语法突破 专题二 第1讲 名词-【创新教程】2026年高考英语艺考生文化课百日冲关Word教案（人教版）

该高中英语高考复习教案聚焦名词专题，覆盖单复数（规则、不规则、合成词）、不可数名词（常见词、抽象名词具体化）、名词所有格（有生命、无生命、双重所有格）、名词构成法（后缀变化）等核心考点，按“基础规则-特殊情况-实际应用”逻辑架构知识体系。通过考点精析梳理变化规则，思维拓展补充特殊用法，对点演练结合近5年真题单句语法填空，帮助学生系统突破单复数变化、不可数名词具体化等难点，体现复习教学的系统性和针对性。 资料采用“规则归纳+真题验证”策略，如名词单复数中先列表呈现5种规则变化并对比以-f/-fe结尾名词的两种复数形式（handkerchief→handkerchiefs/handkerchieves），培养学生思维品质。设置“考点精析-思维拓展-对点演练-高考对接”四阶流程，配合分层练习，确保学生高效掌握高频考点，为教师把控复习节奏、提升学生应考能力提供有力支持。

第1讲　名词 [考点一]　名词的单复数　 1．规则名词的5种复数变化形式 变化规则 例词 一般情况下 在词尾直接加­s mouth→mouths house→houses 以­s，­x，­ch，­sh结尾的名词 在词尾加­es glass→glasses match→matches 以辅音字母＋­y结尾的名词 变y为i，再加­es country→countries factory→factories 以­o结尾的名词 一般在词尾加­s piano→pianos photo→photos 有些在词尾加­es hero→heroes potato→potatoes 以­f，­fe结尾 的名词 一般要变f或fe为v＋­es self→selves wolf→wolves 少数直接加­s roof→roofs belief→beliefs 　下列以­f结尾的名词既可以变f为v后再加­es，也可以直接在f后加­s： handkerchief→handkerchiefs/handkerchieves scarf→scarfs/scarves 2．不规则名词的2种复数变化形式 变化规则 例词 单复数同形 deer，sheep，means，series，works，Chinese，Swiss，aircraft，spacecraft 变内部元音 foot→feet，tooth→teeth，goose→geese，man→men，woman→women，mouse→mice 　①fish表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes，而表示同一种鱼时，其单复数形式相同；②people指“人们”时单复数同形，指“民族”时，其复数为peoples。 3．合成名词的2种复数形式 (1)若有主体名词，则把主体名词变成复数；若无主体名词，则把最后一部分变成复数。 passer­by→passers­by，sister­in­law→sisters­in­law，grown­up→grown­ups，housewife→housewives (2)“man/woman＋n.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和主体名词都要变复数：women engineers。 单句语法填空 1．(2025·浙江1月卷)As people now choose to wear more clothes fewer 　________　 (time), clothing rental services have become increasingly popular. 解析：考查名词。句意：由于人们现在选择少穿的衣服更多了，服装租赁服务越来越受欢迎。time表示“次数”时是可数名词，fewer修饰可数名词复数形式。故填times。 答案：times 2．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Although they could never have met, there are common 　______　 (theme)in their works, said Paul Edmondson, head of research for the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. 解析：考查名词的数。句意：莎士比亚故居信托基金会的研究主管Paul Edmondson说，尽管他们从未见过面，但他们的作品中都有共同的主题。本句为“there be”句型，为倒装句，根据谓语动词“are”可判断，本句主语为名词的复数形式。故填themes。 答案：themes 3．(2024·北京卷)To practise this, we need to establish clear 　______　 (boundary) in our personal and professional life. 解析：考查名词的数。句意：为了实践这一点，我们需要在个人和职业生活中建立明确的界限。句中boundary是可数名词，表示“界限”，根据空后in our personal and professional life可知，此处表示不止一个界限，名词应用复数形式boundaries。故填boundaries。 答案：boundaries 4．(2022·全国甲卷)Goffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape­recognition 　______　(ability) to a human two­year­old. 解析：句意：戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似。ability 是可数名词，根据句意此处应用复数形式。 答案：abilities 5．(2021·新高Ⅰ卷)The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we 　humans　(human) are. 6．(2021·全国乙卷)　Activities　 (activity)there range from whale watching to hiking (远足)and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment. 7．(2021·全国甲卷)In the sciences and arts，those praised as 　geniuses　(genius) were most often white men，of European origin. 8．(2020·浙江卷)Later，they learned to work with the 　seasons　 (season)，planting at the right time... [考点二]　不可数名词　 1．常见的不可数名词 一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。 通常只用作不可数的名词有：milk，music，homework，housework，weather，news，butter，information，bread，advice，progress，orange(橙汁)，equipment，meat，fun，luggage，luck，work(工作)，traffic，furniture，wealth，word(消息)，room(空间)，man(人类)等。 　word意为“消息”，room意为“空间”，man意为“人类”时通常不带任何修饰词。 2．抽象名词的具体化 某些抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有： 单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义 success 成功 成功的人或事物 pleasure 乐趣 令人感到高兴的人或事物 attraction 吸引 有吸引力的人或事物 comfort 安慰；慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物 danger 危险 令人感到危险的人或事物 delight 高兴 令人感到高兴的事 failure 失败 失败的人或事物 surprise 惊奇 令人感到惊奇的人或事物 shock 震惊 令人感到震惊的人或事物 pride 骄傲 令人感到骄傲的人或事物 [考点三]　名词所有格　 1．有生命名词的3种所有格 情况 构成 示例 不以­s结尾的名词 加­'s Mary's e­mail children's books 以­s结尾的复数名词 加­' the girls' dormitory the teachers'reading room 以­s结尾的单数名词或专有名词 加­'s或­' our boss' office Engels's works 2.无生命名词的2种所有格 (1)通常用of所有格表示。 The capital of Peru is Lima，which is in the west on the coast. 秘鲁的首都是利马，位于西部沿海地区。 (2)表示时间、距离、国家、城市、机构、节日等的名词通常用­'s所有格表示。 Beijing's parks北京的公园 3．双重所有格 双重所有格的构成形式为：名词＋of ＋名词的所有格/名词＋of＋名词性物主代词。 He is a friend of my father's. 他是我父亲的一个朋友。 　名词所有格作定语主要表示事物间的关系(如所属关系、主谓关系、动宾关系等)，而名词作定语则主要表示被修饰名词的特征、性别、用途、功能、内容等。 单句语法填空 1．(2025·浙江1月卷)I really want to make this work for 　________　 (people) lives today，... 解析：考查名词所有格。句意：我真的想让这个(服装租赁服务)适合如今人们的生活，……。提示词修饰名词lives，需用名词所有格people's，作定语。故填people's。 答案：people's 2．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)“He saved my 　______　 (son) life，” said Mrs. Brown. 解析：考查名词所有格。句意：他拯救了我儿子的生命。根据句意，life与提示词son之间是所属关系，故应该使用名词所有格。故填son's。 答案：son's [考点四]　名词构成法　 名词后缀 意义 例词 ­age 抽象名词后缀，表示“行为、状态、结果或 总称” use－usage用法 short－shortage缺乏 marry－marriage婚姻 pack－package包裹 ­ance， ­ence 抽象名词后缀，表示“性质、状态、行为、过程” accept－acceptance接受 perform－performance表演 exist－existence存在 occur－occurrence发生 differ－difference不同 ­ancy， ­ency 抽象名词后缀，表示“性质和状态” expect－expectancy期待 tend－tendency趋势，趋向 emergent－emergency紧急情况 fluent－fluency流利；流畅 ­dom 表示“状况或状态” free－freedom自由 wise－wisdom智慧 ­er，­or 表示“……人，……者” receive－receiver接受者；听筒 carry－carrier携带者 begin－beginner初学者 direct－director主任，导演 operate－operator操作者 ­ian 构成人称名词，表示“精通……的人” technique－technician技术员 ­ication 由动词变化而来的抽象名词，常译为“……化” simplify－simplification简化 classify－classification分类 communicate－communication 交流 ­ics 表示“……学科” economic－economics经济学 physic－physics物理学 ­ion， ­ation， ­ition 由动词构成的名词，表示“行为的过程、结果、状况” produce－production生产 solute－solution解决方法 organize－organization组织；机构 construct－construction建设 describe－description描述 direct－direction方向 hesitate－hesitation犹豫 compete－competition竞争 ­ist 构成人称名词，表示“从事……研究者；信仰……主义者” special－specialist专家 piano－pianist钢琴家 social－socialist社会主义者 ­ity/ty 抽象名词后缀，表示性质 responsible－responsibility 责任 similar－similarity相似性 ­ment 抽象名词后缀，表示行为、状态、过程或结果 advertise－advertisement广告 develop－development发展 move－movement动作；活动 achieve－achievement成就 equip－equipment设备 improve－improvement改善 ­ness 加在形容词后构成抽象名词，表示“状态、性质或程度” aware－awareness意识 calm－calmness冷静 thick－thickness厚度 effective－effectiveness有效 useful－usefulness有用 ­ship 抽象名词后缀，表示“状态” relation－relationship关系 member－membership成员资格 friend－friendship友谊 ­th 由形容词构成名词，表示“动作、性质和状态” dead－death死亡 warm－warmth温暖 wide－width宽度 true－truth真相 ­ure 抽象名词后缀，表示“行为和结果” fail－failure失败 expose－exposure暴露 press－pressure压力 单句语法填空 1．(2025·全国一卷)“You try to lead the opponent into your trap and force them to follow your ‘　________　 (guide)’ till they lose，” explains Wang Wei, a Go player among the visitors to the exhibition. 解析：考查名词。句意：“你试图把对手带进你的陷阱，强迫他们跟随你的‘引导’，直到他们输了，”展览参观者中的围棋选手王伟解释道。此处作follow的宾语，用名词guidance“引导”，不可数名词。故填guidance。 答案：guidance 2．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Those cultural elements have increased Stratford's international 　______　 (visible), said Edmondson, adding that visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed to find the connection between the two great writers. 解析：考查名词。句意：Edmondson说，这些文化元素提高了斯特拉特福德的国际知名度，并补充说，游客们穿过故居花园时，常常惊讶于这两位伟大作家之间的联系。形容词international后接名词形式，visibility“知名度”为不可数名词作宾语。故填visibility。 答案：visibility 3．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The project was dreamed up by a local charity(慈善组织) to reduce　________　 (lonely) and improve elderly people's well­being. 答案：loneliness 4．(2022·浙江卷) When the answer was no, she declined the 　________　 (invite). 答案：invitation 5．(2021·全国乙卷)．..and often provides money for conservation and benefits the 　development　 (develop) of the local areas. 6．(2021·浙江卷)In 1844 they bought it for $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser，who performed their 　marriage　 (marry)ceremony in 1842. 7．(2020·新高考Ⅱ卷)Chinese New Year is a 　celebration　 (celebrate) making the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring. 8．(2020·新高考Ⅲ卷)Filled with 　curiosity　 (curious)，the artist packed his bags and left. 9．(2020·山东卷)Historical 　accuracy　 (accurate) is important but so is entertainment. 10．Other American studies showed no 　connection　 (connect) between uniforms and school performance. 11．Nowadays the 　priority　 (prior) for travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery. 12．In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a 　belief　(believe) that populations are increasing. 1．根据提示词填写名词 ①(2025·浙江1月卷)Tanya's shop offers fashion clothes for women to rent rather than purchase them outright, providing a less expensive 　solution　 (solve) to one­time event dressing. ②(2024·新课标Ⅰ 卷)The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design，to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing(追溯) the steps along the Silk Route which brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the 　richness　(rich) of gardening in England. 2．根据提示词填写名词，考查名词的数 ①(2025·浙江1月卷)As people now choose to wear more clothes fewer 　times　 (time), clothing rental services have become increasingly popular. ②(2024·新课标Ⅰ 卷)These plants included modern Western 　favourites　(favourite) such as rosemary，lavender and fennel. 3．考查名词的固定搭配 ①(2024·全国甲卷)They all agreed and vowed(承诺) to promote the idea at the　completion　(complete) of their journey. ②(天津卷改编)My parents always attach great 　importance　 (important) to my getting a good education. 单句语法填空 1．(2025·全国二卷)The sun­dried clothes smell especially pleasant where I live, thanks to the 　________　 (absent) of smog and plenty of blue sky 　________　 (afternoon) with lots of fresh air. 解析：考查名词。句意：我住的地方，晒干的衣服闻起来特别香，这要归功于没有烟雾和有很多蓝天和新鲜空气的下午。第一空作thanks to的宾语，应用名词absence“缺乏，没有”，不可数名词。故填absence。第二空afternoon“下午”是可数名词，此处指不止一个下午，应用复数形式afternoons。故填afternoons。 答案：absence；afternoons 2．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)The latest 　________　 (engineer) techniques are applied to create this protective functional structure that is also beautiful. 解析：考查名词。句意：最新的工程技术被用来创造一个同样美丽的保护功能结构。根据句意可知，空处考查短语engineering techniques，意为“工程技术”，符合句意。故填engineering。 答案：engineering 3．(2024·浙江1月卷)Many supermarkets are no longer doing “buy one get one free” promotions because of the 　________　 (criticize) that they lead to waste. 解析：考查名词。句意：许多超市不再进行“买一送一”的促销活动，因为有人批评这种活动会造成浪费。根据“that they lead to waste”可知，此处应用名词criticism表示“批评”作宾语。故填criticism。 答案：criticism 4．(2024·全国甲卷)They are 　_______　(treasure) of American heritage(遗产)． 解析：考查名词复数。句意：它们是美国遗产的瑰宝。结合句意应使用复数形式的名词treasures。 答案：treasures 5．(2023·北京卷)Mangroves can help soften waves and protect 　________　(city) from coastal winds. 解析：考查名词复数。句意：红树林有助于软化海浪，保护城市免受沿海风的侵袭。此处应用名词city作宾语，为可数名词，应用复数形式表泛指，故填cities。 答案：cities 6．Due to the 　________　 (apply)of this medical technology，some diseases can be treated at an early stage. 答案：application 7．She was unable to attend because of the 　________　 (press)of work. 答案：pressure 8．The letter wasn't addressed to me but I opened it out of 　________　 (curious)． 答案：curiosity 9．We all know that wild goats' 　________　 (appear)on the vast grasslands is a good indication of the better environment. 答案：appearance 10．The 　________　 (direct)on the bottle read：For adults，take one tablet daily，only at bedtime as the medicine may produce drowsiness. 答案：directions 11．Much to the 　________　 (disappoint)of the neighboring countries，the Japanese government always refuses to admit the crime they did in World War Ⅱ in the history. 答案：disappointment 12．I apologized to you that I can't give you the telephone number without Mr.Brown's 　________　 (permit)． 答案：permission 13．Join a small group bike tour for an evening of 　________　 (explore) in the heart of Washington，D.C. 答案：exploration 14．　________　 (lock) are available to store any belongings during your visit. 答案：Lockers 15．I put some pine 　________　 (branch) into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable. 答案：branches 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $