专题08 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，上海专用）高二英语上学期

专题08 阅读理解之说明文 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海延安中学·期中) New big pack from Sierra DesignsThe latest pack from Sierra Designs is the Gigawatt 60L. The pack has an adjustable back system that fits back lengths from 40cm to 53cm. It’s made from durable 300D polyester. Features include a zipped top and side access, oversized side and front pockets. The Gigawatt 60L weighs 1.84kg and costs £130. sierradesigns.com Scarpa upgrades its Maestrale bootsMaestrale Re-Made ski boots are made from Polymer taken from around three tons of leftover materials. Creating a Re-Made boot from Polymer emits(排放) 27% less carbon dioxide than creating a “classic” boot from plant-based Pebax Rnew, which emits 32% less carbon dioxide than Fossil-based Plastics. The design and manufacturing process behind the Re-Made boot were developed by Scarpa’s Green Lab, the production department dedicated to sustainable solutions. A pair costs £500. scarpa.co.uk/ellis-brigham.com Vasque Breeze gets sustainable updateThe well-established Vasque Breeze hiking boot has been modernised with environmentally friendly materials. It’s now made with recycled polyester and is the first boot to have a VasqueDry Waterproof membrane, which is made from 25% recycled materials. The Breeze is also comfortable to wear with its soft footbed. The Breeze weighs 1120 grams and comes in two widths. It costs £140. vasque.com The North Face launches new ski touring clothingThe Dawn Turn clothing provides a layering system for ski touring designed to keep you warm, dry and freely moving. It includes a shell jacket, midlayers, trousers and accessories. The Dawn Turn 2.0 jacket won the innovation award at ISPO for its breathable layer. The cost is £350. The Dawn Turn 1.0 Jacket is made from waterproof DryVent. It features a windproof hood and oversized front pockets, and costs £325. thenorthface.co.uk 1．Who might be the target readers of the passage? A．The ski athletes. B．The environmentalists. C．The fabric producers. D．The outdoor lovers. 2．In the ski boots production, which order is correct in terms of the carbon dioxide emissions? A．Polymer>Pebax Renew>Fossil-based Plastics B．Fossil-based Plastics> Polymer>Pebax Renew C．Fossil-based Plastics>Pebax Renew>Polymer D．Polymer>Fossil-based Plastics>Pebax Renew 3．Which of the following statement is TRUE according to the passage? A．The Dawn Turn 1.0 Jacket won the innovation award at ISPO. B．The Vasque Breeze hiking boot is both eco-friendly and waterproof. C．The latest big pack from Sierra Designs has a fixed back system. D．Both kinds of boots mentioned in the passage have two different widths. Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海奉贤区·期中) Cognitive Processing Therapy(CPT), a long-term psychological therapy, is a specific type of cognitive behavioral therapy which reduces post-traumatic stress disorder (创伤后应激障碍) symptoms after natural disasters. Typically, CPT is delivered over 12 sessions to help patients learn how to modify negative attitudes and practices related to their trauma. The goal is that the patient then creates a new, more positive view and understanding of the traumatic event, which reduces on-going negative effects on the patient’s current life. It specifically focuses on the core trauma themes of safety, trust, power and control, etc. Delivered both individually and in structured group sessions, it allows for multiple different paths to receive effective treatments. In some studies, it has shown to be helpful in cases where medicine alone has not worked. Because CPT focuses on retraining thoughts and behaviors to form practical strategies that can be applied to everyday life. Compared to other talk-therapies, it has been especially successful, because it can be completed in a brief period of time, allowing for a lower patient dropout rate. It also enhances brain connectivity, which lessens long-term impacts of trauma. This increased connectivity is why cognitive behavioral therapy is often argued to be more effective than medicine. On the other hand, there are also multiple disadvantages to CPT. Due to its structured nature, it may not be suitable for people with more complex mental health needs or learning difficulties. Additionally, since it involves facing up to emotions and fears, patients may experience initial periods of additional anxiety or discomfort. Some therapists also argue that because it only addresses current problems and specific issues it does not address possible fundamental causes of mental health conditions, and because it focuses on the individual’s capacity to change themselves it does not address wider system problems that have a significant impact on a patient’s health and well-being. However, focusing mainly on post-natural disasters, regardless of pre-disaster health, CPT has been repeatedly proven to be a rather successful treatment approach. Although there have not been studies generalizing CPT for children, it is an effective treatment for adults. The clear effectiveness of CPT demonstrates the importance of patient-specific therapies that are unique to the experiences of individual patients. 1．According to the passage, CPT is intended to help patients _________. A．learn how to modify various negative attitudes and practices B．cultivate a positive view and understanding of the traumatic events C．minimize on-going negative effects on their previous and current life D．focus on the core trauma themes of safety, trust, power, control, etc. 2．Compared with other talk-therapies, what feature contributes to the effectiveness of CPT? A．Its multiple treating assignments. B．Its applicable strategies in daily life. C．Its higher treatment fulfillment. D．Its brain connectivity enhancement. 3．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Post-disaster health is not taken into consideration in the CPT. B．CPT proves to be the most successful treatment approach so far. C．More researches might be conducted into the effectiveness of CPT in children. D．CPT addresses the fundamental causes of patients’ mental health conditions. 4．What is the main idea of this passage? A．The application of Cognitive Processing Therapy. B．An introduction to a long-term psychological therapy. C．A breakthrough in the psychological medical field. D．The limitations of Cognitive Processing Therapy. The Secret of Success The recipe for succeeding in any given field is hardly a mystery: good ideas, hard work, discipline, imagination, perseverance and maybe a little luck. Oh, and let’s not forget failure, which Dashun Wang and his colleagues at Northwestern University call “the essential prerequisite (先决条件) for success” in a new paper. But not every failure leads to success, he adds. And what eventually separates the winners from the losers, the research shows, certainly is not persistence. One of the more interesting findings in the paper, published last October in Nature, is that the people who eventually succeeded and the people who eventually failed tried basically the same number of times to achieve their goals. It turns out that trying again and again only works if you learn from your previous failures. The idea is to work smart, not hard. You have to figure out what worked and what didn’t, and then focus on what needs to be improved instead of struggling around and changing everything,” says Wang. “The people who failed didn’t necessarily work less than those who succeeded. They could actually have worked more: it’s just that they made more unnecessary changes.” As they explored “the mechanisms governing the dynamics of failure”, Wang’s team identified what they describe as previously unknown statistical signatures that separate successful groups from unsuccessful groups, making it possible to predict their final outcomes. One such key indicator is the time between consecutive (连续的) failed attempts, which should decrease steadily. In other words, the faster you fail, the better your chances of success, and the more time between attempts, the more likely you are to fail again. “If someone has applied for a grant and they are three failures in,” Wang says, “if we just look at the timing between the failures, we will be able to predict whether they will eventually succeed or not.” Working with such large-scale data, Wang and his colleagues were able to identify a critical point that was common to each of the hundreds of thousands of undertakings they had analyzed, a fork in the road where one path leads to a development region and one leads to a stagnation region. Wang points out that the existence of the tipping point cuts against the traditional explanations for failure or success, such as luck or a person’s work habits. “What we’ re showing here is that even in the absence of such differences, you can still have very different outcomes.” he says. What matters is how people fail, how they respond to failure and where those failures lead. 1．It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that________. A．winners are more persistent than losers B．failure is not important for success at all C．more trying doesn’t necessarily result in success D．winners and losers differ in how many times they tried 2．Wang and his colleagues believe that________. A．no one can obtain success without failure B．failure can sometimes help predict success C．the performance pattern is difficult to identify D．the critical point had been discovered by chance 3．The underlined phrase “a stagnation region” in Paragraph 6 refers to a region________. A．without progress B．beyond recognition C．unknown to outsiders D．in its elementary stage 4．What is the conclusion of Wang’s research? A．Winners try less than losers. but gain more. B．Perseverance is the utmost secret to success. C．Working smart could turn failures into future successes. D．Luck and work habits hardly make any difference to the result. 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海交通大学附属中学嘉定分校等四校联考·期中) Women’s basketball began in the winter of 1892 at Smith College. Senda Berenson, an instructor at Smith, taught basketball to her students, hoping the activity would improve their physical health. Basketball’s early supporters were affiliated with YMCAs (The Young Men’s Christian Association) and colleges throughout the United States, and the game quickly spread throughout the country. However, Berenson was taking risks simply in teaching the game to women. She worried a little about the women suffering from “nervous fatigue” if games were too strenuous for them. And, in order to keep it “acceptable” for women to play at all, she taught modified rules. These included a court divided into three areas and nine players per team. Three players were assigned to each area (guard, center, forward) and could not cross the line into another area. The ball was moved from section to section by passing or dribbling. Players were limited to three dribbles and could hold the ball for three seconds. No snatching or batting the ball away from a player was allowed. A center jump was required after each score. Peach baskets and the soccer ball were the equipment. Variations of Berenson’s rules spread across the country via YMCAs and colleges. The first intercollegiate women’s basketball game was played between teams from Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley, in 1896. The popularity of women’s basketball grew steadily around the world for decades. By the 1970s the sport had attracted the notice the International Olympic Committee, which added women’s basketball as an official sport of the Olympic Games in 1976. The Women’s World Cup was created by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA). It began in 1953, held in Chile, three years after the first men’s World Championship. For most of its early history, it was not held in the same year as the men’s championship. After the 1983 event, FIBA changed the scheduling so that the women’s tournament would be held in even-numbered non-Olympic years, a change that had come to the men’s tournament in 1970. Only four nations have won titles in the history of the Women’s World Cup. The United States has won the title nine times, including six of the last eight. The Soviet Union won six titles, including five in a row from 1959 to 1975. The only other countries to win have been Brazil in 1994 and Australia in 2006. 1．The underlined words “strenuous” in paragraph 2 properly means___________. A．interesting B．tough C．comfortable D．strange 2．Why were the rules for women’s basketball originally different from those of men’s basketball? A．To make the game shorter. B．To make the game easier. C．To make the game more challenging. D．To make the game more interesting. 3．According to the passage, which country has never won the FIBA women’s basketball championship? A．The United States. B．Russia. C．Brazil. D．Austria. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Women’s basketball is more challenging than men’s basketball. B．Women basketball player aren’t as good as male basketball players. C．America is the strongest country for women’ basketball so far. D．Women’s basketball is a serious sport with a long history. Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海青浦高级中学·期中)Commuter trains are often stuffy and crowded, and they frequently fail to run on time. As if that were not bad enough, Tsuyoshi Hondou, a physicist at Tohoku University in Japan, published a paper in 2002 that gave commuters yet another reason to feel uncomfortable. He examined mobile-phone usage in enclosed spaces such as railway carriages, buses and lifts, all of which are, in essence, metal boxes. His model predicted that a large number of passengers crowded together, all talking, sending text messages, or browsing the web on their phones, could produce levels of electromagnetic radiation (电磁辐射) that exceed international safety standards. That is because the radio waves produced by each phone are reflected off the metal walls of the carriage, bus or lift. Enough radiation escapes to allow the phone to communicate with the network, but the rest bathes the inside of the carriage with bouncing microwaves. This sounds worrying. But maybe it isn’t after all. In a paper published recently in Applied Physics Letters, Jaime Ferrer from the University of Oviedo in Spain dispute Dr Hondou’s findings. He concludes that the level of radiation is safe after all. The key addition to the new research is the effect of the passengers themselves. While each phone produces radiation that bounces around the car, the passengers absorb some of it, which has the effect of reducing the overall intensity, just as the presence of an audience changes the acoustics (音响效果) of a concert hall, making it less reverberant (回响的). Dr Hondou’s model, in short, was valid only in the case of a single passenger sitting in an empty carriage with an active mobile phone on every seat. Dr Hondou did not calculate the effect that leaving out the other passengers would have on the radiation level. As a result, he significantly overestimated the level of electromagnetic radiation. When one is sitting on a train, Dr Ferrer found, the most important sources of radiation are one’s own phone, and those of one’s immediate neighbours. The radiation from these sources far exceeds that from other phones or from waves bouncing around the carriage. And all these sources together produce a level of radiation within the bounds defined by the ICNIRP, the international system that regulates such matters. People concerned about the effects of mobile-phone radiation are unlikely to take much comfort from Dr Ferrer’s results. They worry that even small amounts of microwave radiation — within the ICNIRP’s limits — may have unfavorable health effects. The evidence so far is ambiguous, inconsistent and inadequate. Indeed, Dr Ferrer says he was surprised at how little research has been done in this area. Yet both Dr Hondou’s results and Dr Ferrer’s are based on mathematical models, not physical measurements. Their models make assumptions about the physical properties of train carriages and their passengers, and both assume that the radiation is uniformly distributed (分配) rather than gathered into “hot spots”. But if the debate about the safety of mobile phones is to be settled, there must be less reliance on models and assumptions, and more emphasis on hard experimental data. 1．Why does the paper published by Dr Hondou make the commuters worried? A．Because he holds the view that commuter trains do not meet international radiation safety standards. B．Because he thinks that the radiation produced by all the mobile phones in the enclosed spaces will bounce around and be harmful. C．Because the commuters fear that the metal walls of the railway carriage will threaten their health. D．Because the commuters are afraid that the time for banning the use of mobile phone in the railway carriage is approaching. 2．What is the commuters’ reaction after learning about the new research by Dr Ferrer? A．They don’t worry about the safety of mobile phone any more. B．They expect Dr Ferrer to carry out more researches in this area. C．They still have concerns over the mobile-phone radiation. D．They find the results of all the researches boring. 3．Dr Hondou’s research and that of Dr Ferrer share the following similarities EXCEPT______ . A．their findings are developed from mathematical models B．they focus on a single passenger in the empty railway carriage C．the models are based on assumptions about the physical properties of train carriages and the passengers D．their models are built in a way that the radiation in the enclosed spaces is regularly distributed 4．What is the author’s attitude toward the research on the effects of mobile-phone radiation? A．He is surprised that too little research has been carried out in this area. B．He thinks that the most important thing for the researcher is to perfect their models. C．He is satisfied with the progress made so far. D．He thinks researchers have to depend more on physical experiments. Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海建平中学·期中)Increasingly, AI-generated outputs drift across our feeds and searches. Far beyond our screens, the entire culture is becoming affected. A recent study examining scientists’ peer reviews revealed that the word “meticulous(严谨的)” was used 34 times more often than in the previous year. The phrasing, one of the favorite buzzwords of modern large language models like ChatGPT, indicates that many researchers are handing their work over to AI. This reflects a much bigger problem. Any viral post on social media now almost certainly includes AI-generated replies, all to attract follows. Then there is the growing use of AI to scale the creation of cheap synthetic videos for children on YouTube. The narratives make no sense, and characters appear and disappear randomly. As a neuroscientist, this worries me. Isn’t it possible that human culture contains within it cognitive nutrients— things like cohesive narrations and character continuity— that developing brains need? But what happens when a toddler is consuming mostly AI-generated content? It’s worth looking to a historical analogy(类比) for our current situation: the environmental movement. For just as companies and individuals were driven to pollute by economic incentives, so, too, is AI’s cultural pollution driven by a rational decision to fill the internet’s appetite for content as cheaply as possible. However, there has been undeniable progress keeping our cities mostly free of smog. How? Garrett Hardin, a biologist and ecologist, emphasized in 1968 that pollution was an over exploitation of shared resources driven by people acting in their own interest, and that “we are locked into a system of ‘fouling(污染) our own nest,’ so long as we behave only as independent, rational, free enterprisers.” He summed up the problem as a “tragedy of the commons(公共用地).” This acknowledgement was crucial to the environmental movement, which relied on government regulation to do what companies alone could or would not do. Once again, we find ourselves enacting a tragedy of the commons: short-term economic self- interest encourages using cheap AI content to maximize clicks and views, which in turn pollutes our culture. And so far, major AI companies are refusing to help identify AI’s creation- which they could do by adding statistical patterns hidden in word use or in the pixels of images. To deal with this corporate refusal to act we need the equivalent of a Clean Air Act: a Clean Internet Act. A simple solution would be to legislatively force advanced watermarking in AI- generated outputs. Just as the 20th century required extensive interventions to protect the shared environment, the 21st century must protect a different, but equally critical, common resource: our shared human culture. 1．Why does the author express concern? A．AI-generated content is difficult to detect. B．Young children are overly exposed to online content. C．Our culture is affected by low-quality AI-generated content. D．Technological issues, similar to environmental problems, are serious. 2．Which of the following examples best illustrates a “tragedy of the commons”？ A．Fishermen overfishing to earn as much as possible. B．Netizens uploading an excessive number of videos online. C．Students using AI to generate answers for exam questions. D．Governments failing to establish partnership with companies. 3．According to the author, the issue discussed can be resolved by ________. A．controlling the volume of AI-generated content B．regulating AI outputs to make them more identifiable C．urging tech companies to improve the quality of AI generation D．encouraging people to treat culture as seriously as they treat environmental issues 4．Which of the following serves as the most suitable title for the passage? A．A tragedy of the commons: the importance of regulation B．AI outputs are overwhelming: potential risks of AI technology C．Navigating the digital age: why AI should be used with caution D．Addressing AI-generated garbage: endangered culture needs legislation 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 (23-24高二上·上海华东师范大学第二附属中学·期中)Gazing up at the sky past the clouds, it’s hard to imagine an entire civilisation of satellites all chatting with one another right above our heads. Populated in their thousands, satellites are the orbiting neighbours we need to stay connected down on Earth. Although varying in their occupation, satellites are typically either used for communication, imaging or navigation. Here is what happens when we use GPS satellites to find the perfect pizza slice. 1．Which of the following statements is not true according to the first paragraph? A．Thousands of satellites are orbiting the earth. B．The satellites don’t share the same task. C．Satellites are generally used in three fields. D．All satellites are connected closely with each other. 2．According to the passage, trilateration is . A．a password to access the satellite receiver B．a radio signal transmitted among satellites C．a mathematical technique for determining position D．a tool for measuring the distance between two objects 3．Put the following in the correct order and make the five steps coherent and reasonable. A．(c)→(a)→(b) B．(b)→(a)→(c) C．(c)→(b)→(a) D．(a)→(c)→(b) Passage 2 (23-24高二上·上海进才中学·期中) Meet the Mistle ThrushWhen it comes to birds associated with Christmas, the mistle thrush may not immediately spring to mind. But, with a preference for mistletoe and holly berries, as well as being one of the only birds that continues to sing throughout winter, it deserves a second look. The mistle thrush measures 28cm in length, making it both the UK’s largest thrush species and songbird. With a long tail, yellow legs and a fat white body that’s covered with brown spots, this bird certainly has a distinctive appearance. Sadly, your chances of spotting one in the wild are slim as its population has been in decline since the 1970s -between 1995 and 2010, England lost a third of its native mistle thrushes, and numbers are still plummeting. It’s thought that a high infant death rate could be to blame, as well as other factors such as loss of habitat. The Woodland Trust is working hard to save the mistle thrush, but if it is to truly flourish in this country again, the charity needs your help. THE MISTLE THRUSH FACT FILECommon Name: Mistle thrush (Turdus viscivorus) Family: Turdidae (thrushes) Habitat: woodland, parks and gardens Diet: berries, earthworms, slugs and insects Predators: cats, foxes and birds of pray Not to be confused with: the song thrush, which is much smaller HOW TO HELPThere are a few simple steps you can take to make your garden a safe space for these endangered birds, such as planting berry bushes and only trimming (修剪) them every few years so that they produce a lot of fruit. You could also plant holly, yew, ivy and crab apple trees, all of which provide food and shelter for the mistle thrush. These birds are extremely territorial when it comes to food, and they often work together to protect their food from competitors, so where there’s one, others are likely to follow. If you have mistle thrushes visiting your outdoor space, another way you can help is by keeping pet cats indoors, as they are predators of many garden birds. What’s more, by supporting the Woodland Trust, you’ll be helping the organization to raise awareness about the threats facing the mistle thrush and continue its efforts to protect and restore its natural habitat, as well as creating new spaces for it to live. 1．Which of the following statements is true of the mistle thrush? A．It arrives in England around Christmas. B．It is much smaller than the song thrush. C．It feeds mainly on plants and vegetables. D．It looks quite different from other birds. 2．What can people do to protect the mistle thrush? A．Follow one of the birds at a time. B．Keep cats away from the garden. C．Donate money to the Woodland Trust. D．Trim berry bushes as often as possible. 3．You can probably find this article_____________. A．on a Wildlife and Conservation website B．in a BBC Gardeners’ World magazine C．in a Nature Photography magazine D．in a traveler’s birdwatching blog Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海控江中学·期中)In 1969, a ship carrying 90 passengers arrived in Antarctic waters. Since then, Antarctic tourism has increased noticeably. Nowadays, over 35,000 visitors a season came to the Antarctic during summer, with the intention of visiting colonies of penguins. That worries many environmentalists, who fear such quantities of people may be disturbing the penguins. However, a study published in Polar Biology by Maureen Lynch of Stony Brook University brings good news for penguins, tourists and tour-operators alike – for the tourists’ visits are not stressing the birds at all. The conventional way of deciding whether visits by tourists are stressful to the animals is to recruit a bunch of PhD students to observe those animals and make a number of behavioral observations when tourists are and are not present. This is difficult and expensive, for even PhD students need to be housed and fed. Another choice is to sample the animals’ blood and analyze it for stress hormones. The problem with this is that catching animals to measure their hormone levels is stressful. There is, however, a third way, which is to look for stress hormones in animals’ droppings (排泄物). Dr. Lynch knew from previous work by her partner that some stress hormones show up in penguin wastes, and that hormone concentrations in droppings went up shortly after animals were approached by human beings, and then returned to normal later. With that in mind, she decided to compare droppings from penguin colonies visited by lots of tourists with those less visited. As the researchers expected, all collected samples contained related stress hormones. Contrary to their expectations, however, there were no significant differences between samples from different sites, regardless of the number of visitors those sites played host to. It seems, then, either that penguins do not worry about human visitors in the first place, or that they quickly get used to them. What is more, Dr. Lynch’s method provides an easy way to monitor the situation. If a growing number of tourists put the birds under stress, it will be possible to advise tour operators to consider their business at less-visited colonies. 1．What do we know about Antarctic tourism? A．It enjoyed popularity in 1969. B．It attracts visitors in all the year round. C．It allows people to see penguins. D．It had disturbed the penguins. 2．The problem of the conventional method lies in ________. A．the difficulty in recruiting PhD students B．high costs required in the Antarctic C．comparison of penguins’ behaviors D．the huge trouble of catching animals 3．What did Dr. Lynch’s partner find about penguin waste? A．It contained certain stress hormones. B．It had high level of stress hormones. C．Its hormone level was unstable. D．Its hormones were at normal levels. 4．What can we learn from the analysis of the collected samples? A．Penguins are afraid of visitors. B．Penguins are used to visitors. C．Penguins are hardly stressed by tourists. D．Penguins are always under great stress. 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海浦东新区上海师范大学附属中学·期中)One way people are responding to food safety concerns is by growing their own food. However, not everyone lives on property with enough space for a private plot. One solution is community gardens, which have become popular worldwide, numbering 18,000 in North America alone. In addition to providing low-cost, delicious food, these public spaces offer cities a range of other benefits. Community gardens are located in a town or city and tended by local residents. Often, the land is on a vacant lot owned by the city. The site is divided into manageable plots, which may be tended by individuals or by the garden’s members collectively. Since the land is usually publicly owned, the cost for gardeners to lease it is minimal. In fact, New York City, which is home to more than 750 community gardens tended by more than 20,000 members, charges people just $1 a year to lease a plot. Other costs involve soil, tools, seeds, fencing, and so on. However, because they’re shared by many people, individual gardeners pay very little. A community garden can quickly pay off, in terms of delicious fruits and vegetables, in addition to beautiful flowers. Excess produce can be sold for a profit at farmers markets. But a garden’s benefits don’t stop there. They also beautify cities, foster strong relationships among residents, and lower an area’s crime rate. Award-winning spaces like London’s Culpeper Community Garden even attract tourists. Beautiful and affordable, community gardens are often described as oases in crowded cities. 1．Community gardens are designed for those who ________. A．are concerned about food safety B．live in a house with a private plot C．can’t afford to buy organic food D．don’t have their own property 2．New York City ________. A．is owned by 20,000 individual gardeners B．charges residents a lot to lease tools and fencing C．contains more than 750 community gardens D．is tended by professional gardeners and local residents 3．What’s the benefit of community gardens? A．People can enjoy safe and delicious vegetables and animal meat. B．Residents are more familiar and related with each other. C．The neighborhood is becoming safer but of lower taste. D．People can make some profits from the visiting tourists. Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海同济大学第二附属中学·期中)When was the last time you listened to someone? Really listened, without thinking about what you wanted to say next, glancing down at your phone or jumping in to offer your opinion? And when was the last time someone really listened to you? Was so attentive to what you were saying and whose response was so accurate that you felt truly understood? We are encouraged to listen to our inner voices, but rarely are we encouraged to listen carefully and purposefully to other people. In writing a book about listening, I asked people from Brooklyn to Beijing what it meant to be a good listener. The typical response was a blank stare. People had no trouble, however, telling me what it meant to be a bad listener, complaining about actions such as interrupting, looking at a phone, and responding in a self-centered way. The sad truth is that people have more experience being cut off, ignored and misunderstood than heard to their satisfaction. Of course, technology plays a role. Social media provides a virtual megaphone, along with the means to filter out opposing views. People find phone calls intrusive and ignore voice mail, preferring text or wordless emoji. If people are listening to anything, it’s likely through headphones or earbuds, where they feel safe inside their own sound bubbles. This is all fueling what public health officials describe as an epidemic of loneliness in the United States. But tech is not the only contributor. High schools and colleges have debate teams and courses in rhetoric (修辞) and persuasion, but rarely, if ever, offer classes or extracurricular activities that teach careful listening. The cacophony of modern life also stops us from listening. The music playing in restaurants can make it difficult, if not impossible, for diners to clearly hear one another. Offices with an open design ensure every keyboard click, telephone call and coughing make for constant noise. Traffic noise on city streets exceeds the volume of normal conversation by as much as 30 decibels, and can even cause hearing loss. So how can we reclaim the lost art of listening? Actually, listening goes beyond simply hearing what people say. It also involves paying attention to how they say it and what they do while they are saying it, in what context, and how what they say identify with you. It’s not about merely holding your peace while someone else holds forth. Quite the opposite. A lot of listening has to do with how you respond — the degree to which you facilitate the clear expression of another person’s thoughts and, in the process, form your own. 1．In Paragraph 1 what is the most likely reason the author uses a series of questions? A．To create a feeling of worry and tension for the reader. B．To encourage the reader to engage thoughtfully with the topic. C．To suggest there are opposing views about what defines good listening. D．To show that much remains unknown about the role listening plays. 2．Which phrase from Paragraph 4 provides the best context for understanding the meaning of the underlined word “cacophony”? A．“music playing” B．“an open design” C．“constant noise” D．“normal conversation” 3．What can we infer from the last two paragraphs? A．People tend to be reluctant to say what they really mean. B．People often express themselves in more ways than they realize. C．People become more comfortable when they are among close friends. D．People are more likely to speak openly with others who agree with them. 4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Talk Less. Listen More. Here’s How. B．The Lost Art of Speaking C．Don’t Turn a Deaf Ear to Yourself ! D．A Good Listener or A Bad One? Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海零陵中学·期中)Although websites such as Facebook and MySpace experienced increasing growth during the middle of the first decade of the 21st century, some users fail to realize the fact that the information they post online can come back to trouble them. First, employers can monitor employees who maintain a blog, photo diary, or website. Employers can look for troublesome employees’ opinions, sensitive information disclosures, or wildly inappropriate conduct. For example, a North Carolina newspaper fired one of its features writers after she created a blog on which she anonymously wrote about the characteristics of her job and coworkers. The second unintended use of information from social networking websites is employers who check on potential employees. A New York Times article reported that many companies recruiting (招募) on college campuses use search engines and social networking websites such as MySpace, Xanga, and Facebook to conduct background checks. Although the use of MySpace or Google to investigate a student’s background is somewhat upsetting to many undergraduates, the Times noted that the use of Facebook is especially shocking to students who believe that Facebook is limited to current students and recent alumni. Company employers are not the only people interested in college students’ lives. The third unintended use of social networking websites is college administrators who monitor the Internet— especially Facebook— for student misconduct. For example, a college in Boston’s Back Bay expelled (除名) its Student Government Association President for joining a Facebook group highly critical of a campus police sergeant. In addition, fifteen students at a state university in North Carolina faced charges in court for underage drinking because of photos that appeared on Facebook. Although more users of websites such as Facebook are becoming aware of the potential pitfalls (陷阱) of online identities, many regular users still fail to take three basic security precautions. First, only make your information available to a specific list of individuals whom you approve. Second, regularly search for potentially harmful information about yourself that may have been posted by mistake or by a disgruntled (不满的) former colleague. Third, never post offensive material under your name or on your page as, despite the best precautions, this material will likely make its way to the wider world. By taking these simple steps, members of the digital world can realize the many benefits of e- community without experiencing some of the damaging unintended consequences. 1．The main purpose of the passage is to _________. A．explain the growth of the digital world through from the aspect of privacy B．discuss the risks of the digital world and suggest ways to protect yourself C．propose steps Facebook, MySpace, and Google can take to protect user privacy D．illustrate potential unintended uses of private information 2．The author implies that users should take all of the following actions to protect their online privacy EXCEPT _________. A．know to whom you make your online information available B．avoid uploading information that would be damaging if it were discovered C．carefully select and limit who can view your electronic profile D．speak with employers to inform them of any misinformation published about you 3．Which of the following best describes the relationship between the last paragraph and the other paragraphs? A．It offers detailed examples to support previous point s of view. B．It summarizes the points of view in the previous paragraphs. C．It provides suggestions to solve the previously mentioned problems. D．It offers evidence to make the previous point s of view clearer. 4．According to the passage, which of following does the writer imply? A．Information obtained unwillingly from the Internet is permissible in court. B．It is impossible to protect yourself from unintended uses of information online. C．Even if you restrict who can view your data, the government may still access it. D．Done properly, posting offensive information about oneself causes no risk. 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海七宝中学·期中)A new study, which found that eating ultra- processed (超加工的) food (like fish fingers, fizzy drinks and ready meals) could increase the risk of death, made for alarming headlines. The Sun told us that “just for portions of processed food a day could kill you”, while The Telegraph said that ultra-processed foods “could increase the risk of early death by 60 percent”. As is often the case, the research is well-designed and alarming. What’s more, the news coverage is not exactly false. The problem is that the numbers driving the headlines are hard to interpret, and seem more frightening than they are. Let’s unpack what the evidence means in this case. Spanish researchers followed roughly 20,000 students over 14 years, using questionnaires to estimate how many portions of ultra-processed food they were eating every day. They found that those who ate the most ultra-processed foods had a 62 percent increased risk of death from any cause, compared with those who ate the least. If we assume the conclusions are accurate, then a 62 percent increased risk of death sounds pretty shocking. But what does it mean? Let’s imagine two friends — Wanda and Winona. They’re both around 50, the same weight, do the same amount of exercise, have same family histories of disease, but not the same habits or lifestyle. Wanda is keen on instant noodles, fish fingers and fizzy drinks, while Winona prefers steamed vegetables and whole meal bread. Each one faces an annual risk of death, whose technical name is their “hazard”. The key statistic reported in the Spanish study was a hazard ratio (率) of 1.62. This means that, for two people like Wanda and Winona who are similar apart from their different diets, the one with the risk factor — Wanda — has a 62 percent increased annual risk of death over the follow- up period (around 14 years in the Spanish study). It’s tempting to interpret this as meaning that Wanda’s life is going to be 62 percent shorter than Winona’s, but that’s not what’s going on. Crucially, the risk of dying in any one year for the average person is pretty low, so a 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be alarming as it sounds. In the UK, for example, the average annual risk of death for 50-year-old women is around 0.2 percent, which means you might expect 2 in every 1,000 women like Winona to die each year. A 62 percent increase on that number gives around a 0.3 percent annual risk of death, which would be 3 in every 1,000 women like Wanda. The difference in 1,000, sounds a lot less alarming than the 62 percent which made the headlines. 1．What does the writer imply about the increased risk of death covered in the news? A．It reflects people’s ignorance of what makes a healthy diet. B．The interpretation of it needs to be weighed objectively. C．It is a conclusion drawn from a poorly designed study. D．The understanding of it varies from country to country. 2．What did the Spanish researchers do in their study? A．They divided the students into two groups. B．They collected the data by means of interviews. C．They followed the subjects for more than a decade. D．They made up two friends named Wanda and Winona. 3．According to the writer, why is it that the 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be that alarming? A．The chance of dying in a year for the average person is relatively minimal. B．It is based on the data that the Spanish researchers collected 14 years ago. C．The relevant study has failed to take other factors into consideration. D．People in the UK are becoming more and more health-conscious. 4．What can be concluded from the passage? A．The news coverage ought to be as objective as possible. B．There needs to be more evidence for the increase in risk of death. C．The harm done by ultra-processed food is not as serious as reported. D．There should be regulations on the production of ultra-processed food. Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海中学·期中)This unfolding health crisis has implications for the government, the NHS and society at large, but perhaps the people most affected are those dealing with aging parents and young children or teenagers — the “sandwich generation”. The term was first popularized by US sociologists Dorothy Miller and Elaine Brody in 1981. Miller wrote of “adult children” who were exposed to “a unique set of unshared stresses in which giving of resources and service far outweighs receiving them.” The declining health of older generations has coincided with more parental demands such as the spread of attention-rich “gentle parenting”, the rise in anxiety and depression among teenagers, and the delayed departures from the family home of children in their 20s. David Goodhart, the head of demography(人口统计学) , immigration and integration at the conservative thinktank Policy Exchange, has just written a book entitled Care Dilemma: Caring Enough in the Age of Sex Equality. His thesis is that family obligations have been disproportionately borne by women, but that greater equality has led to a shortage of care, and an ever-increasing and more costly role for the state. He argues that the solution is not “to push back against equality but to raise the status of care, a realm that has traditionally been female”. Goodhart accepts that total equality has yet to arrive, though he points out that the share of domestic labor has shifted from 70: 30 25 years ago to 60: 40 today. But he maintains that his argument is really about reordering of society’s priorities to liberate women and men to play more active and beneficial roles as carers. The whole issue of care is one that within the family context is filled with guilt and shame, which by their nature are private and often well-guarded emotions. Rare is the parent who isn’t severely tested by the job of rearing children, but the large majority are in it for the long run. Perhaps the one point that all interested parties can agree upon is that all forms of care — for young and elderly people — have been neglected by us as a society, pushed to the margins or back into private settings, where all the accompanying pain and frustration have been left to grow. Whether or not one agrees with Goodhart’s social perspective, it’s hard to dispute that our attitudes and practices relating to care are due for a radical change. We have to rethink the needs and dignity of people at all stages of life, to humanize these most human of situations. No one should be the meat in a demographic sandwich that is long past its sell-by date. 1．Which of the following is NOT a stressor for the “sandwich generation”? A．The rising trend of “gentle parenting” that demands great attention B．The burden of caring for both children and aging parents C．The low availability of mental health resources for teenagers D．The delayed independence of young adults living at home 2．According to Goodhart, the solution to the care dilemma is _________. A．to recognize and improve the value of caregiving roles B．to return to traditional roles for men and women in caregiving C．to provide more government funding for caregiving services D．to promote total equality between genders in terms of caring 3．It can be learned from paragraph 5 that _________. A．society has placed a high priority on supporting family caregivers B．guilt and shame involved in caregiving are well guarded in society C．most parents do not experience much difficulty when raising children D．the neglect of care has resulted in negative emotions within the family 4．The underlined sentence in the last paragraph implies that _________. A．the sandwich generation should give up caregiving because the need for it has expired B．the current system of care is old-fashioned and in need of a radical reform C．caregiving responsibilities should be shifted from the sandwich generation to society D．the demographic challenges of caring for family members are out of date Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海第三女子中学·期中)“Two centuries ago, Lewis and Clark left St. Louis to explore the new lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase,” George W. Bush said, announcing his desire for a program to send men and women to Mars. “They made that journey in the spirit of discovery. America has ventured forth into space for the same reasons.” Yet there are vital differences between Lewis and Clark’s expedition and a Mars mission. First, they were headed to a place where hundreds of thousands of people were already living. Second, they were certain to discover places and things of immediate value to the new nation. Third, their venture cost next to nothing by today’s standards. A Mars mission may be the single most expensive non-wartime undertaking in U. S. history. Appealing as the thought of travel to Mars is, it does not mean the journey makes sense, even considering the human calling to explore. And Mars as a destination for people makes absolutely no sense with current technology. Present systems for getting from Earth’s surface to low-Earth orbit are so fantastically expensive that merely launching the 1,000 tons or so of spacecraft and equipment a Mars mission would require could be accomplished only by cutting health-care benefits, education spending, or other important programs – or by raising taxes. Absent some remarkable discovery, astronauts, geologists, and biologists once on Mars could do little more than analyze rocks and stare into the sky of another world. Yet rocks can be analyzed by automated probes without risk to human life, and at a tiny fraction of the cost of sending people. It is interesting to note that when President Bush unveiled his proposal, he listed these recent major achievements of space exploration pictures of evidence of water on Mars, discovery of more than 100 planets outside our solar system, and study of the soil of Mars. All these accomplishments came from automated probes or automated space telescopes. Bush’s proposal, which calls for reprogramming some of NASA’s present budget into the Mars effort, might actually lead to a reduction in such unmanned science — the one aspect of space exploration that’s working really well. Rather than spend hundreds of billions of dollars to send people to Mars using current technology, why not take a decade or two or however much time is required researching new launch systems and advanced propulsion(推进力)? If new launch systems could put weight into orbit affordably, and advanced propulsion could speed up that long, slow transit to Mars, the dream of stepping onto the red planet might become reality. Mars will still be there when the technology is ready. 1．What do Lewis and Clark’s expedition and a Mars mission have in common? A．Instant value. B．Human inhabitance. C．Venture cost. D．Exploring spirit. 2．Bush’s proposal is challenged for the following reasons EXCEPT that ______. A．its expenditure is too huge for the government to afford. B．great achievements have already been made in Mars exploration in America. C．American people’s health care will be affected a lot if it is implemented. D．unmanned Mars exploration sounds more practical and economical for the moment. 3．Which can be concluded from the passage? A．Using the current technology to explore Mars is challenging but realistic. B．A Mars mission is considered as unpractical mainly because of the high cost. C．Bush’s proposal is based on three recent great achievements of space exploration. D．Great efforts should be put in the development of manned Mars mission. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Someday people may go to Mars but not until it makes some technological sense. B．A Mars mission is so costly that it may lead to an economic disaster in America. C．Risky as it is, a Mars mission helps to retain America’s position as a technological leader. D．A Mars mission is unnecessary since the scientists once there won’t make great discoveries. 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海大同中学·期中)A tiny clue found in ancient deposits has unlocked big secrets about Greenland’s past and future climate. Just beyond the northwest edge of the vast Greenland Ice Sheet, researchers have discovered lake mud that have survived the last ice age. The mud, and remains of common flies in it, record two interglacial periods（间冰期）in northwest Greenland. Although researchers have long known these two periods—the early Holocene and Last Interglacial—experienced warming in the Arctic, the mix of fly species shows that Greenland was even warmer than previously thought. “As far as we know, it has never been found in Greenland. We think this is the first time anyone has reported it in ancient deposits or modern lakes there,” Axford said. “We were really surprised to see how far north it migrated (迁徙).” This new information could help researchers better measure Greenland’s sensitivity to warming, by testing and improving models of climate and ice sheet behaviour. Those models could then improve predictions of how Greenland’s ice sheet might respond to man-made global warming. After all, Greenland covers 80 per cent of the Arctic country and holds enough ice to equal 20 feet of global sea level. “Northwest Greenland might feel really remote, but what happens to that ice sheet is going to matter to everyone in every coastal city around the world,” said Yarrow Axford, an associate professor in the team. “One of the big uncertainties in climate science is how fast the Earth changes when it gets warmer. Geology gives us an opportunity to see what happened when the Earth was warmer than today,” said Axford. People might be surprised to see how today’s Greenland looked during the last two interglacial periods. During the Last Interglacial, global sea levels increased by 15 to 30 feet, largely due to thinning of Greenland and Antarctica’s ice sheets. However, now researchers believe northern Greenland’s ice sheet experienced stronger warming than previously thought, which could mean that Greenland is more responsible for that sea-level rise. Finding lake deposits older than about 10,000 years, however, has been historically very difficult in Greenland. To measure these ancient temperatures, researchers look to ice cores (冰核) and lake deposits. Since ice and lake deposits form by a gradual buildup on annual layers of snow or mud, these cores contain history of the past. By looking through the layers, researchers can obtain climate clues from centuries ago. 1．Why are the remains of flies mentioned in the first two paragraphs? A．They serve as evidence that there is still life in the Northwest Greenland. B．They were one of the many ancient lives that were left in the Greenland mud. C．They are indicators that Greenland was much warmer than previously thought. D．They help the researchers realize that there was once a warm period in the Arctic. 2．The new information about Greenland is important because______________. A．researchers have no idea how to measure Greenland’s warming speed B．it can help researchers better predict Greenland’s response to warming C．people should be more sensitive to the changes in the ice in Greenland D．it is uncertain how fast the Earth changes with man-made global warming 3．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A．It is easier for today’s scientists to find ancient lake deposits. B．People are surprised at the landscape feature of Greenland today. C．Researchers measure the changing temperatures by directly examining mud. D．Greenland holds enough ice that might one day threaten life in coastal cities. 4．Which do you think is the best title of the passage? A．Greenland Used to Be Much Greener B．Earth Once Experienced Warm Periods C．Coastal Cities Warned of Coming Disasters D．Northwest Greenland, A Perfect Destination / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题08 阅读理解之说明文 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海延安中学·期中) New big pack from Sierra DesignsThe latest pack from Sierra Designs is the Gigawatt 60L. The pack has an adjustable back system that fits back lengths from 40cm to 53cm. It’s made from durable 300D polyester. Features include a zipped top and side access, oversized side and front pockets. The Gigawatt 60L weighs 1.84kg and costs £130. sierradesigns.com Scarpa upgrades its Maestrale bootsMaestrale Re-Made ski boots are made from Polymer taken from around three tons of leftover materials. Creating a Re-Made boot from Polymer emits(排放) 27% less carbon dioxide than creating a “classic” boot from plant-based Pebax Rnew, which emits 32% less carbon dioxide than Fossil-based Plastics. The design and manufacturing process behind the Re-Made boot were developed by Scarpa’s Green Lab, the production department dedicated to sustainable solutions. A pair costs £500. scarpa.co.uk/ellis-brigham.com Vasque Breeze gets sustainable updateThe well-established Vasque Breeze hiking boot has been modernised with environmentally friendly materials. It’s now made with recycled polyester and is the first boot to have a VasqueDry Waterproof membrane, which is made from 25% recycled materials. The Breeze is also comfortable to wear with its soft footbed. The Breeze weighs 1120 grams and comes in two widths. It costs £140. vasque.com The North Face launches new ski touring clothingThe Dawn Turn clothing provides a layering system for ski touring designed to keep you warm, dry and freely moving. It includes a shell jacket, midlayers, trousers and accessories. The Dawn Turn 2.0 jacket won the innovation award at ISPO for its breathable layer. The cost is £350. The Dawn Turn 1.0 Jacket is made from waterproof DryVent. It features a windproof hood and oversized front pockets, and costs £325. thenorthface.co.uk 1．Who might be the target readers of the passage? A．The ski athletes. B．The environmentalists. C．The fabric producers. D．The outdoor lovers. 2．In the ski boots production, which order is correct in terms of the carbon dioxide emissions? A．Polymer>Pebax Renew>Fossil-based Plastics B．Fossil-based Plastics> Polymer>Pebax Renew C．Fossil-based Plastics>Pebax Renew>Polymer D．Polymer>Fossil-based Plastics>Pebax Renew 3．Which of the following statement is TRUE according to the passage? A．The Dawn Turn 1.0 Jacket won the innovation award at ISPO. B．The Vasque Breeze hiking boot is both eco-friendly and waterproof. C．The latest big pack from Sierra Designs has a fixed back system. D．Both kinds of boots mentioned in the passage have two different widths. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Sierra Designs、Scarpa、Vasque和The North Face等品牌推出的新产品，这些产品不仅注重功能性，还强调环保和可持续性。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The pack has an adjustable back system that fits back lengths from 40cm to 53cm. (背包有一个可调节的背部系统，适合40cm至53cm的背部长度)”可知，目标读者可能是对户外活动有兴趣，并且需要一个能够适应不同体型的背包的户外爱好者。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Creating a Re-Made boot from Polymer emits 27% less carbon dioxide than creating a 'classic' boot from plant-based Pebax Rnew, which emits 32% less carbon dioxide than Fossil-based Plastics. (用聚合物制作Re-Made靴子比用植物基Pebax Rnew制作“经典”靴子少排放27%的二氧化碳，而Pebax Rnew比化石基塑料少排放32%的二氧化碳)”可知，从二氧化碳排放量来看，正确的顺序是化石基塑料 > Pebax Renew > 聚合物。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“The Breeze is now made with recycled polyester and is the first boot to have a VasqueDry Waterproof membrane, which is made from 25% recycled materials. (Breeze现在使用回收聚酯纤维制作，并且是第一个带有由25%回收材料制成的VasqueDry防水膜的靴子)”可知，Vasque Breeze徒步靴既环保又防水。故选B项。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海奉贤区·期中) Cognitive Processing Therapy(CPT), a long-term psychological therapy, is a specific type of cognitive behavioral therapy which reduces post-traumatic stress disorder (创伤后应激障碍) symptoms after natural disasters. Typically, CPT is delivered over 12 sessions to help patients learn how to modify negative attitudes and practices related to their trauma. The goal is that the patient then creates a new, more positive view and understanding of the traumatic event, which reduces on-going negative effects on the patient’s current life. It specifically focuses on the core trauma themes of safety, trust, power and control, etc. Delivered both individually and in structured group sessions, it allows for multiple different paths to receive effective treatments. In some studies, it has shown to be helpful in cases where medicine alone has not worked. Because CPT focuses on retraining thoughts and behaviors to form practical strategies that can be applied to everyday life. Compared to other talk-therapies, it has been especially successful, because it can be completed in a brief period of time, allowing for a lower patient dropout rate. It also enhances brain connectivity, which lessens long-term impacts of trauma. This increased connectivity is why cognitive behavioral therapy is often argued to be more effective than medicine. On the other hand, there are also multiple disadvantages to CPT. Due to its structured nature, it may not be suitable for people with more complex mental health needs or learning difficulties. Additionally, since it involves facing up to emotions and fears, patients may experience initial periods of additional anxiety or discomfort. Some therapists also argue that because it only addresses current problems and specific issues it does not address possible fundamental causes of mental health conditions, and because it focuses on the individual’s capacity to change themselves it does not address wider system problems that have a significant impact on a patient’s health and well-being. However, focusing mainly on post-natural disasters, regardless of pre-disaster health, CPT has been repeatedly proven to be a rather successful treatment approach. Although there have not been studies generalizing CPT for children, it is an effective treatment for adults. The clear effectiveness of CPT demonstrates the importance of patient-specific therapies that are unique to the experiences of individual patients. 1．According to the passage, CPT is intended to help patients _________. A．learn how to modify various negative attitudes and practices B．cultivate a positive view and understanding of the traumatic events C．minimize on-going negative effects on their previous and current life D．focus on the core trauma themes of safety, trust, power, control, etc. 2．Compared with other talk-therapies, what feature contributes to the effectiveness of CPT? A．Its multiple treating assignments. B．Its applicable strategies in daily life. C．Its higher treatment fulfillment. D．Its brain connectivity enhancement. 3．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Post-disaster health is not taken into consideration in the CPT. B．CPT proves to be the most successful treatment approach so far. C．More researches might be conducted into the effectiveness of CPT in children. D．CPT addresses the fundamental causes of patients’ mental health conditions. 4．What is the main idea of this passage? A．The application of Cognitive Processing Therapy. B．An introduction to a long-term psychological therapy. C．A breakthrough in the psychological medical field. D．The limitations of Cognitive Processing Therapy. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种长期心理疗法——认知加工疗法。它能够帮助患者改变消极态度和行为，减少对患者生活的负面影响，但同时也存在一些缺点，患者在初始阶段可能会更加焦虑或不适。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal is that the patient then creates a new, more positive view and understanding of the traumatic event, which reduces on-going negative effects on the patient’s current life.(这样做的目的是让病人对创伤事件有一个新的、更积极的看法和理解，从而减少对病人当前生活的持续负面影响。)”可知，认知加工疗法是为了帮助病人培养对创伤性时间的积极看法和理解。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Compared to other talk-therapies, it has been especially successful, because it can be completed in a brief period of time , allowing for a lower patient dropout rate. It also enhances brain connectivity, which lessens long-term impacts of trauma.  This increased connectivity is why cognitive behavioral therapy is often argued to be more effective than medicine.(与其他谈话疗法相比，它特别成功，因为它可以在很短的时间内完成，允许较低的患者退出率。它还能增强大脑的连通性，从而减少创伤的长期影响。这种增强的连通性就是为什么认知行为疗法经常被认为比药物更有效。)”可知，认知加工疗法成功是因为它完成时间短，增强大脑的连通性，所以它比其他的疗法要更加有效。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“However, focusing mainly on post-natural disasters, regardless of pre-disaster health, CPT has been repeatedly proven to be a rather successful treatment approach.  Although there have not been studies generalizing CPT for children, it is an effective treatment for adults.  The clear effectiveness of CPT demonstrates the importance of patient-specific therapies that are unique to the experiences of individual patients.(然而，认知加工疗法主要侧重于自然灾害后，而不考虑灾前健康，已多次被证明是一种相当成功的治疗方法。虽然还没有研究将认知加工疗法推广到儿童，但它对成人是一种有效的治疗方法。认知加工疗法的明确有效性证明了患者特异性治疗的重要性，这是个体患者独特的经历。)”可知，认知加工疗法多次被证明是一种相当成功的治疗方法，并且对于成年人来说已经是有效的方法；由此可以推出，下一步很有可能就是将其应用于儿童身上，研究它的有效性。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。文章第一段主要讲了认知加工疗法的定义，它是一种长期的心理疗法；第二段讲了它为何如此有效，其原理是什么；第三段讲了认知加工疗法的缺点；第四段讲了它的应用范围。综合全文可知，文章主要介绍了一种长期心理疗法——认知加工疗法。故选B项。 The Secret of Success The recipe for succeeding in any given field is hardly a mystery: good ideas, hard work, discipline, imagination, perseverance and maybe a little luck. Oh, and let’s not forget failure, which Dashun Wang and his colleagues at Northwestern University call “the essential prerequisite (先决条件) for success” in a new paper. But not every failure leads to success, he adds. And what eventually separates the winners from the losers, the research shows, certainly is not persistence. One of the more interesting findings in the paper, published last October in Nature, is that the people who eventually succeeded and the people who eventually failed tried basically the same number of times to achieve their goals. It turns out that trying again and again only works if you learn from your previous failures. The idea is to work smart, not hard. You have to figure out what worked and what didn’t, and then focus on what needs to be improved instead of struggling around and changing everything,” says Wang. “The people who failed didn’t necessarily work less than those who succeeded. They could actually have worked more: it’s just that they made more unnecessary changes.” As they explored “the mechanisms governing the dynamics of failure”, Wang’s team identified what they describe as previously unknown statistical signatures that separate successful groups from unsuccessful groups, making it possible to predict their final outcomes. One such key indicator is the time between consecutive (连续的) failed attempts, which should decrease steadily. In other words, the faster you fail, the better your chances of success, and the more time between attempts, the more likely you are to fail again. “If someone has applied for a grant and they are three failures in,” Wang says, “if we just look at the timing between the failures, we will be able to predict whether they will eventually succeed or not.” Working with such large-scale data, Wang and his colleagues were able to identify a critical point that was common to each of the hundreds of thousands of undertakings they had analyzed, a fork in the road where one path leads to a development region and one leads to a stagnation region. Wang points out that the existence of the tipping point cuts against the traditional explanations for failure or success, such as luck or a person’s work habits. “What we’ re showing here is that even in the absence of such differences, you can still have very different outcomes.” he says. What matters is how people fail, how they respond to failure and where those failures lead. 1．It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that________. A．winners are more persistent than losers B．failure is not important for success at all C．more trying doesn’t necessarily result in success D．winners and losers differ in how many times they tried 2．Wang and his colleagues believe that________. A．no one can obtain success without failure B．failure can sometimes help predict success C．the performance pattern is difficult to identify D．the critical point had been discovered by chance 3．The underlined phrase “a stagnation region” in Paragraph 6 refers to a region________. A．without progress B．beyond recognition C．unknown to outsiders D．in its elementary stage 4．What is the conclusion of Wang’s research? A．Winners try less than losers. but gain more. B．Perseverance is the utmost secret to success. C．Working smart could turn failures into future successes. D．Luck and work habits hardly make any difference to the result. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章分析了成功的秘密。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“But not every failure leads to success, he adds. And what eventually separates the winners from the losers, the research shows, certainly is not persistence. One of the more interesting findings in the paper, published last October in Nature, is that the people who eventually succeeded and the people who eventually failed tried basically the same number of times to achieve their goals. (但他补充说，并不是每一次失败都会导致成功。研究显示，最终区分赢家和输家的，当然不是坚持不懈。去年10月发表在《自然》杂志上的一篇论文中有一个更有趣的发现，那就是最终成功的人和最终失败的人为实现目标所尝试的次数基本相同。)”可知，更多的尝试不一定会带来成功。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第五段中“In other words, the faster you fail, the better your chances of success, and the more time between attempts, the more likely you are to fail again. “If someone has applied for a grant and they are three failures in,” Wang says, “if we just look at the timing between the failures, we will be able to predict whether they will eventually succeed or not.” (换句话说，失败的速度越快，成功的机会就越大，两次尝试之间的间隔时间越长，再次失败的可能性就越大。“如果有人申请了一项资助，但他们失败了三次，”王说，“如果我们只看两次失败之间的时间间隔，我们就能预测他们最终是否会成功。”)”可知，从两次失败的时间间隔可以帮助预测最终是否能成功，即失败有时可以帮助预测成功。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Working with such large-scale data, Wang and his colleagues were able to identify a critical point that was common to each of the hundreds of thousands of undertakings they had analyzed, a fork in the road where one path leads to a development region and one leads to a stagnation region. (利用如此大规模的数据，王和他的同事们能够在他们分析的数十万个企业中找到一个共同的临界点，这是一个岔路口，一条路通向发展区域，一条路通向a stagnation region。)”可知，这个临界点导致两个不同的结果，即一个是“development region (发展区域)”，那么与之相对的可以推断出是“停滞区域，非发展区”。a stagnation region的含义为“停滞区域，非发展区”。A. without progress没有进展；B. beyond recognition认不出来；C. unknown to outsiders外人不知道；D. in its elementary stage处于初级阶段。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段“It turns out that trying again and again only works if you learn from your previous failures. The idea is to work smart, not hard. “You have to figure out what worked and what didn’t, and then focus on what needs to be improved instead of struggling around and changing everything,” says Wang. “The people who failed didn’t necessarily work less than those who succeeded. They could actually have worked more: it’s just that they made more unnecessary changes.”（事实证明，只有从以前的失败中吸取教训，一次又一次的尝试才会成功。关键是要聪明地工作，而不是努力工作。“你必须弄清楚什么有效，什么无效，然后专注于需要改进的地方，而不是挣扎着改变一切，”王说。“失败者并不一定比成功者工作得少。他们其实可以做得更多:只是他们做了更多不必要的改变。”）”以及最后一段中““What we’ re showing here is that even in the absence of such differences, you can still have very different outcomes.” he says. What matters is how people fail, how they respond to failure and where those failures lead. (他说：“我们在这里展示的是，即使没有这些差异，你仍然可以得到非常不同的结果。”重要的是人们如何失败，他们如何应对失败，以及这些失败会导致什么。)”可知，王的研究结果表明并不是每一次失败都会导致成功，真正导致成功的是弄清楚人们如何失败，他们如何应对失败，以及这些失败会导致什么，然后进行改变，即聪明地工作可以把失败变成未来的成功。故选C。 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海交通大学附属中学嘉定分校等四校联考·期中) Women’s basketball began in the winter of 1892 at Smith College. Senda Berenson, an instructor at Smith, taught basketball to her students, hoping the activity would improve their physical health. Basketball’s early supporters were affiliated with YMCAs (The Young Men’s Christian Association) and colleges throughout the United States, and the game quickly spread throughout the country. However, Berenson was taking risks simply in teaching the game to women. She worried a little about the women suffering from “nervous fatigue” if games were too strenuous for them. And, in order to keep it “acceptable” for women to play at all, she taught modified rules. These included a court divided into three areas and nine players per team. Three players were assigned to each area (guard, center, forward) and could not cross the line into another area. The ball was moved from section to section by passing or dribbling. Players were limited to three dribbles and could hold the ball for three seconds. No snatching or batting the ball away from a player was allowed. A center jump was required after each score. Peach baskets and the soccer ball were the equipment. Variations of Berenson’s rules spread across the country via YMCAs and colleges. The first intercollegiate women’s basketball game was played between teams from Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley, in 1896. The popularity of women’s basketball grew steadily around the world for decades. By the 1970s the sport had attracted the notice the International Olympic Committee, which added women’s basketball as an official sport of the Olympic Games in 1976. The Women’s World Cup was created by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA). It began in 1953, held in Chile, three years after the first men’s World Championship. For most of its early history, it was not held in the same year as the men’s championship. After the 1983 event, FIBA changed the scheduling so that the women’s tournament would be held in even-numbered non-Olympic years, a change that had come to the men’s tournament in 1970. Only four nations have won titles in the history of the Women’s World Cup. The United States has won the title nine times, including six of the last eight. The Soviet Union won six titles, including five in a row from 1959 to 1975. The only other countries to win have been Brazil in 1994 and Australia in 2006. 1．The underlined words “strenuous” in paragraph 2 properly means___________. A．interesting B．tough C．comfortable D．strange 2．Why were the rules for women’s basketball originally different from those of men’s basketball? A．To make the game shorter. B．To make the game easier. C．To make the game more challenging. D．To make the game more interesting. 3．According to the passage, which country has never won the FIBA women’s basketball championship? A．The United States. B．Russia. C．Brazil. D．Austria. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Women’s basketball is more challenging than men’s basketball. B．Women basketball player aren’t as good as male basketball players. C．America is the strongest country for women’ basketball so far. D．Women’s basketball is a serious sport with a long history. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是女子篮球作为一项运动的历史发展和国际影响力。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Berenson was taking risks simply in teaching the game to women(贝伦森在向女性教授这项运动时是在冒险)”和“the women suffering from “nervous fatigue”(女性患上“神经疲劳”)”可知，划线单词所在句子表示“她有点担心，如果游戏对女性来说过于剧烈，她们会患上“神经疲劳””，因此划线词的意思是“费力的”，和tough意思相近。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“She worried a little about the women suffering from “nervous fatigue” if games were too strenuous for them. And, in order to keep it “acceptable” for women to play at all, she taught modified rules.(她有点担心，如果游戏对女性来说过于剧烈，她们会患上“神经疲劳”。而且，为了让女性能够“接受”这项运动，她教授了修改后的规则。)”可知，女子篮球的规则最初与男子篮球的规则不同是为了让这项运动更简单。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The United States has won the title nine times, including six of the last eight. The Soviet Union won six titles, including five in a row from 1959 to 1975. The only other countries to win have been Brazil in 1994 and Australia in 2006.(美国赢得了9次冠军，包括最近8次中的6次。苏联赢得了六次冠军，其中包括1959年至1975年的连续五次。其他赢得世界杯的国家只有1994年的巴西和2006年的澳大利亚。)”可知，奥地利从未获得过国际篮联女子篮球冠军。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Women’s basketball began in the winter of 1892 at Smith College. Senda Berenson, an instructor at Smith, taught basketball to her students, hoping the activity would improve their physical health. Basketball’s early supporters were affiliated with YMCAs (The Young Men’s Christian Association) and colleges throughout the United States, and the game quickly spread throughout the country.(女子篮球运动于1892年冬天在史密斯学院开始。Senda Berenson是史密斯中学的一名教练，她教学生打篮球，希望这项活动能改善他们的身体健康。篮球的早期支持者隶属于The Young Men’s Christian Association和美国各地的大学，这项运动很快传遍了全国。)”可知，本文主要讲的是女子篮球作为一项运动的历史发展和国际影响力，因此本文主旨是D选项“Women’s basketball is a serious sport with a long history.(女子篮球是一项历史悠久的严肃运动。)”。故选D。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海青浦高级中学·期中)Commuter trains are often stuffy and crowded, and they frequently fail to run on time. As if that were not bad enough, Tsuyoshi Hondou, a physicist at Tohoku University in Japan, published a paper in 2002 that gave commuters yet another reason to feel uncomfortable. He examined mobile-phone usage in enclosed spaces such as railway carriages, buses and lifts, all of which are, in essence, metal boxes. His model predicted that a large number of passengers crowded together, all talking, sending text messages, or browsing the web on their phones, could produce levels of electromagnetic radiation (电磁辐射) that exceed international safety standards. That is because the radio waves produced by each phone are reflected off the metal walls of the carriage, bus or lift. Enough radiation escapes to allow the phone to communicate with the network, but the rest bathes the inside of the carriage with bouncing microwaves. This sounds worrying. But maybe it isn’t after all. In a paper published recently in Applied Physics Letters, Jaime Ferrer from the University of Oviedo in Spain dispute Dr Hondou’s findings. He concludes that the level of radiation is safe after all. The key addition to the new research is the effect of the passengers themselves. While each phone produces radiation that bounces around the car, the passengers absorb some of it, which has the effect of reducing the overall intensity, just as the presence of an audience changes the acoustics (音响效果) of a concert hall, making it less reverberant (回响的). Dr Hondou’s model, in short, was valid only in the case of a single passenger sitting in an empty carriage with an active mobile phone on every seat. Dr Hondou did not calculate the effect that leaving out the other passengers would have on the radiation level. As a result, he significantly overestimated the level of electromagnetic radiation. When one is sitting on a train, Dr Ferrer found, the most important sources of radiation are one’s own phone, and those of one’s immediate neighbours. The radiation from these sources far exceeds that from other phones or from waves bouncing around the carriage. And all these sources together produce a level of radiation within the bounds defined by the ICNIRP, the international system that regulates such matters. People concerned about the effects of mobile-phone radiation are unlikely to take much comfort from Dr Ferrer’s results. They worry that even small amounts of microwave radiation — within the ICNIRP’s limits — may have unfavorable health effects. The evidence so far is ambiguous, inconsistent and inadequate. Indeed, Dr Ferrer says he was surprised at how little research has been done in this area. Yet both Dr Hondou’s results and Dr Ferrer’s are based on mathematical models, not physical measurements. Their models make assumptions about the physical properties of train carriages and their passengers, and both assume that the radiation is uniformly distributed (分配) rather than gathered into “hot spots”. But if the debate about the safety of mobile phones is to be settled, there must be less reliance on models and assumptions, and more emphasis on hard experimental data. 1．Why does the paper published by Dr Hondou make the commuters worried? A．Because he holds the view that commuter trains do not meet international radiation safety standards. B．Because he thinks that the radiation produced by all the mobile phones in the enclosed spaces will bounce around and be harmful. C．Because the commuters fear that the metal walls of the railway carriage will threaten their health. D．Because the commuters are afraid that the time for banning the use of mobile phone in the railway carriage is approaching. 2．What is the commuters’ reaction after learning about the new research by Dr Ferrer? A．They don’t worry about the safety of mobile phone any more. B．They expect Dr Ferrer to carry out more researches in this area. C．They still have concerns over the mobile-phone radiation. D．They find the results of all the researches boring. 3．Dr Hondou’s research and that of Dr Ferrer share the following similarities EXCEPT______ . A．their findings are developed from mathematical models B．they focus on a single passenger in the empty railway carriage C．the models are based on assumptions about the physical properties of train carriages and the passengers D．their models are built in a way that the radiation in the enclosed spaces is regularly distributed 4．What is the author’s attitude toward the research on the effects of mobile-phone radiation? A．He is surprised that too little research has been carried out in this area. B．He thinks that the most important thing for the researcher is to perfect their models. C．He is satisfied with the progress made so far. D．He thinks researchers have to depend more on physical experiments. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科学家们对封闭空间里使用手机时的辐射进行了研究，其结果各不相同；科学家们也给出了其原因。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段的句子“As if that were not bad enough, Tsuyoshi Hondou, a physicist at Tohoku University in Japan, published a paper in 2002 that gave commuters yet another reason to feel uncomfortable. He examined mobile-phone usage in enclosed spaces such as railway carriages, buses and lifts, all of which are, in essence, metal boxes. His model predicted that a large number of passengers crowded together, all talking, sending text messages, or browsing the web on their phones, could produce levels of electromagnetic radiation(电磁辐射)that exceed international safety standards. That is because the radio waves produced by each phone are reflected off the metal walls of the carriage, bus or lift.(似乎这还不够糟糕，日本东北大学的物理学家Tsuyoshi Hondou在2002年发表了一篇论文，让通勤者又多了一个感到不舒服的理由。他研究了移动电话在封闭空间中的使用情况，如铁路车厢、公共汽车和电梯，这些空间本质上都是金属盒子。他的模型预测，大量乘客挤在一起，都在说话、发短信或用手机浏览网页，可能会产生超过国际安全标准的电磁辐射。这是因为每一部手机产生的无线电波会被车厢、公共汽车或电梯的金属墙反射)”可知，Hondou博士发表的论文让通勤者感到担忧，因为他认为所有的手机在封闭的空间里产生的辐射会反弹，是有害的。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段的句子“People concerned about the effects of mobile-phone radiation are unlikely to take much comfort from Dr Ferrer’s results. They worry that even small amounts of microwave radiation — within the ICNIRP’s limits — may have unfavorable health effects.(担心手机辐射影响的人们不太可能从费雷尔博士的研究结果中得到太多安慰。他们担心，即使是少量的微波辐射在ICNIRP的限制范围内，也可能对健康产生不利影响。)”可知，大家对于手机所带来的辐射仍然心存担忧。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Yet both Dr Hondou’s results and Dr Ferrer’s are based on mathematical models, not physical measurements. Their models make assumptions about the physical properties of train carriages and their passengers, and both assume that the radiation is uniformly distributed (分配) rather than gathered into “hot spots”. But if the debate about the safety of mobile phones is to be settled, there must be less reliance on models and assumptions, and more emphasis on hard experimental data.(然而，Hondou博士和Ferrer博士的结果都是基于数学模型，而不是物理测量。他们的模型对火车车厢和乘客的物理特性做了假设，并且都假设辐射是均匀分布的，而不是聚集在“热点”上。但是，如果关于手机安全性的争论要得到解决，就必须减少对模型和假设的依赖，而更多地强调硬实验数据。)”可知，Hondou博士和Ferrer博士的结果都是基于数学模型；这些模型是基于对火车车厢和乘客的物理特性的假设；他们的模型是按照封闭空间中的辐射有规律分布的方式建立的。根据第一段的句子“His model predicted that a large number of passengers crowded together, all talking, sending text messages, or browsing the web on their phones, could produce levels of electromagnetic radiation (电磁辐射) that exceed international safety standards. (他的模型预测，大量乘客挤在一起，都在说话、发短信或用手机浏览网页，可能会产生超过国际安全标准的电磁辐射)”和第三段的句子“The key addition to the new research is the effect of the passengers themselves. While each phone produces radiation that bounces around the car, the passengers absorb some of it, which has the effect of reducing the overall intensity, just as the presence of an audience changes the acoustics (音响效果) of a concert hall, making it less reverberant (回响的).(这项新研究的关键是乘客自身的影响。虽然每个手机都会产生辐射，在汽车周围反弹，但乘客会吸收一部分辐射，从而降低整体强度，就像观众的存在会改变音乐厅的声学效果，使其混响减弱一样。)”可知，他们的模型关注的是火车车厢里的所有乘客，而不是空车厢里的一个人。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的句子“But if the debate about the safety of mobile phone is to be resolved, there must be less focus on models, and more emphasis on physical experimental data.(但如果要解决关于手机安全性的争论，就必须少关注模型，多关注物理实验数据)”可知，作者认为关于手机辐射影响的研究应该更多关注于物理实验研究。故选D项。 Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海建平中学·期中)Increasingly, AI-generated outputs drift across our feeds and searches. Far beyond our screens, the entire culture is becoming affected. A recent study examining scientists’ peer reviews revealed that the word “meticulous(严谨的)” was used 34 times more often than in the previous year. The phrasing, one of the favorite buzzwords of modern large language models like ChatGPT, indicates that many researchers are handing their work over to AI. This reflects a much bigger problem. Any viral post on social media now almost certainly includes AI-generated replies, all to attract follows. Then there is the growing use of AI to scale the creation of cheap synthetic videos for children on YouTube. The narratives make no sense, and characters appear and disappear randomly. As a neuroscientist, this worries me. Isn’t it possible that human culture contains within it cognitive nutrients— things like cohesive narrations and character continuity— that developing brains need? But what happens when a toddler is consuming mostly AI-generated content? It’s worth looking to a historical analogy(类比) for our current situation: the environmental movement. For just as companies and individuals were driven to pollute by economic incentives, so, too, is AI’s cultural pollution driven by a rational decision to fill the internet’s appetite for content as cheaply as possible. However, there has been undeniable progress keeping our cities mostly free of smog. How? Garrett Hardin, a biologist and ecologist, emphasized in 1968 that pollution was an over exploitation of shared resources driven by people acting in their own interest, and that “we are locked into a system of ‘fouling(污染) our own nest,’ so long as we behave only as independent, rational, free enterprisers.” He summed up the problem as a “tragedy of the commons(公共用地).” This acknowledgement was crucial to the environmental movement, which relied on government regulation to do what companies alone could or would not do. Once again, we find ourselves enacting a tragedy of the commons: short-term economic self- interest encourages using cheap AI content to maximize clicks and views, which in turn pollutes our culture. And so far, major AI companies are refusing to help identify AI’s creation- which they could do by adding statistical patterns hidden in word use or in the pixels of images. To deal with this corporate refusal to act we need the equivalent of a Clean Air Act: a Clean Internet Act. A simple solution would be to legislatively force advanced watermarking in AI- generated outputs. Just as the 20th century required extensive interventions to protect the shared environment, the 21st century must protect a different, but equally critical, common resource: our shared human culture. 1．Why does the author express concern? A．AI-generated content is difficult to detect. B．Young children are overly exposed to online content. C．Our culture is affected by low-quality AI-generated content. D．Technological issues, similar to environmental problems, are serious. 2．Which of the following examples best illustrates a “tragedy of the commons”？ A．Fishermen overfishing to earn as much as possible. B．Netizens uploading an excessive number of videos online. C．Students using AI to generate answers for exam questions. D．Governments failing to establish partnership with companies. 3．According to the author, the issue discussed can be resolved by ________. A．controlling the volume of AI-generated content B．regulating AI outputs to make them more identifiable C．urging tech companies to improve the quality of AI generation D．encouraging people to treat culture as seriously as they treat environmental issues 4．Which of the following serves as the most suitable title for the passage? A．A tragedy of the commons: the importance of regulation B．AI outputs are overwhelming: potential risks of AI technology C．Navigating the digital age: why AI should be used with caution D．Addressing AI-generated garbage: endangered culture needs legislation 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了我们整个文化都受到人工智能的负面影响，需要通过立法规范人工智能输出来解决濒危文化的问题。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Far beyond our screens, the entire culture is becoming affected.(在我们的屏幕之外，整个文化都受到了影响。)”和第三段中“Any viral post on social media now almost certainly includes AI-generated replies, all to attract follows. Then there is the growing use of AI to scale the creation of cheap synthetic videos for children on YouTube. The narratives make no sense, and characters appear and disappear randomly.(现在，社交媒体上的任何病毒式帖子几乎肯定都包括人工智能生成的回复，所有这些都是为了吸引粉丝。然后是越来越多地使用人工智能在YouTube上为儿童制作廉价的合成视频。故事毫无意义，人物随意出现和消失。)”可知，我们的文化受到低质量人工智能生成内容的影响，因此作者表示担心。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第五段中“Garrett Hardin, a biologist and ecologist, emphasized in 1968 that pollution was an over exploitation of shared resources driven by people acting in their own interest, and that “we are locked into a system of ‘fouling(污染) our own nest,’ so long as we behave only as independent, rational, free enterprisers.” He summed up the problem as a “tragedy of the commons(公共用地).”(生物学家和生态学家Garrett Hardin在1968年强调，污染是人们为了自己的利益而过度开发共享资源，而且“只要我们只是作为独立、理性、自由的企业家行事，我们就会被困在一个‘污染我们自己的巢穴’的系统中”。他把这个问题总结为‘公共用地’。)”可知，渔民过度捕捞以尽可能多地赚钱，最能说明“公共用地”。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“To deal with this corporate refusal to act we need the equivalent of a Clean Air Act: a Clean Internet Act. A simple solution would be to legislatively force advanced watermarking in AI- generated outputs.(为了解决这种企业拒绝采取行动的问题，我们需要一个类似于《清洁空气法》的法案：《清洁互联网法》。一个简单的解决方案是在立法上强制在人工智能生成的输出中使用高级水印。)”可知，作者认为，所讨论的问题可以通过立法来规范人工智能输出，使其更具可识别性来解决。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Far beyond our screens, the entire culture is becoming affected.(在我们的屏幕之外，整个文化都受到了影响。)”和最后一段中“To deal with this corporate refusal to act we need the equivalent of a Clean Air Act: a Clean Internet Act. A simple solution would be to legislatively force advanced watermarking in AI- generated outputs.(为了解决这种企业拒绝采取行动的问题，我们需要一个类似于《清洁空气法》的法案：《清洁互联网法》。一个简单的解决方案是在立法上强制在人工智能生成的输出中使用高级水印。)”可知，本篇文章主要讲述了我们整个文化都受到人工智能的负面影响，需要立法来解决这个问题，D项“解决人工智能产生的垃圾：濒危文化需要立法”可概括本文大意，为最佳标题。故选D项。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 (23-24高二上·上海华东师范大学第二附属中学·期中)Gazing up at the sky past the clouds, it’s hard to imagine an entire civilisation of satellites all chatting with one another right above our heads. Populated in their thousands, satellites are the orbiting neighbours we need to stay connected down on Earth. Although varying in their occupation, satellites are typically either used for communication, imaging or navigation. Here is what happens when we use GPS satellites to find the perfect pizza slice. 1．Which of the following statements is not true according to the first paragraph? A．Thousands of satellites are orbiting the earth. B．The satellites don’t share the same task. C．Satellites are generally used in three fields. D．All satellites are connected closely with each other. 2．According to the passage, trilateration is . A．a password to access the satellite receiver B．a radio signal transmitted among satellites C．a mathematical technique for determining position D．a tool for measuring the distance between two objects 3．Put the following in the correct order and make the five steps coherent and reasonable. A．(c)→(a)→(b) B．(b)→(a)→(c) C．(c)→(b)→(a) D．(a)→(c)→(b) 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了卫星GPS定位的工作原理。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Populated in their thousands, satellites are the orbiting neighbours we need to stay connected down on Earth. Although varying in their occupation, satellites are typically either used for communication, imaging or navigation.(成千上万的卫星是我们需要在地球上保持联系的轨道邻居。虽然卫星的用途各不相同，但它们通常用于通信、成像或导航。)”可知，有成千上万颗卫星绕地球运行，卫星承担不同的任务，卫星通常用于通信、成像或导航三个领域。“所有的卫星都彼此紧密相连”是不正确的，故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第Finding the best pizza下列Trilateration内容“To find your exact location several satellites work together using radio signals. Emitted as a sphere, these signals are transmitted towards Earth to the receiver in your smartphone. In a Venn diagram-style search, overlapping spheres pinpoint your location. Measuring the time taken for the signals to be sent from the satellites to the receiver and back again is how these eyes in the sky are able to accurately find out where in the world you are. (为了找到你的确切位置，几颗卫星利用无线电信号协同工作。这些信号以球体的形式发射，然后被传送到地球上的智能手机接收器上。在维恩图式搜索中，重叠的球体会精确定位你的位置。通过测量信号从卫星发送到接收器再返回所花费的时间，这些天空中的眼睛能够准确地找到你在世界上的位置。)”可知，Trilateration(三边测量)是确定位置的数学方法。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据Trilateration内容下列可知：图1“The smartphone’s receiver is able to tune into the continuous radio signal from nearby satellites.(这款智能手机的接收器能够接收附近卫星发出的连续无线电信号。)”说明第一步是手机接收信号，图c“The smartphone will then use these signals to identify the satellites and their positions in the sky. (然后，智能手机将使用这些信号来识别卫星及其在天空中的位置。)” 承接上文，说明手机将使用接收到的信号来识别卫星及其在天空中的位置，图a“A smartphone will calculate its location based on the time it takes the signal to bounce back and forth. (智能手机会根据信号来回反射的时间计算出自己的位置。)”承接上文，说明手机根据来回反射的时间计算出自己的位置；图b“With the help of the Internet, the pair work together to point you in the right direction of the closest pizzas. (在互联网的帮助下，这对搭档一起工作，为你指出最近的披萨的正确方向。)”承接上文，说明手机和卫星一起工作，就找到最近披萨的正确方向，引出图5“connecting the dots to your destination. GPS satellites will track your position and guide you to store.(把这个位置点连接到你的目的地。GPS卫星会追踪你的位置并指引你去商店。)”。其顺序为(c)→(a)→(b)，故选A项。 Passage 2 (23-24高二上·上海进才中学·期中) Meet the Mistle ThrushWhen it comes to birds associated with Christmas, the mistle thrush may not immediately spring to mind. But, with a preference for mistletoe and holly berries, as well as being one of the only birds that continues to sing throughout winter, it deserves a second look. The mistle thrush measures 28cm in length, making it both the UK’s largest thrush species and songbird. With a long tail, yellow legs and a fat white body that’s covered with brown spots, this bird certainly has a distinctive appearance. Sadly, your chances of spotting one in the wild are slim as its population has been in decline since the 1970s -between 1995 and 2010, England lost a third of its native mistle thrushes, and numbers are still plummeting. It’s thought that a high infant death rate could be to blame, as well as other factors such as loss of habitat. The Woodland Trust is working hard to save the mistle thrush, but if it is to truly flourish in this country again, the charity needs your help. THE MISTLE THRUSH FACT FILECommon Name: Mistle thrush (Turdus viscivorus) Family: Turdidae (thrushes) Habitat: woodland, parks and gardens Diet: berries, earthworms, slugs and insects Predators: cats, foxes and birds of pray Not to be confused with: the song thrush, which is much smaller HOW TO HELPThere are a few simple steps you can take to make your garden a safe space for these endangered birds, such as planting berry bushes and only trimming (修剪) them every few years so that they produce a lot of fruit. You could also plant holly, yew, ivy and crab apple trees, all of which provide food and shelter for the mistle thrush. These birds are extremely territorial when it comes to food, and they often work together to protect their food from competitors, so where there’s one, others are likely to follow. If you have mistle thrushes visiting your outdoor space, another way you can help is by keeping pet cats indoors, as they are predators of many garden birds. What’s more, by supporting the Woodland Trust, you’ll be helping the organization to raise awareness about the threats facing the mistle thrush and continue its efforts to protect and restore its natural habitat, as well as creating new spaces for it to live. 1．Which of the following statements is true of the mistle thrush? A．It arrives in England around Christmas. B．It is much smaller than the song thrush. C．It feeds mainly on plants and vegetables. D．It looks quite different from other birds. 2．What can people do to protect the mistle thrush? A．Follow one of the birds at a time. B．Keep cats away from the garden. C．Donate money to the Woodland Trust. D．Trim berry bushes as often as possible. 3．You can probably find this article_____________. A．on a Wildlife and Conservation website B．in a BBC Gardeners’ World magazine C．in a Nature Photography magazine D．in a traveler’s birdwatching blog 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了槲鸫鸟，它以槲寄生和冬青树为食，是唯一一种在冬季继续歌唱的鸟类。然而，这种鸟的数量一直在下降。为了帮助它们，人们可以采取一些简单的措施，例如在花园里种植浆果灌木和树木，保持宠物猫在室内，或通过支持组织来保护它们的自然栖息地。 1．细节理解题。根据Meet the Mistle Thrush部分中“The mistle thrush measures 28cm in length, making it both the UK’s largest thrush species and songbird. With a long tail, yellow legs and a fat white body that’s covered with brown spots, this bird certainly has a distinctive appearance. (槲鸫鸟长达28厘米，是英国最大的鸫科鸟类和鸣禽。它有着长长的尾巴，黄色的腿和覆盖着棕色斑点的肥胖的白色身体。这种鸟有着一个与众不同的样子。)”可知，槲鸫鸟看起来和其他鸟类很不一样。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据Meet the Mistle Thrush部分中“The Woodland Trust is working hard to save the mistle thrush, but if it is to truly flourish in this country again, the charity needs your help. (林地信托基金会正在努力拯救槲鸫鸟，但如果想让槲鸫的数量在这个国家再次增长，这个慈善机构需要你的帮助。)”和HOW TO HELP部分中“What’s more, by supporting the Woodland Trust, you’ll be helping the organization to raise awareness about the threats facing the mistle thrush and continue its efforts to protect and restore its natural habitat, as well as creating new spaces for it to live. (更重要的是，通过支持林地信托基金，你将帮助该组织提高人们对槲鸫鸟面临的威胁的认识，并继续努力保护和恢复其自然栖息地，并为其创造新的生活空间。)”可推知，人们可以通过向林地信托基金捐款来保护槲鸫鸟。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。通读全文，结合文章三个部分标题“THE MISTLE THRUSH FACT FILE (槲鸫鸟档案)”、“Meet the Mistle Thrush（认识槲鸫鸟）”和“HOW TO HELP (如何帮助)”可知，文章介绍了槲鸫鸟和如何保护它们，与鸟类的保护有关，由此推知，文章很可能出自于野生动物保护网站。故选A项。 Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海控江中学·期中)In 1969, a ship carrying 90 passengers arrived in Antarctic waters. Since then, Antarctic tourism has increased noticeably. Nowadays, over 35,000 visitors a season came to the Antarctic during summer, with the intention of visiting colonies of penguins. That worries many environmentalists, who fear such quantities of people may be disturbing the penguins. However, a study published in Polar Biology by Maureen Lynch of Stony Brook University brings good news for penguins, tourists and tour-operators alike – for the tourists’ visits are not stressing the birds at all. The conventional way of deciding whether visits by tourists are stressful to the animals is to recruit a bunch of PhD students to observe those animals and make a number of behavioral observations when tourists are and are not present. This is difficult and expensive, for even PhD students need to be housed and fed. Another choice is to sample the animals’ blood and analyze it for stress hormones. The problem with this is that catching animals to measure their hormone levels is stressful. There is, however, a third way, which is to look for stress hormones in animals’ droppings (排泄物). Dr. Lynch knew from previous work by her partner that some stress hormones show up in penguin wastes, and that hormone concentrations in droppings went up shortly after animals were approached by human beings, and then returned to normal later. With that in mind, she decided to compare droppings from penguin colonies visited by lots of tourists with those less visited. As the researchers expected, all collected samples contained related stress hormones. Contrary to their expectations, however, there were no significant differences between samples from different sites, regardless of the number of visitors those sites played host to. It seems, then, either that penguins do not worry about human visitors in the first place, or that they quickly get used to them. What is more, Dr. Lynch’s method provides an easy way to monitor the situation. If a growing number of tourists put the birds under stress, it will be possible to advise tour operators to consider their business at less-visited colonies. 1．What do we know about Antarctic tourism? A．It enjoyed popularity in 1969. B．It attracts visitors in all the year round. C．It allows people to see penguins. D．It had disturbed the penguins. 2．The problem of the conventional method lies in ________. A．the difficulty in recruiting PhD students B．high costs required in the Antarctic C．comparison of penguins’ behaviors D．the huge trouble of catching animals 3．What did Dr. Lynch’s partner find about penguin waste? A．It contained certain stress hormones. B．It had high level of stress hormones. C．Its hormone level was unstable. D．Its hormones were at normal levels. 4．What can we learn from the analysis of the collected samples? A．Penguins are afraid of visitors. B．Penguins are used to visitors. C．Penguins are hardly stressed by tourists. D．Penguins are always under great stress. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是说明文。南极观光游客增多，人们担心游客影响企鹅的生活，文章介绍了传统的检验方式以及这些方式的短板，提到一种新的验证方式，检验显示企鹅几乎没有受到游客影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段的“Nowadays, over 35,000 visitors a season came to the Antarctic during summer, with the intention of visiting colonies of penguins.( 如今，夏季一季有超过35000名游客来到南极，目的是参观企鹅群。)”可知，南极旅游可以让人们看到企鹅。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段的“This is difficult and expensive, for even PhD students need to be housed and fed.( 这是困难和昂贵的，因为即使是博士生也需要吃住。)”可知，传统的方式的问题是在南极地区的高成本。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段的“Dr. Lynch knew from previous work by her partner that some stress hormones show up in penguin wastes, and that hormone concentrations in droppings went up shortly after animals were approached by human beings, and then returned to normal later.( 林奇博士从她伙伴之前的工作中知道，企鹅排泄物中会出现一些应激激素，人类接近动物后不久，粪便中的激素浓度就会上升，然后又恢复正常。)”可知，林奇博士的伙伴发现企鹅的排泄物中包含某种应激荷尔蒙。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Contrary to their expectations, however, there were no significant differences between samples from different sites, regardless of the number of visitors those sites played host to. It seems, then, either that penguins do not worry about human visitors in the first place, or that they quickly get used to them.(然而，与他们的预期相反，来自不同站点的样本之间没有显著差异，而不管这些站点所接待的访问者数量如何。因此，要么企鹅一开始就不担心人类游客，要么它们很快就习惯了它们)”可推断，从收集的样本可知，企鹅几乎没有受到来自游客的压力。故选C。 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海浦东新区上海师范大学附属中学·期中)One way people are responding to food safety concerns is by growing their own food. However, not everyone lives on property with enough space for a private plot. One solution is community gardens, which have become popular worldwide, numbering 18,000 in North America alone. In addition to providing low-cost, delicious food, these public spaces offer cities a range of other benefits. Community gardens are located in a town or city and tended by local residents. Often, the land is on a vacant lot owned by the city. The site is divided into manageable plots, which may be tended by individuals or by the garden’s members collectively. Since the land is usually publicly owned, the cost for gardeners to lease it is minimal. In fact, New York City, which is home to more than 750 community gardens tended by more than 20,000 members, charges people just $1 a year to lease a plot. Other costs involve soil, tools, seeds, fencing, and so on. However, because they’re shared by many people, individual gardeners pay very little. A community garden can quickly pay off, in terms of delicious fruits and vegetables, in addition to beautiful flowers. Excess produce can be sold for a profit at farmers markets. But a garden’s benefits don’t stop there. They also beautify cities, foster strong relationships among residents, and lower an area’s crime rate. Award-winning spaces like London’s Culpeper Community Garden even attract tourists. Beautiful and affordable, community gardens are often described as oases in crowded cities. 1．Community gardens are designed for those who ________. A．are concerned about food safety B．live in a house with a private plot C．can’t afford to buy organic food D．don’t have their own property 2．New York City ________. A．is owned by 20,000 individual gardeners B．charges residents a lot to lease tools and fencing C．contains more than 750 community gardens D．is tended by professional gardeners and local residents 3．What’s the benefit of community gardens? A．People can enjoy safe and delicious vegetables and animal meat. B．Residents are more familiar and related with each other. C．The neighborhood is becoming safer but of lower taste. D．People can make some profits from the visiting tourists. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了社区花园作为一种解决城市居民食品安全问题的方式，不仅提供低成本、美味的食物，还为城市带来美化环境、促进社区关系和降低犯罪率等额外好处。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“One way people are responding to food safety concerns is by growing their own food. However, not everyone lives on property with enough space for a private plot. One solution is community gardens, which have become popular worldwide, numbering 18,000 in North America alone. (人们应对食品安全问题的一种方式是自己种植食物。然而，并不是每个人都住在有足够空间的土地上。一种解决方案是社区花园，这种花园在全世界都很流行，仅在北美就有1.8万个)”可知，社区花园是为那些关心食品安全的人设计的。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In fact, New York City, which is home to more than 750 community gardens tended by more than 20,000 members, charges people just $1 a year to lease a plot. (事实上，纽约市有超过750个社区花园，有超过2万名成员在打理，而租一块地每年只收取1美元)”可知，纽约市有750多个社区花园。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“But a garden’s benefits don’t stop there. They also beautify cities, foster strong relationships among residents, and lower an area’s crime rate. (但花园的好处不止于此。它们还美化了城市，促进了居民之间的牢固关系，降低了一个地区的犯罪率)”可知，社区花园的一个好处是居民之间更熟悉，彼此相联。故选B项。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海同济大学第二附属中学·期中)When was the last time you listened to someone? Really listened, without thinking about what you wanted to say next, glancing down at your phone or jumping in to offer your opinion? And when was the last time someone really listened to you? Was so attentive to what you were saying and whose response was so accurate that you felt truly understood? We are encouraged to listen to our inner voices, but rarely are we encouraged to listen carefully and purposefully to other people. In writing a book about listening, I asked people from Brooklyn to Beijing what it meant to be a good listener. The typical response was a blank stare. People had no trouble, however, telling me what it meant to be a bad listener, complaining about actions such as interrupting, looking at a phone, and responding in a self-centered way. The sad truth is that people have more experience being cut off, ignored and misunderstood than heard to their satisfaction. Of course, technology plays a role. Social media provides a virtual megaphone, along with the means to filter out opposing views. People find phone calls intrusive and ignore voice mail, preferring text or wordless emoji. If people are listening to anything, it’s likely through headphones or earbuds, where they feel safe inside their own sound bubbles. This is all fueling what public health officials describe as an epidemic of loneliness in the United States. But tech is not the only contributor. High schools and colleges have debate teams and courses in rhetoric (修辞) and persuasion, but rarely, if ever, offer classes or extracurricular activities that teach careful listening. The cacophony of modern life also stops us from listening. The music playing in restaurants can make it difficult, if not impossible, for diners to clearly hear one another. Offices with an open design ensure every keyboard click, telephone call and coughing make for constant noise. Traffic noise on city streets exceeds the volume of normal conversation by as much as 30 decibels, and can even cause hearing loss. So how can we reclaim the lost art of listening? Actually, listening goes beyond simply hearing what people say. It also involves paying attention to how they say it and what they do while they are saying it, in what context, and how what they say identify with you. It’s not about merely holding your peace while someone else holds forth. Quite the opposite. A lot of listening has to do with how you respond — the degree to which you facilitate the clear expression of another person’s thoughts and, in the process, form your own. 1．In Paragraph 1 what is the most likely reason the author uses a series of questions? A．To create a feeling of worry and tension for the reader. B．To encourage the reader to engage thoughtfully with the topic. C．To suggest there are opposing views about what defines good listening. D．To show that much remains unknown about the role listening plays. 2．Which phrase from Paragraph 4 provides the best context for understanding the meaning of the underlined word “cacophony”? A．“music playing” B．“an open design” C．“constant noise” D．“normal conversation” 3．What can we infer from the last two paragraphs? A．People tend to be reluctant to say what they really mean. B．People often express themselves in more ways than they realize. C．People become more comfortable when they are among close friends. D．People are more likely to speak openly with others who agree with them. 4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Talk Less. Listen More. Here’s How. B．The Lost Art of Speaking C．Don’t Turn a Deaf Ear to Yourself ! D．A Good Listener or A Bad One? 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了现代社会中倾听能力的缺失及其原因，并探讨如何重新培养倾听的艺术。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“When was the last time you listened to someone? Really listened, without thinking about what you wanted to say next, glancing down at your phone or jumping in to offer your opinion? And when was the last time someone really listened to you? Was so attentive to what you were saying and whose response was so accurate that you felt truly understood? We are encouraged to listen to our inner voices, but rarely are we encouraged to listen carefully and purposefully to other people.(你上一次听别人说话是什么时候？真的在听，没有考虑接下来想说什么，低头看手机或进去发表意见？最后一次有人真正听你说话是什么时候？你是否对自己说的话如此专注，谁的回答如此准确，以至于你觉得自己真正被理解了？我们被鼓励倾听内心的声音，但很少被鼓励认真、有目的地倾听他人)”可推知，作者在第一段使用一系列问题是为了引导读者深入思考倾听这个话题。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据第四段的“The music playing in restaurants can make it difficult, if not impossible, for diners to clearly hear one another. Offices with an open design ensure every keyboard click, telephone call and coughing make for constant noise. Traffic noise on city streets exceeds the volume of normal conversation by as much as 30 decibels, and can even cause hearing loss.(餐馆里播放的音乐会让食客们很难（如果不是不可能的话）清楚地听到彼此的声音。开放式设计的办公室确保每一次键盘点击、电话呼叫和咳嗽都会产生持续的噪音。城市街道上的交通噪音比正常对话的音量高出30分贝，甚至可能导致听力损失)”可知，本段主要介绍了生活中的喧嚣对于倾听的影响，即生活中不断制造出来的噪音阻止我们倾听，所以划线单词意为“不断的噪音”。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Actually, listening goes beyond simply hearing what people say. It also involves paying attention to how they say it and what they do while they are saying it, in what context, and how what they say identify with you.(事实上，倾听不仅仅是听人们说什么。它还涉及到注意他们是如何说的，他们在说的时候做了什么，在什么背景下，以及他们说的话如何与你产生共鸣)”以及最后一段的“A lot of listening has to do with how you respond— the degree to which you facilitate the clear expression of another person’s thoughts and, in the process, form your own.(很多倾听都与你的反应有关——你在多大程度上促进了他人想法的清晰表达，并在这个过程中形成了自己的想法)”可知，人们在表达自己时，不仅通过言语，还包括行为、背景等多种方式。由此可推知，人们在表达自己时，往往会通过多种方式进行。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全段，尤其是第一段的“We are encouraged to listen to our inner voices, but rarely are we encouraged to listen carefully and purposefully to other people.(我们被鼓励倾听内心的声音，但很少被鼓励认真、有目的地倾听他人)”可知，文章主要介绍了现代社会中倾听（他人）能力的缺失及其原因，并探讨如何重新培养倾听的艺术。所以“少说多听。这里是如何做到的。”适合作本文的标题。故选A。 Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海零陵中学·期中)Although websites such as Facebook and MySpace experienced increasing growth during the middle of the first decade of the 21st century, some users fail to realize the fact that the information they post online can come back to trouble them. First, employers can monitor employees who maintain a blog, photo diary, or website. Employers can look for troublesome employees’ opinions, sensitive information disclosures, or wildly inappropriate conduct. For example, a North Carolina newspaper fired one of its features writers after she created a blog on which she anonymously wrote about the characteristics of her job and coworkers. The second unintended use of information from social networking websites is employers who check on potential employees. A New York Times article reported that many companies recruiting (招募) on college campuses use search engines and social networking websites such as MySpace, Xanga, and Facebook to conduct background checks. Although the use of MySpace or Google to investigate a student’s background is somewhat upsetting to many undergraduates, the Times noted that the use of Facebook is especially shocking to students who believe that Facebook is limited to current students and recent alumni. Company employers are not the only people interested in college students’ lives. The third unintended use of social networking websites is college administrators who monitor the Internet— especially Facebook— for student misconduct. For example, a college in Boston’s Back Bay expelled (除名) its Student Government Association President for joining a Facebook group highly critical of a campus police sergeant. In addition, fifteen students at a state university in North Carolina faced charges in court for underage drinking because of photos that appeared on Facebook. Although more users of websites such as Facebook are becoming aware of the potential pitfalls (陷阱) of online identities, many regular users still fail to take three basic security precautions. First, only make your information available to a specific list of individuals whom you approve. Second, regularly search for potentially harmful information about yourself that may have been posted by mistake or by a disgruntled (不满的) former colleague. Third, never post offensive material under your name or on your page as, despite the best precautions, this material will likely make its way to the wider world. By taking these simple steps, members of the digital world can realize the many benefits of e- community without experiencing some of the damaging unintended consequences. 1．The main purpose of the passage is to _________. A．explain the growth of the digital world through from the aspect of privacy B．discuss the risks of the digital world and suggest ways to protect yourself C．propose steps Facebook, MySpace, and Google can take to protect user privacy D．illustrate potential unintended uses of private information 2．The author implies that users should take all of the following actions to protect their online privacy EXCEPT _________. A．know to whom you make your online information available B．avoid uploading information that would be damaging if it were discovered C．carefully select and limit who can view your electronic profile D．speak with employers to inform them of any misinformation published about you 3．Which of the following best describes the relationship between the last paragraph and the other paragraphs? A．It offers detailed examples to support previous point s of view. B．It summarizes the points of view in the previous paragraphs. C．It provides suggestions to solve the previously mentioned problems. D．It offers evidence to make the previous point s of view clearer. 4．According to the passage, which of following does the writer imply? A．Information obtained unwillingly from the Internet is permissible in court. B．It is impossible to protect yourself from unintended uses of information online. C．Even if you restrict who can view your data, the government may still access it. D．Done properly, posting offensive information about oneself causes no risk. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。越来越多的Facebook等网站用户开始意识到在线身份的潜在隐患，为了避免经历一些破坏性的意想不到的后果，文章提供了一些简单的安全防范措施。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Although websites such as Facebook and MySpace experienced increasing growth during the middle of the first decade of the 21st century, some users fail to realize the fact that the information they post online can come back to trouble them.(虽然像Facebook和MySpace这样的网站在21世纪第一个十年的中期经历了不断增长，但一些用户没有意识到他们在网上发布的信息可能会反过来给他们带来麻烦)”以及最后一段“Although more users of websites such as Facebook are becoming aware of the potential pitfalls (陷阱) of online identities, many regular users still fail to take three basic security precautions. First, only make your information available to a specific list of individuals whom you approve. Second, regularly search for potentially harmful information about yourself that may have been posted by mistake or by a disgruntled (不满的) former colleague. Third, never post offensive material under your name or on your page as, despite the best precautions, this material will likely make its way to the wider world. By taking these simple steps, members of the digital world can realize the many benefits of e- community without experiencing some of the damaging unintended consequences.(虽然越来越多的Facebook等网站用户开始意识到在线身份的潜在隐患，但许多普通用户仍然没有采取三个基本的安全防范措施。首先，只将您的信息提供给您认可的特定人员。其次，定期搜索可能是错误发布的或由心怀不满的前同事发布的关于自己的潜在有害信息。第三，永远不要以你的名义或在你的页面上发布冒犯性的材料，因为尽管有最好的预防措施，这些材料很可能会传播到更广阔的世界。通过采取这些简单的步骤，数字世界的成员可以意识到电子社区的许多好处，而不会经历一些破坏性的意想不到的后果)”可知，本文写作目的是讨论数字世界的风险，并提出保护自己的方法。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Although more users of websites such as Facebook are becoming aware of the potential pitfalls (陷阱) of online identities, many regular users still fail to take three basic security precautions. First, only make your information available to a specific list of individuals whom you approve. Second, regularly search for potentially harmful information about yourself that may have been posted by mistake or by a disgruntled (不满的) former colleague. Third, never post offensive material under your name or on your page as, despite the best precautions, this material will likely make its way to the wider world. By taking these simple steps, members of the digital world can realize the many benefits of e- community without experiencing some of the damaging unintended consequences.(虽然越来越多的Facebook等网站用户开始意识到在线身份的潜在隐患，但许多普通用户仍然没有采取三个基本的安全防范措施。首先，只将您的信息提供给您认可的特定人员。其次，定期搜索可能是错误发布的或由心怀不满的前同事发布的关于自己的潜在有害信息。第三，永远不要以你的名义或在你的页面上发布冒犯性的材料，因为尽管有最好的预防措施，这些材料很可能会传播到更广阔的世界。通过采取这些简单的步骤，数字世界的成员可以意识到电子社区的许多好处，而不会经历一些破坏性的意想不到的后果)”可知，作者暗示用户应该采取的行动来保护他们的在线隐私不包括和雇主谈谈，告诉他们任何关于你的错误信息。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“First, only make your information available to a specific list of individuals whom you approve. Second, regularly search for potentially harmful information about yourself that may have been posted by mistake or by a disgruntled (不满的) former colleague. Third, never post offensive material under your name or on your page as, despite the best precautions, this material will likely make its way to the wider world. By taking these simple steps, members of the digital world can realize the many benefits of e- community without experiencing some of the damaging unintended consequences.(首先，只将您的信息提供给您认可的特定人员。其次，定期搜索可能是错误发布的或由心怀不满的前同事发布的关于自己的潜在有害信息。第三，永远不要以你的名义或在你的页面上发布冒犯性的材料，因为尽管有最好的预防措施，这些材料很可能会传播到更广阔的世界。通过采取这些简单的步骤，数字世界的成员可以意识到电子社区的许多好处，而不会经历一些破坏性的意想不到的后果)”可知，最后一段为解决上述问题提供了建议。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段“Company employers are not the only people interested in college students’ lives. The third unintended use of social networking websites is college administrators who monitor the Internet— especially Facebook— for student misconduct. For example, a college in Boston’s Back Bay expelled (除名) its Student Government Association President for joining a Facebook group highly critical of a campus police sergeant. In addition, fifteen students at a state university in North Carolina faced charges in court for underage drinking because of photos that appeared on Facebook.(虽公司老板并不是唯一对大学生生活感兴趣的人。社交网站的第三个意外用途是监控互联网（尤其是Facebook）学生不当行为的大学管理者。例如，波士顿后湾的一所大学开除了学生政府协会主席，因为他加入了一个高度批评校园警察的Facebook小组。此外，北卡罗莱纳州一所州立大学的15名学生因Facebook上出现的照片而面临未成年人饮酒的指控)”可知，法庭允许提供非本意从互联网上获得的信息。故选A。 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海七宝中学·期中)A new study, which found that eating ultra- processed (超加工的) food (like fish fingers, fizzy drinks and ready meals) could increase the risk of death, made for alarming headlines. The Sun told us that “just for portions of processed food a day could kill you”, while The Telegraph said that ultra-processed foods “could increase the risk of early death by 60 percent”. As is often the case, the research is well-designed and alarming. What’s more, the news coverage is not exactly false. The problem is that the numbers driving the headlines are hard to interpret, and seem more frightening than they are. Let’s unpack what the evidence means in this case. Spanish researchers followed roughly 20,000 students over 14 years, using questionnaires to estimate how many portions of ultra-processed food they were eating every day. They found that those who ate the most ultra-processed foods had a 62 percent increased risk of death from any cause, compared with those who ate the least. If we assume the conclusions are accurate, then a 62 percent increased risk of death sounds pretty shocking. But what does it mean? Let’s imagine two friends — Wanda and Winona. They’re both around 50, the same weight, do the same amount of exercise, have same family histories of disease, but not the same habits or lifestyle. Wanda is keen on instant noodles, fish fingers and fizzy drinks, while Winona prefers steamed vegetables and whole meal bread. Each one faces an annual risk of death, whose technical name is their “hazard”. The key statistic reported in the Spanish study was a hazard ratio (率) of 1.62. This means that, for two people like Wanda and Winona who are similar apart from their different diets, the one with the risk factor — Wanda — has a 62 percent increased annual risk of death over the follow- up period (around 14 years in the Spanish study). It’s tempting to interpret this as meaning that Wanda’s life is going to be 62 percent shorter than Winona’s, but that’s not what’s going on. Crucially, the risk of dying in any one year for the average person is pretty low, so a 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be alarming as it sounds. In the UK, for example, the average annual risk of death for 50-year-old women is around 0.2 percent, which means you might expect 2 in every 1,000 women like Winona to die each year. A 62 percent increase on that number gives around a 0.3 percent annual risk of death, which would be 3 in every 1,000 women like Wanda. The difference in 1,000, sounds a lot less alarming than the 62 percent which made the headlines. 1．What does the writer imply about the increased risk of death covered in the news? A．It reflects people’s ignorance of what makes a healthy diet. B．The interpretation of it needs to be weighed objectively. C．It is a conclusion drawn from a poorly designed study. D．The understanding of it varies from country to country. 2．What did the Spanish researchers do in their study? A．They divided the students into two groups. B．They collected the data by means of interviews. C．They followed the subjects for more than a decade. D．They made up two friends named Wanda and Winona. 3．According to the writer, why is it that the 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be that alarming? A．The chance of dying in a year for the average person is relatively minimal. B．It is based on the data that the Spanish researchers collected 14 years ago. C．The relevant study has failed to take other factors into consideration. D．People in the UK are becoming more and more health-conscious. 4．What can be concluded from the passage? A．The news coverage ought to be as objective as possible. B．There needs to be more evidence for the increase in risk of death. C．The harm done by ultra-processed food is not as serious as reported. D．There should be regulations on the production of ultra-processed food. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了新研究发现食用超加工食品可能增加死亡风险，但报道中的数字容易引发误解。研究指出，与食用最少超加工食品的人相比，食用最多的人死亡风险增加62%。 然而，这并不意味着寿命会缩短62%，因为普通人每年的死亡风险本身就很低。因此，尽管这一数字听起来吓人，但实际上影响可能并不那么显著。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The problem is that the numbers driving the headlines are hard to interpret, and seem more frightening than they are.(问题是，驱动新闻标题的数字很难解释，而且看起来比实际情况更可怕。)”可知，新闻报道中的死亡风险增加需要客观权衡，因为数字很难解释，而且看起来比实际情况更可怕。因此，作者暗示了对新闻中提到的死亡风险增加的解读需要客观权衡。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Spanish researchers followed roughly 20,000 students over 14 years, using questionnaires to estimate how many portions of ultra-processed food they were eating every day.(西班牙研究人员对大约20000名学生进行了长达14年的跟踪调查，使用问卷来估算他们每天吃多少份超加工食品。)”可知，他们在研究中跟踪研究对象超过十年。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Crucially, the risk of dying in any one year for the average person is pretty low, so a 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be alarming as it sounds.(关键的是，普通人每年死亡的风险相当低，因此，死亡风险每年增加62%可能并不像听起来那么令人担忧。)”可知，作者认为62%的年度死亡风险增加可能并不那么令人担忧的原因是普通人每年死亡的机会相对较小。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“It’s tempting to interpret this as meaning that Wanda’s life is going to be 62 percent shorter than Winona’s, but that’s not what’s going on. Crucially, the risk of dying in any one year for the average person is pretty low, so a 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be alarming as it sounds.(Wanda的寿命将比维诺娜短62%是很有诱惑力的，但事实并非如此。关键在于，对于普通人来说，任何一年的死亡风险都相当低，因此，死亡风险每年增加62%听起来可能很吓人，但实际上可能并不那么令人担忧。)”可知，尽管新闻报道声称超加工食品会增加死亡风险，但实际上这种风险增加可能并不如报道中所说的那么严重。因此，可以得出结论，超加工食品的危害并不像报道中所说的那么严重。故选C。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海中学·期中)This unfolding health crisis has implications for the government, the NHS and society at large, but perhaps the people most affected are those dealing with aging parents and young children or teenagers — the “sandwich generation”. The term was first popularized by US sociologists Dorothy Miller and Elaine Brody in 1981. Miller wrote of “adult children” who were exposed to “a unique set of unshared stresses in which giving of resources and service far outweighs receiving them.” The declining health of older generations has coincided with more parental demands such as the spread of attention-rich “gentle parenting”, the rise in anxiety and depression among teenagers, and the delayed departures from the family home of children in their 20s. David Goodhart, the head of demography(人口统计学) , immigration and integration at the conservative thinktank Policy Exchange, has just written a book entitled Care Dilemma: Caring Enough in the Age of Sex Equality. His thesis is that family obligations have been disproportionately borne by women, but that greater equality has led to a shortage of care, and an ever-increasing and more costly role for the state. He argues that the solution is not “to push back against equality but to raise the status of care, a realm that has traditionally been female”. Goodhart accepts that total equality has yet to arrive, though he points out that the share of domestic labor has shifted from 70: 30 25 years ago to 60: 40 today. But he maintains that his argument is really about reordering of society’s priorities to liberate women and men to play more active and beneficial roles as carers. The whole issue of care is one that within the family context is filled with guilt and shame, which by their nature are private and often well-guarded emotions. Rare is the parent who isn’t severely tested by the job of rearing children, but the large majority are in it for the long run. Perhaps the one point that all interested parties can agree upon is that all forms of care — for young and elderly people — have been neglected by us as a society, pushed to the margins or back into private settings, where all the accompanying pain and frustration have been left to grow. Whether or not one agrees with Goodhart’s social perspective, it’s hard to dispute that our attitudes and practices relating to care are due for a radical change. We have to rethink the needs and dignity of people at all stages of life, to humanize these most human of situations. No one should be the meat in a demographic sandwich that is long past its sell-by date. 1．Which of the following is NOT a stressor for the “sandwich generation”? A．The rising trend of “gentle parenting” that demands great attention B．The burden of caring for both children and aging parents C．The low availability of mental health resources for teenagers D．The delayed independence of young adults living at home 2．According to Goodhart, the solution to the care dilemma is _________. A．to recognize and improve the value of caregiving roles B．to return to traditional roles for men and women in caregiving C．to provide more government funding for caregiving services D．to promote total equality between genders in terms of caring 3．It can be learned from paragraph 5 that _________. A．society has placed a high priority on supporting family caregivers B．guilt and shame involved in caregiving are well guarded in society C．most parents do not experience much difficulty when raising children D．the neglect of care has resulted in negative emotions within the family 4．The underlined sentence in the last paragraph implies that _________. A．the sandwich generation should give up caregiving because the need for it has expired B．the current system of care is old-fashioned and in need of a radical reform C．caregiving responsibilities should be shifted from the sandwich generation to society D．the demographic challenges of caring for family members are out of date 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了“三明治一代”面临着巨大的看护压力，并提出我们有必要改变对看护的看法以及做法。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“This unfolding health crisis has implications for the government, the NHS and society at large, but perhaps the people most affected are those dealing with aging parents and young children or teenagers — the “sandwich generation”.(这场正在发生的健康危机对政府、英国国家医疗服务体系和整个社会都有影响，但也许受影响最大的人是那些与年迈父母、幼儿或青少年打交道的人——“三明治一代”。)”和第二段“The declining health of older generations has coincided with more parental demands such as the spread of attention-rich “gentle parenting”, the rise in anxiety and depression among teenagers, and the delayed departures from the family home of children in their 20s.(老一辈人健康状况的下降与更多的父母需求同时发生，例如注意力丰富的“温和育儿”的传播，青少年焦虑和抑郁的增加，以及二十多岁的孩子延迟离开家庭。)”可知，“三明治一代”需要照顾老人和孩子，他们遭受着压力，他们面对的压力有：注意力丰富的“温和育儿”的传播，青少年焦虑和抑郁的增加，以及二十多岁的孩子延迟离开家庭，选项A、B、D均符合题意。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“He argues that the solution is not “to push back against equality but to raise the status of care, a realm that has traditionally been female”.(他认为，解决方案不是“反对平等，而是提高看护的地位，这是一个传统上属于女性的领域”。)”可知，Goodhart认为解决看护困境的方法是提高看护的地位，即承认并提高看护角色的价值。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Perhaps the one point that all interested parties can agree upon is that all forms of care — for young and elderly people — have been neglected by us as a society, pushed to the margins or back into private settings, where all the accompanying pain and frustration have been left to grow.(也许所有有关方都能同意的一点是，我们作为一个社会忽视了对年轻人和老年人的各种形式的看护，将其推到边缘或回到私人环境中，所有随之而来的痛苦和沮丧都在那里滋长。)”可推测出，社会对看护年轻人和老年人的忽视，使得看护的工作被推给家庭内部去处理，这导致了痛苦、沮丧这些负面情绪。故选D。 4．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中的“Whether or not one agrees with Goodhart’s social perspective, it’s hard to dispute that our attitudes and practices relating to care are due for a radical change. We have to rethink the needs and dignity of people at all stages of life, to humanize these most human of situations.(无论人们是否同意Goodhart的社会观点，我们对看护的态度和做法都应该发生根本性的变化，这一点毋庸置疑。我们必须重新思考人们在生命各个阶段的需求和尊严，使这些最人性化的情况人性化。)”可知，作者认为我们对看护的态度和做法有必要进行彻底改变，让看护变得更具人性化，由此可推测出，“No one should be the meat in a demographic sandwich that is long past its sell-by date.”讲述了没有人应该成为早已过了保质期的人口统计学三明治中的肉，在这里意在说明目前的看护体系过时了，需要进行彻底变革。故选B。 Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海第三女子中学·期中)“Two centuries ago, Lewis and Clark left St. Louis to explore the new lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase,” George W. Bush said, announcing his desire for a program to send men and women to Mars. “They made that journey in the spirit of discovery. America has ventured forth into space for the same reasons.” Yet there are vital differences between Lewis and Clark’s expedition and a Mars mission. First, they were headed to a place where hundreds of thousands of people were already living. Second, they were certain to discover places and things of immediate value to the new nation. Third, their venture cost next to nothing by today’s standards. A Mars mission may be the single most expensive non-wartime undertaking in U. S. history. Appealing as the thought of travel to Mars is, it does not mean the journey makes sense, even considering the human calling to explore. And Mars as a destination for people makes absolutely no sense with current technology. Present systems for getting from Earth’s surface to low-Earth orbit are so fantastically expensive that merely launching the 1,000 tons or so of spacecraft and equipment a Mars mission would require could be accomplished only by cutting health-care benefits, education spending, or other important programs – or by raising taxes. Absent some remarkable discovery, astronauts, geologists, and biologists once on Mars could do little more than analyze rocks and stare into the sky of another world. Yet rocks can be analyzed by automated probes without risk to human life, and at a tiny fraction of the cost of sending people. It is interesting to note that when President Bush unveiled his proposal, he listed these recent major achievements of space exploration pictures of evidence of water on Mars, discovery of more than 100 planets outside our solar system, and study of the soil of Mars. All these accomplishments came from automated probes or automated space telescopes. Bush’s proposal, which calls for reprogramming some of NASA’s present budget into the Mars effort, might actually lead to a reduction in such unmanned science — the one aspect of space exploration that’s working really well. Rather than spend hundreds of billions of dollars to send people to Mars using current technology, why not take a decade or two or however much time is required researching new launch systems and advanced propulsion(推进力)? If new launch systems could put weight into orbit affordably, and advanced propulsion could speed up that long, slow transit to Mars, the dream of stepping onto the red planet might become reality. Mars will still be there when the technology is ready. 1．What do Lewis and Clark’s expedition and a Mars mission have in common? A．Instant value. B．Human inhabitance. C．Venture cost. D．Exploring spirit. 2．Bush’s proposal is challenged for the following reasons EXCEPT that ______. A．its expenditure is too huge for the government to afford. B．great achievements have already been made in Mars exploration in America. C．American people’s health care will be affected a lot if it is implemented. D．unmanned Mars exploration sounds more practical and economical for the moment. 3．Which can be concluded from the passage? A．Using the current technology to explore Mars is challenging but realistic. B．A Mars mission is considered as unpractical mainly because of the high cost. C．Bush’s proposal is based on three recent great achievements of space exploration. D．Great efforts should be put in the development of manned Mars mission. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Someday people may go to Mars but not until it makes some technological sense. B．A Mars mission is so costly that it may lead to an economic disaster in America. C．Risky as it is, a Mars mission helps to retain America’s position as a technological leader. D．A Mars mission is unnecessary since the scientists once there won’t make great discoveries. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是美国关于火星探索的进程，在未来的某一天，人类将去往火星。 1．推理判断题。由文章第一段“‘Two centuries ago, Lewis and Clark left St. Louis to explore the new lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase,’ George W. Bush said, announcing his desire for a program to send men and women to Mars. ‘They made that journey in the spirit of discovery. America has ventured forth into space for the same reasons.’(两个世纪前，路易斯和克拉克离开圣路易斯，去探索路易斯安那购地获得的新土地，乔治·布什说，并宣布了他希望实施一个将男性和女性送往火星的计划。他们带着探索的精神踏上了这段旅程。美国出于同样的原因冒险进入太空。)”可知，路易斯和克拉克的探险与火星任务都体现了探索的精神。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Present systems for getting from Earth’s surface to low-Earth orbit are so fantastically expensive that merely launching the 1,000 tons or so of spacecraft and equipment a Mars mission would require could be accomplished only by cutting health-care benefits, education spending, or other important programs—or by raising taxes.(目前从地球表面到近地轨道的系统是如此昂贵，以至于仅仅发射火星任务所需的1000吨左右的航天器和设备就只能通过削减医疗福利、教育支出或其他重要项目——或通过提高税收来实现。)”可知，对于布什总统的提议，如果实施，美国人民的福祉将受到很大损害。同时它也是费用高昂的，导致美国政府不得不提高税收来实现，紧靠政府是负担不起的。同时根据倒数第二段中“Bush’s proposal, which calls for reprogramming some of NASA’s present budget into the Mars effort, might actually lead to a reduction in such unmanned science — the one aspect of space exploration that’s working really well.(布什的提案呼吁将NASA现有的预算重新规划到火星计划中，这实际上可能会导致这种无人驾驶科学的减少——这是太空探索中非常有效的一个方面。)”可知，布什的提案也变相减少了无人驾驶科学的预算，因此A,C,D三个选项都可以作为反对布什的提案的理由。根据倒数第二段中“he listed these recent major achievements of space exploration: pictures of evidence of water on Mars, discovery of more than 100 planets outside our solar system, and study of the soil of Mars.(他列举了最近太空探索的主要成就：火星上有水的证据的照片，太阳系外100多个行星的发现，以及对火星土壤的研究。)”可知，布什的提案是在美国在火星探测方面已经取得了巨大的成就的基础上提出来的，由此不会作为反对布什的提案的理由。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“It is interesting to note that when President Bush unveiled (公开) his proposal, he listed these recent major achievements of space exploration: pictures of evidence of water on Mars, discovery of more than 100 planets outside our solar system, and study of the soil of Mars.(有趣的是，当布什总统公布他的提议时，他列出了最近太空探索的主要成就：火星上有水的证据的照片，太阳系外100多个行星的发现，以及对火星土壤的研究。)”可知，布什的提议是基于最近太空探索的三项伟大成就而提出来的。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“If new launch systems could put weight into orbit affordably, and advanced propulsion could speed up that long, slow transit (运输) to Mars, the dream of stepping onto the red planet might become reality. Mars will still be there when the technology is ready.(如果新的发射系统能够以合理的价格将重量送入轨道，并且先进的推进系统能够加快去往火星的漫长而缓慢的旅程，那么踏上这颗红色星球的梦想可能会成为现实。当技术成熟时，火星仍然会在那里。)”以及通读全文，文章介绍了美国关于火星探索的进程，同时也指出在未来的某一天只有当技术有一定的发展，梦想才能成为现实即人类才能登上火星。故选A。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海大同中学·期中)A tiny clue found in ancient deposits has unlocked big secrets about Greenland’s past and future climate. Just beyond the northwest edge of the vast Greenland Ice Sheet, researchers have discovered lake mud that have survived the last ice age. The mud, and remains of common flies in it, record two interglacial periods（间冰期）in northwest Greenland. Although researchers have long known these two periods—the early Holocene and Last Interglacial—experienced warming in the Arctic, the mix of fly species shows that Greenland was even warmer than previously thought. “As far as we know, it has never been found in Greenland. We think this is the first time anyone has reported it in ancient deposits or modern lakes there,” Axford said. “We were really surprised to see how far north it migrated (迁徙).” This new information could help researchers better measure Greenland’s sensitivity to warming, by testing and improving models of climate and ice sheet behaviour. Those models could then improve predictions of how Greenland’s ice sheet might respond to man-made global warming. After all, Greenland covers 80 per cent of the Arctic country and holds enough ice to equal 20 feet of global sea level. “Northwest Greenland might feel really remote, but what happens to that ice sheet is going to matter to everyone in every coastal city around the world,” said Yarrow Axford, an associate professor in the team. “One of the big uncertainties in climate science is how fast the Earth changes when it gets warmer. Geology gives us an opportunity to see what happened when the Earth was warmer than today,” said Axford. People might be surprised to see how today’s Greenland looked during the last two interglacial periods. During the Last Interglacial, global sea levels increased by 15 to 30 feet, largely due to thinning of Greenland and Antarctica’s ice sheets. However, now researchers believe northern Greenland’s ice sheet experienced stronger warming than previously thought, which could mean that Greenland is more responsible for that sea-level rise. Finding lake deposits older than about 10,000 years, however, has been historically very difficult in Greenland. To measure these ancient temperatures, researchers look to ice cores (冰核) and lake deposits. Since ice and lake deposits form by a gradual buildup on annual layers of snow or mud, these cores contain history of the past. By looking through the layers, researchers can obtain climate clues from centuries ago. 1．Why are the remains of flies mentioned in the first two paragraphs? A．They serve as evidence that there is still life in the Northwest Greenland. B．They were one of the many ancient lives that were left in the Greenland mud. C．They are indicators that Greenland was much warmer than previously thought. D．They help the researchers realize that there was once a warm period in the Arctic. 2．The new information about Greenland is important because______________. A．researchers have no idea how to measure Greenland’s warming speed B．it can help researchers better predict Greenland’s response to warming C．people should be more sensitive to the changes in the ice in Greenland D．it is uncertain how fast the Earth changes with man-made global warming 3．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A．It is easier for today’s scientists to find ancient lake deposits. B．People are surprised at the landscape feature of Greenland today. C．Researchers measure the changing temperatures by directly examining mud. D．Greenland holds enough ice that might one day threaten life in coastal cities. 4．Which do you think is the best title of the passage? A．Greenland Used to Be Much Greener B．Earth Once Experienced Warm Periods C．Coastal Cities Warned of Coming Disasters D．Northwest Greenland, A Perfect Destination 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在古代沉积物中发现的一条微小线索揭开了格陵兰岛过去和未来气候的大秘密。就在广阔的格陵兰冰原的西北边缘，研究人员发现了在最后一个冰河时代幸存下来的湖泥。现在研究人员认为，格陵兰北部的冰盖经历了比之前认为的更强烈的变暖。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段的The mud, and remains of common flies in it, record two interglacial periods（间冰期）in northwest Greenland.（在格陵兰岛西北部，泥浆和常见苍蝇的残骸记录了两次间冰期）和 第二段的Although researchers have long known these two periods—the early Holocene and Last Interglacial—experienced warming in the Arctic, the mix of fly species shows that Greenland was even warmer than previously thought. （尽管研究人员很早就知道这两个时期——全新世早期和最后一次间冰期——在北极经历了变暖，但混合的蝇类表明格陵兰岛甚至比之前认为的还要热。）可知，在前两段中提到苍蝇的残骸是为了证明格陵兰岛的温度比之前认为的要高得多。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段的This new information could help researchers better measure Greenland’s sensitivity to warming, by testing and improving models of climate and ice sheet behaviour. 可知，这些新信息可以帮助研究人员更好地测量格陵兰岛对气候变暖的敏感性。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段的After all, Greenland covers 80 per cent of the Arctic country and holds enough ice to equal 20 feet of global sea level. “Northwest Greenland might feel really remote, but what happens to that ice sheet is going to matter to everyone in every coastal city around the world,” 可知，格陵兰岛覆盖了这个北极国家的80%，拥有相当于全球海平面20英尺的冰。“格陵兰西北部可能真的感觉很遥远，但冰盖的变化将关系到世界上每个沿海城市的每个人。”故选D。 4．主旨大意题。文章通过最新的发现——最后一个冰河时代幸存下来的湖泥及湖泥中的苍蝇残骸及其相关研究说明格陵兰岛之前可能更暖和。因此，本文的最佳标题应为“格陵兰岛曾经更加绿色”。故选A。 【点睛】旨大意题是高考阅读理解常考四大题型之一，近几年来的高考都有考到该题型，透彻了解该题型且掌握其答题技巧十分必要。1.考法说明：考查对象分为三类：标题归纳、文章大意和段落大意。2.突破方法：①仔细审题，看好范围。搞清楚问的是某一段还是全文的中心思想。正确选项的特点是：一般不出现细节信息；不含过于肯定或绝对的词语。②使用略读，迅速将全段或全文浏览一遍。③特别注意全文或所问段落的首句和尾句，因为它们常常是主旨要义的体现。避免三个错误：概括不够；过度概括；以事实或细节代替抽象概括的大意。第4小题是主旨大意题，要求写出本文的标题。选项B和C表述不正确，选项D不是本文的内容。A项准确概括了本文的内容。故选A / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $