考前押题05 阅读理解说明文常考话题（期中专项训练）高一英语上学期上海通用

专题05 阅读理解说明文常考话题 话题1 健康与生理 话题4 科技与发展 话题2 教育与学习 话题5 文化与时尚 话题3 社会与经济 话题6 城市与环境 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 话题 1：健康与生理 1．《衰老与大脑学习能力》（来源：上海市上海交通大学附属中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期期中英语试卷）：探讨衰老与大脑的关系，指出大脑随年龄增长会出现体积萎缩，但通过学习新事物、积累新经验（如尝试新路线、参与脑力活动）可保持大脑灵活性，还提及相关研究证实推理任务能增强对新奇体验的渴望，进而让大脑重焕活力。 2．《卡路里限制与衰老》（来源：上海安亭高级中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期期中考试英语试卷）：介绍美国杜克大学研究，发现减少每日卡路里摄入可减缓生物衰老，通过对比限制卡路里组与正常饮食组的生物年龄增长差异，结合对小鼠核糖体机制的研究，解释该现象原理，同时提醒不可盲目节食，需保证合理营养。 3．《婴儿的创造性思维与语言习得》：阐述中欧大学研究发现，一岁以下婴儿能将简单概念组合成复杂想法，创造性思维在语言习得中至关重要。通过教婴儿新数字词汇并测试其概念组合能力，借助眼动追踪技术证实婴儿可实时结合概念理解指令，且该能力有助于解读语言输入与认知世界。 Passage 1 Some people have said aging is more a slide into forgetfulness than a journey towards wisdom. However, a growing body of research suggests that late-in-life learning is possible. In reality, education does an aging brain good. Throughout life, people’s brains constantly renovate themselves. In the late 1960s, British brain scientist Geoffrey Raisman spied growth in damaged brain regions of rats through an electron microscope; their brains were forming new connections. This meant brains may change every time a person learns something new. Of course, that doesn’t mean the brain isn’t affected by the effects of time. Just as height usually declines over the years, so does brain volume: Humans lose about 4 percent every decade starting in their 40s. But that reduction doesn’t necessarily make people think slower; as long as we are alive and functioning, we can alter our brains with new information and experiences. In fact, scientists now suspect accumulating novel experiences, facts, and skills can keep people’s minds more flexible. New pathways can strengthen our ever-changing mental structure, even as the brain shrinks. Conventional fixes like word puzzles and brain-training apps can contribute to mental durability. Even something as simple as taking a different route to the grocery store or going somewhere new on vacation can keep the brain healthy. A desire for new life challenges can further boost power. Research about aging adults who take on new enterprises shows improved function and memory as well as a reduced risk of mental disease. Openness — a characteristic defined by curiosity and a desire for knowledge — may also help folks pass brain tests. Some folks are born with this take-in-the-world attitude, but those who aren’t as genetically gifted aren’t necessarily out of luck. While genes can encourage an interest in doing new things, a 2012 study in the journal Psychology and Aging found completing reasoning tasks like puzzles and number games can enhance that desire for novel experiences, which can, in turn, refresh the brain. That’s why brain scientist Richard Kennedy says “It’s not that old dogs can’t learn new tricks. It’s that maybe old dogs don’t realize why they should.” 1．What do some people think of aging adults? A．Their wisdom grows as time goes by in their long life. B．They can benefit from late-in-life learning and gain wisdom. C．Their memory gradually becomes inferior to that of the past. D．They are likely to have mental health issues due to forgetfulness. 2．What can we conclude from Geoffrey Raisman’s finding? A．Brain damage seriously hinders one’s learning. B．Brains can refresh and improve with learning. C．Brain power weakens slower than we imagine. D．Brains forge connections under new conditions. 3．What is one thing that helps maintain the health of our brain even as it shrinks? A．Doing daily routines by conventional means B．Avoiding worrying about our mental durability C．Imitating old dogs’ way of learning new tricks D．Approaching everyday tasks in novel ways 4．What is the finding of the 2012 study in the journal Psychology and Aging? A．Wishing to solve puzzles enhances one’s reasoning power B．Playing number games unexpectedly stimulates one’s memory C．Desiring new experiences can help to renovate the brain D．Learning new tricks should not be confined to old dogs only Passage 2 For many years, humans have tried to find the secret to staying young. Although it has yet to be discovered, we may be closer than ever to finding a way that can slow down the aging process. A recent study by researchers from Duke University in the US found that cutting one’s daily intake of calories (卡路里) could slow down biological aging, which means you might be able to hang on to your youthful looks a little longer. Previous research has shown that calorie restrictions slow aging in worms, flies and mice. So researchers wondered if it could have the same effect on people. To find out, Daniel Belsky and her team examined data from a study by the National Institute on Aging, based in the US, which involved 220 people. During the two-year study, 145 people in the restriction group cut their calorie intake by 25 percent. Meanwhile, 75 people in the control group maintained their normal diets. At the start of the study, the two groups had no difference in biological age. The average participant was 38 years old, with a biological age of 37. However, after each 12-month period, participants in the restriction group saw an increase in biological age by an average of 0.1l years. Meanwhile, those in the control group saw a rise by an average of 0.71 years. The researchers believe the difference between these groups shows that cutting calories does slow biological aging. Although they didn’t explain the reason behind this, researchers at Brigham Young University in the US provided an explanation after they carried out a similar study on mice. They believe fewer calories slow down a mechanism in cells called the ribosome (核糖体), at least in mice. The mechanism is responsible for making vital proteins in cells, but with fewer calories it slows down, giving it more time to repair itself. The ribosome is complex like a car, and it needs to replace the parts that wear out the fastest from time to time, according to John Price, a biochemistry professor at Brigham Young University. “When tires wear out, you don’t throw the whole car away and buy new ones. It’s easier to replace the tires,” Price told VOA． But this doesn’t mean that people who want to look younger should start skipping meals, especially given the study’s early stage. Proper nutrition is important, Price explained. “Food isn’t just material to be burned — it’s a signal that tells our body and cells how to respond,” he told Science Daily. 1．The purpose of the research was to _____ A．find the most efficient way to control calorie intake. B．explain why people have to maintain a normal diet. C．test the influence of calorie restrictions on aging. D．invent technology that keeps people young and healthy. 2．Which of the following statements is TRUE about the experiment? A．All the participants were of the same biological age at the start. B．The biological age of people in the control group increased more than those in the restriction group. C．Flies and mice were used to compare the results of the human test with. D．Some participants were asked to double the amount of food they ate. 3．According to John Price, _____ A．the ribosome is an important cell that controls the aging process. B．a higher level of caloric intake means more healthy proteins. C．the fewer calories one takes in, the better the ribosome works. D．reducing calorie intake could allow the ribosome to repair itself better. 4．We can infer from the text that _____ A．those who want to stay young are advised to skip meals. B．people should keep a record of the energy they burn every day. C．maintaining a balanced diet is not as difficult as people imagine. D．we could slow our pace of biological aging by changing our eating habits. Passage 3 Babies less than a year old can combine simple concepts into complex ideas, showing that creativity begins in babyhood. According to new research at the Central European University (CEU), babies are not only capable of creative thinking well before starting to speak, but this sort of thinking may be essential for language acquisition (习得). In the study, the researchers set out to explore the origins of human creativity and productive thinking to try to find out how people arrive at completely new thoughts and ideas. The basic mechanism for doing this is taking familiar concepts and combining them into new structures, but little is known about how early in life these abilities can be used. The researchers found that babies were able to very quickly learn new words that depict small quantities — an impressive achievement — and combine these spontaneously (自发地) with familiar words to fully understand a phrase. In the study, the researchers started by teaching the babies two new words: “mize”, to mean “one”, and “padu”, to mean “two”. Then the babies were asked to combine these new number words with different object names, for example, to identify “padu ducks” from among a group of images. By teaching new words, the researchers were able to test the babies’ ability to combine concepts in real time, rather than simply recall combinations of words that they already knew from previous experience. By using eye-tracking technology to monitor where the babies look, the researchers were able to show that the babies could successfully combine the two concepts to understand what they were being asked about. Lead researcher, Dr Barbara Pomiechowska at the CEU, said, “For babies, this ability to combine different concepts is likely to help not only to interpret the complex language input, but also to learn about different aspects of the physical and social world.” 1．What can we know about babies’ creative thinking? A．It develops after babies’ language skills. B．It determines babies’ intelligence. C．It is key to language learning. D．It will disappear with time. 2．What is the primary goal of the study? A．To assess babies’ capability of creative thinking. B．To study the way new thoughts and ideas are formed. C．To find out how many new words babies can learn. D．To explore the origins of babies’ language acquisition. 3．What does the underlined word “depict” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Describe. B．Demand. C．Replace. D．Compare. 4．How did the researchers test babies’ concept combination? A．By tracking their physical actions. B．By measuring their brain activity. C．By observing their eye movements. D．By analyzing their language ability. 话题 2：教育与学习 1．《上海教育模式与 PISA 成绩》（来源：上海外国语大学附属外国语学校松江云间中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期期中考试英语试题）：以学生 Lucy Dong 和 Amy Zhu 的日常学习为例，展现上海教育模式，分析上海两次获 PISA 测试冠军的原因，包括 “虎妈” 的高期望等传统元素，以及课程调整、帮扶薄弱学校、教师培训等现代元素，同时提及外界对上海教育 “应试化” 的质疑及当地的改革尝试。 2．《上海教育体系的特点与发展》（来源：上海市育才中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期第一次月考英语试题）：再次聚焦上海教育，补充介绍新教师需接受标准化培训、教师间需相互听课交流等细节，强调上海教育在保持传统优势的同时，正逐步摆脱过度依赖死记硬背的模式，增加学生自主活动时间，吸引众多教育研究者前来探寻其成功经验。 3．《同伴压力对学习与行为的影响》（来源：上海市育才中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期期中测试英语试题）：解释同伴的定义及对生活的双向影响，分析学生屈服于同伴压力的原因（渴望被接纳、好奇尝试新事物等），通过实验说明同伴压力会影响判断，甚至让人放弃正确答案，最后给出抵抗不良同伴压力的建议，如关注自身对错观、培养内心力量。 Passage 1 Every day, Lucy Dong and her best friend Amy Zhu wake at 7 a.m.—7.10 a.m. If they are lucky-rush through their breakfast of steamed buns and noodles, and head off to what may be the best schooling system in the world. The 10-year-olds, who are natives of Shanghai. study in 35-minute bursts from around 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., with a small break for lunch—and a class meeting — sandwiched in the middle. Outside school hours, the girls’ lives are lots of extra-curricular activities: English class, flute class, drumming class, handwriting class, calligraphy class, Taekwondo training, modelling lessons and choir practice. Shanghai was crowned (加冕) — for the second time — the champion of the Programme for International Student Assesment (PISA．, which compares the maths, reading and science skills of some 510,00 secondary school students around the world). Some experts question the value of comparing cities and countries. Others point out that Shanghai’s relatively well-funded schools and well-paid teachers are not representative (代表) of the Chinese education system as a whole. Even so, the latest results are likely to see more and more educators flock east in search of the mega-city’s magic formula. Professor Kong Lingshuai of the College of Education at Shanghai Normal University has studied the city’s PISA successes. He says that the secret is a mix of “traditional elements and modern elements”. The former is related to the high expectations of “tiger” parents, and a belief in Chinese children from a young age that effort is crucial to gaining a good education. The “modern elements” include Shanghai’s willingness to constantly adapt its curriculum and teaching practices; its focus on improving under-achieving schools by pairing them with those that excel; its openness to foreign ideas; and the introduction of performance-related pay. An obsession with (痴迷于) training has also been the key, says Prof. Kong. As of last year, new teachers have to undergo a standardized, one-year training course before starting in the classroom. Once qualified, they are required to complete at least 240 hours’ training in their first five years, including online learning, paper reading. essay writing and so on. Teachers are also encouraged to attend each other’s classes to promote a culture of “idea sharing, exchanging and positive competition”. Outsiders often dismiss China’s educational system as a pressure-cooker-style craze of exams that places too much emphasis on rote-learning and does little to stimulate creativity. But in Shanghai at least, that may be starting to change. Authorities are attempting to move away from testing that relies too heavily on memorizing facts and figures, and some schools are also giving students more time to play, rather than just study. 1．The author mentions Lucy Dong and Amy Zhu in the first 3 paragraphs to ______. A．praise the hard work of these two girls B．give readers the whole picture of Chinese education C．show what education in Shanghai looks like D．criticize the burden the education brings on them 2．Why do some experts challenge the result that Shanghai ranked 1 “in PISA test?” A．Because the value of PISA, which only tests 510,000 students globally, receives doubt. B．Because Shanghai has got more attention and resources from the central government. C．Because only maths, reading and science skills are compared in PISA test, which is not enough. D．Because Shanghai has a better system of financial support for schools as well as for teachers. 3．Which of the following is closest in meaning to “dismiss” in the last paragraph? A．To give credit for something. B．To think about something differently. C．To think negatively of something. D．To claim the features of something 4．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A．Strict parents contribute little to the academic success of their children. B．Students have more free time to spend on their interest across China. C．Under-achieving schools are usually displaced by those academically competitive schools. D．Many education researchers are getting to Shanghai to study the phenomenon. Passage 2 Every day, Lucy Dong and her best friend Amy Zhu wake at 7 a.m. - 7.10 a.m. If they are lucky — rush through their breakfast of steamed buns and noodles, and head off to what may be the best schooling system in the world. The 10-year-olds, who are natives of Shanghai, study in 35-minute bursts from around 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., with a small break for lunch - and a class meeting — sandwiched in the middle. Outside school hours, the girls’ lives are lots of extra-curricular activities: English class, flute class, drumming class, handwriting class, calligraphy class, Taekwondo training, modelling lessons and choir practice. Shanghai was crowned — for the second time … the champion of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA．, which compares the maths, reading and science skills of some 510,000 secondary school students around the world). Some experts question the value of comparing cities and countries. Others point out that Shanghai’s relatively well-funded schools and well-paid teachers are not representative of the Chinese education system as a whole. Even so, the latest results are likely to see more and more educators flock east in search of the mega-city’s magic formula. Professor Kong Lingshuai of the College of Education at Shanghai Normal University has studied the city’s PISA successes. He says that the secret is a mix of “traditional elements and modern elements”. The former is related to the high expectations of “tiger” parents, and a belief in Chinese children from a young age that effort is crucial to gaining a good education. The “modern elements” include Shanghai’s willingness to constantly adapt its curriculum and teaching practices; its focus on improving under-achieving schools by pairing them with those that excel; its openness to foreign ideas; and the introduction of performance-related pay. An obsession with training has also been the key, says Prof. Kong. As of last year, new teachers have to undergo a standardized, one-year training course before starting in the classroom. Once qualified, they are required to complete at least 240 hours’ training in their first five years, including online learning, paper reading, essay writing and so on. Teachers are also encouraged to attend each other’s classes to promote a culture of “idea sharing, exchanging and positive competition”. Outsiders often dismiss China’s education system as a pressure-cooker-style craze of exams that places too much emphasis on rote-learning and does little to stimulate creativity. But in Shanghai at least, that may be starting to change. Authorities are attempting to move away from testing that relies too heavily on memorizing facts and figures, and some schools are also giving students more time to play, rather than just study. 1．The author mentions Lucy Dong and Amy Zhu in the first 3 paragraphs to ________. A．praise the industriousness of these two girls B．give readers the whole picture of Chinese education C．illustrate what education in Shanghai looks like D．criticize the burden the education brings on them 2．Why do some experts challenge the result that Shanghai ranked 1st in PISA test? A．Because the value of PISA, which only tests 510,000 students globally, is cast doubt on. B．Because Shanghai has drawn more attention and resources from the central government. C．Because only maths, reading and science skills are compared in PISA test, which is not enough. D．Because Shanghai has a better system of financial support for schools as well as for teachers. 3．Which of the following is closest in meaning to “dismiss”in the last paragraph? A．To consider something inferior. B．To stop thinking about something. C．To give the credit for something. D．To claim the features of something. 4．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A．Strict parents contribute little to the academic success of their children. B．Students have more free time to spend on their interest across China. C．Many education researchers are getting to Shanghai to study the phenomenon. D．Under-achieving schools are usually substituted by those academically superior schools. Passage 3 A peer is a person who is about the same age as you. Peers affect your life, whether you know it or not, just by spending time with you. Peers can have a good effect on one another. Maybe another student in your science class taught you an easy way to remember the planets in solar system. Maybe you got others excited about your new favorite book and now everyone’s reading it. However, sometimes peers affect one another in another way. For example, one kid in school might try to get another to cut class with him, your soccer friend might try to persuade you to be mean to another player and never pass her the ball, or a kid in the neighborhood might want you to steal things with him. Some kids give in to peer pressure because they want to be liked, to fit in, or because they worry that other kids may make fun of them if they don’t go along with the group. Others may go along because they are curious to try something new that others are doing. The idea that “everyone’ s doing it’ may influence some kids to leave their better judgments or their common senses behind. Peer pressure can be extremely strong and hard to get rid of. Experiments have shown how peer pressure can influence someone to change her/ his mind from what she/ he knows for sure is a correct answer to the incorrect answer— just because everyone else gives the incorrect answer! That holds true for people of any age in peer pressure situations. It can be hard to walk away from peer pressure, but it can be done. Paying attention to your own feelings and beliefs about what is right and wrong can help you know the right thing to do. Inner strength and self-confidence can help you stand firm, walk away and resist doing something when you know better. 1．The writer will NOT agree that ________. A．only children change their correct answers under peer pressure. B．Peers will believe in themselves if other peers agree with them. C．peers have effect on each other whether the effect is good or not. D．Peer pressure is very strong and difficult for people to get rid of. 2．The writer intends to ________ by writing the passage. A．encourage people to follow others’ opinions. B．warn people to stay away from their peers. C．tell people it is hard to be away from peer pressure. D．advise people to do the right despite peer pressure. 3．All of the following aspects are concerned in the passage EXCEPT ________. A．The definition of the peer and how it affects life. B．The reason why kids have stronger peer pressure. C．The way peers influence each other in daily life. D．The way peer pressure influences our judgment. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Peer pressure has a good effect. B．Peer pressure is hard to resist. C．Children give in to peer pressure. D．Peer pressure always does harm. 话题 3：社会与经济 1．《美国彩票的现状与问题》（来源：上海市进才中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期期中英语试卷）：分析美国彩票受欢迎的原因，包括分布广泛、价格低廉、奖金丰厚及收益用于公益，但指出其存在严重的不平等问题 —— 贫困家庭在彩票上的花费占收入比例远高于富裕家庭，疫情期间这一差距进一步扩大，从经济学角度对美国彩票体系进行批判性探讨。 2．《有机农业的利弊权衡》（来源：上海市复旦大学附属中学 2023-2024 学年高一下学期期末英语试卷）：对比有机农业与传统农业，有机农业虽能吸引更多鸟类蜜蜂、减少能源消耗和水污染，但存在单位面积产量低、需更多土地、温室气体排放可能更高、依赖传统农场粪便肥料等问题，且有机食品价格高、对健康益处不明确，认为应客观看待两者，而非将其视为对立极端。 3．《记者职业的责任与挑战》（来源：上海市华东师范大学第二附中 2023-2024 学年高一下期中英语试卷）：阐述记者需及时、清晰且真实地向公众传递新闻，为获取内幕真相常需承诺不透露线人姓名，这使记者面临黑社会威胁与法律压力。美国虽有宪法第一修正案保障新闻自由，但因对该条款的不当解读，部分记者会入狱，不过记者坚守原则的精神维护了新闻业的可靠性，也履行了与公众的真实报道契约。 Passage 1 On April 1st millions of Americans watched as six numbered ping-pong balls tumbled out of (从……中滚出) a giant popcorn popper. The occasion was the latest drawing of Power ball, a multi-state lottery. The last draw offered punters (赌徒) a shot at a $1bn jackpot, the fifth-biggest in the game’s 32-year history. The odds of winning the jackpot are unimaginably low — just one in 292m for Power ball. Yet sales are at a record high. In 2023 Americans shelled out more than $100bn on state-run lotteries. Were they a single company, America’s lotteries would be the ninth-most profitable in the country. Why are lotteries so popular when the chances of winning are so low? For one, they are almost everywhere. Some 45 states, and the District of Columbia, operate them. Low prices mean that anyone can afford to play; vast jackpots add to the excitement. Moreover, proceeds tend to go to worthy causes, such as public education or programs for the elderly. Whereas casinos keep less than 10% of the money wagered (下注) on slot machines, state lotteries keep around 30% of ticket sales, on average. But the system is woefully regressive. An analysis of data obtained by The Economist through public-records requests finds that poorer households spend significantly more, in absolute terms, on lotteries than richer ones. As a share of income, the imbalance is even more striking. Using zip-code-level sales data from 24 states, we estimate that each 10% decrease in median household income is associated with a 4% increase in lottery spending. Age and ethnicity are also correlated with lottery sales:older and non-white Americans are more likely to play. But income is the most-important factor. In the poorest 1% of zip codes that have lottery retailers, the average American adults spend around $600 a year, or  nearly 5% of their income, on tickets. That compares with just $150, or 0.15%, for those in the richest 1% of zip codes. In other words, the poorest households spend roughly 30 times more on lotteries than richer ones, as a share of income. The pandemic appears to have made things worse. In 2021 the poorest 1% of households — flush with stimulus cheques — spent $100 more on lotteries than they did in 2019. The richest 1% spent just $10 more. 1．What are the mean reasons for the popularity of lotteries? A．Low price, moderate risk, and high payback. B．Appealing jackpot amount, high wining rate, and profitability. C．Profitability, possibility and generous social donation. D．Accessibility, affordability and public welfare promotion. 2．What does the underlined phrase “woefully regressive” mean in this context? A．Sadly declining. B．Severely unequal. C．Socially beneficial. D．Significantly influential. 3．What can we learn from Para. 5-6 ? A．The rich usually deprive the poor of their wealth through lottery system. B．An aged African-American woman is more likely to spend more on lotteries than a poor Anglo-Saxon White man. C．The poorest households spend much more on lotteries than the richer ones as a share of income but not as absolute numbers. D．Households in financial difficulties tend to wager a larger proportion of income on lotteries. 4．What is the best title for this article? A．Critical insight: the economics of American lotteries. B．Inspirational plan: make great fortune overnight. C．Silver Linings: the rise of modern “Great Catsby” D．American lotteries: the modern “blood diamond” business. Passage 2 Buying organic (有机的) food may not always be better for the planet or for human health than cheaper options grown with artificial pesticides, according to researchers. There tend to be more birds and bees on organic farms but the benefits may be cancelled out because they produce an average of 19 to 25 perent less food per acre than conventional farms. This means that more land is needed to produce the same amount of food, and land being changed for agriculture is one of the greatest threats to wildlife, researchers at the University of British Columbia said. Organic farms tend to use less energy and produce lower emissions, but “when lower organic yields are taken into account, greenhouse gas emissions might actually be higher under organic management.” The authors of the study, published in Science Advances, said: “We don’t know whether organic agriculture provides any benefits for biodiversity if lower organic yields are taken into account.” Organic farms tend to cause less nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of water systems, but the lower yields could mean that nitrogen loss per unit of food produced is higher than on conventional farms. The authors argued that in countries such as Canada, where pesticide regulations are strict and diets are rich in micronutrients, the health benefits of choosing organic might be marginal. They said organically grown food probably contained slightly more micronutrients but it was not clear whether this provided “any actual health benefits to consumers”. The team analyzed organic crop farming across 17 criteria including yield, impact on climate change, farmer livelihood and consumer health. “Organic is often proposed as a good solution to current environmental and food scarcity problems, but we found that the costs and benefits will vary heavily depending on the context,” Verena Seufert, one of the authors, said. They concluded that organic farming is not the only solution to providing a sustainable source of food for an ever-growing global population, but does have an important role to play. “We need to stop the perception of organic and conventional agriculture as two ends of the spectrum. Instead, consumers should demand better practices for both so that we can achieve the world’s food needs in a sustainable way,” Ms. Seufert said. The study, which involved a review of the scientific literature on the environmental and economic performance of organic farms, also found that they were highly dependent on animal manure (排泄物) from conventional farms and added: “It is not clear whether we would have enough organic fertilizers to feed everyone in the world with organic food” Organic food is more expensive and “therefore less accessible to consumers with low income, they said. 1．What does the study find about organic farms? A．They are less than efficient. B．They rely on wildlife species. C．They used to produce added emission. D．They use high-quality pesticides. 2．The word “marginal” (in paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to __________. A．irregular B．unlimited C．unimportant D．irrelevant 3．What can be inferred from the passage about organic agriculture? A．Its benefits are yet to be confirmed by review of scientific literature. B．It is perceived as reaching the end of its development like conventional agriculture. C．It is regarded as the opposite of conventional agriculture. D．Its drawbacks outweigh the benefits it yields in most cases. 4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Organic Farming: Balancing Costs and Benefits B．Organic Farming: Winner in Sustainable Agriculture C．Organic Farming: A Cost-Effective Path to a Healthier Planet D．Organic Farming: The Answer to Global Food Scarcity Passage 3 Many scientists are making greater effort to study ocean currents (洋流) for the moment. Most do it using satellites and other high-tech equipment. However, ocean expert Curtis Esmeyer does it in a special way — by studying movements of random floating garbage. A scientist with many years' experience, he started this type of research in the early 1990s when he heard about hundreds of athletic shoes washing up on the shores of the northwest coast of the United States. There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear. Esmeyer found out in his researches that the shoes — about 60,000 in total — fell into the ocean in a shipping accident. He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back. As expected, the company told him that they didn't. Esmeyer realized this could be a great experiment. If he learned when and where the shoes went into the water and tracked where they landed, he could learn a lot about the patterns of ocean currents. The Pacific Northwest is one of the world's best areas for beachcombing (海滩搜寻) because winds and currents join here, and as a result, there is a group of serious beachcombers in the area. Esmeyer got to know a lot of them and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed. In a year he collected reliable information on 1,600 shoes. With this data, he and a colleague were able to test and improve a computer program designed to model ocean currents, and publish the findings of their study. As the result of his work, Esmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean. He has even started an association of beachcombers and ocean experts, with 500 subscribers from West Africa to New Zealand. They have recorded all lost objects ranging from potatoes to golf gloves. 1．The underlined phrase swap meets in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______. A．repair rooms B．trading fairs C．business talks D．group meetings 2．Esmeyer phoned the shoe company to find out ______. A．what caused the shipping accident B．when and where the shoes went missing C．whether it was all right to use their shoes D．how much they lost in the shipping accident 3．Esmeyer is most famous for ______. A．traveling widely the coastal cities of the world B．making records for any lost objects on the sea C．running a global currents research association D．phoning about any doubtful objects on the sea 4．What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage? A．To call people's attention to ocean pollution. B．To warn people of shipping safety in the ocean. C．To explain a unique way of studying ocean currents. D．To give advice on how to search for lost objects on the beach. 话题 4：科技与发展 1．《电子病历的推广困境与改进》（来源：上海市建平中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期 11 月期中英语试题）：讲述美国推动医疗系统从纸质病历向电子病历转型的过程，初期期望通过数字化提升医疗效率、降低成本，但实际面临医院不愿共享信息、软件不兼容、医生不适应及更新设备成本高等障碍，导致电子病历不完整、信息无法跨系统流通。卫生部门为此发布新规则简化要求，同时有专家建议借鉴他国经验，让患者掌握自身医疗数据。 2．《自动驾驶汽车的发展与规划》（来源：上海市闵行区六校 2023-2024 学年高一下学期 6 月期末联考英语试题）：指出加州等地区已开始批准自动驾驶汽车测试、销售及运营无人驾驶出租车服务，分析该技术可能带来的益处（缓解拥堵、减少排放、提升出行便利性）与潜在问题（加剧城市扩张、增加停车难题、减少公共交通使用），强调政策制定者需提前规划，避免自动驾驶汽车延续现有交通系统的弊端，推动其成为更环保、更共享的交通方式。 3．《生物多样性观测数据的局限性与改进》：说明当前生物多样性记录多以照片、视频等数字形式存在，虽有助于监测物种变化，但斯坦福大学研究发现这类观测数据存在覆盖不均、偏向特定区域 / 物种 / 时间段等问题，原因在于公民科学家采样方式不当（如更倾向拍摄观赏性物种）。提出改进建议，如生物多样性应用引导用户关注采样不足的区域和物种，鼓励专家验证上传图像的物种识别结果。 Passage 1 Moving hospitals out of paper records and into digital connectivity has been tougher than anyone but hard-core skeptics (怀疑论者) thought seven years ago, when the federal government began pouring billions of dollars into a push to make electronic medical records the universal standard. Computerization of health care data would quickly get patients’ health information where it needs to go, improving care and cutting costs. That was the idea — but the path to it has been rocky. Overall, progress has been blocked, among other obstacles, by reluctance to share information with competitors, software from different suppliers that can’t communicate, physicians who have pushed back at hospitals where they had to struggle with unaccustomed computerized routines and the expense, often exceeding $1 billion in large hospital systems, of retooling outdated computers. As things now stand, medical records are often incomplete and vital patient information is frequently hiding on health care islands — parked at one large health system but inaccessible to a hospital outside the system where that same patient may have just arrived in the Emergency Room. Or records aren’t sent to primary care providers, leaving them in the dark about the course of a patient’s treatments. Amid continued concerns that digitized patient data still isn’t getting to the point of care, and facing pressure from providers and lawmakers who argue that hospitals and other health organizations are being forced to do too much too fast despite the perception that they should be well down the road, the Department of Health and Human Services recently issued final rules on an advanced set of requirements to make electronic health information more readily available to clinicians. The new standards are promised to be simpler and more flexible, responding to complaints from hospitals and physicians. The big picture of hospital connectivity in the U. S. today is “deeply negative,” says Eric Topol, author of “The Patient Will See You Now”. “There’s been tremendous resources put into this and little to show for it,” he says. “We have a country characterized by information-blocking, where there is a lack of connectivity from one health system to another, and patients are the victims because of all this Tower of Babel.” Topol points out that countries from Australia to Estonia have broken down barriers to information sharing and given patients greater ownership of their health care by putting their data into their own hands. He believes this model should replace the current “paternalistic (家长式作风的)” system where the control of patient information remains firmly with hospitals and other health providers. Many places around the world have instead adopted the patients-own-their-data model, Topol says. “Then you don’t worry so much about blocking, because the patient has the goods.” 1．Why did federal government decide to make electronic medical records? A．To satisfy demands from hard-core skeptics. B．To improve the efficiency of health care service. C．To be greener by abandoning paper records. D．To erase the competitions among different hospitals. 2．The path to electronic medical records was blocked by _______. A．a lack of universal standard B．the absence of qualified software supplies C．doctors’ reluctance to use computer D．large cost of updating computers 3．What made the Department of Health and Human Services issue the final rule? A．The perception that hospital is going the wrong road. B．Pressure from patients to receive immediate medical treatment. C．Concerns over the accessibility of the electronic medical data. D．Complaints about the simplicity of the old standard. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Hospitals are moving slowly to electronic medical records. B．Physicians are getting accustomed to computerized routines. C．“Paternalistic” system is widely accepted by the patients in the U. S.. D．Patients should have control over their digital medical data. Passage 2 The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn’t leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars, policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared. Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing (叫车) services. Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 1．What does the word “materializing” in paragraph 1 most probably mean? A．consuming fewer resources B．coming into being C．drawing people’s attention D．enjoying an advantage 2．Paragraph 3 mainly talks about . A．drivers’ improper use of self-driving cars B．the worsening traffic due to self-driving cars C．the possible bad effects of self-driving cars D．the widespread application of self-driving cars 3．What of the following best illustrates the author’s attitude towards self-driving cars? A．It remains to be seen whether self-driving cars will be safe enough. B．The future of self-driving cars is not as bright as producers think. C．We should make self-driving cars a better choice of transportation. D．Policy makers should stop giving self-driving cars permits. 4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Preparing cities for self-driving cars B．Self-driving cars: shared or not? C．Shall we ban self-driving cars? D．Future self-driving cars Passage 3 In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 1．What do we know about the records of species collected now? A．They are becoming outdated. B．They are mostly in electronic form. C．They are limited in number. D．They are used for public exhibition. 2．What does Daru’s study focus on? A．Threatened species. B．Physical specimens. C．Observational data. D．Mobile applications. 3．What has led to the biases according to the study? A．Mistakes in data analysis. B．Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C．Improper way of sampling. D．Unreliable data collection devices. 4．What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A．Review data from certain areas. B．Hire experts to check the records. C．Confirm the identity of the users. D．Give guidance to citizen scientists. 话题 5：文化与时尚 1．《中国文化对国际时尚的影响》（来源：上海市闵行第三中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期 10 月月考英语试题）：指出中国文化长期为西方设计师提供灵感，以纽约 “中国镜花水月” 展览为例，该展览展示中国风格服饰与艺术品，吸引大量观众，印证西方对中国美学影响的关注。提到中国模特成为时尚活动代言人，王薇薇等中国设计师在设计与销售上超越西方同行，强调中国已从时尚消费市场转变为引领时尚潮流的核心力量。 2．《美食物理学的应用与影响》（来源：上海市卢湾高级中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期 10 月月考英语试题）：介绍 “美食物理学” 这一跨学科领域，研究感官与环境对饮食体验的影响，如餐具材质、餐厅灯光、背景音乐等都会改变味觉感知。重点阐述 “声音调味” 技术，通过播放特定音乐可增减食物的甜、酸、苦味，该技术已用于高级餐厅，还可通过播放 “甜味” 音乐减少食物糖分以促进健康，同时提及餐具设计（如重餐具提升味觉体验）的应用。 3．《成长类纪录片与电影的真实魅力》（来源：上海市甘泉外国语中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期 12 月月考英语试题）：以纪录片《00 后》和电影《少年时代》为例，说明成长类作品的特点 ——《00 后》耗时 10 年记录北京孩子从婴儿到青少年的真实成长，《少年时代》用 12 年拍摄主角从 6 岁到高中毕业的生活。这类作品因真实呈现生活、让观众产生情感共鸣而具有吸引力，虽展现平凡日常，却能让人感受到生活本身的非凡力量。 Passage 1 For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative. “It’s no secret that China has always been a source of inspiration for designers,” says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion shows. Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics (美学) on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences. “China is impossible to overlook,” says Hill. “Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion – they are central to its movement.” Of course, not only are today’s top Western designers being influenced by China, but some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese. “Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galliano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs — and beating them hands down in design and sales,” adds Hill. For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. “The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers,” she says, “China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about China — its influences, its directions, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways.” 1．What can we learn about the exhibition in New York? A．It promoted the sales of artworks. B．It attracted a large number of visitors. C．It showed ancient Chinese clothes. D．It aimed to introduce Chinese models. 2．What does Hill say about Chinese women? A．They do business all over the world. B．They admire super models. C．They start many fashion campaigns. D．They are setting the fashion. 3．The underlined phrase “taking on” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to __________. A．competing against B．learning from C．working with D．looking down on 4．Which of the following is the most suitable title for the text? A．A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York B．Young Models Selling Dreams to the World C．Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends D．Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics Passage 2 Experiment with Our Food Want to cook up a delicious meal? It’s not just about the food. We chat to psychologist Prof. Charles Spence about the strange science of gastrophysics. What exactly is gastrophystcs? It’s a combination of ‘gastronomy (美食学)’ and ‘psychophysics’, which involves the scientific study of how our experience of food and drink is affected by our senses and our surroundings, not just the food itself. It’s a small but growing area of research which brings together psychologists, neuroscientists, marketeers, chefs, product designers, and even musicians. So what kinds of things can affect our sense of taste? Pretty much everything! From the colour and shape of the plates to the weight and material of the cutlery (餐具), through to the shape of the table and the feel of the chair you’re sitting on. Then there’s the number of people you’re with, the mood you’re in, the lighting and background music in the restaurant, and memories associated with the food. When you put all these factors together, it adds up a lot. What’s the most surprising way in which our taste can be influenced? It’s the idea of sonic seasoning’, which uses sounds to change the taste of food. You can add as much as 15 per cent extra sweetness, sourness, or bitterness to a food simply by playing the right sort of music. We’ve created music to enhance sweetness and bitterness, and we also have music for sour, and spicy foods. Working with the Michelin-starred chocolatier Dominique Persoone in Belgium, we even showed that if we played ‘creamy’ music in his stores we could add extra creaminess to his chocolate. Neuroscientists have found direct connections in the mouse brain between the senses of smell and sound, so it might be that this occurs in humans too. Sonic seasoning is already being used to enhance meals in fancy restaurants, but we could also see it being used to benefit health by, for example, playing ’sweet’ music so that we’re happy with less sugar in our food. What’s the most innovative use of gastrophysics you’ve seen? There’s a lot happening in the world of cutlery design. Heston Blumenthal’s restaurant The Fat Duck is currently serving a dish called Counting Sheep, which comes with a fluffy (毛茸茸的), weighted spoon that smells of baby powder, designed to enhance the eating experience. We’ve found that food tends to taste better with heavier cutlery -- possibly because we associate weight with quality. 1．Which of the following statements is true of gastrophysics? A．It covers different subjects. B．It neglects food to some extent. C．It has been in existence for long. D．It is created by a psychophysicist. 2．According to Charles Spence, how can sonic seasoning be used to do good to our health? A．Helping us to be more resistant to the temptation to eat unhealthy food. B．Playing some music to make us feel our food is sweeter than It really is. C．Making experiments with mice to find out what food benefits our health. D．Training human brains to associate certain sounds with a particular flavour. 3．Which of the following examples best illustrates the use of gastrophysics? A．A restaurant hires a psychologist to design its layout. B．A restaurant varies the sweetness of its food. C．A restaurant uses heavier plates to serve food. D．A restaurant asks its customers for suggestions. Passage 3 Post-00s is a documentary about growing up. It covers almost every aspect of millennials’ experiences on their path toward adolescence — their struggles with schoolwork, their relationship with peers, their confusion if a younger brother or sister is born into the family, and their growing desire to keep a distance from their parents. But this five-episode series was different from any other TV program with a similar theme. Post-00s was filmed over a period of 10 years, during which the show’s makers followed a group of kids in Beijing from when they were infants through to when they became teenagers. In other words, the show’s “characters” grow older for real, and their stories are all real. “Coming-of-age” stories, as they’re known, have a special appeal. They satisfy our curiosity of peeking (窥视) at someone else’s life, and we become more and more attached to the characters as if we truly know them. And while we enjoy the truthfulness of the stories because nothing is set in advance, we also can’t help but feel the cruelty of reality. After all, there’s no re-writing of the script (剧本) and there’s no turning back — this is real life. This realness can also be seen in Boyhood, a 2014 film that won the Silver Bear award for best director at the 64th Berlin International Film Festival. During a period of 12 years, the film follows the life of Mason Jr-played by US actor EHar Coltrane — from when he was 6 to when he finished high school. One of Boyhood’s appeals comes from its “ordinariness”, according to Independent editor Geoffrey Macnab. “Mason Jr isn’t some child genius… He is a quietly spoken, fairly typical American boy, growing up in the Texas suburbs. He likes riding his bike and playing video games. While coming-of-age stories may look ordinary on the outside, they often allow us to look underneath the surface and see something extraordinary — the power of life itself. 1．In the documentary, we see post-00’s growing experience EXCEPT______. A．how they deal with their studies B．how they help look after brothers or sisters C．how they get along with people of their age D．how much they long to be completely independent of parents 2．What do Post-00 and Boyhood have in common? A．They’re intended to win an award for best director. B．The heroes and heroines are characters themselves. C．They’re a kind of reality show of ordinary kids’ growth. D．The stories are based on true life but polished by writers. 3．Audience are interested in “coming-of-age” stories because ______. A．they can see the truth of life B．they know the characters well C．they are much fond of gossip D．they appreciate stories of daily life 4．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A．Post-00s are different geniuses. B．Actors are ordinary characters. C．Documentary is real life. D．Life is one big story. 话题 6：城市与环境 1．《伦敦的步行热潮与推动因素》（来源：上海市第二中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期期中英语试卷）：指出伦敦是适合步行的城市，2001-2011 年日常步行出行量增长 12%，分析原因包括人口增长、地铁拥挤，以及政府推动 “步行城市” 建设（如制作清晰地图、设置统一标识）、街道改造（如南肯辛顿展览路提升路面质量、减少车辆通行），还有健康宣传和计步器流行提升市民步行意识。 2．《低碳经济的全球合作与实践》（来源：上海市金山中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期 12 月月考英语试题）：中国官员提出发达国家与发展中国家可在低碳经济领域相互借鉴，中国在节能和绿色经济方面并不落后，双方面临不同气候挑战（如英国关注交通减排，中国需避免工业化误区）。介绍 ABB 集团推广产品生命周期评估（LCA）以减少碳排放，西门子计划在智能电网领域获取订单，智能电网通过数字技术实现节能、降本、提效，中美是其主要市场。 3．《洋流研究的特殊方法》（来源：上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学国际部 2023-2024 学年高一下学期期末英语试卷）：说明多数科学家用卫星等高科技研究洋流，而海洋专家 Curtis Esmeyer 通过追踪漂浮垃圾（如 1990 年代美国西北海岸冲上岸的运动鞋）研究洋流。他通过确定鞋子落水时间地点、收集上岸信息，测试并改进洋流模型，还成立海滩搜寻者与海洋专家协会，记录各类海洋漂浮物，为洋流研究提供独特视角。 Passage 1 Developed and developing nations can learn from each other seeking a low carbon economy, a Chinese government official said in Shanghai yesterday. “China doesn’t lag developed nations in terms of energy saving and green economy”, said Zhou Changyi, director of the energy saving department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. “While we can learn many aspects from developed nations, they also should learn something from us, such as water conservation,” Zhou said in a speech during the new Path of China’s Industrialisation forum at the ongoing China International Industry Fair 2009. He said industrialised nations and China are dealing with different issues to combat climate change. The United Kingdom, for example, is concerned about transport, buildings and new energy in reducing carbon emissions. For China, the most urgent task is how to realise new type of industrialisation and avoid mistakes that other countries made when they industrialised. Swiss power and automation technology group ABB called for a stronger focus on product life-cycle assessment, or LCA, which is used to study the environmental impact of a product from the research and manufacturing stage through its usage and recycling. Tobias Becker, head of ABB’s process automation division for North Asia and China, said LCA is an effective tool in helping manufacturing industries to reduce carbon emissions. LCA shows that industrial customers should focus on a product’s environmental impact   throughout its life-cycle instead of on its initial investment. Richard Hausmann, North East Asia CEO of Siemens, said, “The colour of future industrialisation is green.” The Germany company recently announces that it wants to receive orders worth more than 6 billion Euros ($ 8.8 billion) for intelligent power networks, Smart Grid, over the next five years. Siemens has set a 20 per cent market share target for the global smart grid business. A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using digital technology, advanced sensors specialised computers that save energy, reduce costs and increase reliability. The United States and China are considered the two biggest markets for smart grid. 1．The underlined word “lag” in Paragraph2 is closest in meaning to ________. A．attack B．be superior to C．fall behind D．fear 2．What can we infer from the last paragraph of this passage? A．Siemens’ plan about Smart Grid may come true in the future. B．Siemens received orders worth 6 billion Euros recently. C．Siemens will earn $8.8 billion from intelligent power networks. D．Siemens has occupied 20% market share for the global smart grid business. 3．What is NOT mentioned about Smart Grid in the passage? A．Energy saving. B．Small in size. C．Security. D．Low cost. 4．What is the best title for the passage? A．Developed and Developing Nations can Learn from Each Other. B．Two Biggest Markets for Smart Grid. C．Intelligent Power Networks. D．Low Carbon Economy - a Shared Goal. Passage 2 LONDON is a city made for walking. Unlike, for instance, Los Angeles, its centre is easily accessible on foot. Outer boroughs (行政区) are no more than an hour or two away. Its curved streets, in contrast to the rigid grid (刚性网格) of New York, welcome lazy wanderers and busy commuters alike. But despite traffic queues and crowded underground carriages, most preferred to drive or to squeeze on to the Tube to get around the city. This is starting to change. Between 2001 and 2011, the number of trips made daily on foot in London increased by 12%. Nearly a third of the Londoners sampled made a continuous walk of 30 minutes once a week to get from place to place, rather than for exercise. One of the largest changes in the city over the past decade is the number of pedestrians, says Michele Dix of Transport for London (TfL), which runs the city’s transport networks. It launched the Roads Task Force, with plans to improve pavements. Several reasons account for the walking boom. The number of Londoners increased by 12% from 7.3 million in 2001 to 8.2 million in 2011, and Tube trains are getting old- fashioned and overcrowded. But other factors also encourage pedestrians. In 2004 Ken Livingstone, then mayor of London, swore to make London a “walkable city”. Some of his plans were carried on by Boris Johnson, the mayor. These include a scheme to create clearly-marked maps for use across the city. Of 33 boroughs in London, 22 now have the typical yellow- branded signs on their streets. All TfL-owned property (such as Tube stations and bicycle- hi re points) is covered by the scheme. This prevents tourists from popping on the Tube to travel one stop from Covent Garden to Leicester Square, a distance of 0.3 mile. Streets are also becoming more pedestrian- friendly. Exhibition Road in South Kensington was redeveloped in 2011. Pavements were replaced by better- quality bricks. Fewer cars now go down the road, which stretches from Hyde Park to the museums and restaurants around the station, encouraging moving crowds of pedestrians. Londoners may also be more aware of the advantages of walking. Health campaigns like the NHS’s ‘LiveWell’ emphasize that walking is the easiest form of exercise. Rubber wrist band pedometers (计步器), such as ‘FitBit’ and ‘FuelBand’, are also increasingly popular. 1．From the first paragraph, it can be learned that _________. A．It’s within walking distance for Londoners to go between different boroughs B．You can see many people rushing or walking round you along the London streets C．Londoners enjoy taking the crowded subway to travel through the city D．It is not allowed gradually to drive or take the tube in the city center of London 2．Which of the following statements about TfL (Transport for London) is NOT true? A．It launched the Roads Task Force. B．It runs the city’s transport networks. C．It owns properties such as Tube stations. D．It aims to create clearly-marked maps for use. 3．This passage mainly talks about _________. A．Londoners’ healthy lifestyle B．the encouragement for people to walk C．a city which is suitable for walking D．London’s walking boom and its reasons Passage 3 The life of a journalist can be exciting. To be in constant pursuit of the latest news demands a curiosity that can only be rewarded by getting to “where it is happening” as soon as possible. The goal, of course, is to relate what is happening to the public as clearly as possible. However, every journalist must be careful to report not only a vivid picture of what is happening, but a true picture. Each journalist reports his or her own version of what has taken place. Still, this version must be an actual account if the reporter is to maintain a reliable reputation. In order to get to the truth in some new stories, a reporter must rely on the statements of someone who is on the inside of the situation. Often this insider will only talk to a reporter if the reporter promises never to reveal the insider’s name. The insider usually threatens never to admit meeting with the reporter if his or her name is revealed. Because stories of this nature often involve criminal activity, reporting them becomes a dangerous job. This kind of work involved in obtaining news in this summer serves as an inviting situation for the underworld as well as the legal world. Members of the underworld want to find out who the insider is so that they can keep him or her quiet. Members of the legal world claim that the reporter will disturb justice if he or she fails to disclose the insider’s name. Rather than be unaccountable to a trusted informant, most reporters will go to jail if need be. Freedom of the press is provided by the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. Impure interpretations of this portion of the constitution cause a small number of reporters to be jailed every year. However, as yet, no amount of legal maneuvering (操纵) has been able to put out this light of freedom set up by our forefathers. All of the reporters refusing to reveal the names of their informants have eventually been released. Devotion of this kind has given journalism its reputation for reliability — a reliability that each journalist is expected to uphold in his or her search for truth. Supplying a truthful account of each day’s occurrence is the serious contract made between reporter and the public. 1．According to the passage, those who give inside information ________. A．are usually under police protection B．do not want their names made public C．are on rare occasions on good terms with reliable reporter D．often have difficulty in protecting their lives 2．Judging by the context, the word “inviting” in paragraph 4 can be replaced by _____. A．scheming B．unknowing C．stirring D．tempting 3．Some reporters are put into prison mainly because ________. A．the courts sometimes misinterpret the First Amendment of the Constitution B．they get inside stories by dishonest means C．they are against the First Amendment of the Constitution D．there is no law in the United States to protect freedom of the press 4．The author implies in the passage that a reliable reporter ________. A．seldom follows the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States B．should be diligent, clever and inventive C．must provide the public with a truthful account as clearly as possible D．must try every means to satisfy the public’s curiosity $专题05 阅读理解说明文常考话题 话题1 健康与生理 话题4 科技与发展 话题2 教育与学习 话题5 文化与时尚 话题3 社会与经济 话题6 城市与环境 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 话题 1：健康与生理 1．《衰老与大脑学习能力》（来源：上海市上海交通大学附属中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期期中英语试卷）：探讨衰老与大脑的关系，指出大脑随年龄增长会出现体积萎缩，但通过学习新事物、积累新经验（如尝试新路线、参与脑力活动）可保持大脑灵活性，还提及相关研究证实推理任务能增强对新奇体验的渴望，进而让大脑重焕活力。 2．《卡路里限制与衰老》（来源：上海安亭高级中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期期中考试英语试卷）：介绍美国杜克大学研究，发现减少每日卡路里摄入可减缓生物衰老，通过对比限制卡路里组与正常饮食组的生物年龄增长差异，结合对小鼠核糖体机制的研究，解释该现象原理，同时提醒不可盲目节食，需保证合理营养。 3．《婴儿的创造性思维与语言习得》：阐述中欧大学研究发现，一岁以下婴儿能将简单概念组合成复杂想法，创造性思维在语言习得中至关重要。通过教婴儿新数字词汇并测试其概念组合能力，借助眼动追踪技术证实婴儿可实时结合概念理解指令，且该能力有助于解读语言输入与认知世界。 Passage 1 Some people have said aging is more a slide into forgetfulness than a journey towards wisdom. However, a growing body of research suggests that late-in-life learning is possible. In reality, education does an aging brain good. Throughout life, people’s brains constantly renovate themselves. In the late 1960s, British brain scientist Geoffrey Raisman spied growth in damaged brain regions of rats through an electron microscope; their brains were forming new connections. This meant brains may change every time a person learns something new. Of course, that doesn’t mean the brain isn’t affected by the effects of time. Just as height usually declines over the years, so does brain volume: Humans lose about 4 percent every decade starting in their 40s. But that reduction doesn’t necessarily make people think slower; as long as we are alive and functioning, we can alter our brains with new information and experiences. In fact, scientists now suspect accumulating novel experiences, facts, and skills can keep people’s minds more flexible. New pathways can strengthen our ever-changing mental structure, even as the brain shrinks. Conventional fixes like word puzzles and brain-training apps can contribute to mental durability. Even something as simple as taking a different route to the grocery store or going somewhere new on vacation can keep the brain healthy. A desire for new life challenges can further boost power. Research about aging adults who take on new enterprises shows improved function and memory as well as a reduced risk of mental disease. Openness — a characteristic defined by curiosity and a desire for knowledge — may also help folks pass brain tests. Some folks are born with this take-in-the-world attitude, but those who aren’t as genetically gifted aren’t necessarily out of luck. While genes can encourage an interest in doing new things, a 2012 study in the journal Psychology and Aging found completing reasoning tasks like puzzles and number games can enhance that desire for novel experiences, which can, in turn, refresh the brain. That’s why brain scientist Richard Kennedy says “It’s not that old dogs can’t learn new tricks. It’s that maybe old dogs don’t realize why they should.” 1．What do some people think of aging adults? A．Their wisdom grows as time goes by in their long life. B．They can benefit from late-in-life learning and gain wisdom. C．Their memory gradually becomes inferior to that of the past. D．They are likely to have mental health issues due to forgetfulness. 2．What can we conclude from Geoffrey Raisman’s finding? A．Brain damage seriously hinders one’s learning. B．Brains can refresh and improve with learning. C．Brain power weakens slower than we imagine. D．Brains forge connections under new conditions. 3．What is one thing that helps maintain the health of our brain even as it shrinks? A．Doing daily routines by conventional means B．Avoiding worrying about our mental durability C．Imitating old dogs’ way of learning new tricks D．Approaching everyday tasks in novel ways 4．What is the finding of the 2012 study in the journal Psychology and Aging? A．Wishing to solve puzzles enhances one’s reasoning power B．Playing number games unexpectedly stimulates one’s memory C．Desiring new experiences can help to renovate the brain D．Learning new tricks should not be confined to old dogs only 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了衰老与大脑的关系，指出尽管大脑会随年龄增长而萎缩，但通过学习新事物、积累新经验等方式可以保持大脑的灵活性和健康。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Some people have said aging is more a slide into forgetfulness than a journey towards wisdom.(一些人认为，衰老与其说是一段通往智慧的旅程，不如说是逐渐陷入健忘的过程。)”可知，有些人认为老年人的记忆力会逐渐衰退，而不是增长智慧。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Throughout life, people’s brains constantly renovate themselves. In the late 1960s, British brain scientist Geoffrey Raisman spied growth in damaged brain regions of rats through an electron microscope; their brains were forming new connections. This meant brains may change every time a person learns something new.(人这一辈子，大脑都在不断自我更新。20 世纪 60 年代末，英国脑科学家杰弗里・雷斯曼通过电子显微镜观察到，老鼠受损的大脑区域出现了生长现象，它们的大脑正在形成新的连接。这意味着，人每学到一些新东西，大脑就可能发生变化。)”可推知，大脑可以通过学习来更新和改善。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“In fact, scientists now suspect accumulating novel experiences, facts, and skills can keep people’s minds more flexible. (事实上，科学家们现在推测，不断积累新奇的经历、事实和技能能够让人的思维更加灵活。)”和第五段“Even something as simple as taking a different route to the grocery store or going somewhere new on vacation can keep the brain healthy.(即使是像走不同的路线去杂货店或假期去新的地方这样简单的事情也能保持大脑健康。)”可知，以新颖的方式处理日常任务有助于保持大脑健康。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“While genes can encourage an interest in doing new things, a 2012 study in the journal Psychology and Aging found completing reasoning tasks like puzzles and number games can enhance that desire for novel experiences, which can, in turn, refresh the brain.(虽然基因会催生人们对新鲜事物的兴趣，但 2012 年发表在《心理学与衰老》期刊上的一项研究发现，完成拼图、数字游戏等推理任务能够增强这种对新奇体验的渴望，而这种渴望反过来又能让大脑重焕活力。)”可知，渴望新体验可以帮助更新大脑。故选C。 Passage 2 For many years, humans have tried to find the secret to staying young. Although it has yet to be discovered, we may be closer than ever to finding a way that can slow down the aging process. A recent study by researchers from Duke University in the US found that cutting one’s daily intake of calories (卡路里) could slow down biological aging, which means you might be able to hang on to your youthful looks a little longer. Previous research has shown that calorie restrictions slow aging in worms, flies and mice. So researchers wondered if it could have the same effect on people. To find out, Daniel Belsky and her team examined data from a study by the National Institute on Aging, based in the US, which involved 220 people. During the two-year study, 145 people in the restriction group cut their calorie intake by 25 percent. Meanwhile, 75 people in the control group maintained their normal diets. At the start of the study, the two groups had no difference in biological age. The average participant was 38 years old, with a biological age of 37. However, after each 12-month period, participants in the restriction group saw an increase in biological age by an average of 0.1l years. Meanwhile, those in the control group saw a rise by an average of 0.71 years. The researchers believe the difference between these groups shows that cutting calories does slow biological aging. Although they didn’t explain the reason behind this, researchers at Brigham Young University in the US provided an explanation after they carried out a similar study on mice. They believe fewer calories slow down a mechanism in cells called the ribosome (核糖体), at least in mice. The mechanism is responsible for making vital proteins in cells, but with fewer calories it slows down, giving it more time to repair itself. The ribosome is complex like a car, and it needs to replace the parts that wear out the fastest from time to time, according to John Price, a biochemistry professor at Brigham Young University. “When tires wear out, you don’t throw the whole car away and buy new ones. It’s easier to replace the tires,” Price told VOA． But this doesn’t mean that people who want to look younger should start skipping meals, especially given the study’s early stage. Proper nutrition is important, Price explained. “Food isn’t just material to be burned — it’s a signal that tells our body and cells how to respond,” he told Science Daily. 1．The purpose of the research was to _____ A．find the most efficient way to control calorie intake. B．explain why people have to maintain a normal diet. C．test the influence of calorie restrictions on aging. D．invent technology that keeps people young and healthy. 2．Which of the following statements is TRUE about the experiment? A．All the participants were of the same biological age at the start. B．The biological age of people in the control group increased more than those in the restriction group. C．Flies and mice were used to compare the results of the human test with. D．Some participants were asked to double the amount of food they ate. 3．According to John Price, _____ A．the ribosome is an important cell that controls the aging process. B．a higher level of caloric intake means more healthy proteins. C．the fewer calories one takes in, the better the ribosome works. D．reducing calorie intake could allow the ribosome to repair itself better. 4．We can infer from the text that _____ A．those who want to stay young are advised to skip meals. B．people should keep a record of the energy they burn every day. C．maintaining a balanced diet is not as difficult as people imagine. D．we could slow our pace of biological aging by changing our eating habits. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国杜克大学的研究证明减少卡路里摄入能减缓生物衰老。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Previous research has shown that calorie restrictions slow aging in worms, flies and mice. So researchers wondered if it could have the same effect on people.(先前的研究表明，限制卡路里摄入可以减缓蠕虫、苍蝇和老鼠的衰老。因此，研究人员想知道这对人类是否也有同样的效果)”可知，研究的目的是测试限制卡路里摄入对人类衰老的影响。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“However, after each 12 month period, participants in the restriction group saw an increase in biological age by an average of 0.11 years. Meanwhile, those in the control group saw a rise by an average of 0.71 years.(然而，每过12个月，限制组参与者的生物年龄平均增加0.11岁。与此同时，对照组参与者的生物年龄平均增加0.71岁)”可知，对照组参与者的生物年龄增长比限制组更多，所以B项“The biological age of people in the control group increased more than those in the restriction group.(对照组的人的生理年龄比限制组的人增长得更多)”是正确表述。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“They believe fewer calories slow down a mechanism in cells called the ribosome (核糖体), at least in mice. The mechanism is responsible for making vital proteins in cells, but with fewer calories it slows down, giving it more time to repair itself.(他们认为，至少在老鼠身上，较少的卡路里会减缓细胞中一种叫做核糖体的机制。这种机制负责在细胞中制造重要的蛋白质，但摄入的卡路里减少时，它会变慢，从而有更多时间进行自我修复)”和第六段中约翰·普莱斯的话“When tires wear out, you don’t throw the whole car away and buy new ones. It’s easier to replace the tires(当轮胎磨损时，你不会把整辆车扔掉，然后买新的。换轮胎更容易)”可知，他将核糖体比作汽车，需要不时更换磨损最快的部件，但通过减少卡路里摄入可以让核糖体变慢，让它有时间更好地自我修复。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“A recent study by researchers from Duke University in the US found that cutting one’s daily intake of calories (卡路里) could slow down biological aging, which means you might be able to hang on to your youthful looks a little longer.(美国杜克大学的研究人员最近进行的一项研究发现，减少每日卡路里摄入量可以减缓生物衰老，这意味着你可能能够更长时间地保持年轻的容貌)”可知，减少每日卡路里摄入量可以减缓生物衰老，即我们可以通过改变饮食习惯来减缓生物衰老的速度。故选D项。 Passage 3 Babies less than a year old can combine simple concepts into complex ideas, showing that creativity begins in babyhood. According to new research at the Central European University (CEU), babies are not only capable of creative thinking well before starting to speak, but this sort of thinking may be essential for language acquisition (习得). In the study, the researchers set out to explore the origins of human creativity and productive thinking to try to find out how people arrive at completely new thoughts and ideas. The basic mechanism for doing this is taking familiar concepts and combining them into new structures, but little is known about how early in life these abilities can be used. The researchers found that babies were able to very quickly learn new words that depict small quantities — an impressive achievement — and combine these spontaneously (自发地) with familiar words to fully understand a phrase. In the study, the researchers started by teaching the babies two new words: “mize”, to mean “one”, and “padu”, to mean “two”. Then the babies were asked to combine these new number words with different object names, for example, to identify “padu ducks” from among a group of images. By teaching new words, the researchers were able to test the babies’ ability to combine concepts in real time, rather than simply recall combinations of words that they already knew from previous experience. By using eye-tracking technology to monitor where the babies look, the researchers were able to show that the babies could successfully combine the two concepts to understand what they were being asked about. Lead researcher, Dr Barbara Pomiechowska at the CEU, said, “For babies, this ability to combine different concepts is likely to help not only to interpret the complex language input, but also to learn about different aspects of the physical and social world.” 1．What can we know about babies’ creative thinking? A．It develops after babies’ language skills. B．It determines babies’ intelligence. C．It is key to language learning. D．It will disappear with time. 2．What is the primary goal of the study? A．To assess babies’ capability of creative thinking. B．To study the way new thoughts and ideas are formed. C．To find out how many new words babies can learn. D．To explore the origins of babies’ language acquisition. 3．What does the underlined word “depict” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Describe. B．Demand. C．Replace. D．Compare. 4．How did the researchers test babies’ concept combination? A．By tracking their physical actions. B．By measuring their brain activity. C．By observing their eye movements. D．By analyzing their language ability. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要说明了一项研究发现，一岁以下的婴儿可以将简单的概念组合成复杂的想法，这表明创造力始于婴儿时期。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“According to new research at the Central European University (CEU), babies are not only capable of creative thinking well before starting to speak, but this sort of thinking may be essential for language acquisition (习得).(根据中欧大学（CEU）的一项新研究，婴儿不仅在开始说话之前就有创造性思维的能力，而且这种思维对语言习得可能是必不可少的。)”可知，创造性思维对于儿童的语言发展很关键。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“In the study, the researchers set out to explore the origins of human creativity and productive thinking to try to find out how people arrive at completely new thoughts and ideas.(在这项研究中，研究人员着手探索人类创造力和高效思维的起源，试图找出人们是如何产生全新的思想和想法的。)”可知，这项研究的主要目的是研究新思想和观念形成的方式。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“and combine these spontaneously (自发地) with familiar words to fully understand a phrase(并将这些单词与熟悉的单词自发地结合起来，以完全理解一个短语)”可知，研究人员在实验过程中教授婴儿两个新单词，发现婴儿能够很快地学会描述小数量的新单词，将这些单词与熟悉的单词自发地结合起来，以完全理解一个短语。故划线词depict表示“描述”。故选A。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段“By using eye-tracking technology to monitor where the babies look, the researchers were able to show that the babies could successfully combine the two concepts to understand what they were being asked about.(通过使用眼动追踪技术来监测婴儿看的地方，研究人员能够证明婴儿能够成功地将这两个概念结合起来，以理解他们被问到的问题)”可知，研究人员通过观察他们的眼球运动测试婴儿的概念组合。故选C。 话题 2：教育与学习 1．《上海教育模式与 PISA 成绩》（来源：上海外国语大学附属外国语学校松江云间中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期期中考试英语试题）：以学生 Lucy Dong 和 Amy Zhu 的日常学习为例，展现上海教育模式，分析上海两次获 PISA 测试冠军的原因，包括 “虎妈” 的高期望等传统元素，以及课程调整、帮扶薄弱学校、教师培训等现代元素，同时提及外界对上海教育 “应试化” 的质疑及当地的改革尝试。 2．《上海教育体系的特点与发展》（来源：上海市育才中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期第一次月考英语试题）：再次聚焦上海教育，补充介绍新教师需接受标准化培训、教师间需相互听课交流等细节，强调上海教育在保持传统优势的同时，正逐步摆脱过度依赖死记硬背的模式，增加学生自主活动时间，吸引众多教育研究者前来探寻其成功经验。 3．《同伴压力对学习与行为的影响》（来源：上海市育才中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期期中测试英语试题）：解释同伴的定义及对生活的双向影响，分析学生屈服于同伴压力的原因（渴望被接纳、好奇尝试新事物等），通过实验说明同伴压力会影响判断，甚至让人放弃正确答案，最后给出抵抗不良同伴压力的建议，如关注自身对错观、培养内心力量。 Passage 1 Every day, Lucy Dong and her best friend Amy Zhu wake at 7 a.m.—7.10 a.m. If they are lucky-rush through their breakfast of steamed buns and noodles, and head off to what may be the best schooling system in the world. The 10-year-olds, who are natives of Shanghai. study in 35-minute bursts from around 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., with a small break for lunch—and a class meeting — sandwiched in the middle. Outside school hours, the girls’ lives are lots of extra-curricular activities: English class, flute class, drumming class, handwriting class, calligraphy class, Taekwondo training, modelling lessons and choir practice. Shanghai was crowned (加冕) — for the second time — the champion of the Programme for International Student Assesment (PISA．, which compares the maths, reading and science skills of some 510,00 secondary school students around the world). Some experts question the value of comparing cities and countries. Others point out that Shanghai’s relatively well-funded schools and well-paid teachers are not representative (代表) of the Chinese education system as a whole. Even so, the latest results are likely to see more and more educators flock east in search of the mega-city’s magic formula. Professor Kong Lingshuai of the College of Education at Shanghai Normal University has studied the city’s PISA successes. He says that the secret is a mix of “traditional elements and modern elements”. The former is related to the high expectations of “tiger” parents, and a belief in Chinese children from a young age that effort is crucial to gaining a good education. The “modern elements” include Shanghai’s willingness to constantly adapt its curriculum and teaching practices; its focus on improving under-achieving schools by pairing them with those that excel; its openness to foreign ideas; and the introduction of performance-related pay. An obsession with (痴迷于) training has also been the key, says Prof. Kong. As of last year, new teachers have to undergo a standardized, one-year training course before starting in the classroom. Once qualified, they are required to complete at least 240 hours’ training in their first five years, including online learning, paper reading. essay writing and so on. Teachers are also encouraged to attend each other’s classes to promote a culture of “idea sharing, exchanging and positive competition”. Outsiders often dismiss China’s educational system as a pressure-cooker-style craze of exams that places too much emphasis on rote-learning and does little to stimulate creativity. But in Shanghai at least, that may be starting to change. Authorities are attempting to move away from testing that relies too heavily on memorizing facts and figures, and some schools are also giving students more time to play, rather than just study. 1．The author mentions Lucy Dong and Amy Zhu in the first 3 paragraphs to ______. A．praise the hard work of these two girls B．give readers the whole picture of Chinese education C．show what education in Shanghai looks like D．criticize the burden the education brings on them 2．Why do some experts challenge the result that Shanghai ranked 1 “in PISA test?” A．Because the value of PISA, which only tests 510,000 students globally, receives doubt. B．Because Shanghai has got more attention and resources from the central government. C．Because only maths, reading and science skills are compared in PISA test, which is not enough. D．Because Shanghai has a better system of financial support for schools as well as for teachers. 3．Which of the following is closest in meaning to “dismiss” in the last paragraph? A．To give credit for something. B．To think about something differently. C．To think negatively of something. D．To claim the features of something 4．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A．Strict parents contribute little to the academic success of their children. B．Students have more free time to spend on their interest across China. C．Under-achieving schools are usually displaced by those academically competitive schools. D．Many education researchers are getting to Shanghai to study the phenomenon. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了上海的教育模式领先世界，秘诀在于传统与现代教育的结合。 1．推理判断题。前三段描述了Lucy Dong和Amy Zhu在上海的上学日常，结合第四段中“Shanghai was crowned—for the second time—the champion of the Programme for International Student Assesment (PISA., which compares the maths, reading and science skills of some 510,00 secondary school students around the world).(上海第二次成为国际学生评估项目(PISA)的冠军。该报告比较了全球约51万名中学生的数学、阅读和科学技能。)”可知，下文提到了上海第二次成为国际学生评估项目的冠军以及上海的教育模式，故前三段提到Lucy Dong和Amy Zhu是为了说明上海的教育是什么样子的，故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Some experts question the value of comparing cities and countries. Others point out that Shanghai’s relatively well-funded schools and well-paid teachers are not representative of the Chinese education system as a whole.(一些专家质疑比较城市和国家的价值。还有人指出，上海资金相对充裕的学校和高薪教师并不能代表整个中国教育体系。)”可知，一些专家质疑上海在PISA测试中排名第一的结果，是因为上海对学校和教师都有更好的财政支持体系，故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词后“a pressure-cooker-style craze of exams that places too much emphasis on rote-learning and does little to stimulate creativity (压力锅式的考试狂热，过于强调死记硬背，对激发创造力几乎毫无帮助)”可知，此处指外人认为中国的教育体系不好，dismiss意为“对……不屑一提”，和C选项“To think negatively of something.(消极地看待某事)”意思相近。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段“Even so, the latest results are likely to see more and more educators flock east in search of the mega-city’s magic formula. (即便如此，最新的结果很可能会让越来越多的教育工作者涌向东部，寻找这个超级城市的神奇公式。)”可知，许多教育研究者会前往上海研究上海的教育模式，故选D。 Passage 2 Every day, Lucy Dong and her best friend Amy Zhu wake at 7 a.m. - 7.10 a.m. If they are lucky — rush through their breakfast of steamed buns and noodles, and head off to what may be the best schooling system in the world. The 10-year-olds, who are natives of Shanghai, study in 35-minute bursts from around 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., with a small break for lunch - and a class meeting — sandwiched in the middle. Outside school hours, the girls’ lives are lots of extra-curricular activities: English class, flute class, drumming class, handwriting class, calligraphy class, Taekwondo training, modelling lessons and choir practice. Shanghai was crowned — for the second time … the champion of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA．, which compares the maths, reading and science skills of some 510,000 secondary school students around the world). Some experts question the value of comparing cities and countries. Others point out that Shanghai’s relatively well-funded schools and well-paid teachers are not representative of the Chinese education system as a whole. Even so, the latest results are likely to see more and more educators flock east in search of the mega-city’s magic formula. Professor Kong Lingshuai of the College of Education at Shanghai Normal University has studied the city’s PISA successes. He says that the secret is a mix of “traditional elements and modern elements”. The former is related to the high expectations of “tiger” parents, and a belief in Chinese children from a young age that effort is crucial to gaining a good education. The “modern elements” include Shanghai’s willingness to constantly adapt its curriculum and teaching practices; its focus on improving under-achieving schools by pairing them with those that excel; its openness to foreign ideas; and the introduction of performance-related pay. An obsession with training has also been the key, says Prof. Kong. As of last year, new teachers have to undergo a standardized, one-year training course before starting in the classroom. Once qualified, they are required to complete at least 240 hours’ training in their first five years, including online learning, paper reading, essay writing and so on. Teachers are also encouraged to attend each other’s classes to promote a culture of “idea sharing, exchanging and positive competition”. Outsiders often dismiss China’s education system as a pressure-cooker-style craze of exams that places too much emphasis on rote-learning and does little to stimulate creativity. But in Shanghai at least, that may be starting to change. Authorities are attempting to move away from testing that relies too heavily on memorizing facts and figures, and some schools are also giving students more time to play, rather than just study. 1．The author mentions Lucy Dong and Amy Zhu in the first 3 paragraphs to ________. A．praise the industriousness of these two girls B．give readers the whole picture of Chinese education C．illustrate what education in Shanghai looks like D．criticize the burden the education brings on them 2．Why do some experts challenge the result that Shanghai ranked 1st in PISA test? A．Because the value of PISA, which only tests 510,000 students globally, is cast doubt on. B．Because Shanghai has drawn more attention and resources from the central government. C．Because only maths, reading and science skills are compared in PISA test, which is not enough. D．Because Shanghai has a better system of financial support for schools as well as for teachers. 3．Which of the following is closest in meaning to “dismiss”in the last paragraph? A．To consider something inferior. B．To stop thinking about something. C．To give the credit for something. D．To claim the features of something. 4．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A．Strict parents contribute little to the academic success of their children. B．Students have more free time to spend on their interest across China. C．Many education researchers are getting to Shanghai to study the phenomenon. D．Under-achieving schools are usually substituted by those academically superior schools. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了上海的教育模式领先世界，秘诀在于传统与现代教育的结合。 1．推理判断题。前三段描述了Lucy Dong和Amy Zhu在上海的上学日常，结合第四段中“Shanghai was crowned — for the second time … the champion of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA., which compares the maths, reading and science skills of some 510,000 secondary school students around the world).(上海第二次成为国际学生评估项目(PISA)的冠军。该报告比较了全球约51万名中学生的数学、阅读和科学技能)”可知，下文提到了上海第二次成为国际学生评估项目的冠军以及上海的教育模式，故前三段提到Lucy Dong和Amy Zhu是为了说明上海的教育是什么样子的，故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Some experts question the value of comparing cities and countries. Others point out that Shanghai’s relatively well-funded schools and well-paid teachers are not representative of the Chinese education system as a whole.(一些专家质疑比较城市和国家的价值。还有人指出，上海资金相对充裕的学校和高薪教师并不能代表整个中国教育体系)”可知，一些专家质疑上海在PISA测试中排名第一的结果，是因为上海对学校和教师都有更好的财政支持体系，故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词后“a pressure-cooker-style craze of exams that places too much emphasis on rote-learning and does little to stimulate creativity(高压锅式的考试狂热，过于强调死记硬背，很少激发创造力)”可知，此处指外人认为中国的教育体系不好，dismiss意为“对……不屑一提”，故选A。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段“Even so, the latest results are likely to see more and more educators flock east in search of the mega-city’s magic formula.(即便如此，最新的结果很可能会让越来越多的教育工作者涌向东部，寻找这个超级城市的神奇公式)”可知，许多教育研究者正前往上海研究上海的教育模式，故选C。 Passage 3 A peer is a person who is about the same age as you. Peers affect your life, whether you know it or not, just by spending time with you. Peers can have a good effect on one another. Maybe another student in your science class taught you an easy way to remember the planets in solar system. Maybe you got others excited about your new favorite book and now everyone’s reading it. However, sometimes peers affect one another in another way. For example, one kid in school might try to get another to cut class with him, your soccer friend might try to persuade you to be mean to another player and never pass her the ball, or a kid in the neighborhood might want you to steal things with him. Some kids give in to peer pressure because they want to be liked, to fit in, or because they worry that other kids may make fun of them if they don’t go along with the group. Others may go along because they are curious to try something new that others are doing. The idea that “everyone’ s doing it’ may influence some kids to leave their better judgments or their common senses behind. Peer pressure can be extremely strong and hard to get rid of. Experiments have shown how peer pressure can influence someone to change her/ his mind from what she/ he knows for sure is a correct answer to the incorrect answer— just because everyone else gives the incorrect answer! That holds true for people of any age in peer pressure situations. It can be hard to walk away from peer pressure, but it can be done. Paying attention to your own feelings and beliefs about what is right and wrong can help you know the right thing to do. Inner strength and self-confidence can help you stand firm, walk away and resist doing something when you know better. 1．The writer will NOT agree that ________. A．only children change their correct answers under peer pressure. B．Peers will believe in themselves if other peers agree with them. C．peers have effect on each other whether the effect is good or not. D．Peer pressure is very strong and difficult for people to get rid of. 2．The writer intends to ________ by writing the passage. A．encourage people to follow others’ opinions. B．warn people to stay away from their peers. C．tell people it is hard to be away from peer pressure. D．advise people to do the right despite peer pressure. 3．All of the following aspects are concerned in the passage EXCEPT ________. A．The definition of the peer and how it affects life. B．The reason why kids have stronger peer pressure. C．The way peers influence each other in daily life. D．The way peer pressure influences our judgment. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Peer pressure has a good effect. B．Peer pressure is hard to resist. C．Children give in to peer pressure. D．Peer pressure always does harm. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要阐述了同龄人对个体生活的影响，包括积极和消极两方面，并分析了同龄人压力产生的原因、影响以及应对方法。 1．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Peer pressure can be extremely strong and hard to get rid of. Experiments have shown how peer pressure can influence someone to change her/ his mind from what she/ he knows for sure is a correct answer to the incorrect answer— just because everyone else gives the incorrect answer! That holds true for people of any age in peer pressure situations.(同伴压力可能极其强烈且难以摆脱。实验已经表明，同伴压力如何影响一个人，使他/她从自己确信的正确答案改为错误的答案——仅仅因为其他人都给出了错误的答案！这在任何年龄段的人面对同伴压力时都同样适用)”可知，作者不同意只有孩子在同辈压力下才会改变正确答案，因为在任何年龄段的人面对同伴压力时都同样适用。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据最后一段“It can be hard to walk away from peer pressure, but it can be done. Paying attention to your own feelings and beliefs about what is right and wrong can help you know the right thing to do. Inner strength and self-confidence can help you stand firm, walk away and resist doing something when you know better.(摆脱同伴压力可能很难，但并非不可能。关注自己对于对错的感受和信念，可以帮助你知道正确的做法。内心的力量和自信可以帮助你坚定立场，走开并拒绝做你知道不对的事情)”以及纵观全文可知，作者想通过写这篇文章来建议人们在同辈压力下做正确的事。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第一段“A peer is a person who is about the same age as you. Peers affect your life, whether you know it or not, just by spending time with you.(同龄人是指与你年龄相仿的人。无论你是否意识到，同龄人都会通过与你的相处而影响你的生活)”可知，A项“同伴的定义及其对生活的影响”被提及，根据第二段“Peers can have a good effect on one another.”以及第三段“However, sometimes peers affect one another in another way.(然而，有时候同龄人之间也会以另一种方式相互影响)”可知，C项“同龄人在日常生活中相互影响的方式”被提及，根据倒数第三段“Some kids give in to peer pressure because they want to be liked, to fit in, or because they worry that other kids may make fun of them if they don’t go along with the group. Others may go along because they are curious to try something new that others are doing. The idea that “everyone’ s doing it’ may influence some kids to leave their better judgments or their common senses behind.(一些孩子会屈服于同伴压力，因为他们想要被喜欢，想要融入群体，或者担心如果不随波逐流，其他孩子会嘲笑他们。另一些人可能会因为好奇而尝试别人正在做的新事物。那种“大家都在做”的想法可能会让一些孩子放弃自己的判断力或常识)”可知，D项“同伴压力影响我们判断的方式”被提及，B项“孩子们有更大的同伴压力的原因”文中没有提及。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A peer is a person who is about the same age as you. Peers affect your life, whether you know it or not, just by spending time with you.(同龄人是指与你年龄相仿的人。无论你是否意识到，同龄人都会通过与你的相处而影响你的生活)”以及最后一段“It can be hard to walk away from peer pressure, but it can be done.(摆脱同伴压力可能很难，但并非不可能)”以及纵观全文可知，本文主要讲述了同龄人对个体生活的影响，包括积极和消极两方面，所以同辈压力是难以抗拒的。故选B项。 话题 3：社会与经济 1．《美国彩票的现状与问题》（来源：上海市进才中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期期中英语试卷）：分析美国彩票受欢迎的原因，包括分布广泛、价格低廉、奖金丰厚及收益用于公益，但指出其存在严重的不平等问题 —— 贫困家庭在彩票上的花费占收入比例远高于富裕家庭，疫情期间这一差距进一步扩大，从经济学角度对美国彩票体系进行批判性探讨。 2．《有机农业的利弊权衡》（来源：上海市复旦大学附属中学 2023-2024 学年高一下学期期末英语试卷）：对比有机农业与传统农业，有机农业虽能吸引更多鸟类蜜蜂、减少能源消耗和水污染，但存在单位面积产量低、需更多土地、温室气体排放可能更高、依赖传统农场粪便肥料等问题，且有机食品价格高、对健康益处不明确，认为应客观看待两者，而非将其视为对立极端。 3．《记者职业的责任与挑战》（来源：上海市华东师范大学第二附中 2023-2024 学年高一下期中英语试卷）：阐述记者需及时、清晰且真实地向公众传递新闻，为获取内幕真相常需承诺不透露线人姓名，这使记者面临黑社会威胁与法律压力。美国虽有宪法第一修正案保障新闻自由，但因对该条款的不当解读，部分记者会入狱，不过记者坚守原则的精神维护了新闻业的可靠性，也履行了与公众的真实报道契约。 Passage 1 On April 1st millions of Americans watched as six numbered ping-pong balls tumbled out of (从……中滚出) a giant popcorn popper. The occasion was the latest drawing of Power ball, a multi-state lottery. The last draw offered punters (赌徒) a shot at a $1bn jackpot, the fifth-biggest in the game’s 32-year history. The odds of winning the jackpot are unimaginably low — just one in 292m for Power ball. Yet sales are at a record high. In 2023 Americans shelled out more than $100bn on state-run lotteries. Were they a single company, America’s lotteries would be the ninth-most profitable in the country. Why are lotteries so popular when the chances of winning are so low? For one, they are almost everywhere. Some 45 states, and the District of Columbia, operate them. Low prices mean that anyone can afford to play; vast jackpots add to the excitement. Moreover, proceeds tend to go to worthy causes, such as public education or programs for the elderly. Whereas casinos keep less than 10% of the money wagered (下注) on slot machines, state lotteries keep around 30% of ticket sales, on average. But the system is woefully regressive. An analysis of data obtained by The Economist through public-records requests finds that poorer households spend significantly more, in absolute terms, on lotteries than richer ones. As a share of income, the imbalance is even more striking. Using zip-code-level sales data from 24 states, we estimate that each 10% decrease in median household income is associated with a 4% increase in lottery spending. Age and ethnicity are also correlated with lottery sales:older and non-white Americans are more likely to play. But income is the most-important factor. In the poorest 1% of zip codes that have lottery retailers, the average American adults spend around $600 a year, or  nearly 5% of their income, on tickets. That compares with just $150, or 0.15%, for those in the richest 1% of zip codes. In other words, the poorest households spend roughly 30 times more on lotteries than richer ones, as a share of income. The pandemic appears to have made things worse. In 2021 the poorest 1% of households — flush with stimulus cheques — spent $100 more on lotteries than they did in 2019. The richest 1% spent just $10 more. 1．What are the mean reasons for the popularity of lotteries? A．Low price, moderate risk, and high payback. B．Appealing jackpot amount, high wining rate, and profitability. C．Profitability, possibility and generous social donation. D．Accessibility, affordability and public welfare promotion. 2．What does the underlined phrase “woefully regressive” mean in this context? A．Sadly declining. B．Severely unequal. C．Socially beneficial. D．Significantly influential. 3．What can we learn from Para. 5-6 ? A．The rich usually deprive the poor of their wealth through lottery system. B．An aged African-American woman is more likely to spend more on lotteries than a poor Anglo-Saxon White man. C．The poorest households spend much more on lotteries than the richer ones as a share of income but not as absolute numbers. D．Households in financial difficulties tend to wager a larger proportion of income on lotteries. 4．What is the best title for this article? A．Critical insight: the economics of American lotteries. B．Inspirational plan: make great fortune overnight. C．Silver Linings: the rise of modern “Great Catsby” D．American lotteries: the modern “blood diamond” business. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了美国彩票的相关情况，其受欢迎的原因，彩票系统存在严重的不平等现象，较贫困家庭在彩票上的花费占收入比例远高于富裕家庭等。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Why are lotteries so popular when the chances of winning are so low? For one, they are almost everywhere. Some 45 states, and the District of Columbia, operate them. Low prices mean that anyone can afford to play; vast jackpots add to the excitement. Moreover, proceeds tend to go to worthy causes, such as public education or programs for the elderly. (为什么中奖的几率如此之低，彩票却如此受欢迎？首先，它们几乎无处不在。大约有45个州和哥伦比亚特区运营这种游戏。低廉的价格意味着任何人都能负担得起；巨额头奖增加了人们的兴奋感。此外，收益往往流向有价值的事业，如公共教育或老年人项目。)”可知彩票受欢迎的主要原因是到处都有，即易获取，价格低，任何人都能买得起，收益用于公益事业，故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线短语下文“An analysis of data obtained by The Economist through public-records requests finds that poorer households spend significantly more, in absolute terms, on lotteries than richer ones. (《经济学人》通过索取公共记录获得的数据分析发现，从绝对值来看，贫困家庭在彩票上的花费明显高于富裕家庭。)”可知彩票系统存在严重的不平等现象，也就是woefully regressive意思“严重不平等”，故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“In the poorest 1% of zip codes that have lottery retailers, the average American adults spend around $600 a year, or  nearly 5% of their income, on tickets. That compares with just $150, or 0.15%, for those in the richest 1% of zip codes. (在邮政编码中最贫穷的1%有彩票零售商的地区，美国成年人平均每年花在彩票上的钱约为600美元，占其收入的近5%。相比之下，邮政编码中最富有的1%的人的平均收入仅为150美元，或0.15%。)”和第六段“In other words, the poorest households spend roughly 30 times more on lotteries than richer ones, as a share of income. (换句话说，最贫穷的家庭在彩票上的花费占收入的比例大约是富裕家庭的30倍。)”可推知经济困难的家庭倾向于把收入的很大一部分用于买彩票。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通断全文，可知文章主要是对美国彩票进行了经济学分析，包括彩票受欢迎的原因、彩票系统存在严重的不平等现象，较贫困家庭在彩票上的花费占收入比例远高于富裕家庭等，所以A选项“批判性洞察力：美国彩票的经济学。”符合文章主旨大意，适合作标题，故选A。 Passage 2 Buying organic (有机的) food may not always be better for the planet or for human health than cheaper options grown with artificial pesticides, according to researchers. There tend to be more birds and bees on organic farms but the benefits may be cancelled out because they produce an average of 19 to 25 perent less food per acre than conventional farms. This means that more land is needed to produce the same amount of food, and land being changed for agriculture is one of the greatest threats to wildlife, researchers at the University of British Columbia said. Organic farms tend to use less energy and produce lower emissions, but “when lower organic yields are taken into account, greenhouse gas emissions might actually be higher under organic management.” The authors of the study, published in Science Advances, said: “We don’t know whether organic agriculture provides any benefits for biodiversity if lower organic yields are taken into account.” Organic farms tend to cause less nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of water systems, but the lower yields could mean that nitrogen loss per unit of food produced is higher than on conventional farms. The authors argued that in countries such as Canada, where pesticide regulations are strict and diets are rich in micronutrients, the health benefits of choosing organic might be marginal. They said organically grown food probably contained slightly more micronutrients but it was not clear whether this provided “any actual health benefits to consumers”. The team analyzed organic crop farming across 17 criteria including yield, impact on climate change, farmer livelihood and consumer health. “Organic is often proposed as a good solution to current environmental and food scarcity problems, but we found that the costs and benefits will vary heavily depending on the context,” Verena Seufert, one of the authors, said. They concluded that organic farming is not the only solution to providing a sustainable source of food for an ever-growing global population, but does have an important role to play. “We need to stop the perception of organic and conventional agriculture as two ends of the spectrum. Instead, consumers should demand better practices for both so that we can achieve the world’s food needs in a sustainable way,” Ms. Seufert said. The study, which involved a review of the scientific literature on the environmental and economic performance of organic farms, also found that they were highly dependent on animal manure (排泄物) from conventional farms and added: “It is not clear whether we would have enough organic fertilizers to feed everyone in the world with organic food” Organic food is more expensive and “therefore less accessible to consumers with low income, they said. 1．What does the study find about organic farms? A．They are less than efficient. B．They rely on wildlife species. C．They used to produce added emission. D．They use high-quality pesticides. 2．The word “marginal” (in paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to __________. A．irregular B．unlimited C．unimportant D．irrelevant 3．What can be inferred from the passage about organic agriculture? A．Its benefits are yet to be confirmed by review of scientific literature. B．It is perceived as reaching the end of its development like conventional agriculture. C．It is regarded as the opposite of conventional agriculture. D．Its drawbacks outweigh the benefits it yields in most cases. 4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Organic Farming: Balancing Costs and Benefits B．Organic Farming: Winner in Sustainable Agriculture C．Organic Farming: A Cost-Effective Path to a Healthier Planet D．Organic Farming: The Answer to Global Food Scarcity 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了有机食品的优点以及其缺点。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“There tend to be more birds and bees on organic farms but the benefits may be cancelled out because they produce an average of 19 to 25 per cent less food per acre than conventional farms. This means that more land is needed to produce the same amount of food, and land being changed for agriculture is one of the greatest threats to wildlife, researchers at the University of British Columbia said.(有机农场往往有更多的鸟类和蜜蜂，但这些好处可能会被抵消，因为它们每英亩生产的食物平均比传统农场少19%至25%。英属哥伦比亚大学的研究人员说，这意味着需要更多的土地来生产同样数量的食物，而土地被改变为农业是对野生动物的最大威胁之一)”可知，研究发现有机农场效率不高。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词后句“They said organically grown food probably contained slightly more micronutrients but it was not clear whether this provided “any actual health benefits to consumers”.(他们表示，有机食品可能含有更少量的微量元素，但尚不清楚这是否“对消费者的健康有任何实际好处”)”可知，选择有机食品对健康的好处可能微乎其微的。所以marginal为“微小的，不重要的”之意。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段““We need to stop the perception of organic and conventional agriculture as two ends of the spectrum. Instead, consumers should demand better practices for both so that we can achieve the world’s food needs in a sustainable way,” Ms. Seufert said.(“我们需要停止认为有机农业和传统农业是两个极端。相反，消费者应该要求两方面都采取更好的做法，这样我们才能以可持续的方式满足世界粮食需求，”苏弗特女士说)”可推断，有机农业被认为是传统农业的对立面。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Buying organic (有机的) food may not always be better for the planet or for human health than cheaper options grown with artificial pesticides, according to researchers.(研究人员称，购买有机食品可能并不总是比使用人工杀虫剂种植的廉价食品对地球或人类健康更好)”结合文章主要介绍了有机食品的优点以及其缺点。故A选项“有机农业：平衡代价和好处”最符合文章标题。故选A。 Passage 3 Many scientists are making greater effort to study ocean currents (洋流) for the moment. Most do it using satellites and other high-tech equipment. However, ocean expert Curtis Esmeyer does it in a special way — by studying movements of random floating garbage. A scientist with many years' experience, he started this type of research in the early 1990s when he heard about hundreds of athletic shoes washing up on the shores of the northwest coast of the United States. There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear. Esmeyer found out in his researches that the shoes — about 60,000 in total — fell into the ocean in a shipping accident. He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back. As expected, the company told him that they didn't. Esmeyer realized this could be a great experiment. If he learned when and where the shoes went into the water and tracked where they landed, he could learn a lot about the patterns of ocean currents. The Pacific Northwest is one of the world's best areas for beachcombing (海滩搜寻) because winds and currents join here, and as a result, there is a group of serious beachcombers in the area. Esmeyer got to know a lot of them and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed. In a year he collected reliable information on 1,600 shoes. With this data, he and a colleague were able to test and improve a computer program designed to model ocean currents, and publish the findings of their study. As the result of his work, Esmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean. He has even started an association of beachcombers and ocean experts, with 500 subscribers from West Africa to New Zealand. They have recorded all lost objects ranging from potatoes to golf gloves. 1．The underlined phrase swap meets in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______. A．repair rooms B．trading fairs C．business talks D．group meetings 2．Esmeyer phoned the shoe company to find out ______. A．what caused the shipping accident B．when and where the shoes went missing C．whether it was all right to use their shoes D．how much they lost in the shipping accident 3．Esmeyer is most famous for ______. A．traveling widely the coastal cities of the world B．making records for any lost objects on the sea C．running a global currents research association D．phoning about any doubtful objects on the sea 4．What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage? A．To call people's attention to ocean pollution. B．To warn people of shipping safety in the ocean. C．To explain a unique way of studying ocean currents. D．To give advice on how to search for lost objects on the beach. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述海洋专家Curtis Ebbesmeyer通过一种特殊的方式来研究洋流,即通过追踪随机漂浮垃圾的运动轨迹来研究洋流。 1．词义猜测题，根据第一段划线句下文“to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear.(以试图匹配左右鞋子来出售或穿着)”可推断，有这么多的鞋，人们设立了旧物交换会尝试匹配的左、右鞋出售或穿着。可知swap meets意为贸易交换所。故选B。 2．细节理解题，根据第二段的“He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back. As expected, the company told him that they didn't. Esmeyer realized this could be a great experiment.(他打电话给鞋业公司，问他们是否想要回鞋子。不出所料，该公司告诉他，他们不要。埃斯迈耶意识到这可能是一个伟大的实验)”可知，Ebbesmeye打电话的目的是为了确定自己是否有权使用这些鞋子。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“As the result of his work, Esmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean. He has even started an association of beachcombers and ocean experts, with 500 subscribers from West Africa to New Zealand. They have recorded all lost objects ranging from potatoes to golf gloves.(由于他的工作成果，埃斯迈耶已经成为著名的科学家，会有人打电话询问在海洋中发现的任何不寻常的漂浮物。他甚至成立了一个由海滩拾荒者和海洋专家组成的协会，从西非到新西兰，已有500名会员。他们记录了从土豆到高尔夫手套的所有失物)”可知，Ebbesmeyer已经成为一位知名科学家，一旦发现海上有不寻常的漂浮物时，人们都会打电话咨询他，故选D。 4．推理判断题，根据第一段“Many scientists are making greater effort to study ocean currents(洋流) for the moment. Most do it using satellites and other high-tech equipment. However, ocean expert Curtis Esmeyer does it in a special way --- by studying movements of random floating garbage.(现在科学家们正在努力研究洋流。大多数人使用卫星和其他高科技设备。然而,海洋专家Curtis Ebbesmeyer一采用种特殊的方式来研究洋流,即通过追踪随机漂浮垃圾的运动轨迹来研究洋流)”可知,作者写这篇文章的目的是阐述一种特殊的研究海洋洋流的方式。故选C。 话题 4：科技与发展 1．《电子病历的推广困境与改进》（来源：上海市建平中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期 11 月期中英语试题）：讲述美国推动医疗系统从纸质病历向电子病历转型的过程，初期期望通过数字化提升医疗效率、降低成本，但实际面临医院不愿共享信息、软件不兼容、医生不适应及更新设备成本高等障碍，导致电子病历不完整、信息无法跨系统流通。卫生部门为此发布新规则简化要求，同时有专家建议借鉴他国经验，让患者掌握自身医疗数据。 2．《自动驾驶汽车的发展与规划》（来源：上海市闵行区六校 2023-2024 学年高一下学期 6 月期末联考英语试题）：指出加州等地区已开始批准自动驾驶汽车测试、销售及运营无人驾驶出租车服务，分析该技术可能带来的益处（缓解拥堵、减少排放、提升出行便利性）与潜在问题（加剧城市扩张、增加停车难题、减少公共交通使用），强调政策制定者需提前规划，避免自动驾驶汽车延续现有交通系统的弊端，推动其成为更环保、更共享的交通方式。 3．《生物多样性观测数据的局限性与改进》：说明当前生物多样性记录多以照片、视频等数字形式存在，虽有助于监测物种变化，但斯坦福大学研究发现这类观测数据存在覆盖不均、偏向特定区域 / 物种 / 时间段等问题，原因在于公民科学家采样方式不当（如更倾向拍摄观赏性物种）。提出改进建议，如生物多样性应用引导用户关注采样不足的区域和物种，鼓励专家验证上传图像的物种识别结果。 Passage 1 Moving hospitals out of paper records and into digital connectivity has been tougher than anyone but hard-core skeptics (怀疑论者) thought seven years ago, when the federal government began pouring billions of dollars into a push to make electronic medical records the universal standard. Computerization of health care data would quickly get patients’ health information where it needs to go, improving care and cutting costs. That was the idea — but the path to it has been rocky. Overall, progress has been blocked, among other obstacles, by reluctance to share information with competitors, software from different suppliers that can’t communicate, physicians who have pushed back at hospitals where they had to struggle with unaccustomed computerized routines and the expense, often exceeding $1 billion in large hospital systems, of retooling outdated computers. As things now stand, medical records are often incomplete and vital patient information is frequently hiding on health care islands — parked at one large health system but inaccessible to a hospital outside the system where that same patient may have just arrived in the Emergency Room. Or records aren’t sent to primary care providers, leaving them in the dark about the course of a patient’s treatments. Amid continued concerns that digitized patient data still isn’t getting to the point of care, and facing pressure from providers and lawmakers who argue that hospitals and other health organizations are being forced to do too much too fast despite the perception that they should be well down the road, the Department of Health and Human Services recently issued final rules on an advanced set of requirements to make electronic health information more readily available to clinicians. The new standards are promised to be simpler and more flexible, responding to complaints from hospitals and physicians. The big picture of hospital connectivity in the U. S. today is “deeply negative,” says Eric Topol, author of “The Patient Will See You Now”. “There’s been tremendous resources put into this and little to show for it,” he says. “We have a country characterized by information-blocking, where there is a lack of connectivity from one health system to another, and patients are the victims because of all this Tower of Babel.” Topol points out that countries from Australia to Estonia have broken down barriers to information sharing and given patients greater ownership of their health care by putting their data into their own hands. He believes this model should replace the current “paternalistic (家长式作风的)” system where the control of patient information remains firmly with hospitals and other health providers. Many places around the world have instead adopted the patients-own-their-data model, Topol says. “Then you don’t worry so much about blocking, because the patient has the goods.” 1．Why did federal government decide to make electronic medical records? A．To satisfy demands from hard-core skeptics. B．To improve the efficiency of health care service. C．To be greener by abandoning paper records. D．To erase the competitions among different hospitals. 2．The path to electronic medical records was blocked by _______. A．a lack of universal standard B．the absence of qualified software supplies C．doctors’ reluctance to use computer D．large cost of updating computers 3．What made the Department of Health and Human Services issue the final rule? A．The perception that hospital is going the wrong road. B．Pressure from patients to receive immediate medical treatment. C．Concerns over the accessibility of the electronic medical data. D．Complaints about the simplicity of the old standard. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Hospitals are moving slowly to electronic medical records. B．Physicians are getting accustomed to computerized routines. C．“Paternalistic” system is widely accepted by the patients in the U. S.. D．Patients should have control over their digital medical data. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。这篇文章主要讲述了美国医疗系统从纸质记录向电子医疗记录转型的艰难过程，包括所遇到的障碍、目前存在的问题以及可能的解决方案。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Computerization of health care data would quickly get patients’ health information where it needs to go, improving care and cutting costs.(医疗保健数据的计算机化将迅速将患者的健康信息送到需要的地方，从而改善护理并降低成本)”可知，联邦政府决定制作电子病历是为了提高医疗服务的效率。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Overall, progress has been blocked, among other obstacles, by reluctance to share information with competitors, software from different suppliers that can’t communicate, physicians who have pushed back at hospitals where they had to struggle with unaccustomed computerized routines and the expense, often exceeding $1 billion in large hospital systems, of retooling outdated computers.(总的来说，阻碍了进展的障碍包括：不愿与竞争对手分享信息；来自不同供应商的软件无法沟通；医生在医院不得不与不习惯的计算机程序作斗争，以及更换过时计算机的费用（大型医院系统的费用往往超过10亿美元）)”可知，更新电脑的巨大成本阻碍了通往电子医疗记录的道路。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Amid continued concerns that digitized patient data still isn’t getting to the point of care, and facing pressure from providers and lawmakers who argue that hospitals and other health organizations are being forced to do too much too fast despite the perception that they should be well down the road, the Department of Health and Human Services recently issued final rules on an advanced set of requirements to make electronic health information more readily available to clinicians.(人们一直担心数字化的病人数据还没有达到护理的目的，并且面临着来自供应商和立法者的压力，他们认为医院和其他卫生组织被迫做得太多太快，尽管他们认为他们应该在未来很长一段时间内，卫生和人类服务部最近发布了一套高级要求的最终规则，以使临床医生更容易获得电子健康信息)”可知，促使卫生与公共服务部发布了最终规定的是对电子医疗数据可获得性的担忧。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Moving hospitals out of paper records and into digital connectivity has been tougher than anyone but hard-core skeptics (怀疑论者) thought seven years ago, when the federal government began pouring billions of dollars into a push to make electronic medical records the universal standard. Computerization of health care data would quickly get patients’ health information where it needs to go, improving care and cutting costs.(将医院从纸质病历转移到数字病历的过程比任何人都要困难，但七年前，当联邦政府开始投入数十亿美元推动电子病历成为通用标准时，铁杆怀疑论者却没有想到这一点。医疗保健数据的计算机化将迅速将患者的健康信息送到需要的地方，从而改善护理并降低成本)”结合这篇文章主要讲述了美国医疗系统从纸质记录向电子医疗记录转型的艰难过程，包括所遇到的障碍、目前存在的问题以及可能的解决方案。可知，这篇文章的主旨是医院正在缓慢地向电子病历迈进。故选A。 Passage 2 The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn’t leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars, policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared. Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing (叫车) services. Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 1．What does the word “materializing” in paragraph 1 most probably mean? A．consuming fewer resources B．coming into being C．drawing people’s attention D．enjoying an advantage 2．Paragraph 3 mainly talks about . A．drivers’ improper use of self-driving cars B．the worsening traffic due to self-driving cars C．the possible bad effects of self-driving cars D．the widespread application of self-driving cars 3．What of the following best illustrates the author’s attitude towards self-driving cars? A．It remains to be seen whether self-driving cars will be safe enough. B．The future of self-driving cars is not as bright as producers think. C．We should make self-driving cars a better choice of transportation. D．Policy makers should stop giving self-driving cars permits. 4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Preparing cities for self-driving cars B．Self-driving cars: shared or not? C．Shall we ban self-driving cars? D．Future self-driving cars 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一些城市开始批准自动驾驶汽车上路，并制定一些规则。文章还列举了自动驾驶汽车的一些优点和问题。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream”以及后文“Well, the future is apparently now.(好吧，未来显然就是现在)”可知，上文提到自动驾驶机器人汽车的可能性常常看起来像是未来主义者的梦想，暗示距离自动驾驶机器人汽车开始在现实中存在还有很多年时间，然而如今已经实现了。故划线词意思是“开始存在”。故选B。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Do we want to copy—or even worsen—the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport—an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing (叫车) services.(我们是想用无人驾驶汽车复制——甚至更糟——今天的交通状况吗?想象一下，大多数成年人拥有个人自动驾驶汽车的未来。他们可以忍受在拥挤的高速公路上漫长而缓慢的上下班旅程，因为他们可以在路上工作、娱乐或睡觉，这鼓励了城市的传播。他们开着无人驾驶汽车去约会，让空车绕着大楼转，以避免支付停车费。他们不再走几个街区去接孩子或去干洗衣服，而是派出了自动驾驶的小巴。这种便利甚至导致乘坐公共交通工具的人更少——研究人员已经在叫车服务中发现了一个不受欢迎的副作用)”可知，第3段主要讨论了自动驾驶汽车可能产生的不良影响。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.(政策制定者现在应该开始考虑如何确保无人驾驶汽车的出现不会扩大我们今天汽车控制的交通系统的最坏方面。即将到来的技术进步为城市和州提供了一个发展交通系统的机会，旨在运送更多的人，更实惠。未来的汽车即将到来。我们只需要做好计划)”可知，我们应该让自动驾驶汽车成为更好的交通工具。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn’t leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.(今年4月，加州机动车辆管理局开始批准公司在公共道路上测试真正的自动驾驶汽车。该州还为公司出售或出租自动驾驶汽车以及公司运营无人驾驶出租车服务扫清了道路。应该指出的是，加州在这方面并没有走在前面。公司已经在全国各地的城市测试了他们的汽车。很难预测无人驾驶汽车何时会在我们的道路上随处可见。但无论需要多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和城市，是好是坏，这取决于如何监管这种转变)”结合文章主要说明了一些城市开始批准自动驾驶汽车上路，并制定一些规则。文章还列举了自动驾驶汽车的一些优点和问题。可知，A选项“让城市为自动驾驶汽车做好准备”最符合文章标题。故选A。 Passage 3 In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 1．What do we know about the records of species collected now? A．They are becoming outdated. B．They are mostly in electronic form. C．They are limited in number. D．They are used for public exhibition. 2．What does Daru’s study focus on? A．Threatened species. B．Physical specimens. C．Observational data. D．Mobile applications. 3．What has led to the biases according to the study? A．Mistakes in data analysis. B．Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C．Improper way of sampling. D．Unreliable data collection devices. 4．What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A．Review data from certain areas. B．Hire experts to check the records. C．Confirm the identity of the users. D．Give guidance to citizen scientists. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。 话题 5：文化与时尚 1．《中国文化对国际时尚的影响》（来源：上海市闵行第三中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期 10 月月考英语试题）：指出中国文化长期为西方设计师提供灵感，以纽约 “中国镜花水月” 展览为例，该展览展示中国风格服饰与艺术品，吸引大量观众，印证西方对中国美学影响的关注。提到中国模特成为时尚活动代言人，王薇薇等中国设计师在设计与销售上超越西方同行，强调中国已从时尚消费市场转变为引领时尚潮流的核心力量。 2．《美食物理学的应用与影响》（来源：上海市卢湾高级中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期 10 月月考英语试题）：介绍 “美食物理学” 这一跨学科领域，研究感官与环境对饮食体验的影响，如餐具材质、餐厅灯光、背景音乐等都会改变味觉感知。重点阐述 “声音调味” 技术，通过播放特定音乐可增减食物的甜、酸、苦味，该技术已用于高级餐厅，还可通过播放 “甜味” 音乐减少食物糖分以促进健康，同时提及餐具设计（如重餐具提升味觉体验）的应用。 3．《成长类纪录片与电影的真实魅力》（来源：上海市甘泉外国语中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期 12 月月考英语试题）：以纪录片《00 后》和电影《少年时代》为例，说明成长类作品的特点 ——《00 后》耗时 10 年记录北京孩子从婴儿到青少年的真实成长，《少年时代》用 12 年拍摄主角从 6 岁到高中毕业的生活。这类作品因真实呈现生活、让观众产生情感共鸣而具有吸引力，虽展现平凡日常，却能让人感受到生活本身的非凡力量。 Passage 1 For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative. “It’s no secret that China has always been a source of inspiration for designers,” says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion shows. Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics (美学) on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences. “China is impossible to overlook,” says Hill. “Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion – they are central to its movement.” Of course, not only are today’s top Western designers being influenced by China, but some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese. “Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galliano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs — and beating them hands down in design and sales,” adds Hill. For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. “The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers,” she says, “China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about China — its influences, its directions, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways.” 1．What can we learn about the exhibition in New York? A．It promoted the sales of artworks. B．It attracted a large number of visitors. C．It showed ancient Chinese clothes. D．It aimed to introduce Chinese models. 2．What does Hill say about Chinese women? A．They do business all over the world. B．They admire super models. C．They start many fashion campaigns. D．They are setting the fashion. 3．The underlined phrase “taking on” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to __________. A．competing against B．learning from C．working with D．looking down on 4．Which of the following is the most suitable title for the text? A．A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York B．Young Models Selling Dreams to the World C．Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends D．Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了中国文化对世界时尚届的影响，中国年轻的设计师和模特如何最终在许多方面被认可，中国成了世界时尚的风向标。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.(这次展览的出席人数创历史新高，表明人们对中国的影响有着巨大的兴趣)”可知，纽约的展览吸引了许多参观者。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion – they are central to its movement.(中国模特是向全世界女性兜售梦想的美容和时尚活动的代言人，这意味着中国女性不仅仅是时尚的消费者——她们是时尚运动的核心)”可知，Hill说中国女性正在引领潮流。故选D项。 3．词义猜测题。根据第四段最后一句“and beating them hands down in design and sales(而且在设计和销售方面轻而易举地打败了他们)”以及划线词上文“Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are”可知，Vera Wang、Alexander Wang和Jason Wu正在与Galliano、Albaz和Mare Jacobs竞争，而且在设计和销售方面轻而易举地打败了他们，故划线短语taking on意思是“与……竞争”。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.(对于西方设计师来说，中国及其丰富的文化一直是西方创意的灵感来源)”以及最后一段“If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about China — its influences, its directions, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways.(如果你今天谈论时尚，你就是在谈论中国——它的影响，它的方向，它令人惊叹的服装，以及年轻的设计师和模特如何最终在许多方面承认这一点)”结合文章主要讲述了中国文化对世界时尚届的影响，中国年轻的设计师和模特如何最终在许多方面被认可，中国成了世界时尚的风向标。故文章最恰当的标题是“中国文化助力国际时尚潮流”。故选C项。 Passage 2 Experiment with Our Food Want to cook up a delicious meal? It’s not just about the food. We chat to psychologist Prof. Charles Spence about the strange science of gastrophysics. What exactly is gastrophystcs? It’s a combination of ‘gastronomy (美食学)’ and ‘psychophysics’, which involves the scientific study of how our experience of food and drink is affected by our senses and our surroundings, not just the food itself. It’s a small but growing area of research which brings together psychologists, neuroscientists, marketeers, chefs, product designers, and even musicians. So what kinds of things can affect our sense of taste? Pretty much everything! From the colour and shape of the plates to the weight and material of the cutlery (餐具), through to the shape of the table and the feel of the chair you’re sitting on. Then there’s the number of people you’re with, the mood you’re in, the lighting and background music in the restaurant, and memories associated with the food. When you put all these factors together, it adds up a lot. What’s the most surprising way in which our taste can be influenced? It’s the idea of sonic seasoning’, which uses sounds to change the taste of food. You can add as much as 15 per cent extra sweetness, sourness, or bitterness to a food simply by playing the right sort of music. We’ve created music to enhance sweetness and bitterness, and we also have music for sour, and spicy foods. Working with the Michelin-starred chocolatier Dominique Persoone in Belgium, we even showed that if we played ‘creamy’ music in his stores we could add extra creaminess to his chocolate. Neuroscientists have found direct connections in the mouse brain between the senses of smell and sound, so it might be that this occurs in humans too. Sonic seasoning is already being used to enhance meals in fancy restaurants, but we could also see it being used to benefit health by, for example, playing ’sweet’ music so that we’re happy with less sugar in our food. What’s the most innovative use of gastrophysics you’ve seen? There’s a lot happening in the world of cutlery design. Heston Blumenthal’s restaurant The Fat Duck is currently serving a dish called Counting Sheep, which comes with a fluffy (毛茸茸的), weighted spoon that smells of baby powder, designed to enhance the eating experience. We’ve found that food tends to taste better with heavier cutlery -- possibly because we associate weight with quality. 1．Which of the following statements is true of gastrophysics? A．It covers different subjects. B．It neglects food to some extent. C．It has been in existence for long. D．It is created by a psychophysicist. 2．According to Charles Spence, how can sonic seasoning be used to do good to our health? A．Helping us to be more resistant to the temptation to eat unhealthy food. B．Playing some music to make us feel our food is sweeter than It really is. C．Making experiments with mice to find out what food benefits our health. D．Training human brains to associate certain sounds with a particular flavour. 3．Which of the following examples best illustrates the use of gastrophysics? A．A restaurant hires a psychologist to design its layout. B．A restaurant varies the sweetness of its food. C．A restaurant uses heavier plates to serve food. D．A restaurant asks its customers for suggestions. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了一门被称为“gastrophysics”的新兴学科，即美食物理学，通过研究心理学与物理学如何影响味觉体验。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“It’s a small but growing area of research which brings together psychologists, neuroscientists, marketeers, chefs, product designers, and even musicians.”（这是一个很小但不断发展的研究领域，汇集了心理学家、神经科学家、市场营销者、厨师、产品设计师，甚至音乐家）可知，“gastrophysics”覆盖了不同的学科，A项正确。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“It’s the idea of sonic seasoning’, which uses sounds to change the taste of food.”（这是“声音调味”的概念，即用声音来改变食物的味道。）和第五段“Neuroscientists have found direct connections in the mouse brain between the senses of smell and sound, so it might be that this occurs in humans too. Sonic seasoning is already being used to enhance meals in fancy restaurants, but we could also see it being used to benefit health by, for example, playing ’sweet’ music so that we’re happy with less sugar in our food.”（神经科学家已经在老鼠的大脑中发现了嗅觉和听觉之间的直接联系，所以这可能也发生在人类身上。声波调味料已经被用于高级餐厅的菜肴，但我们也可以看到它被用于有益健康，例如，播放“甜蜜”的音乐，这样我们就可以对食物中的糖分减少感到满意。）可知，根据查尔斯·斯宾塞的说法，声波调味帮助我们抵御不健康食品的诱惑。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“We’ve found that food tends to taste better with heavier cutlery -- possibly because we associate weight with quality.”（我们发现，用较重的餐具吃起来味道更好——可能是因为我们把重量和质量联系在一起。）可知，使用较重的餐具可以改善食物的口味，这是gastrophysics的应用实例，故选C。 Passage 3 Post-00s is a documentary about growing up. It covers almost every aspect of millennials’ experiences on their path toward adolescence — their struggles with schoolwork, their relationship with peers, their confusion if a younger brother or sister is born into the family, and their growing desire to keep a distance from their parents. But this five-episode series was different from any other TV program with a similar theme. Post-00s was filmed over a period of 10 years, during which the show’s makers followed a group of kids in Beijing from when they were infants through to when they became teenagers. In other words, the show’s “characters” grow older for real, and their stories are all real. “Coming-of-age” stories, as they’re known, have a special appeal. They satisfy our curiosity of peeking (窥视) at someone else’s life, and we become more and more attached to the characters as if we truly know them. And while we enjoy the truthfulness of the stories because nothing is set in advance, we also can’t help but feel the cruelty of reality. After all, there’s no re-writing of the script (剧本) and there’s no turning back — this is real life. This realness can also be seen in Boyhood, a 2014 film that won the Silver Bear award for best director at the 64th Berlin International Film Festival. During a period of 12 years, the film follows the life of Mason Jr-played by US actor EHar Coltrane — from when he was 6 to when he finished high school. One of Boyhood’s appeals comes from its “ordinariness”, according to Independent editor Geoffrey Macnab. “Mason Jr isn’t some child genius… He is a quietly spoken, fairly typical American boy, growing up in the Texas suburbs. He likes riding his bike and playing video games. While coming-of-age stories may look ordinary on the outside, they often allow us to look underneath the surface and see something extraordinary — the power of life itself. 1．In the documentary, we see post-00’s growing experience EXCEPT______. A．how they deal with their studies B．how they help look after brothers or sisters C．how they get along with people of their age D．how much they long to be completely independent of parents 2．What do Post-00 and Boyhood have in common? A．They’re intended to win an award for best director. B．The heroes and heroines are characters themselves. C．They’re a kind of reality show of ordinary kids’ growth. D．The stories are based on true life but polished by writers. 3．Audience are interested in “coming-of-age” stories because ______. A．they can see the truth of life B．they know the characters well C．they are much fond of gossip D．they appreciate stories of daily life 4．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A．Post-00s are different geniuses. B．Actors are ordinary characters. C．Documentary is real life. D．Life is one big story. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了以成长为主题的纪录片《00后》和电影《少年时代》。它们通过记录孩子在成长过程中所经历的真实故事，揭示生活的力量和真实感。 1．细节理解题 。根据文章第一段内容“It covers almost every aspect of millennials’ experiences on their path toward adolescence — their struggles with schoolwork, their relationship with peers, their confusion if a younger brother or sister is born into the family, and their growing desire to keep a distance from their parents.(它几乎涵盖了千禧一代在青春期经历的每一个方面——他们在学业上的挣扎，他们与同龄人的关系，他们在家里出生弟弟或妹妹时的困惑，以及他们越来越想与父母保持距离的愿望)”可知，纪录片展示了00后在学业、人际关系、家庭成员出生导致的困惑及与父母疏远的心理变化，但没有提到他们非常渴望完全独立于父母。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的 “Post-00s was filmed over a period of 10 years, during which the show’s makers followed a group of kids in Beijing from when they were infants through to when they became teenagers. In other words, the show’s “characters” grow older for real, and their stories are all real.(《00后》拍摄了10年，拍摄者跟踪记录了一组北京的孩子从婴儿到青少年的成长过程。换言之，剧中的“角色”真实地变老了，他们的故事都是真实的。)”以及第四段中对《少年时代》的描述“This realness can also be seen in Boyhood , a 2014 film that won the Silver Bear award for best director at the 64th Berlin International Film Festival. During a period of 12 years, the film follows the life of Mason Jr-played by US actor EHar Coltrane — from when he was 6 to when he finished high school.(这种真实性也可以在《少年时代》中看到，这部2014年的电影在第64届柏林国际电影节上获得了银熊奖最佳导演奖。在12年的时间里，这部电影讲述了小梅森（由美国演员埃哈尔·科尔特兰饰演）从6岁到高中毕业的生活）”可以看出，两者都记录了普通孩子的成长过程，属于一种展现真实生活的“现实节目”。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第三段““Coming-of-age” stories, as they’re known, have a special appeal. They satisfy our curiosity of peeking (窥视) at someone else’s life, and we become more and more attached to the characters as if we truly know them. And while we enjoy the truthfulness of the stories because nothing is set in advance, we also can’t help but feel the cruelty of realit (众所周知，“成长故事”有着特殊的吸引力。他们满足了我们窥探别人生活的好奇心，我们越来越喜欢这些角色，就好像我们真的了解他们一样。虽然我们享受故事的真实性，因为没有什么是预先设定的，但我们也不禁感受到现实的残酷)”可知，观众喜欢“成长”故事是因为它呈现了真实的生活。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通过全文内容并结合最后一段 “While coming-of-age stories may look ordinary on the outside, they often allow us to look underneath the surface and see something extraordinary — the power of life itself.(虽然成长故事看起来很平凡，但它们往往能让人深入表面看到一些非凡之处——生活本身的力量）”可知，文章核心内容强调的是成长故事反映了生活本身的力量。因此，最佳标题为“Life is one big story(生活就是一个大故事)”。故选D。 话题 6：城市与环境 1．《伦敦的步行热潮与推动因素》（来源：上海市第二中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期期中英语试卷）：指出伦敦是适合步行的城市，2001-2011 年日常步行出行量增长 12%，分析原因包括人口增长、地铁拥挤，以及政府推动 “步行城市” 建设（如制作清晰地图、设置统一标识）、街道改造（如南肯辛顿展览路提升路面质量、减少车辆通行），还有健康宣传和计步器流行提升市民步行意识。 2．《低碳经济的全球合作与实践》（来源：上海市金山中学 2024-2025 学年高一上学期 12 月月考英语试题）：中国官员提出发达国家与发展中国家可在低碳经济领域相互借鉴，中国在节能和绿色经济方面并不落后，双方面临不同气候挑战（如英国关注交通减排，中国需避免工业化误区）。介绍 ABB 集团推广产品生命周期评估（LCA）以减少碳排放，西门子计划在智能电网领域获取订单，智能电网通过数字技术实现节能、降本、提效，中美是其主要市场。 3．《洋流研究的特殊方法》（来源：上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学国际部 2023-2024 学年高一下学期期末英语试卷）：说明多数科学家用卫星等高科技研究洋流，而海洋专家 Curtis Esmeyer 通过追踪漂浮垃圾（如 1990 年代美国西北海岸冲上岸的运动鞋）研究洋流。他通过确定鞋子落水时间地点、收集上岸信息，测试并改进洋流模型，还成立海滩搜寻者与海洋专家协会，记录各类海洋漂浮物，为洋流研究提供独特视角。 Passage 1 Developed and developing nations can learn from each other seeking a low carbon economy, a Chinese government official said in Shanghai yesterday. “China doesn’t lag developed nations in terms of energy saving and green economy”, said Zhou Changyi, director of the energy saving department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. “While we can learn many aspects from developed nations, they also should learn something from us, such as water conservation,” Zhou said in a speech during the new Path of China’s Industrialisation forum at the ongoing China International Industry Fair 2009. He said industrialised nations and China are dealing with different issues to combat climate change. The United Kingdom, for example, is concerned about transport, buildings and new energy in reducing carbon emissions. For China, the most urgent task is how to realise new type of industrialisation and avoid mistakes that other countries made when they industrialised. Swiss power and automation technology group ABB called for a stronger focus on product life-cycle assessment, or LCA, which is used to study the environmental impact of a product from the research and manufacturing stage through its usage and recycling. Tobias Becker, head of ABB’s process automation division for North Asia and China, said LCA is an effective tool in helping manufacturing industries to reduce carbon emissions. LCA shows that industrial customers should focus on a product’s environmental impact   throughout its life-cycle instead of on its initial investment. Richard Hausmann, North East Asia CEO of Siemens, said, “The colour of future industrialisation is green.” The Germany company recently announces that it wants to receive orders worth more than 6 billion Euros ($ 8.8 billion) for intelligent power networks, Smart Grid, over the next five years. Siemens has set a 20 per cent market share target for the global smart grid business. A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using digital technology, advanced sensors specialised computers that save energy, reduce costs and increase reliability. The United States and China are considered the two biggest markets for smart grid. 1．The underlined word “lag” in Paragraph2 is closest in meaning to ________. A．attack B．be superior to C．fall behind D．fear 2．What can we infer from the last paragraph of this passage? A．Siemens’ plan about Smart Grid may come true in the future. B．Siemens received orders worth 6 billion Euros recently. C．Siemens will earn $8.8 billion from intelligent power networks. D．Siemens has occupied 20% market share for the global smart grid business. 3．What is NOT mentioned about Smart Grid in the passage? A．Energy saving. B．Small in size. C．Security. D．Low cost. 4．What is the best title for the passage? A．Developed and Developing Nations can Learn from Each Other. B．Two Biggest Markets for Smart Grid. C．Intelligent Power Networks. D．Low Carbon Economy - a Shared Goal. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。 作者通过这篇文章主要向我们讲述了目前工业化导致的气候问题严重，急需寻求发展成熟的低碳环保型经济方式，中国和许多海外国家对此都采取了许多方式，中国政府官员表示，发展中国家和发达国家就寻求低碳经济发展上可以互相借鉴，这是我们共同的目标． 1．词句猜测题。根据第三段引文“While we can learn many aspects from developed nations, they also should learn something from us, such as water conservation (虽然我们可以向发达国家学习很多方面，但他们也应该向我们学习一些东西，比如节约用水)”可知，周认为在这一方面我们国家也有值得发达国家学习一些东西。由此可知，他认为我们并没有比发达国家表现的差。据此推测，在第二段中他会表达在节能方面中国并不落后于发达国家。所以lag意思是“落后于”，和fall behind同义，故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据最后一段“A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using digital technology, advanced sensors specialised computers that save energy, reduce costs and increase reliability. The United States and China are considered the two biggest markets for smart grid. (智能电网利用数字技术、先进的传感器、专门的计算机将电力从供应商输送给消费者，从而节省能源、降低成本并提高可靠性。美国和中国被认为是智能电网的两个最大市场。)”可知，智能电网的发展前景还是很好的，由此推测，Siemens的计划是有可能实现的。B.C.D.项的内容都是和倒数第二段有关，与最后一段无关，且内容不符文章内容。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using digital technology, advanced sensors specialised computers that save energy, reduce costs and increase reliability. (智能电网利用数字技术、先进的传感器、专门的计算机将电力从供应商输送给消费者，从而节省能源、降低成本并提高可靠性。)”可知，文章没有提及智能电网的大小和规模。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Developed and developing nations can learn from each other seeking a low carbon economy, a Chinese government official said in Shanghai yesterday. (一位中国政府官员昨日在上海表示，发达国家和发展中国家可以在寻求低碳经济的过程中相互学习。)”并通读全文，文章主要介绍了各个国家对于低碳经济的举措，发展中国家和发达国家就寻求低碳经济发展上可以互相借鉴，这是他们共同的目标。故选D项。 Passage 2 LONDON is a city made for walking. Unlike, for instance, Los Angeles, its centre is easily accessible on foot. Outer boroughs (行政区) are no more than an hour or two away. Its curved streets, in contrast to the rigid grid (刚性网格) of New York, welcome lazy wanderers and busy commuters alike. But despite traffic queues and crowded underground carriages, most preferred to drive or to squeeze on to the Tube to get around the city. This is starting to change. Between 2001 and 2011, the number of trips made daily on foot in London increased by 12%. Nearly a third of the Londoners sampled made a continuous walk of 30 minutes once a week to get from place to place, rather than for exercise. One of the largest changes in the city over the past decade is the number of pedestrians, says Michele Dix of Transport for London (TfL), which runs the city’s transport networks. It launched the Roads Task Force, with plans to improve pavements. Several reasons account for the walking boom. The number of Londoners increased by 12% from 7.3 million in 2001 to 8.2 million in 2011, and Tube trains are getting old- fashioned and overcrowded. But other factors also encourage pedestrians. In 2004 Ken Livingstone, then mayor of London, swore to make London a “walkable city”. Some of his plans were carried on by Boris Johnson, the mayor. These include a scheme to create clearly-marked maps for use across the city. Of 33 boroughs in London, 22 now have the typical yellow- branded signs on their streets. All TfL-owned property (such as Tube stations and bicycle- hi re points) is covered by the scheme. This prevents tourists from popping on the Tube to travel one stop from Covent Garden to Leicester Square, a distance of 0.3 mile. Streets are also becoming more pedestrian- friendly. Exhibition Road in South Kensington was redeveloped in 2011. Pavements were replaced by better- quality bricks. Fewer cars now go down the road, which stretches from Hyde Park to the museums and restaurants around the station, encouraging moving crowds of pedestrians. Londoners may also be more aware of the advantages of walking. Health campaigns like the NHS’s ‘LiveWell’ emphasize that walking is the easiest form of exercise. Rubber wrist band pedometers (计步器), such as ‘FitBit’ and ‘FuelBand’, are also increasingly popular. 1．From the first paragraph, it can be learned that _________. A．It’s within walking distance for Londoners to go between different boroughs B．You can see many people rushing or walking round you along the London streets C．Londoners enjoy taking the crowded subway to travel through the city D．It is not allowed gradually to drive or take the tube in the city center of London 2．Which of the following statements about TfL (Transport for London) is NOT true? A．It launched the Roads Task Force. B．It runs the city’s transport networks. C．It owns properties such as Tube stations. D．It aims to create clearly-marked maps for use. 3．This passage mainly talks about _________. A．Londoners’ healthy lifestyle B．the encouragement for people to walk C．a city which is suitable for walking D．London’s walking boom and its reasons 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了伦敦适合步行且步行热潮上升的现象及其原因。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Unlike, for instance, Los Angeles, its centre is easily accessible on foot. Outer boroughs (行政区) are no more than an hour or two away.(不像洛杉矶，它的中心很容易步行到达。行政区离这里不超过一两个小时的路程。)”可知，伦敦人可以在不同的行政区之间步行，故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Some of his plans were carried on by Boris Johnson, the mayor. These include a scheme to create clearly-marked maps for use across the city.(他的一些计划由市长鲍里斯·约翰逊执行。其中包括为整个城市创建清晰标记地图的计划。)”可知，创建清晰的地图以供使用是伦敦市长的计划，而不是伦敦交通局的目的，D选项“它的目的是创建清晰标记的地图供使用”不正确。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。根据第一段“LONDON is a city made for walking.(伦敦是一座适合步行的城市)”以及第二段“Between 2001 and 2011, the number of trips made daily on foot in London increased by 12%.(2001年至2011年间，伦敦每天步行出行的人数增加了12%。)”结合本文介绍了伦敦适合步行且步行热潮上升的现象及其原因。可知，这篇文章主要谈论的是伦敦的步行热潮及其原因，故选D。 Passage 3 The life of a journalist can be exciting. To be in constant pursuit of the latest news demands a curiosity that can only be rewarded by getting to “where it is happening” as soon as possible. The goal, of course, is to relate what is happening to the public as clearly as possible. However, every journalist must be careful to report not only a vivid picture of what is happening, but a true picture. Each journalist reports his or her own version of what has taken place. Still, this version must be an actual account if the reporter is to maintain a reliable reputation. In order to get to the truth in some new stories, a reporter must rely on the statements of someone who is on the inside of the situation. Often this insider will only talk to a reporter if the reporter promises never to reveal the insider’s name. The insider usually threatens never to admit meeting with the reporter if his or her name is revealed. Because stories of this nature often involve criminal activity, reporting them becomes a dangerous job. This kind of work involved in obtaining news in this summer serves as an inviting situation for the underworld as well as the legal world. Members of the underworld want to find out who the insider is so that they can keep him or her quiet. Members of the legal world claim that the reporter will disturb justice if he or she fails to disclose the insider’s name. Rather than be unaccountable to a trusted informant, most reporters will go to jail if need be. Freedom of the press is provided by the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. Impure interpretations of this portion of the constitution cause a small number of reporters to be jailed every year. However, as yet, no amount of legal maneuvering (操纵) has been able to put out this light of freedom set up by our forefathers. All of the reporters refusing to reveal the names of their informants have eventually been released. Devotion of this kind has given journalism its reputation for reliability — a reliability that each journalist is expected to uphold in his or her search for truth. Supplying a truthful account of each day’s occurrence is the serious contract made between reporter and the public. 1．According to the passage, those who give inside information ________. A．are usually under police protection B．do not want their names made public C．are on rare occasions on good terms with reliable reporter D．often have difficulty in protecting their lives 2．Judging by the context, the word “inviting” in paragraph 4 can be replaced by _____. A．scheming B．unknowing C．stirring D．tempting 3．Some reporters are put into prison mainly because ________. A．the courts sometimes misinterpret the First Amendment of the Constitution B．they get inside stories by dishonest means C．they are against the First Amendment of the Constitution D．there is no law in the United States to protect freedom of the press 4．The author implies in the passage that a reliable reporter ________. A．seldom follows the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States B．should be diligent, clever and inventive C．must provide the public with a truthful account as clearly as possible D．must try every means to satisfy the public’s curiosity 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了作为一名记者，尽管令人兴奋，但每个记者都必须注意生动地报道所发生的事情。此外，他们后面应该有一幅真实的画面。记者必须依靠在场人员的陈述，才能了解一些新闻报道的真相。正是奉献精神使新闻业以可靠性著称。 1．细节理解题。文章第三段讲到“Often this insider will only talk to a reporter if the reporter promises never to reveal the insider’s name. The insider usually threatens never to admit meeting with the reporter if his or her name is revealed. (通常情况下，只有在记者承诺绝不透露知情人姓名的情况下，知情人才会与记者交谈。知情人通常威胁说，如果他或她的名字被披露，他或她永远不会承认与记者见面)”可知，根据这篇文章，提供内幕消息的人不希望他们的名字被公开。故选B。 2．词义猜测题。文章第四段inviting下文讲到“Members of the underworld want to find out who the insider is so that they can keep him or her quiet. Members of the legal world claim that the reporter will disturb justice if he or she fails to disclose the insider’s name. (黑社会的成员想知道知情人是谁，这样他们就可以让他或她保持沉默。法律界的成员声称，如果记者不披露知情者的姓名，他或她将扰乱司法公正。)”可知，黑社会和法律界都想知道知情人是谁，这对他们很有吸引力。因此。第四段中的“inviting”一词的意思是“诱人的,吸引人的”，可以用tempting“吸引人的”来替换。故选D。 3．细节理解题。文章倒数第二段讲到“Impure interpretations of this portion of the constitution cause a small number of reporters to be jailed every year (对宪法这一部分的不公正解释每年都会导致少数记者入狱)”可知，有些记者被关进监狱主要是因为法院有时会曲解宪法第一修正案。故选A。 4．推理判断题。文章最后一段讲到“Devotion of this kind has given journalism its reputation for reliability—a reliability that each journalist is expected to uphold in his or her search for truth. Supplying a truthful account of each day’s occurrence is the serious contract made between reporter and the public (这种奉献精神让新闻业赢得了可靠的声誉—这种可靠性是每个记者在寻求真相时都应该坚持的。如实报道每天发生的事情是记者和公众之间的严肃契约)”可知，作者在文章中暗示，一个可靠的记者必须尽可能清楚地向公众提供真实的解释。故选C。 $