的“The researchers suggest that when greenery disappears during times of drought”和下文的“and re-watering cycles”可知，这是指适应周期性的严重干旱和再湿润循环。故选D。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：“我们提出的假说认为，人类已经适应了周期性的严重干旱和再湿润循环，通过发展对景观中绿色植物缺失或存在的负面和正面心理反应，来作为优化自身行为活动的提示。”研究作者在文中写道。A. disappearance消失；B. presence存在；C. defence防御；D. endurance耐力。根据上文的“negative and positive psychological responses to the absence or”可知，这是指对绿色缺失或存在的反应。故选B。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市宝山区顾村中学2024-2025学年高一上学期期中英语试卷 If you want to look your best in the morning, it may be worth swapping the ultra-processed pastries and fruit juice for wholemeal toast and tea without sugar. Researchers in France found that people who ate a breakfast rich in refined carbohydrates (碳水化合物) were rated less 1 than those who started the day with healthier unrefined carbs. Scientists at the University of Montpellier believe the subtle shift in facial attractiveness may be driven by changes in blood sugar and insulin (胰岛素) that can 2 skin appearance and have longer-term effects on sex hormones. “It’s surprising to consider but our dietary choices can have 3 effects on our appearance,” said Dr Claire Berticat, an evolutionary biologist and the first author on the study. “These physiological changes could subtly alter facial features, impacting how others 4 attractiveness.” The researchers recruited 52 men and 52 women aged 20 to 30 and 5 assigned them to have a 500-calorie breakfast rich in either refined or unrefined carbohydrates. The refined carbs breakfast included a French baguette ma dc from industrially milled flour, jam, apple or orange juice, and tea or coffee with 6 available. The unrefined carbs meal was stoneground wholemeal bread with butter and cheese, an orange or apple, and tea or coffee without sugar. The scientists measured blood sugar levels of volunteers before and after they 7 and then took headshots of the participants under controlled lighting conditions. The photos were then passed to groups of raters to 8 how old, how masculine or feminine and how attractive the individuals looked. Writing in Plos One, the researchers claim that eating refined carbohydrates for breakfast 9 facial attractiveness for men and women. “The effect varies by gender and meal type, underscoring the 10 relationship between diet and attractiveness,” Berticat said. “Our findings serve as a compelling reminder of the far-reaching impact of dietary choices not only on health but also on traits having particular social 11 such as facial attractiveness.” Refined carbohydrates can produce spikes (猛增) in blood sugar, which the body counters by 12 insulin. The response can drive sugar levels too low, a condition called hypoglycaemia (低血糖症), and affect blood flow and skin appearance. In the study, only the refined carbs breakfast produced hypoglycaemia. David Perrett, a professor of psychology at the University of St Andrews, who has studied facial cues for health, said there should be no surprise that 13 affects attractiveness. Fruit and vegetables improved attractiveness by increasing plant pigments called carotenoids in the skin, he said, while high-sugar diets could 14 the skin. “The authors suggest that the refined carbohydrate could be affecting peripheral blood flow,” Perrett said. “Blood flow can change skin appearance very rapidly. One can see the 15 within seconds in the case of feeling sick when the blood drains from the skin. We found that most people look healthier, and more attractive, when their skin color reflects a slight rise in oxygenated blood.” 1．A．peculiar B．attractive C．innovative D．mysterious 2．A．affect B．integrate C．examine D．form 3．A．limited B．ecological C．economic D．rapid 4．A．diagnose B．maintain C．perceive D．dominate 5．A．inevitably B．randomly C．frequently D．harmoniously 6．A．milk B．sugar C．nut D．cream 7．A．fainted B．arrived C．ate D．slept 8．A．estimate B．misunderstand C．stress D．assure 9．A．decreased B．represented C．promoted D．restored 10．A．interpersonal B．spatial C．complex D．genetic 11．A．importance B．order C．life D．custom 12．A．observing B．monitoring C．isolating D．releasing 13．A．evolution B．intention C．diet D．profession 14．A．protect B．refresh C．cool D．age 15．A．exploitation B．impact C．priority D．starvation 【答案】 1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 5．B 6．B 7．C 8．A 9．A 10．C 11．A 12．D 13．C 14．D 15．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究发现吃精制碳水早餐会降低颜值。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：法国的一项研究发现，与早餐吃更健康的粗粮的人相比，早餐吃精制碳水化合物的人被认为外貌吸引力较低。A. peculiar奇怪的，不寻常的；B. attractive吸引人的，有吸引力的；C. innovative革新的 ；D. mysterious神秘的。根据上文“If you want to look your best in the morning, it may be worth swapping the ultra-processed pastries and fruit juice for whole meal toast and tea without sugar. (如果你想在早上容光焕发，建议你把精制面点和水果汁换成全麦吐司和不加糖的茶)”可知，早餐吃精制碳水化合物的人被认为外貌吸引力较低。故选B。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：法国蒙彼利埃大学的科学家认为，外貌吸引力的这一微妙改变可能与血糖和胰岛素的变化有关，这些变化会影响皮肤外观并对性激素产生长期影响。A. affect影响；B. integrate合并，成为一体；C. examine检查，调查；D. form形成。根据上文“Researchers in France found that people who ate a breakfast rich in refined carbohydrates (碳水化合物) were rated less 　　1　　 than those who started the day with healthier unrefined carbs. (法国的一项研究发现，与早餐吃更健康的粗粮的人相比，早餐吃精制碳水化合物的人被认为外貌吸引力较低。)”本句“the subtle shift in facial attractiveness may be driven by changes in blood sugar and insulin (这一微妙改变可能与血糖和胰岛素的变化有关)”可知，血糖和胰岛素的变化会影响皮肤外观并对性激素产生长期影响。故选A。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然令人惊讶，但我们的饮食选择对我们外貌的影响是立竿见影的。A. limited有限的；B. ecological 生态的，生态学的；C. economic经济学的；D. rapid快速的。根据上文“Scientists at the University of Montpellier believe the subtle shift in facial attractiveness may be driven by changes in blood sugar and insulin (胰岛素) that can 　　2　　 skin appearance and have longer-term effects on sex hormones. (法国蒙彼利埃大学的科学家认为，外貌吸引力的这一微妙改变可能与血糖和胰岛素的变化有关，这些变化会影响皮肤外观并对性激素产生长期影响。)”可知，血糖和胰岛素的变化会影响皮肤外观并对性激素产生长期影响，即我们的饮食选择对我们外貌的影响是立竿见影的。故选D。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些生理变化可能会微妙地改变面部特征，影响他人对吸引力的看法。A. diagnose诊断；B. maintain 保持，维持；C. perceive认为，理解；D. dominate统治，支配。根据本句“These physiological changes could subtly alter facial features (这些生理变化可能会微妙地改变面部特征)”可知，生理变化可能会微妙地改变面部特征进而影响他人对吸引力的看法。故选C。 5．考查副词词义辨析。句意：研究人员招募了52名20至30岁的男性和女性，并随机分配给他们一份富含精制或粗制碳水化合物的500卡路里早餐。A. inevitably不可避免地；B. randomly随机地；C. frequently频繁地；D. harmoniously和谐地。根据后文“The refined carbs breakfast included a French baguette ma dc from industrially milled flour, jam, apple or orange juice, and tea or coffee with 　　6　　 available. The unrefined carbs meal was stoneground whole meal bread with butter and cheese, an orange or apple, and tea or coffee without sugar.  (精制碳水化合物早餐包括工业碾磨面粉制成的法式长棍面包、果酱、苹果或橙汁以及加糖的茶或咖啡。粗制碳水化合物早餐则由研磨全麦面包配黄油和奶酪、橙子或苹果以及不加糖的茶或咖啡组成。)”可知，研究人员并随机分配给他们一份早餐。故选B。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：精制碳水化合物早餐包括工业碾磨面粉制成的法式长条面包、果酱、苹果或橙汁以及加糖的茶或咖啡。A. milk牛奶；B. sugar食糖；C. nut坚果；D. cream 奶油。根据后句“The unrefined carbs meal was stoneground whole meal bread with butter and cheese, an orange or apple, and tea or coffee without sugar. (粗制碳水化合物早餐则由研磨全麦面包配黄油和奶酪、橙子或苹果以及不加糖的茶或咖啡组成)”可知，精制碳水化合物早餐含有加糖的茶或咖啡，粗制碳水化合物早餐含有不加糖的茶或咖啡。故选B。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：科学家在志愿者进食前后测量他们的血糖水平，然后在受控光照条件下拍摄他们的头像照片。A. fainted晕厥；B. arrived到达；C. ate吃；D. slept睡觉。根据上文“The researchers recruited 52 men and 52 women aged 20 to 30 and 　　5　　 assigned them to have a 500-calorie breakfast rich in either refined or unrefined carbohydrates.(研究人员招募了52名20至30岁的男性和女性，并随机分配给他们一份富含精制或粗制碳水化合物的 500 卡路里早餐。)”可知，科学家在志愿者进食前后测量他们的血糖水平。故选C。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：随后将照片交给评审员小组，让他们评估照片中的人看起来有多年轻、多男性化或女性化以及多具有吸引力。A. estimate评估；B. misunderstand误解；C. stress强调；D. assure 使确信。根据本句“groups of raters (评审员小组)”可知，评审员小组会评估照片中的人看起来有多年轻、多男性化或女性化以及多具有吸引力。故选A。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员在《公共科学图书馆期刊》上发表的研究报告指出，食用精制碳水化合物早餐会降低男性和女性的外貌吸引力。A.decreased减少、降低；B. represented 代表；C. promoted 促进；宣传；D. restored修复。根据上文“Researchers in France found that people who ate a breakfast rich in refined carbohydrates (碳水化合物) were rated less 　　1　　 than those who started the day with healthier unrefined carbs. (法国的一项研究发现，与早餐吃更健康的粗粮的人相比，早餐吃精制碳水化合物的人被认为外貌吸引力较低。)”可知，食用精制碳水化合物早餐会降低男性和女性的外貌吸引力。故选A。 10．考查形容词义辨析。句意：伯蒂卡特博士说：“这种影响因性别和用餐类型而异，强调了饮食和吸引力之间复杂的关系。A. interpersonal人际关系的；B. spatial空间的；C. complex复杂的；D. genetic基因的。根据本句“The effect varies by gender and meal type(这种影响因性别和用餐类型而异)”可知，饮食和吸引力之间的关系是复杂的。故选C。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们的研究结果有力地提醒我们，饮食选择不仅对健康有深远影响，而且对面部吸引力等具有特殊社会重要性的特征也有深远影响。A. importance重要性；B. order顺序，次序；C. life生命；D. custom风俗，习俗。根据上文“Writing in Plos One, the researchers claim that eating refined carbohydrates for breakfast　　9　　 facial attractiveness for men and women. (研究人员在《公共科学图书馆期刊》上发表的研究报告指出，食用精制碳水化合物早餐会降低男性和女性的外貌吸引力。)”可知，饮食选择对面部吸引力等具有特殊社会重要性的特征也有深远影响。故选A。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：精制碳水化合物会导致血糖飙升，身体会通过释放胰岛素来应对。A. observing注意到，观察到；B. monitoring监视；C. isolating使隔离；D. releasing释放。根据后句“The response can drive sugar levels too low, a condition called hypoglycaemia (低血糖症), and affect blood flow and skin appearance. In the study, only the refined carbs breakfast produced hypoglycaemia.(这种反应会导致血糖水平降得太低（称为低血糖症），并影响血液流动和皮肤外观。这项研究发现，只有精制碳水化合物早餐会导致低血糖症。)”可知，精制碳水化合物会导致身体会通过释放胰岛素来应对血糖飙升，故选D。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：圣安德鲁斯大学心理学教授、研究面部健康线索的大卫·佩雷特表示，饮食会影响吸引力并不令人惊讶。A. evolution进化（论）；B. intention意图，目的；C. diet饮食；D. profession职业。根据上文“Researchers in France found that people who ate a breakfast rich in refined carbohydrates (碳水化合物) were rated less 　　1　　 than those who started the day with healthier unrefined carbs. (法国的一项研究发现，与早餐吃更健康的粗粮的人相比，早餐吃精制碳水化合物的人被认为外貌吸引力较低。)”可知，饮食会影响吸引力。故选C。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他说，水果和蔬菜通过增加皮肤中被称为类胡萝卜素的植物色素来提高吸引力，而高糖饮食会使皮肤衰老。A. protect保护，防护；B. refresh使恢复精神；C. cool（使）冷却；D. age变老。根据本句“Fruit and vegetables improved attractiveness by increasing plant pigments called carotenoids in the skin, he said, while high-sugar diets (水果和蔬菜通过增加皮肤中被称为类胡萝卜素的植物色素来提高吸引力，而高糖饮食)由while表示转折可知，高糖饮食会使皮肤衰老。故选D。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当血液从皮肤流出时，人们可以在几秒钟内看到这种影响。A. exploitation剥削，压榨；B. impact影响；C. priority优先事项；D. starvation饥饿。根据上句“Blood flow can change skin appearance very rapidly (血流可以非常迅速地改变皮肤外观。)”可知，血流可以非常迅速地改变皮肤外观，并对皮肤外观产生影响。故选B。 话题 5 社会现象与职业生活 聚焦社会中的职业困境、工作压力、职场管理模式，探讨社会现象背后的原因与应对方法。 1．《Deliverance for Delivery Drivers?》：分析外卖员因平台竞争（饿了么与美团缩短配送时间、奖惩机制严苛），常违反交通规则（闯红灯、超速），导致伤亡事故增加。虽平台已调整配送时间（如考虑电梯、天气因素），但根本问题仍未解决，呼吁消费者体谅外卖员，体现职业群体的生存困境。 2．《In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor...》：介绍道格拉斯・麦克雷戈的 “X 理论”（人本能厌恶工作）与 “Y 理论”（人有在工作中获得满足感的潜力），提及不同文化的管理方式（亚洲协商式管理、西方授权管理），以及现代职场趋势（远程虚拟管理、减少管理层级），探讨职场管理模式的演变。 Passage 1 【来源】上海师范大学附属中学 2024-2025学年高一上学期期中考试英语试卷 Deliverance(解救) for Delivery Drivers? ZOOOOOOOOM!!! A gust of air, the hum of spinning wheels, and a flash of color whizzing past. I’m sure that we have all stepped into the crosswalk, at one time or another, and experienced this sudden, heart-stopping 1 . I am, of course, referring to delivery drivers 2 through crossroads to deliver takeaway food. Over the past few years, delivery drivers have been criticized, fined, and even 3 for breaking traffic laws across China. Delivery drivers often 4 red lights, disregard speed limits, and pay little attention to pedestrian crossings. But they also often pay the 5 price — each year, it seems like fatal injuries involving delivery drivers are increasing. 6 , since delivery drivers are usually poorly paid, how much blame do they really deserve for running against the clock? Well, it 7 to be a complicated issue. Recently an article titled “Delivery Drivers, Stuck in the System” was shared widely on social media. According to the article, 8 between delivery services Ele.me and Meituan has caused each app to take increasingly extreme measures to out-do(超过) the other. This has included the shortening of delivery time windows. It has been 9 , in part, through a combination of rewards for early delivery and severe punishments for late delivery. Over time, the platforms have only increased these 10 on drivers. As a result, drivers find themselves in a dilemma(左右两难的困境)：break traffic laws or, in some cases, lose hundreds of yuan in earnings for late deliveries. According to surveys and reactions online, 11 care much whether their deliveries are a few minutes late, while most believe that it is not worth risking someone’s life for. In response, Ele.me and Meituan have added a combination of features to 12 delivery times for slow elevators or bad weather conditions. Although these new 13 cannot solve the underlying problems of intense competition or the inherent dangers of driving, they should, in some measure, start reducing some of the pressure on drivers. In the meantime, as 14 , we can help to make life for delivery riders safer and easier. 15 , be a considerate person and don’t leave them waiting for too long. If you see a food delivery guy rushing toward you on an escalator or into a door, consider standing back and letting him go first. After all, they are putting their lives on the line just to deliver our food. 1．A．fright B．delight C．pain D．sorrow 2．A．running B．walking C．rushing D．wandering 3．A．arrested B．fired C．blamed D．praised 4．A．destroy B．ignore C．observe D．interrupt 5．A．everlasting B．dramatic C．slight D．final 6．A．However B．Namely C．Indeed D．Surprisingly 7．A．decides B．refuses C．turns out D．takes turns 8．A．comparison B．contrast C．competition D．cooperation 9．A．adapted B．achieved C．adopted D．assumed 10．A．motivations B．advantages C．pressures D．skills 11．A．some B．few C．many D．we 12．A．reduce B．expand C．narrow D．extend 13．A．actions B．behaviors C．features D．conditions 14．A．humans B．consumers C．friends D．taxpayers 15．A．In one word B．As a result C．For example D．On the contrary 【答案】 1．A 2．C 3．A 4．B 5．B 6．A 7．C 8．C 9．B 10．C 11．B 12．D 13．C 14．B 15．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章分析外卖员快速行驶，闯红灯等的现象，呼吁外卖公司和顾客多站在他们安全角度，做些措施减少他们压力。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我敢肯定，我们都曾一度踏入人行横道，经历过这种突如其来的、令人心跳停止的恐惧。A. fright惊吓；B. delight喜悦；C. pain疼痛；D. sorrow悲伤。由前文“heart-stopping”以及语境可知，突如其来的车是一个让人停止心跳的“惊吓”。故选A项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当然，我指的是外卖员匆匆穿过十字路口，送外卖。A. running跑；B. walking走；C. rushing冲；D. wandering徘徊。由前文“a flash of color whizzing past”可知，外卖员是匆匆地“冲”过十字路口。故选C项。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在过去几年中，外卖员因违反中国各地的交通法规而受到批评、罚款，甚至被捕。A. arrested逮捕；B. fired解雇；C. blamed指责；D. praised称赞。由后文 “breaking traffic laws”可知，违反法律，所以他们可能被“逮捕”。故选A项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：外卖员常常无视红灯，无视速度限制，也很少注意人行横道。A. destroy摧毁；B. ignore忽略；C. observe观察；D. interrupt打断。由前文“breaking traffic laws ”可知，他们可能“忽略”红灯而直接闯过去。故选B项。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但他们也经常付出巨大的代价——每年，外卖员的致命伤害似乎都在增加。A. everlasting永远的；B. dramatic戏剧性的，巨大的；C. slight轻微的；D. final最终的。由后文“it seems like fatal injuries involving delivery drivers are increasing”可知，这代价是“巨大的”。故选B项。 6．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，由于外卖员的工资通常很低，他们真的应该为争分夺秒而受到多少责备？A. However然而；B. Namely即,也就是；C. Indeed的确；D. Surprisingly令人惊讶地。由后文“how much blame do they really deserve for running against the clock?”以及后文语境可知，虽然外卖员做了很多不顾自己和路人安全的事，“然而”，这并不完全是他们的责任。故选A项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：事实证明，这结果是一个复杂的问题。A. decides决定；B. refuses拒绝；C. turns out结果是；D. takes turns轮流进行。由前文“how much blame do they really deserve for running against the clock?”可知，针对这个问题，研究表明这“结果是”复杂问题。故选C项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：文章称，外卖服务饿了么和美团之间的竞争导致每一款应用都采取了越来越极端的措施来超越其他应用。A. comparison.比较；B. contrast对比；C. competition竞争；D. cooperation合作。由后文“take increasingly extreme measures to out-do the other”可知，是“竞争”导致外卖平台不断想超越对方。故选C项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这在一定程度上是通过对提前交付的奖励和对延迟交付的严厉惩罚相结合的方式实现的。A. adapted.改编；B. achieved实现；C. adopted采用；D. assumed假定。由前文“This has included the shortening of delivery time windows.”以及语境可知，根据外卖员现状来看，通过压迫外卖员而缩短送货时间这目的是“实现”了的。故选B项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着时间的推移，这些平台只会增加驾驶员的压力。A. motivations动机；B. advantages优点；C. pressures压力；D. skills技能。由前文“This has included the shortening of delivery time windows.”可知，平台把“压力”施加给外卖员了。故选C项。 11．考查代词词义辨析。句意：根据网上的调查和反应，很少有人关心他们的送货是否晚了几分钟，而大多数人认为这不值得冒生命危险。A. some一些；B. few很少；C. many许多；D. we我们。由后文“while most believe that it is not worth risking someone’s life for.”以及其中while表转折可知，“很少”顾客在意晚几分钟。故选B项。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：作为回应，饿了么和美团增加了一系列特点，以延长慢电梯或恶劣天气条件下的交付时间。A. reduce减少；B. expand展开；C. narrow 使...变窄；D. extend延长。由“ In response”可知，外卖平台也采取了措施改善外卖员现状，比如特殊情况“延长”配送时间。故选D项。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管这些新特点不能解决激烈竞争的潜在问题或驾驶的固有危险，但在某种程度上，它们应该开始减轻外卖员的一些压力。A. actions行动；B. behaviors行为；C. features特征，特点；D. conditions条件。由上文“Ele.me and Meituan have added a combination of features”可知，这里指上面的这些新“特点”。故选C项。 14．考查介词词组辨析。句意：与此同时，作为消费者，我们可以帮助外卖骑手的生活更安全、更轻松。A. humans人类；B. consumers消费者；C. friends朋友；D. taxpayers纳税人。由后文“deliver our food”可知，这里作者讲我们作为“消费者”应该怎么做。故选B项。 15．考查词义辨析。句意：例如，做一个体贴的人，不要让他们等太久。A. In one word总之；B. As a result因此；C. For example例如；D. On the contrary相反地。由后文“ be a considerate person and don’t leave them waiting for too long. ”可知，作者这里在“举例”说明我们作为消费者可以做什么事减少外卖员压力。故选C项。 Passage 2 【来源】2016年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试英语（上海卷精编版） In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 1 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work. In any case, despite so much evidence to the 2 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 3 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 4 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers. Different cultures have different ways of 5 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making — all members of the department or work group are asked to 6 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 7 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 8 managers cannot. A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 9 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 10 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 11 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 12 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 13 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less. Another trend is off-site or 14 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 15 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them. 1．A．desire B．seek C．lose D．dislike 2．A．contrary B．expectation C．degree D．extreme 3．A．vice versa B．for example C．however D．otherwise 4．A．outside B．inside C．below D．above 5．A．replacing B．assessing C．managing D．encouraging 6．A．refer B．contribute C．object D．apply 7．A．agreement B．practice C．election D．impression 8．A．bossy B．experienced C．western D．male 9．A．asking B．training C．warning D．firing 10．A．doubling B．maintaining C．reducing D．estimating 11．A．honored B．left C．crowded D．compared 12．A．economically B．traditionally C．inadequately D．occasionally 13．A．deny B．admit C．assume D．ensure 14．A．virtual B．ineffective C．day-to-day D．on-the-scene 15．A．opinion B．risk C．performance D．attractiveness 【答案】 1．D 2．A 3．B 4．D 5．C 6．B 7．A 8．D 9．A 10．C 11．B 12．B 13．D 14．A 15．C 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。作者在第一段中提出道格拉斯·麦克雷戈所提出的人性假设理论中的X理论和Y理论，并介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论：授权管理及其作用。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：X理论认为，人们本能地不喜欢工作，会做任何事情来避免工作。A. desire想要，渴望；B. seek寻找；C. lose失去；D. dislike不喜欢。根据后半句will do anything to avoid it可知，很多人为了避免工作而愿意做任何事情，说明很多人都不喜欢工作。故选D。 2．考查名词（短语）辨析。句意：不管怎样，尽管有这么多相反的证据，许多经理仍然同意X理论。A. (to the) contrary相反的；B. (to the) expectation出乎意料地；C. (to the) degree在某种程度上；D. (to the) extreme走向极端地。在文章第一段中提到了X理论，很多人为了避免工作而愿意做任何事情，说明很多人都喜欢工作。而Y理论认为每个人都有可能在工作中找到满足感。这是两种完全相反的理论，尽管对于这两种完全相反的理论有很多的证据，很多管理人仍然同意X理论。故选A。 3．考查短语及副词词义辨析。句意：例如，他们认为，如果他们的员工想要有效地工作，就需要不断地监督，或者决定必须在没有协商的情况下从上面强加。A. vice versa反之亦然；B. for example例如；C. however然而；D. otherwise否则。本句中for example表示举例说明；这些管理人仍然同意X理论，例如他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给与他们不断的监督。这属于X理论的举例说明。故选B。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：例如，他们认为，如果他们的员工想要有效地工作，就需要不断地监督，或者决定必须在没有协商的情况下从上面强加。A. outside外部；B. inside内部；C. below下方；D. above上方。根据后句This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.可知，这属于专制的管理方法，他们的决定是来自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故选D。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：不同的文化有不同的管理方式。A. replacing代替；B. assessing评估；C. managing管理；D. encouraging鼓励。根据前段可知，本文讨论的管理学的理论，使用本句使用动词manage“管理”，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。而且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。故选C。 6．考查动词（短语）辨析。句意：与专制管理不同的是，某些文化，特别是亚洲文化，以决策的协商性质而闻名——该部或工作组的所有成员都被要求对这一进程做出贡献。A. refer (to)提到，谈到；B. contribute (to)贡献；C. object (to)反对；D. apply (to)适用于。亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程做出自己的贡献。故选B。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多西方公司试图模仿这种建立在共同的协商基础之上的亚洲做事方式。A. agreement协商；B. practice练习，做法；C. election选举；D. impression印象。亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同的协议基础之上的，西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。故选A。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一些专家说，女性将成为比男性更有效的管理者，因为她们有能力达到传统男性管理者无法达到的共同目标。A. bossy专横的；B. experienced有经验的；C. western西方的；D. male男性的。根据前半句women will become more effective managers than men可知，有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效。因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故选D。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：最近的一种趋势是鼓励员工发挥自己的主动性，自己做决定，而不需要事先征求经理的意见。A. asking询问；B. training训练；C. warning警告；D. firing开除。根据前句encourage employees to use their own initiative(鼓励员工使用自己的首创精神)也就是说在做出决定的时候不要请示上级经理，自己做出决定即可。故选A。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这种授权一直是企业精简趋势的一部分：减少公司管理层的数量。A. doubling使加倍；B. maintaining保持；C. reducing减少；D. estimating估计。根据前句the trend towards downsizing(缩小规模的趋势)也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接做出决定而不需要请示上级。故选C。 11．考查动词（短语）辨析。句意：以这种方式分层后，公司可能只剩下高层管理人员、一线管理人员和与公众直接接触的员工。A. (be) honored (with)被授予；B.(be) left (with)留下，剩下；C. (be) crowded (with)挤满；D. (be) compared (with)与……相比。根据语境可知，通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众直接联系的一线管理人。省略了很多中间环节，提高了管理的效益。故选B。 12．考查副词词义辨析。句意：授权管理的概念比传统上的情况走得更远。A. economically经济地；B. traditionally传统地；C. inadequately不充分地；D. occasionally偶尔地；根据后句Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management可知，授权管理是一个新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故选B。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：授权管理和委托管理意味着新的管理控制形式，以确保执行全面的业务计划，并使业务在新的组织下变得更有利可图，而不是减少利润。A. deny否认；B. admit承认；C. assume假定，设想；D. ensure保证，确保。根据语境可知，授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。故选D。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：另一种趋势是离线或虚拟管理，即通过电子邮件和互联网联系在一起的团队在他们自己的家里进行项目工作。A. virtual虚拟的；B. ineffective低效的；C. day-to-day日常的；D. on-the-scene现场的。根据后句where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses可知，在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和网络联系，说明这种一种新型通过虚拟网络进行的管理方法。故选A。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：项目经理根据团队成员为项目生产的产品，而不是他们在项目上花费的时间来评估团队成员的表现。A. opinion观点；B. risk冒险；C. performance表现；D. attractiveness魅力。根据后半句中in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them可知，我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产品而不是工作的时间。故选C。 话题 6 心理与个人成长 探讨不同年龄段的心理变化、个人心态对行为的影响、自我认知的发展，展现个人心理与成长的规律。 1．《The Curious Personality Changes of Older Age》：打破 “老狗学不会新把戏” 的固有认知，研究发现人在 60 岁后性格会再次变化（如开放性、责任感下降，神经质增加），原因包括退休、空巢等生活事件及健康、社会支持的影响，且老年性格变化并非源于无助，而是对目标的调整（优先有意义的事），体现年龄与心理的关联。 2．《From using a smiling emoji in messages...》：研究发现微笑并非总是快乐的象征，英国布莱顿和苏塞克斯医学院的研究显示，人们微笑更多与 “参与感” 相关，而非 “快乐”。实验中，参与者回答难题后，被告知答案对错时会微笑，且答错时微笑更频繁，说明微笑是社交工具，反映心理与行为的复杂关系。 Passage 1 【来源】上海市闵行区六校联考2024-2025学年高一上学期10月期中英语试题 The Curious Personality Changes of Older Age You’ve probably heard the saying “You can’t teach an old dog new tricks.” An awful phrase, but it speaks to a common belief that older adulthood is a time of 1 . A time when we’ve become so set in our ways that, whether we’re proud of them or not, we’re less likely to change. Psychologists used to follow the same line of thinking, but more recent studies suggest that something 2 happens to many people as they reach and pass their 60s: Their personality starts changing again. This trend is probably 3 in older populations in part because older adults tend to experience brain changes such as cognitive defect and dementia. But some researchers don’t believe the phenomenon is fully explained by those factors. People’s personality can alter 4 their circumstances, helping them shift priorities, come to terms with loss, and get used to a changing life. These developments illustrate what personality really is: not a permanent state but a(n) 5 way of being. After thorough research, psychologists have 6 five major and measurable personality traits: agreeableness, sense of responsibility, extroversion (外向性), openness to experience, and neuroticism (神经质). To the surprise of many in the field, studies are revealing that the strongest personality changes tend to 7 before age 30 and after 60. In later adulthood, people seem to decrease in openness to experience, sense of responsibility and extroversion, while neuroticism tends to increase. We can’t say certainly what factors are driving these shifts, but a few 8 exist. One possibility is that personality is shaped by specific life events tending to happen in older age: retirement, empty nesting. But such milestones aren’t very reliable 9 of change; they affect some people deeply and others not at all. Any one event could mean many different things, depending on its 10 . For example, losing a partner could be a tremendous loss, but for someone who’s been caring for their sick spouse for years it could be a bit of a relief. At any age, similar life events can affect people differently, but in older adulthood people’s daily realities 11 wildly, so factors like health and social support are probably better predictors of personality change. 12 , if someone is no longer strong enough to go to dinner parties every week, they might grow less extroverted. 13 , old-age personality changes don’t always result from a sense of helplessness or a shrinking life. Research has shown that when people get older, they commonly 14 their goals; though they might be doing less, they tend to prioritize what they find meaningful and really appreciate — say a decline in extroversion could 15 that they’re satisfied spending time with the people they already love. 1．A．richness B．misfortune C．stability D．adaption 2．A．substantial B．dangerous C．similar D．unexpected 3．A．reversed B．observed C．declined D．strengthened 4．A．in spite of B．in response to C．by means of D．in terms of 5．A．consistent B．potential C．alternative D．adaptive 6．A．quantified B．intensified C．identified D．signified 7．A．take place B．hold out C．make sense D．come back 8．A．subjects B．elements C．theories D．comments 9．A．resources B．results C．sources D．ways 10．A．context B．origin C．concern D．limit 11．A．progress B．occur C．spread D．vary 12．A．In particular B．In contrast C．After all D．For instance 13．A．Admittedly B．Consequently C．Fortunately D．Particularly 14．A．fulfill B．uphold C．modify D．abandon 15．A．facilitate B．indicate C．involve D．prevent 【答案】 1．C 2．D 3．B 4．B 5．D 6．C 7．A 8．C 9．C 10．A 11．D 12．D 13．A 14．C 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了老年人性格变化的普遍现象及其原因。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是一个可怕的短语，但它表达了一种普遍的信念，即老年是一段稳定的时期。A. richness丰富；B. misfortune不幸；C. stability稳定；D. adaption适应。根据后文“A time when we’ve become so set in our ways that, whether we’re proud of them or not, we’re less likely to change.”可知，这段时间里，老年人已经习惯了自己的生活方式，不管老年人是否为此感到自豪，都不太可能改变。所以此处指老年时期是一个稳定的时期。故选C。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：心理学家曾经遵循同样的思路，但最近的研究表明，许多人在60多岁的时候会发生意想不到的事情：他们的性格又开始改变了。A. substantial大量的，重要的；B. dangerous危险的；C. similar相似的；D. unexpected意想不到的。根据前文“A time when we’ve become so set in our ways that, whether we’re proud of them or not, we’re less likely to change.”、“Psychologists used to follow the same line of thinking”和后文“Their personality starts changing again”可知，最近的研究表明老年人性格会再次改变，这是意想不到的。故选D。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这种趋势可能在老年人中观察到，部分原因是老年人往往会经历认知缺陷和痴呆等大脑变化。A. reversed颠倒；B. observed观察；C. declined下降；D. strengthened加强。根据前文“Their personality starts changing again. This trend is probably”和后文“in older populations”可知，老年人性格会再次改变，这种趋势可能在老年人中观察到。故选B。 4．考查介词短语辨析。句意：人们的性格可以改变以回应环境，帮助他们改变优先事项，接受损失，并适应不断变化的生活。A. in spite of尽管；B. in response to作为对……的反应；C. by means of通过；D. in terms of根据。根据后文“their circumstances, helping them shift priorities, come to terms with loss, and get used to a changing life.”可知，人们的性格发生改变，回应环境的变化。故选B。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些发展说明了性格的真正含义：不是一种永久的状态，而是一种适应性的存在方式。A. consistent一致的；B. potential潜在的；C. alternative可供选择的；D. adaptive适应性的。根据前文“not a permanent state but”可知，性格不是一种永久的状态，说明性格是适应性的。故选D。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：经过彻底的研究，心理学家已经确定了五个主要且可衡量的性格特征：和蔼可亲、责任感、外向性、对经验的开放性和神经质。A. quantified量化；B. intensified加强；C. identified确定；D. signified象征。根据后文“five major and measurable personality traits”可知，心理学家确定了五个主要且可衡量的性格特征。故选C。 7．考查动词短语辨析。句意：令该领域许多人惊讶的是，研究表明，最强的性格变化往往发生在30岁之前和60岁之后。A. take place发生；B. hold out坚持；C. make sense有意义；D. come back回来。根据后文“before age 30 and after 60”可知，此处指性格变化往往发生在30岁之前和60岁之后。故选A。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们不能确定是什么因素推动了这些变化，但存在一些理论。A. subjects主题；B. elements要素；C. theories理论；D. comments评论。根据后文“One possibility is that personality is shaped by specific life events tending to happen in older age: retirement, empty nesting. But such milestones aren’t very reliable 9 of change; they affect some people deeply and others not at all. Any one event could mean many different things, depending on its 10.”可知，关于什么因素推动了这些变化，存在一些理论。故选C。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但这些重要事件并不是非常可靠的变革来源；它们对一些人的影响很深，而对另一些人则完全没有影响。A. resources资源；B. results结果；C. sources来源；D. ways方式。根据前文“One possibility is that personality is shaped by specific life events tending to happen in older age: retirement, empty nesting.”和后文“they affect some people deeply and others not at all”可知，性格是由老年时期发生的特定生活事件塑造的：退休、空巢，它们对一些人的影响很深，而对另一些人则完全没有影响。所以此处表示这些并不是老年人性格变化的可靠来源。故选C。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：任何一件事都可能意味着许多不同的事情，这取决于它的背景。A. context背景；B. origin起源；C. concern关心；D. limit限制。根据后文“For example, losing a partner could be a tremendous loss, but for someone who’s been caring for their sick spouse for years it could be a bit of a relief.”可知，后文举例，失去伴侣可能是一个巨大的损失，但对于那些多年来一直照顾生病配偶的人来说，这可能是一种解脱。任何一件事都可能意味着许多不同的事情，这取决于它的背景。故选A。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在任何年龄，类似的生活事件都会对人产生不同的影响，但在老年人中，人们的日常现实非常不同，因此健康和社会支持等因素可能是更好的预测性格变化的因素。A. progress进步；B. occur发生；C. spread传播；D. vary不同。根据前文“Any one event could mean many different things, depending on its 10. For example, losing a partner could be a tremendous loss, but for someone who’s been caring for their sick spouse for years it could be a bit of a relief.”和“At any age, similar life events can affect people differently, but in older adulthood people’s daily realities”可知，任何一件事都可能意味着许多不同的事情，这取决于它的背景，而在老年时期，人们的日常生活非常不同。故选D。 12．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，如果一个人不再有足够的力量每周去参加晚宴，他们可能会变得不那么外向。A. In particular特别；B. In contrast相反；C. After all毕竟；D. For instance例如。根据后文“if someone is no longer strong enough to go to dinner parties every week, they might grow less extroverted”可知，如果一个人不再强壮到每周都去参加晚宴，他们可能会变得不那么外向。此处是举例说明老年人性格变化的原因。故选D。 13．考查副词词义辨析。句意：不可否认，老年人格的改变并不总是源于无助感或生活的萎缩。A. Admittedly不可否认；B. Consequently因此；C. Fortunately幸运地；D. Particularly特别地。根据后文“old-age personality changes don’t always result from a sense of helplessness or a shrinking life.”可知，老年时期的性格变化并不总是源于一种无助感或生活范围的缩小，这是承认这一事实的说法，不可否认这一事实。故选A。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，随着年龄的增长，人们通常会修改自己的目标；虽然他们可能会做得更少，但他们倾向于优先考虑他们觉得有意义和真正欣赏的事情——比如外向性的下降可能表明他们很满足于与自己所爱的人共度时光。A. fulfill实现；B. uphold维持；C. modify修改；D. abandon放弃。根据后文“their goals; though they might be doing less, they tend to prioritize what they find meaningful and really appreciate”可知，当人们变老时，他们通常会修改自己的目标，倾向于优先考虑他们觉得有意义和真正欣赏的事情。故选C。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，随着年龄的增长，人们通常会修改自己的目标；虽然他们可能会做得更少，但他们倾向于优先考虑他们觉得有意义和真正欣赏的事情——比如外向性的下降可能表明他们很满足于与自己所爱的人共度时光。A. facilitate促进；B. indicate表明；C. involve涉及；D. prevent阻止。根据前文“a decline in extroversion could”和后文“that they’re satisfied spending time with the people they already love”可知，外向性的下降可能表明他们满足于和已经爱的人在一起。故选B。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市奉贤区致远高级中学2021-2022学年高一上学期10月评估英语试题 From using a smiling emoji in messages to saying “cheese” when taking photos, most people believe that a smile is a sign of happiness. 1 some scientists don’t think so. The 2 between smiles and happiness was recently studied by researchers at Brighton and Sussex Medical School(BSMS) in the UK. Their 3 found that smiling doesn’t necessarily show a person’s gladness. Instead, it usually 4 a tool in social contact. In the study, 44 people aged between 18 and 35 took part in a quiz. The 5 had to answer nine difficult questions, while their facial expressions were recorded by computers.  The participants were then asked to rate(评估) their own experiences when answering the questions. They were given 12 different emotions to 6 , including “bored” and “interested”. According to Science Daily, people always 7 the experiences that made them smile with “engagement(参与)”, 8 “happiness” or “interested”. We normally associate a smiling person with cheerfulness. 9 , a smile is more likely to be caused by a feeling of 10 , reported Indian newspaper The Asian Age. In order to 11 explain these results, the researchers checked the 12 of the participants answering each question. According to the journal News Medical, the participants didn’t show any signs of smiling in their images when they were trying their best to find out the right answer. However, when they were told whether their answer was 13 or not, they smiled. And more 14 , they smiled more often when their answers were incorrect. It showed “their enjoyment of this game,” according to Science Daily. “This 15 could be explained by self-ratings of engagement, rather than by ratings of happiness or frustration,” body language expert Harry Witchel told Science Daily. 1．A．But B．So C．Then D．And 2．A．difference B．connection C．similarity D．gap 3．A．report B．group C．study D．article 4．A．use as B．consider as C．look upon as D．serve as 5．A．participants B．people C．researchers D．members 6．A．describe B．choose from C．write down D．think of 7．A．thought B．believed C．matched D．considered 8．A．as well as B．except C．along with D．rather than 9．A．However B．Therefore C．Actually D．Generally 10．A．happiness B．engagement C．gladness D．cheerfulness 11．A．more B．double C．further D．right 12．A．results B．papers C．boards D．images 13．A．correct B．interesting C．doubtful D．good 14．A．seemingly B．surprisingly C．exactly D．amusingly 15．A．smile B．answer C．behavior D．engagement 【答案】 1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 5．A 6．B 7．C 8．D 9．A 10．B 11．C 12．D 13．A 14．B 15．C 【分析】本文是说明文。从在信息中使用微笑表情符号到拍照时说“cheese”，大多数人认为微笑是幸福的标志。但一些科学家不这么认为,本文讲述了科学家的实验结果。 1．考查连词词义辨析。句意：但一些科学家不这么认为。A. But但是； B.So因此； C. Then然后； D. And并且。根据“most people believe that a smile is a sign of happiness. ”得知，前后观点不一致，表示转折。故选A。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：英国布莱顿和苏塞克斯医学院(BSMS)的研究人员最近研究了微笑和幸福之间的联系。A. difference不同； B. connection联系； C.similarity相似； D. gap沟壑。根据“most people believe that a smile is a sign of happiness. ”得知，研究人员研究的是它们之间的联系。故选B。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们的研究发现，微笑并不一定表明一个人高兴。A.report 报道； B. group团队； C.study研究 ； D. article文章。根据“ was recently studied by researchers at Brighton and Sussex Medical School(BSMS) in the UK.. ”得知，这是研究的发现。故选C。 4．考查动词短语辨析。句意：相反，它通常是一种社交工具。A. use as用作； B. consider as当做； C. look upon as看做； D. serve as充当。根据“a tool in social contact.”得知，微笑只是充当交流工具。A、B、C要用被动语态。故选D。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：参与者必须回答9个难题，同时他们的面部表情会被电脑记录下来。A. participants参与者； B. people人们； C.researchers研究者； D. members成员。根据“In the study, 44 people aged between 18 and 35 took part in a quiz. ”得知，这是参与者们的回答。故选A。 6．考查动词和短语词义辨析。句意：研究人员让他们在12种不同的情绪中进行选择，包括“无聊”和“感兴趣”。A. describe描述； B. choose from从中选择； C.write down写下； D. think of认为。根据“They were given 12 different emotions to ”得知，给选择要参与人员选择。故选B。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：根据《每日科学》,人们总是把他们微笑的经历与“参与”相匹配，而不是“幸福”或“感兴趣”。A.thought认为 ； B. believed相信； C. matched搭配； D. considered考虑。根据“We normally associate a smiling person with cheerfulness. ”，得知，这是实验中进行匹配。match ...with相匹配。故选C。 8．考查介词词义辨析。句意：根据《每日科学》,人们总是把他们微笑的经历与“参与”相匹配，而不是“幸福”或“感兴趣”。 A.as well as 和......一样； B. except除了； C. along with伴随；D. rather than而不是。根据“the experiences that made them smile with “engagement(参与) ”得知，研究表明人们不把微笑和幸福相匹配。故选D。 9．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，据印度报纸《亚洲时代》报道，微笑更可能是由一种参与的感觉引起的。A. However然而； B.Therefore因此 ； C. Actually实际； D. Generally一般来说。根据“We normally associate a smiling person with cheerfulness. ”得知，研究结果和人们普遍想法不一致，表示转折。故选A。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，据印度报纸《亚洲时代》报道，微笑更可能是由一种参与的感觉引起的。A. happiness幸福； B.engagement 参与； C.gladness 高兴； D. cheerfulness快乐。根据“people always 　　　　　　　　 the experiences that made them smile with “engagement(参与)”, ”得知，研究表明微笑和参与有关。故选B。 11．考查形容词和副词词义辨析。句意：为了进一步解释这些结果，研究人员检查了参与者回答每个问题的图像。A.more更多的 ； B.double 双的； C. further进一步地； D. right正确的。根据“a smile is more likely to be caused by a feeling of 　　　　　　　　, reported Indian newspaper The Asian Age.”得知，研究结果和人们普遍想法不一致,研究人员要进一步解释。故选C。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：为了进一步解释这些结果，研究人员检查了参与者回答每个问题的图像。A. results结果； B. papers论文； C.boards木板； D.images 形象。根据“ the participants didn’t show any signs of smiling in their images when they were trying their best to find out the right answer. ”得知，检查的是图像，原词复现。故选D。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，当被告知他们的答案是否正确时，他们笑了。A. correct正确的； B. interesting有趣的； C.doubtful怀疑的； D.good好的 。根据“ they smiled more often when their answers were incorrect. ”得知，这是在说实验中问题结果是否正确。故选A。 14．考查副词词义辨析。句意：更令人惊讶的是，当他们的答案不正确时，他们笑得更多。A. seemingly似乎； B. surprisingly惊讶； C.exactly准确地 ； D. amusingly搞笑地。根据“ they smiled more often when their answers were incorrect”得知，这是令人惊讶的结果。故选B。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，这种行为可以用投入的自我评分来解释，而不是用快乐或沮丧的评分。A. smile微笑；B. answer回答； C. behavior行为； D.engagement参与 。根据“ they smiled more often when their answers were incorrect. ”得知，这是一种行为。故选C。 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题07 完形填空题 话题1 科技与人工智能 话题4 健康与生活方式 话题2 教育与校园生活 话题5 社会现象与职业生活 话题3 文化与社会观念 话题6 心理与个人成长 话题 1 科技与人工智能 聚焦人工智能技术的发展、相关研究成果及对社会的影响，展现科技在不同领域的突破与应用。 1．《The scientific Nobel prizes have always...》：介绍 2024 年诺贝尔科学奖首次认可人工智能的变革潜力，普林斯顿大学的约翰・霍普菲尔德和多伦多大学的杰弗里・辛顿因对人工智能模型发展至关重要的计算机科学突破获物理学奖；DeepMind 的德米斯・哈萨比斯和约翰・贾默及华盛顿大学的大卫・贝克因蛋白质结构预测与设计相关研究获化学奖，体现 AI 在科学领域的重要性。 2．《The similarities between babies and scientists...》：虽主要探讨婴儿与科学家的探索行为，但提及人类通过类似 AI 的 “学习”“实验” 模式理解世界，婴儿会主动寻找周围事物的规律、测试假设并寻求解释，从认知角度间接关联科技领域的学习与探索逻辑。 Passage 1 【来源】上海市上海交通大学附属中学2024-2025学年高一上学期期中英语试卷 The scientific Nobel prizes have always, in their way, 1 human intelligence. This year, for the first time, the transformative 2 of artificial intelligence (AI) has been recognized as well. That recognition began on Tuesday October 8th 2024, when Sweden’s Royal Academy of Science awarded the physics prize to John Hopfield of Princeton University and Geoffrey Hinton of the University of Toronto for computer-science 3 essential to the development of many of today’s most powerful AI models. The next day, the developers of one such model also 4 the call from Stockholm. Demis Hassabis and John Jumper from DeepMind, Google’s AI company, received one half of the chemistry prize for their development of AlphaFold, a program 5 of predicting three-dimensional protein structure, a long-standing grand challenge in biochemistry. The prize’s other half went to David Baker, a biochemist at the University of Washington, for his computer-aided work designing new proteins. The AI focus was not the only thing this year’s Nobel Prize announcements had 6 . In both cases, the research being awarded would be seen as being outside the area of the prize-giving committees (AI research is computer science; protein research arguably counts as biology). Such flexibility is not unprecedented. In 1973 three pioneering students of animal behaviour, who worked on honeybees, geese, and sticklebacks, 7 , were categorized into the physiology field. Both researchers did their crucial work in the early 1980s. Dr Hopfield was responsible for what has become known as the Hopfield network—a type of artificial neural (神经的) network that 8 like a physical structure called a “spin glass”, which gave the academy a tenuous reason to call the field “physics”. Dr Hinton’s 9 was to use an algorithm (算法) to train neural networks. Artificial neural networks are computer programs 10 on the way in which real, biological networks of nerve cells or neurons are believed to work. In particular, the strengths of the connections (known as weights) between “nodes” (the equivalent of neurons) in such networks can be 11 . It is this nature of being able to be remodelled that gives a network the ability to 12 information differently in response to past performance; or, in other words, to learn. Hopfield networks, in which each node is connected to every other except itself, are particularly good at learning to 13 patterns from raw or noisy data. It is the activities of these two researchers which have made machine learning really sing. AI models can now not only learn, but 14 (or, for skepticism, reorganize in a most sophisticated manner). Such tools have thus gone from being able to perform highly 15 tasks to general jobs like writing essays for lazy undergraduates. 1．A．boosted B．attached C．supported D．honored 2．A．coverage B．potential C．distribution D．consultation 3．A．frequencies B．destinations C．breakthroughs D．foundations 4．A．missed B．received C．rejected D．anticipated 5．A．capable B．decent C．dynamic D．confident 6．A．for sure B．in doubt C．in common D．at odds 7．A．on the contrary B．as a result C．in particular D．for example 8．A．behaves B．infers C．facilitates D．formats 9．A．capacity B．explanation C．contribution D．failure 10．A．based B．launched C．expanded D．evaluated 11．A．reversed B．reshaped C．relieved D．refined 12．A．dominate B．establish C．process D．entitle 13．A．extract B．break C．connect D．interrupt 14．A．copy B．create C．repeat D．exist 15．A．chaotic B．common C．contradictory D．specific Passage 2 【来源】上海市建平中学2024-2025学年高一上学期11月期中英语试题 The similarities between babies and scientists become particularly vivid when we consider how babies learn about things. In science, and even in ordinary life, we 1 the surfaces of the world and try to infer its deeper patterns. We look for the 2 causes of events. We try to figure out the nature of things. It’s not just that we human beings can do this, we need to do it. We seem to have a kind of explanatory drive, like our drive for food. When we’re presented with a puzzle, a mystery, a hint of a pattern, or something that doesn’t quite 3 , we work until we find a solution. As scientists, we may stay up all night to solve a problem, and it doesn’t seem rather likely that our salaries are the only 4 . We see this same drive to 5 the world in its purest form in children. Human children in the first three years of life are consumed by a desire to explore and 6 with objects. From the time human babies can move around, they are torn between the safety of a grown-up hug and the 7 drive to explore. Toddlers (学步儿童)in the park venture (冒险)out to explore and then, in a sudden panic, race back to the safe harbour, only to venture forth again some few minutes later. Seen from an evolutionary point of view, children’s exploratory behaviour is rather peculiar. Not only do babies invest enormous energy in exploring the world, their explorations often 8 their very survival. However, for our species, the dangers of exploration are 9 by the benefits of learning. The change in children’s understanding of the world seem related to the ways they explore and experiment. Children actively do things to 10 their understanding of disappearances, causes and categories. Fortunately, these aspects of the 11 world are so common that babies can do their experiments quite easily and for the most part safely. The bed, the house, the garden are excellent laboratories. 12 , we can see babies become interested in hiding-and-finding games when they are about a year old. We once recorded a baby putting the same ring under a cloth and finding it 17 times, saying “all gone” each time. In our experiments, babies often begin by 13 when we take the toy to hide it. But after one or two turns, they often start hiding the toy themselves or give the cloth and toy to us with instructions to hide it again. A key aspect of our developmental picture is that babies actively 14 looking for patterns in what is going on around them, in testing hypotheses (假设)and in seeking 15 . They aren’t just stamped(标识)by evolution or shaped by their environment or moulded (塑造)by adults. 1．A．reflect on B．judge from C．stand by D．look beyond 2．A．disappearing B．interesting C．conflicting D．underlying 3．A．serve any purpose B．draw any attention C．make sense D．take place 4．A．motivation B．reward C．requirement D．initiative 5．A．challenge B．understand C．transform D．access 6．A．cooperate B．communicate C．experiment D．interfere 7．A．desirable B．uniform C．original D．irresistible 8．A．endanger B．benefit C．feature D．indicate 9．A．dominated B．highlighted C．outweighed D．driven 10．A．feature B．record C．enhance D．organize 11．A．perceptible B．physical C．senseless D．familiar 12．A．For instance B．In addition C．In other words D．In all 13．A．cheering B．disapproving C．appealing D．cheating 14．A．call for B．object to C．think over D．engage in 15．A．purposes B．contributions C．explanations D．instructions 话题 2 教育与校园生活 围绕大学生活、学习策略、校园环境对学生的影响展开，探讨教育过程中的成长与挑战。 1．《Having a clear picture in mind of what their future will look like...》：研究发现对未来有清晰规划能激励学生应对大学生活挑战，尤其对社会经济地位较低的女学生有效。基于 “基于身份的动机理论”，想象成功未来可帮助学生在学术困境中保持积极，如展现更自信的肢体语言、更努力应对测试，体现目标对学习的推动作用。 2．《Most of us assume that we go to college in order to be educated...》：指出上大学不仅为学习知识，还是社会的缩影，能培养处理人际关系、参与活动的能力，还提到部分学生存在 “极端” 行为（过度学习或过度参与校园活动），强调需平衡学业与活动，才能全面发展。 Passage 1 Having a clear picture in mind of what their future will look like can motivate students to keep going despite the challenges of college life. This 1 seems to be particularly effective for female students from relatively low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds says, Mesmin Destin of Northwestern University in the US. College is a time of great opportunity for some, but can be 2 for others. It is often the first time that many students are away from the regular and familiar support of their family and friends. Weak students from lower SES backgrounds often encounter greater financial and psychological challenges than others, and this can lead to 3 and even withdrawal from difficult situations, such as when interacting with their lecturers or taking tests and exams. Destin and his colleagues wanted to understand if students' 4 to academic challenges improve when they look forward to the future. This idea is built around the theory of identity-based motivation. It holds that people can take positive action during times of unfavorable conditions when they 5 a successful future for themselves. "The theory of identity-based motivation proposes that stimulating a focus on a successful future identity may be especially 6 in motivating students who are weak during challenging academic situations to develop a sense of action readiness," explains Destin. "This involves feeling ready and able to take appropriate action when 7 difficulty.” In two almost identical laboratory experiments -- one involving 93 female students, the other 185 students (including 101 women) -- participants were first asked either to write about their past or their future 8 . After their deep thoughts, the participants were filmed during an imitated interview with a so-called lecturer, and then had to 9 a difficult academic test. The research team noted whether participants' body language was bold and confident, and measured the amount of effort participants' 10 the academic test. The results were in agreement with the theory of identity-based motivation. Destin and his team found that having a successful future identity can prevent especially female students from lower SES backgrounds from 11 during challenging academic situations. Specifically, lower SES women who wrote about their future identities displayed greater action 12 compared to those who considered their past. They showed more confident body language. It helped them to make more effort to tackle the test, and had an indirect effect on their 13 . "Stimulating imagined successful future identities appears to provide a 14 pathway to enable weak students to effectively navigate everyday stressors," says Destin. "The findings 15 suggest that certain students may benefit from strategies that remind them to image their successful futures before any difficult and important task that they might otherwise be likely to avoid." 1．A．instruction B．strategy C．challenge D．psychology 2．A．disgraceful B．shameful C．harmful D．stressful 3．A．hesitation B．intention C．depression D．decision 4．A．willingness B．options C．responses D．applications 5．A．destroy B．imagine C．abandon D．substitute 6．A．powerful B．upright C．unique D．ambitious 7．A．avoiding B．overcoming C．surrendering D．encountering 8．A．experience B．suffering C．success D．failure 9．A．design B．complete C．comment D．revise 10．A．put away B．put on C．put out D．put into 11．A．withdrawing B．transforming C．advancing D．engaging 12．A．quantity B．dullness C．readiness D．inability 13．A．fascination B．ignorance C．dilemma D．performance 14．A．tolerable B．potential C．straight D．academic 15．A．therefore B．however C．otherwise D．meanwhile Passage 2 【来源】上海安亭高级中学2024-2025学年高一上学期期中考试英语试卷 Most of us assume that we go to college in order to be educated, to become 1 , and be 2 to society when we complete our studies. Of course, this is true, but it is more than that.We go to college not only to learn knowledge, but to prepare ourselves for the real world, for college is a 3 to society in miniature. Thus, it teaches us how to 4 relationships between different kinds of people later. College life provides many 5 ,which is a stepping stone in the real world. College education also 6 a student to develop a mind that is able to think clearly and critically. While we are at college, we should have as 7 contacts with our teachers as possible. They are as human as we are but with a wider 8 of knowledge than we do which can help   9 our secret little problems. Therefore, they can help us in more ways than just teaching us school 55 Some of us tend to go to 10 . We are either too fond of studies and become book worms or too much occupied by campus activities. The former kinds of students, 11 , are star pupils at college but not likely to be successful in their career 12 they don’t have the knowledge of real human beings and their range of interests is too 13 . The latter, since they lack the basic knowledge of science and humanities, are not likely to succeed, either. Thus we must steer(朝..前进，取道)the middle 14 between these two extremes. 1．A．leaders B．scholars C．ancestors D．authorities 2．A．joyful B．enjoyable C．practical D．useful 3．A．class B．society C．group D．team 4．A．take away B．make up C．put up D．deal with 5．A．disputes B．conflicts C．activities D．communities 6．A．chooses B．assigns C．employs D．trains 7．A．quick B．slow C．continuous D．frequent 8．A．range B．reach C．control D．distance 9．A．suggest B．solve C．discover D．explain 10．A．symbols B．imaginations C．contributions D．subjects 11．A．ends B．peaks C．degrees D．extremes 12．A．generally B．surely C．nearly D．exactly 13．A．because B．so C．after D．why 14．A．narrow B．broad C．correct D．foolish 15．A．match B．way C．idea D．program 话题 3 文化与社会观念 涵盖文化差异、社会对不同群体的态度、文化活动对社会的影响，展现文化与社会的紧密关联。 1．《The term culture now is used to describe everything...》：解释文化的原始含义（包含民族、国家的自然环境、历史、传统等），说明文化通过符号（如图腾柱、颜色象征）识别，不同文化对同一符号反应不同（如黄色在亚洲与中国古代的不同含义），还提及民族优越感的利弊，强调多元文化共存的重要性。 2．《Reading living books》：介绍 “活图书馆” 项目，该项目 2000 年源于丹麦，通过让不同文化背景、宗教、职业的人作为 “活书” 与读者面对面交流，减少偏见、促进理解，2009 年传入中国，在多个城市举办活动，体现文化交流对社会观念的积极影响。 Passage 1 【来源】上海市育才中学2024-2025学年高一上学期期中测试英语试题 The term culture now is used to describe everything from the fine arts to the outlook of a business group or a sports team. In its original sense, however, culture 1 all identifying aspects of an ethnic (民族的) group, nation, or empire: its physical environment, history, and traditions; its social rules and economic structure; its religious beliefs and arts. The central beliefs and customs of a group are handed down from one generation to another. It is for this reason that most people regarded culture as 2 rather than inborn. People acquire a culture; they are not 3 with one. The process by which a person develops a 4 for regional foods, or an outlook on the world over time, 5 , is known as enculturation (文化适应). Cultures are often identified by their 6 — images that are familiar and have meanings. Totem (图腾) poles carved with animal and creative figures suggests aspects of the Native American peoples of the Pacific Northwest but more accurately 7 specific families. In Asia and India, the color of yellow is identified with Buddhist and Hindu priests; in ancient China it was a color only for the family of the 8 Thus, different cultures may respond to a symbol quite 9 . For example, to some a flag may represent pride, historical accomplishments, or ideals; to others, 10 , it can be an danger or oppression. To individuals unfamiliar with cultures outside their own, the beliefs, behaviors, and artistic expression of other groups can seem 11 and even threatening. A society that 12 all other cultures with its own standards is said to be ethnocentric (民族优越感的). A strongly ethnocentric society assumes also that what is different from its own culture is likely to be 13 and, possibly, wrong or evil. All people are ethnocentric to some degree, and aspects of ethnocentrism, such as national pride, 14 a well-functioning society. An appreciation for one’s own culture, however, does not preclude (排除) acceptance and respect for another culture. History documents the long-term vigor and success of multicultural groups in which people from numerous and diverse cultural backgrounds live and work together. Ethnocentrism, 15 , can lead to racism — the belief that it is race and ethnic origin that account for variations in human character or ability and that one’s own race is superior to all others. 1．A．benefits B．involves C．attracts D．neglects 2．A．learned B．created C．developed D．inherited 3．A．supplied B．exchanged C．carried D．born 4．A．style B．taste C．method D．culture 5．A．therefore B．besides C．otherwise D．nevertheless 6．A．religions B．symbols C．arts D．traditions 7．A．make up B．take over C．stand for D．bring up 8．A．minister B．maid C．prisoner D．emperor 9．A．appropriately B．positively C．differently D．similarly 10．A．furthermore B．however C．thus D．also 11．A．national B．normal C．pleasant D．strange 12．A．removes B．ranks C．controls D．abandons 13．A．inferior B．productive C．traditional D．industrial 14．A．belong to B．refer to C．turn to D．contribute to 15．A．in contrast B．in particular C．as a result D．on the whole Passage 2 【来源】上海市风华中学2024-2025学年高一上学期期中测试英语试题 Reading living books You may know the saying, “Don’t judge a book by its cover.” It 1 the idea behind the Living Library project. Like 2 library, a Living Liberty offers readers books, except that these “books” can 3 to you. But these living books are not like anything from a(n) 4 movie — they are people, like you and me. The Living Library project was started in 2000 by a group of young people in Denmark. They wanted to reduce prejudice (偏见) and encourage 5 between people, and they had the idea of bringing together some very different people to communicate 6 . These living books were from different cultural backgrounds, nations, educational levels, religions and 7 . Reading living books is very 8 : Each book can talk with readers face to face, and sometimes a small group of readers can read one book together. The book and the reader(s) 9 and share different thoughts, ideas, lifestyles and so on. The project began to gain in 10 in other parts of the world and was introduced to China in 2009. This past April, a wave of Living Library events was held in more than 20 Chinese cities. In Guangzhou, for example, 50 living books were 11 to 200 readers. The event was divided into four rounds; each lasted 40 minutes. In each round, up to eight readers would read one book together. One of the living books, Tang, suffered from depression. She talked about her experience of fighting depression and also pointed out a problem: People’s 12 about mental illnesses was preventing many patients from getting treatment in time. In Living Library events like this one, it is not one person 13 another, but someone introducing others to a different idea or way of life. Everyone can raise questions and everyone is 14 . “Everyone is a book,” said Liu Qiongxiong, the organizer of the event in Guangzhou. “By reading others we can 15 understand each other and ourselves.” 1．A．challenges B．talks about C．makes use of D．sums up 2．A．the other B．any other C．another D．each other 3．A．convey B．relate C．talk D．donate 4．A．science-fiction B．comedy C．horror D．action 5．A．understanding B．difference C．violence D．change 6．A．fairly B．silently C．equally D．seriously 7．A．locations B．occasions C．schools D．professions 8．A．simple B．difficult C．complex D．shallow 9．A．test B．organize C．dismiss D．discuss 10．A．control B．popularity C．access D．time 11．A．presented B．lent C．borrow D．delivered 12．A．curiously B．questions C．hesitation D．misunderstanding 13．A．fighting B．challenging C．teaching D．criticizing 14．A．judged B．respected C．ranked D．numbered 15．A．dramatically B．significantly C．worsely D．better 话题 4 健康与生活方式 围绕饮食对健康、外貌的影响，以及生活习惯与心理健康的关联展开，提供科学的健康建议。 1．《Why the Color Green Makes Us Feel Good》：提出 “绿色假说”，指出人类对绿色空间的需求源于进化。干旱时绿色消失会引发消极心理（如抑郁），绿色回归则激发积极行为（如寻找食物）；现代城市绿色空间有限，可能导致压力与抑郁，建议城市规划优先恢复自然环境，体现自然与心理健康的关联。 2．《If you want to look your best in the morning...》：法国研究发现，早餐摄入精制碳水化合物（如法式长棍、果汁）的人比摄入粗粮（如全麦面包、无糖茶）的人外貌吸引力更低，原因是精制碳水导致血糖波动影响皮肤状态，而粗粮有助于维持良好的皮肤外观，强调饮食对健康与外貌的影响。 Passage 1 【来源】上海市进才中学2024-2025学年高一上学期期中英语试卷 Why the Color Green Makes Us Feel Good Scientists have revealed a new theory into why the color green makes us feel good. It is already well known that being out in nature is good for a person’s mental health. But now, a new study published in the British Ecological Society 1 a new theory for this called the “greenery hypothesis (假说).” They suggest that our need for green spaces 2 evolution. The researchers suggest that when greenery disappears during times of drought, it triggers a signal in humans for environmental degradation (恶化). This can lead to 3 psychological response, and even lead to feelings of depression. 4 , when greenery returns, the researchers report that it triggers a positive mental response, which further encourages them to 5 positive activities, like searching for food. “These psycho-physiological 6 must be crucial for survival during environmental fluctuations (波动) that humans have experienced in evolutionary adaptive environments,” a summary of the study reports. “However, in modern urbanized societies with limited greenery, this psychological system may lead to non-adaptive negative effects, such as increased stress and depression, creating a 7 between our evolutionary past and current cultural evolution. This hypothesis can provide valuable insights into understanding how humans psychologically respond to nature exposure, with implications for 8 such as urban planning, biodiversity conservation, etc. The scientists created this new hypothesis by bringing together previous research into the 9 of nature on humans. And from this, they gather that ongoing loss of green spaces, 10 in urban environments, could have severe impacts on human health and well-being. They note that restoring natural environments in urban areas should be a matter of priority in order to 11 “mass psychological health problems in contemporary society.” They hope that the hypothesis outlined in the study provides a framework for improving conservation efforts and prioritizing green environments in urban areas. They also emphasize how nature and greenery must be 12 for human well-being. The greenery hypothesis also notes that humans are more likely to find a place beautiful or pleasing to look at if there is greenery. This is even more likely if a person is more used to urban environments that have a 13 amount of nature around. “Our proposed hypothesis states that humans have adapted to periodic severe 14 and re-watering cycles by developing both negative and positive psychological responses to the absence or 15 of greenery within the landscape as hints to optimize their own behavioral activities.” the authors write in the study. 1．A．has acknowledged B．has proposed C．has proved D．has supposed 2．A．is devoted to B．is rooted in C．is controlled by D．is denied by 3．A．despair B．positive C．neutral D．negative 4．A．However B．Therefore C．After all D．More over 5．A．continue B．cease C．consider D．change 6．A．mindsets B．transitions C．responses D．contradictions 7．A．connection B．similarity C．difference D．mismatch 8．A．experts B．technologies C．fields D．views 9．A．effects B．affections C．lessons D．shadows 10．A．definitely B．respectively C．partly D．particularly 11．A．distinguish B．address C．cancel D．assist 12．A．planned B．demonstrated C．prioritized D．produced 13．A．limited B．huge C．appropriate D．considerable 14．A．flood B．sandstorm C．disaster D．drought 15．A．disappearance B．presence C．defence D．endurance Passage 2 【来源】上海市宝山区顾村中学2024-2025学年高一上学期期中英语试卷 If you want to look your best in the morning, it may be worth swapping the ultra-processed pastries and fruit juice for wholemeal toast and tea without sugar. Researchers in France found that people who ate a breakfast rich in refined carbohydrates (碳水化合物) were rated less 1 than those who started the day with healthier unrefined carbs. Scientists at the University of Montpellier believe the subtle shift in facial attractiveness may be driven by changes in blood sugar and insulin (胰岛素) that can 2 skin appearance and have longer-term effects on sex hormones. “It’s surprising to consider but our dietary choices can have 3 effects on our appearance,” said Dr Claire Berticat, an evolutionary biologist and the first author on the study. “These physiological changes could subtly alter facial features, impacting how others 4 attractiveness.” The researchers recruited 52 men and 52 women aged 20 to 30 and 5 assigned them to have a 500-calorie breakfast rich in either refined or unrefined carbohydrates. The refined carbs breakfast included a French baguette ma dc from industrially milled flour, jam, apple or orange juice, and tea or coffee with 6 available. The unrefined carbs meal was stoneground wholemeal bread with butter and cheese, an orange or apple, and tea or coffee without sugar. The scientists measured blood sugar levels of volunteers before and after they 7 and then took headshots of the participants under controlled lighting conditions. The photos were then passed to groups of raters to 8 how old, how masculine or feminine and how attractive the individuals looked. Writing in Plos One, the researchers claim that eating refined carbohydrates for breakfast 9 facial attractiveness for men and women. “The effect varies by gender and meal type, underscoring the 10 relationship between diet and attractiveness,” Berticat said. “Our findings serve as a compelling reminder of the far-reaching impact of dietary choices not only on health but also on traits having particular social 11 such as facial attractiveness.” Refined carbohydrates can produce spikes (猛增) in blood sugar, which the body counters by 12 insulin. The response can drive sugar levels too low, a condition called hypoglycaemia (低血糖症), and affect blood flow and skin appearance. In the study, only the refined carbs breakfast produced hypoglycaemia. David Perrett, a professor of psychology at the University of St Andrews, who has studied facial cues for health, said there should be no surprise that 13 affects attractiveness. Fruit and vegetables improved attractiveness by increasing plant pigments called carotenoids in the skin, he said, while high-sugar diets could 14 the skin. “The authors suggest that the refined carbohydrate could be affecting peripheral blood flow,” Perrett said. “Blood flow can change skin appearance very rapidly. One can see the 15 within seconds in the case of feeling sick when the blood drains from the skin. We found that most people look healthier, and more attractive, when their skin color reflects a slight rise in oxygenated blood.” 1．A．peculiar B．attractive C．innovative D．mysterious 2．A．affect B．integrate C．examine D．form 3．A．limited B．ecological C．economic D．rapid 4．A．diagnose B．maintain C．perceive D．dominate 5．A．inevitably B．randomly C．frequently D．harmoniously 6．A．milk B．sugar C．nut D．cream 7．A．fainted B．arrived C．ate D．slept 8．A．estimate B．misunderstand C．stress D．assure 9．A．decreased B．represented C．promoted D．restored 10．A．interpersonal B．spatial C．complex D．genetic 11．A．importance B．order C．life D．custom 12．A．observing B．monitoring C．isolating D．releasing 13．A．evolution B．intention C．diet D．profession 14．A．protect B．refresh C．cool D．age 15．A．exploitation B．impact C．priority D．starvation 话题 5 社会现象与职业生活 聚焦社会中的职业困境、工作压力、职场管理模式，探讨社会现象背后的原因与应对方法。 1．《Deliverance for Delivery Drivers?》：分析外卖员因平台竞争（饿了么与美团缩短配送时间、奖惩机制严苛），常违反交通规则（闯红灯、超速），导致伤亡事故增加。虽平台已调整配送时间（如考虑电梯、天气因素），但根本问题仍未解决，呼吁消费者体谅外卖员，体现职业群体的生存困境。 2．《In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor...》：介绍道格拉斯・麦克雷戈的 “X 理论”（人本能厌恶工作）与 “Y 理论”（人有在工作中获得满足感的潜力），提及不同文化的管理方式（亚洲协商式管理、西方授权管理），以及现代职场趋势（远程虚拟管理、减少管理层级），探讨职场管理模式的演变。 Passage 1 【来源】上海师范大学附属中学 2024-2025学年高一上学期期中考试英语试卷 Deliverance(解救) for Delivery Drivers? ZOOOOOOOOM!!! A gust of air, the hum of spinning wheels, and a flash of color whizzing past. I’m sure that we have all stepped into the crosswalk, at one time or another, and experienced this sudden, heart-stopping 1 . I am, of course, referring to delivery drivers 2 through crossroads to deliver takeaway food. Over the past few years, delivery drivers have been criticized, fined, and even 3 for breaking traffic laws across China. Delivery drivers often 4 red lights, disregard speed limits, and pay little attention to pedestrian crossings. But they also often pay the 5 price — each year, it seems like fatal injuries involving delivery drivers are increasing. 6 , since delivery drivers are usually poorly paid, how much blame do they really deserve for running against the clock? Well, it 7 to be a complicated issue. Recently an article titled “Delivery Drivers, Stuck in the System” was shared widely on social media. According to the article, 8 between delivery services Ele.me and Meituan has caused each app to take increasingly extreme measures to out-do(超过) the other. This has included the shortening of delivery time windows. It has been 9 , in part, through a combination of rewards for early delivery and severe punishments for late delivery. Over time, the platforms have only increased these 10 on drivers. As a result, drivers find themselves in a dilemma(左右两难的困境)：break traffic laws or, in some cases, lose hundreds of yuan in earnings for late deliveries. According to surveys and reactions online, 11 care much whether their deliveries are a few minutes late, while most believe that it is not worth risking someone’s life for. In response, Ele.me and Meituan have added a combination of features to 12 delivery times for slow elevators or bad weather conditions. Although these new 13 cannot solve the underlying problems of intense competition or the inherent dangers of driving, they should, in some measure, start reducing some of the pressure on drivers. In the meantime, as 14 , we can help to make life for delivery riders safer and easier. 15 , be a considerate person and don’t leave them waiting for too long. If you see a food delivery guy rushing toward you on an escalator or into a door, consider standing back and letting him go first. After all, they are putting their lives on the line just to deliver our food. 1．A．fright B．delight C．pain D．sorrow 2．A．running B．walking C．rushing D．wandering 3．A．arrested B．fired C．blamed D．praised 4．A．destroy B．ignore C．observe D．interrupt 5．A．everlasting B．dramatic C．slight D．final 6．A．However B．Namely C．Indeed D．Surprisingly 7．A．decides B．refuses C．turns out D．takes turns 8．A．comparison B．contrast C．competition D．cooperation 9．A．adapted B．achieved C．adopted D．assumed 10．A．motivations B．advantages C．pressures D．skills 11．A．some B．few C．many D．we 12．A．reduce B．expand C．narrow D．extend 13．A．actions B．behaviors C．features D．conditions 14．A．humans B．consumers C．friends D．taxpayers 15．A．In one word B．As a result C．For example D．On the contrary Passage 2 【来源】2016年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试英语（上海卷精编版） In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 1 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work. In any case, despite so much evidence to the 2 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 3 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 4 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers. Different cultures have different ways of 5 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making — all members of the department or work group are asked to 6 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 7 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 8 managers cannot. A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 9 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 10 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 11 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 12 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 13 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less. Another trend is off-site or 14 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 15 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them. 1．A．desire B．seek C．lose D．dislike 2．A．contrary B．expectation C．degree D．extreme 3．A．vice versa B．for example C．however D．otherwise 4．A．outside B．inside C．below D．above 5．A．replacing B．assessing C．managing D．encouraging 6．A．refer B．contribute C．object D．apply 7．A．agreement B．practice C．election D．impression 8．A．bossy B．experienced C．western D．male 9．A．asking B．training C．warning D．firing 10．A．doubling B．maintaining C．reducing D．estimating 11．A．honored B．left C．crowded D．compared 12．A．economically B．traditionally C．inadequately D．occasionally 13．A．deny B．admit C．assume D．ensure 14．A．virtual B．ineffective C．day-to-day D．on-the-scene 15．A．opinion B．risk C．performance D．attractiveness 话题 6 心理与个人成长 探讨不同年龄段的心理变化、个人心态对行为的影响、自我认知的发展，展现个人心理与成长的规律。 1．《The Curious Personality Changes of Older Age》：打破 “老狗学不会新把戏” 的固有认知，研究发现人在 60 岁后性格会再次变化（如开放性、责任感下降，神经质增加），原因包括退休、空巢等生活事件及健康、社会支持的影响，且老年性格变化并非源于无助，而是对目标的调整（优先有意义的事），体现年龄与心理的关联。 2．《From using a smiling emoji in messages...》：研究发现微笑并非总是快乐的象征，英国布莱顿和苏塞克斯医学院的研究显示，人们微笑更多与 “参与感” 相关，而非 “快乐”。实验中，参与者回答难题后，被告知答案对错时会微笑，且答错时微笑更频繁，说明微笑是社交工具，反映心理与行为的复杂关系。 Passage 1 【来源】上海市闵行区六校联考2024-2025学年高一上学期10月期中英语试题 The Curious Personality Changes of Older Age You’ve probably heard the saying “You can’t teach an old dog new tricks.” An awful phrase, but it speaks to a common belief that older adulthood is a time of 1 . A time when we’ve become so set in our ways that, whether we’re proud of them or not, we’re less likely to change. Psychologists used to follow the same line of thinking, but more recent studies suggest that something 2 happens to many people as they reach and pass their 60s: Their personality starts changing again. This trend is probably 3 in older populations in part because older adults tend to experience brain changes such as cognitive defect and dementia. But some researchers don’t believe the phenomenon is fully explained by those factors. People’s personality can alter 4 their circumstances, helping them shift priorities, come to terms with loss, and get used to a changing life. These developments illustrate what personality really is: not a permanent state but a(n) 5 way of being. After thorough research, psychologists have 6 five major and measurable personality traits: agreeableness, sense of responsibility, extroversion (外向性), openness to experience, and neuroticism (神经质). To the surprise of many in the field, studies are revealing that the strongest personality changes tend to 7 before age 30 and after 60. In later adulthood, people seem to decrease in openness to experience, sense of responsibility and extroversion, while neuroticism tends to increase. We can’t say certainly what factors are driving these shifts, but a few 8 exist. One possibility is that personality is shaped by specific life events tending to happen in older age: retirement, empty nesting. But such milestones aren’t very reliable 9 of change; they affect some people deeply and others not at all. Any one event could mean many different things, depending on its 10 . For example, losing a partner could be a tremendous loss, but for someone who’s been caring for their sick spouse for years it could be a bit of a relief. At any age, similar life events can affect people differently, but in older adulthood people’s daily realities 11 wildly, so factors like health and social support are probably better predictors of personality change. 12 , if someone is no longer strong enough to go to dinner parties every week, they might grow less extroverted. 13 , old-age personality changes don’t always result from a sense of helplessness or a shrinking life. Research has shown that when people get older, they commonly 14 their goals; though they might be doing less, they tend to prioritize what they find meaningful and really appreciate — say a decline in extroversion could 15 that they’re satisfied spending time with the people they already love. 1．A．richness B．misfortune C．stability D．adaption 2．A．substantial B．dangerous C．similar D．unexpected 3．A．reversed B．observed C．declined D．strengthened 4．A．in spite of B．in response to C．by means of D．in terms of 5．A．consistent B．potential C．alternative D．adaptive 6．A．quantified B．intensified C．identified D．signified 7．A．take place B．hold out C．make sense D．come back 8．A．subjects B．elements C．theories D．comments 9．A．resources B．results C．sources D．ways 10．A．context B．origin C．concern D．limit 11．A．progress B．occur C．spread D．vary 12．A．In particular B．In contrast C．After all D．For instance 13．A．Admittedly B．Consequently C．Fortunately D．Particularly 14．A．fulfill B．uphold C．modify D．abandon 15．A．facilitate B．indicate C．involve D．prevent Passage 2 【来源】上海市奉贤区致远高级中学2021-2022学年高一上学期10月评估英语试题 From using a smiling emoji in messages to saying “cheese” when taking photos, most people believe that a smile is a sign of happiness. 1 some scientists don’t think so. The 2 between smiles and happiness was recently studied by researchers at Brighton and Sussex Medical School(BSMS) in the UK. Their 3 found that smiling doesn’t necessarily show a person’s gladness. Instead, it usually 4 a tool in social contact. In the study, 44 people aged between 18 and 35 took part in a quiz. The 5 had to answer nine difficult questions, while their facial expressions were recorded by computers.  The participants were then asked to rate(评估) their own experiences when answering the questions. They were given 12 different emotions to 6 , including “bored” and “interested”. According to Science Daily, people always 7 the experiences that made them smile with “engagement(参与)”, 8 “happiness” or “interested”. We normally associate a smiling person with cheerfulness. 9 , a smile is more likely to be caused by a feeling of 10 , reported Indian newspaper The Asian Age. In order to 11 explain these results, the researchers checked the 12 of the participants answering each question. According to the journal News Medical, the participants didn’t show any signs of smiling in their images when they were trying their best to find out the right answer. However, when they were told whether their answer was 13 or not, they smiled. And more 14 , they smiled more often when their answers were incorrect. It showed “their enjoyment of this game,” according to Science Daily. “This 15 could be explained by self-ratings of engagement, rather than by ratings of happiness or frustration,” body language expert Harry Witchel told Science Daily. 1．A．But B．So C．Then D．And 2．A．difference B．connection C．similarity D．gap 3．A．report B．group C．study D．article 4．A．use as B．consider as C．look upon as D．serve as 5．A．participants B．people C．researchers D．members 6．A．describe B．choose from C．write down D．think of 7．A．thought B．believed C．matched D．considered 8．A．as well as B．except C．along with D．rather than 9．A．However B．Therefore C．Actually D．Generally 10．A．happiness B．engagement C．gladness D．cheerfulness 11．A．more B．double C．further D．right 12．A．results B．papers C．boards D．images 13．A．correct B．interesting C．doubtful D．good 14．A．seemingly B．surprisingly C．exactly D．amusingly 15．A．smile B．answer C．behavior D．engagement 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $