专题11 句子成分和简单句的基本句型两大要点归纳(讲义)-2026版江苏省(职教高考)一轮复习《英语知识点清单》(原卷版+解析版)
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编写说明:2026版江苏省(职教高考)一轮复习《英语知识点清单》,依据最新的《中等职业学校英语课程标准》及历年高考真题进行编写。本资料将高考必备知识进行科学划分,系统总结归纳知识点,全面梳理高考题型。本专辑共三大部分30个专题:第一部分是按照基础语法知识点编写的语法知识清单,第二部分是针对课程标准和高考真题中高频词汇、词组及句型的语言运用清单,同时也包括了口语交际的提问与回答。第三部分是依据各个高考题型编写的题型技巧清单。每份资料均配备配套讲义和练习题。
本专题是2026版江苏省(职教高考)一轮复习《英语知识点清单》中语法知识清单的第11个专题,内容为句子成分和简单句的基本句型。
2026版江苏省(职教高考)一轮复习
英语语法知识清单
专题11 句子成分和简单句的基本句型(讲+练)
(
【考点解读】
句子成分和简单句基本句型是语法考查的基础,相关考点贯穿单选、完形、语法填空、写作等多个题型。
1.
句子成分
——句子成分的判断往往融入语篇理解,语言知识选择题的考查包括
名词/代词作主语;谓语的时态、语态、主谓一致;介宾搭配;系表结构;宾语补足语;定语的顺序和位置等;从句充当不同的句子成分;句子成分的省略和强调;
2
.
简单句的基本句型
——侧重句型要点的把握:SV句型谓语是
不及物动词
;SVO句型的动词是
及物动词
;SVP句型侧重
系动词的辨识
和
表语的词性
把握(尤其形容词/副词辨析);SVOO句型要求掌握
接双宾语的动词
(如give, teach, buy, show等);SVOC句型重点是
宾补的形式(形容词、名词、不定式、分词等)
及常见搭配(如“have sth. done.”“see sb. doing sth.”);There be句型的反义疑问;特殊句式等。
)
【知识点清单一】句子成分
英语句子的基本成分可分为核心成分(主语、谓语、宾语、表语、补语)和修饰成分(定语、状语、同位语),核心成分是构成句子主干、确保句子完整的关键,修饰成分则用于丰富句子细节、补充信息。
一、核心成分(句子主干,不可缺失)
核心成分决定句子的基本逻辑,包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、补语,其中“主语 + 谓语”是所有完整句子的基础(祈使句省略主语)。
(1)主语(Subject):句子的“动作发出者”或“描述对象”
表示句子中“谁”或“什么”在执行动作、被描述,通常由名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式和主语从句充当。
例句:Tom plays basketball every weekend.(汤姆每周打篮球。)
She is a doctor.(她是一名医生。)
Reading books helps improve vocabulary.(读书有助于提升词汇量。)
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.
英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有被宣布。(从句作主语)
(2)谓语(Predicate):句子的“动作或状态”
表示主语的动作(如“跑、吃”)或状态(如“是、存在”),必须由动词或动词短语充当,且有人称、时态变化。谓语可以由单个动词充当,也可以由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成,还可以由系动词加表语构成。
例句:My mother cooks dinner at 6 PM every day.(我妈妈每天下午 6 点做晚饭。)
The flowers are very beautiful.(这些花很漂亮。)
They will go to the park tomorrow.(他们明天要去公园。)
Your art skills are excellent and admirable.(你的艺术技能非常优秀、令人赞赏)
(3)宾语(Object):动作的承受者
表示主语动作的对象,仅存在于“主语 + 及物动词”的句子中(不及物动词后无宾语),通常由名词、代词、从句等充当,分为直接宾语(动作直接指向的对象)和间接宾语(动作的“受益方”)。可以用作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词和宾语从句等。
例句:He bought a new phone last month.(他上个月买了一部新手机。)
(直接宾语:a new phone,动作“bought” 的直接承受者)
My teacher gave me a gift on my birthday.(我生日时老师给了我一份礼物。)
(间接宾语:me,动作“gave”的受益方;直接宾语:a gift,动作的直接对象)
I managed to persuade my classmates into accepting my idea.(我设法说服同学们接受我的想法。)
(动词不定式to persuade作宾语)
I don’t know what he said.(我不知道他说了什么。)
(宾语:what he said,宾语从句,充当“know”的对象)
(4)表语(Predicate Complement):主语的身份 / 特征
仅存在于“主语 + 系动词”(主系表结构)的句子中,用于说明主语的身份、性质、状态,通常由名词、形容词、介词短语等充当。常见系动词:be(是)、look(看起来)、sound(听起来)、feel(摸起来)、become(变得)、seem(似乎)等。
例句:Her sister is a nurse.(她姐姐是一名护士。)
The music sounds wonderful.(这首音乐听起来很美妙。)
They are in the classroom.(他们在教室里。)
(5)补语(Complement):“补充说明主语 / 宾语的信息”
用于补充主语或宾语的状态、身份,使句子意思完整,分为主语补语和宾语补语,常见于“主语 + 谓语 + 补语” 或 “主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 补语” 结构。
例句:The meeting was made short.(会议被缩短了。)
(主语补语:short,形容词,补充说明主语“the meeting”的状态,被动语态中常见)
We elected him our monitor.(我们选他当班长。)
(宾语补语:our monitor,名词,补充说明宾语“him”的身份)
My parents want me to study hard.(我父母希望我努力学习。)
(宾语补语:to study hard,不定式,补充说明宾语“me”的动作)
二、修饰成分(丰富细节,可省略)
修饰成分不影响句子主干完整,仅用于补充细节,包括定语、状语、同位语。
(1)定语(Attribute):修饰名词 / 代词,表“什么样的”
用于限定或描述名词、代词的特征(如“红色的”“我的”“两本”),可位于被修饰词前(前置定语)或后(后置定语)。可以用作定语的有:形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等。
例句:This is a red car.(这是一辆红色的车。)
(前置定语:red,形容词,修饰名词“car”)
The temperature today is -5℃.(今天的气温是零下五摄氏度。)
(后置定语:today,副词作定语,修饰名词“the temperature”)
The girl in a white dress is my friend.(穿白色裙子的女孩是我的朋友。)
(后置定语:in a white dress,介词短语,修饰名词“the girl”)
I have a book that tells interesting stories.(我有一本讲有趣故事的书。)
(后置定语:that tells interesting stories,定语从句,修饰名词“a book”)
(2)状语(Adverbial):修饰动词 / 形容词 / 句子,表“时间、地点、方式”等
用于说明动作发生的时间、地点、方式、原因、目的、程度等,或修饰形容词、副词的程度,位置较灵活(句首、句中、句末)。可以用作状语的有:副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格和从句等。
例句:He runs fast.(他跑得很快。)
In the morning, I usually drink a cup of milk.(早上我通常喝一杯牛奶。)
She didn’t go to school because she was ill.(她因为生病没去上学。)
(3)同位语(Appositive):与名词等价,表“同一名词的另一种说法”
用于对前面的名词(通常是专有名词、抽象名词)进行解释、补充,说明其具体内容,与被修饰名词 “地位平等、指同一事物”,通常由名词、从句等充当。
例句:My brother, a doctor, works in Beijing.(我哥哥——一名医生,在北京工作。)
(同位语:a doctor,名词,解释“my brother”的身份)
The news that our team won made everyone happy.(我们队赢了的消息让所有人都很高兴。)
(同位语:that our team won,同位语从句,解释“the news”的具体内容)
句子成分拆解示意:
Last week, my best friend Tom gave me an interesting book that teaches English grammar.
Last week
my best friend
Tom
gave
me
a interesting book
that teaches English grammar
状语
主语
同位语
谓语
间接宾语
直接宾语
定语(从句)
【即时训练】
一、指出下列各句中画线部分的句子成分。
1.My mother often cooks delicious food for us. ___________________
【答案】宾语
【解析】句中谓语动词 "cooks"(烹饪)是及物动词,其后接动作的对象 "delicious food",作宾语。
2.He became a famous doctor last year. ___________________
【答案】表语
【解析】系动词 "became"(成为)后接名词短语,说明主语 "He" 的身份或性质,构成 "主系表" 结构,故为表语。
3.The little girl is drawing a picture in her room. ___________________
【答案】状语
【解析】介词短语 "in her room" 表示动作 "drawing"(画画)发生的地点,修饰谓语动词,作地点状语。
4.We should help the old people cross the street safely. ___________________
【答案】宾语补足语
【解析】谓语动词 "help" 后接双宾语结构 "help sb. do sth.","the old people" 是动作 "help" 的对象(宾语),"cross the street safely" 补充说明宾语的动作,作宾语补足语。
5.The book on the desk is mine. ___________________
【答案】定语
【解析】介词短语 "on the desk" 修饰名词 "The book",限定书的位置("桌子上的书"),作后置定语。
6.Tom and his sister will visit their grandparents tomorrow. ___________________
【答案】主语
【解析】"Tom and his sister" 是动作 "visit" 的发出者,作主语;
7.My friend Lucy is coming to visit me this weekend. ___________________
【答案】同位语
【解析】"Lucy" 是 "My friend" 的同位语;
8.This song sounds very beautiful. ___________________
【答案】表语
【解析】系动词 "sounds"(听起来)后接形容词短语,说明主语 "This song" 的特征,构成 "主系表" 结构,作表语。
9.They planted many trees in the park last spring. ___________________
【答案】谓语
【解析】谓语 "planted"(种植)是及物动词
10.I find it easy to learn English well. ___________________
【答案】宾语补足语
【解析】"find" 后接 "it + 形容词 + 不定式" 结构,"it" 代替后面的不定式作形式宾语,"easy" 补充说明 "it" 的性质(宾补),"to learn English well" 是真正的宾语。
11.The students are reading books quietly in the library. ___________________
【答案】状语
【解析】"quietly"(副词)表动作方式,"in the library" 表地点,均修饰 "reading",作状语。
12.Her dream is to study in a famous university. ___________________
【答案】表语
【解析】系动词 "is" 后接不定式短语,说明主语 "Her dream" 的具体内容,构成 "主系表" 结构,作表语。
13.My father bought me a new bike as my birthday gift. ___________________
【答案】宾语
【解析】"bought"(买)是双宾动词,"me" 是动作的间接对象("给我买"),"a new bike" 是直接对象(买的东西);"as my birthday gift" 表身份,作方式状语。
14.The heavy rain stopped us from going out. ___________________
【答案】宾语补足语
【解析】"stopped" 后接 "stop sb. from doing sth." 结构,"us" 是宾语,"from going out" 补充说明阻止宾语做的事,作宾补。
15.Those red flowers in the garden look lovely. ___________________
【答案】定语
【解析】red形容词作定语,修饰flowers
16.The teacher told us an interesting story in class. ___________________
【答案】宾语
【解析】"told"(告诉)是双宾动词,"us" 是间接宾语("告诉我们"),"an interesting story" 是直接宾语(告诉的内容);"in class" 表地点,作状语。
17.Beijing, the capital of China, is a beautiful city. ___________________
【答案】同位语
【解析】"the capital of China" 与前面的主语 "Beijing" 指同一事物,补充说明 "Beijing" 的身份,作同位语。
18.The news that our team won the game made us excited. ___________________
【答案】同位语
【解析】同位语从句 "that our team won the game" 补充说明 "the news" 的具体内容
19.It is clear that he has told the truth. ___________________
【答案】主语
【解析】"It is + 形容词 + that 从句" 是固定结构,"It" 代替后面的从句作形式主语,"clear" 是表语,"that 从句" 是真正的主语。
20.She knows where you live. ___________________
【答案】宾语
【解析】"knows" 是及物动词,其后接宾语从句 "where you live",说明 "知道" 的内容,作宾语。
21.This is the city where I was born. ___________________
【答案】定语
【解析】定语从句 "where I was born" 修饰先行词 "the city",限定 "城市" 的范围("我出生的城市"),作后置定语。
22.The question is how we can solve this problem. ___________________
【答案】表语
【解析】系动词 "is" 后接表语从句,说明主语 "The question" 的具体内容(问题是 "如何解决"),作表语。
二、单句语法填空
23.My brother usually ______ (play) basketball with his friends after school.
【答案】plays
【解析】主语 "My brother" 是第三人称单数,且 "usually"(通常)提示时态为一般现在时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式 "plays"。
24.There ______ (be) a small river and some trees near our village.
【答案】is
【解析】there be句型遵循"就近原则",靠近 be 动词的名词"a small river"(单数)决定be动词用"is"。
25.This is not my pen. ______ (I) is in the pencil-box.
【答案】Mine
【解析】空格后无名词,需用名词性物主代词 "Mine"(= My pen)作主语,首字母大写。
26.We plan ______ (visit) the Great Wall during the coming holiday.
【答案】to visit
【解析】固定搭配 "plan to do sth."(计划做某事),不定式作宾语,故填 "to visit"。
27.The girl ______ (wear) a pink dress yesterday is my classmate.
【答案】wearing
【解析】"the girl" 与 "wear"(穿)是主动关系,且 "wearing a pink dress yesterday" 作后置定语修饰 "the girl",用现在分词 "wearing"。
28.My mother often tells me stories before I go ______ bed.
【答案】to
【解析】固定搭配 "go to bed"(上床睡觉),是固定短语,填介词 "to"。
29.He spent two hours ______ (finish) his homework last night.
【答案】finishing
【解析】固定搭配 "spend + 时间 + (in) doing sth."(花费时间做某事),in 可省略,故填 "finishing"。
30.Neither my father nor my mother ______ (like) watching action movies.
【答案】likes
【解析】"neither...nor..."(既不…也不…)连接主语时,遵循 "就近原则",靠近谓语的 "my mother" 是第三人称单数,故填 "likes"。
31.This book is very interesting. I am interested in ______ (it) content.
【答案】its
【解析】空格后有名词 "content"(内容),需用形容词性物主代词 "its"(它的)修饰,指代 "this book"。
32.The little boy is too young ______ (dress) himself.
【答案】to dress
【解析】固定结构 "too + 形容词 + to do sth."(太…而不能做某事),不定式作结果状语,故填 "to dress"。
【知识点清单二】简单句的基本句型
只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子叫做简单句。简单句有五种基本句型。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句式及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句式,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。五种基本句式如下:
1. S V(主+谓)
2. S V P(主+系+表)
3. S V O(主+谓+宾)
4. S V O O(主+谓+间宾+直宾)
5. S V O C(主+谓+宾+宾补)
简单句句型,除以上五种基本句式以外,还有存在句即There be句型。
基本句式一:S V(主+谓)
常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为:句子的谓语动词为不及物动词(短语),能表达完整的意思,但可以加副词、介词短语、动词不定式等作状语。
例句:The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。
She is laughing happily. 她笑得很开心。
基本句式二:S V P(主+系+表)
该句式侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样,谓语动词需用系动词(主要是be动词),表语多为形容词,也可以是名词、介词短语、不定式、动名词等。系动词本身有词义,但不能单独作谓语,后面必须跟表语,说明主语的状态、性质、特征等。常见的系动词有be, become, get, turn, look, sound, feel, smell, taste等。
例句:The results were staggering. (结果是惊人的。)
She is a student. (她是一个学生。)
The food tastes delicious (食物尝起来很美味。)
This matter remains a mystery. (此事仍是一个谜。)
His plan turned out a success. (他的计划证明是成功的。)
基本句式三:S V O(主+谓+宾)
此句型中谓语动词为及物动词,后面必须接宾语。有些不及物动词后加介词构成及物动词短语后可以接宾语,构成主谓宾结构。
例句:I like apples. 我喜欢苹果。
He bought a book. 他买了一本书。
Then I realized that the problem was the question itself. 然后我意识到问题在于问题本身。
基本句式四:S V O O(主+谓+间宾+直宾)
有些及物动词可以接两个宾语,指人的为间接宾语,指物的为直接宾语。常见的这类动词有give, show, bring, teach, tell, lend, send, buy等。间接宾语通常放在直接宾语之前,如果将间接宾语放在直接宾语之后,则需要在间接宾语前加介词to或for。
例句:He gave me a book.(me是间接宾语,a book是直接宾语)
= He gave a book to me. 他给我一本书。
She bought her mother a present.(her mother是间接宾语,a present是直接宾语)
= She bought a present for her mother. 她给母亲买了一份礼物。
基本句式五:S V O C(主+谓+宾+宾补)
该句型中动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补充说明宾语,才能使意思完整。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。
复合宾语有以下几种形式:
1.名词/代词宾格+名词
The war │made│him│ a soldier. 战争使他成为一名战士。
2.名词/代词宾格+形容词
New methods │make│the job│ easy. 新方法使这项工作变得轻松。
3.名词/代词宾格+介词短语
I │often find│him│ at work. 我经常发现他在工作。
4.名词/代词宾格+动词不定式
The teacher │asked │ the students│ to close the windows. 老师让学生们关上窗户。
5.名词/代词宾格+现在分词
I │saw│a cat│ running across the road. 我看见一只猫正跑过马路。
6.名词/代词宾格+过去分词
I │saw│the boy│ taken away by two men. 我看到这个男孩被两个人带走了。
There be句型:There be+主语+其他
这一结构表示“某地有某物”,主语一般位于there be之后。当句中有两个或更多的主语时,be动词一般和最近的一个保持一致,即遵循“就近原则”。
例句:There are two pens and a dictionary on the desk.课桌上有两支钢笔和一本词典。
There was a cat and some birds in the tree.树上有一只猫和一些鸟。
(1)there be 句型中 be 动词在各种时态中的形式
现在时:am、is、are
过去时:was、were
将来时: will/shall be、would/should be、am/is/are going to be、was/were going to be
完成时:have/has/had been
例句:There will be a chance for parents to look around the school. 家长将有机会参观学校。
(2)there be 句型与情态动词连用,构成“there+情态动词+be”的形式
例句:There must be a person in the room, for the light is on. 房间里一定有人,因为灯亮着。
(3)there be 句型与 seem、appear、used to等表示状态的词语连用,构成 there seem(s)/appear(s)/used to be/happened to be...形式
例句:There used to be a lot of work to do when he was a worker. 当他是个工人的时候,有很多活要做。
There appears to be a misunderstanding between them. 他们之间似乎有误会。
There used to be a small park near my old house. 我老房子附近过去有一个小公园。
There happened to be no one in the office when I called. 我打电话时,办公室碰巧没人。
(4)there be 句型中的 be 有时用 come、stand 等动词代替,但不能用 have 代替
例句:There stands a tall tree in front of our house. 在我们的房子前面有一棵很高的树。
There comes the bus. 公交车来了。
(5) there be 句型的反义疑问句形式
陈述部分为there be句式的反义疑问句,简短问句由“be的适当形式+there”构成。若述部分有seldom、hardly、little、few、no、nothing、nobody等否定词或半否定词,该部分应看作定意义,简短问句部分则用青定式;若陈述部分含有表示否定意义前级的单词,该部分仍应看作肯定句,短问句部分要用否定形式。
例句:There is nothing in the box, is there? 箱子里什么也没有,是吗?
There was an unusual bike under the tree, wasn't there? 树下有一辆与众不同的自行车,不是吗?
【即时训练】
一、单选题
33.The rain ________ heavily when we got off the train yesterday.
A. falls B. fell C. was falling D. is falling
【答案】C
【解析】“fall”是不及物动词,“yesterday”且强调“下车时正在下”,用过去进行时,选 C。
34.My uncle ________ a nice gift ________ my cousin on her birthday last month.
A. bought; to B. gave; for C. bought; for D. sent; to
【答案】C
【解析】“buy sb. sth.”=“buy sth. for sb.”,“give/send”搭配“to”,此处“gift”是直接宾语,“my cousin”是间接宾语,选 C。
35.We all watched the children ________ kites happily in the park yesterday.
A. fly B. flying C. to fly D. flew
【答案】A
【解析】SVOC句型;“watch sb. do sth.” 表 “看到动作全过程”,“yesterday” 暗示完整动作,“doing” 表 “正在做”,选 A。
36.We saw the children ______ happily in the playground when we passed by.
A. play B. playing C. to play D. played
【答案】B
【解析】SVOC句型;"see sb. doing sth." 表示 "看见某人正在做某事",强调动作强调动作正在进行。
37.My father had his car ______ by a professional mechanic last weekend because it broke down.
A. repair B. repairing C. repaired D. to repair
【答案】C
【解析】SVOC句型;考查 "have sth. done" 结构。"have sth. done" 表示 "让某物被(别人)做",其中过去分词 "done" 表被动,强调动作由他人完成。
38.The loud noise made it hard for her voice ______ by everyone in the crowded room.
A. hear B. hearing C. to hear D. to be heard
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查 "make + it + 形容词 + for sth. to be done" 结构。句中 "her voice"(她的声音)与 "hear"(听见)是被动关系(声音被听见),因此需用被动形式。不定式的被动形式 "to be heard" 。
39.The boss had his secretary ________ the report again before it was sent out.
A. check B. checked C. checking D. to check
【答案】A
【解析】“have sb. do sth.” 是 SVOC 句型固定搭配,表 “让某人做某事”;“have sth. done” 表 “让某事被做”,此处 “secretary” 是人,选 A
40.There is a big supermarket near our school, ________?
A. is there B. isn’t there C. is it D. isn’t it
【答案】B
【解析】There be句型反义疑问句前肯后否”,主语用“there”,原句“is”,疑问部分用“isn’t there”。
41.There ________ some important news on the radio this morning, wasn’t there?
A. is B. was C. are D. were
【答案】B
【解析】反义疑问“wasn’t there”提示原句用过去时;“news”是不可数名词,“be”用“was”。
2、 判断以下句子属于那种句型。
(
A.
主谓(S+V)
B.
主谓表(S+V+P)
C.
主谓宾(S+V+O)
D.
主谓双宾(S+V+IO+DO)
E.
主谓宾补(S+V+O+C)
F.
主谓宾状(S+V+O+Ad)
)
42.The sun sets._____________
【答案】A
【解析】主谓句型 S+V:主语the sun + 谓语sets
43.She looks tired._____________
【答案】B
【解析】主谓表句型 S+V+P:系动词 look + 表语 tired
44.We love our country._____________
【答案】C
【解析】主谓宾句型 S+V+O:及物动词 love + 宾语 our country
45.The teacher teaches us math._____________
【答案】D
【解析】主谓双宾句型 S+V+IO+DO:间接宾语 us + 直接宾语 math
46.This flower smells sweet._____________
【答案】B
【解析】主谓表句型 S+V+P:系动词 smell + 表语 sweet
47.My mother gave me an apple._____________
【答案】D
【解析】主谓双宾句型 S+V+IO+DO:间接宾语 me + 直接宾语 an apple
48.The children are playing in the park._____________
【答案】F
【解析】主谓宾状句型 S+V+O+Ad:宾语 games 省略 + 地点状语 in the park
49.I find this book useful._____________
【答案】E
【解析】主谓宾补句型 S+V+O+C:宾语 this book + 宾补 useful
50.They elected him monitor._____________
【答案】E
【解析】主谓宾补句型 S+V+O+C:宾语 him + 宾补 monitor)
51.He wrote a letter yesterday._____________
【答案】C
【解析】主谓宾状句型 S+V+O+Ad:宾语 a letter + 时间状语 yesterday
三、语篇填空
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
My School Life
I am a middle school student. My school day usually starts at 7:30 a.m. Every morning, I walk to school because my home is not far ___52____ my school.
When I arrive at school, I first go to the classroom to read books. Our first class ___53____ (begin) at 8:00 a.m. We have four classes in the morning. My favorite subject is English because my English teacher, Miss Li, is very kind and her lessons are always ___54____ (interest). At 12:00, I have lunch with my classmates in the school dining hall. The food there ___55____ (taste) good and it is not expensive.
In the afternoon, we have two ___56____( class). After class, I often join the music club. I like ___57____ (sing) and I can play the guitar a little. We practice singing songs together every Tuesday and Thursday. At 5:00 p.m., school is over. I go home and do my homework first. After dinner, I sometimes watch TV ___58____ half an hour before going to bed.
I think my school life is busy ___59____ happy. I enjoy ___60____ (I) every day at school and I love my teachers and classmates.
【答案】52.from 53.begins 54.interesting 55.tastes 56.classes 57.singing
58.for 59.but 60.myself
【导语】这是一篇记叙文(Narrative),以第一人称讲述个人的学校生活。
【解析】
52.from 固定搭配 "far from" 表示 "离…… 远",句意为 "我步行上学,因为我家离学校不远"。
53.begins 主语 "our first class" 是第三人称单数,且全文时态为一般现在时,因此谓语动词用第三人称单数形式 "begins"。
54.interesting 此处需要形容词作表语,修饰 "her lessons"(物),故用 "interesting"(有趣的)。"interested" 通常用于修饰人,表示 "感兴趣的"。
55.tastes 主语 "the food" 是不可数名词,视为第三人称单数,谓语动词用 "tastes",句意为 "那里的食物味道很好,而且不贵"。
56.classes “two”后接可数名词复数形式,"class" 的复数是 "classes"。
57.singing 表示 “喜欢做某事”。
58.for 表示动作持续的时间,用介词 "for",句意为 "晚饭后,我有时看半小时电视再睡觉"。
59.but “busy”(忙碌的)和 “happy”(快乐的)是转折关系,故用转折连词 "but"。
60.myself 固定搭配 "enjoy oneself" 表示 "玩得开心",此处用反身代词 "myself" 与主语 "I" 呼应。
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编写说明:2026版江苏省(职教高考)一轮复习《英语知识点清单》,依据最新的《中等职业学校英语课程标准》及历年高考真题进行编写。本资料将高考必备知识进行科学划分,系统总结归纳知识点,全面梳理高考题型。本专辑共三大部分30个专题:第一部分是按照基础语法知识点编写的语法知识清单,第二部分是针对课程标准和高考真题中高频词汇、词组及句型的语言运用清单,同时也包括了口语交际的提问与回答。第三部分是依据各个高考题型编写的题型技巧清单。每份资料均配备配套讲义和练习题。
本专题是2026版江苏省(职教高考)一轮复习《英语知识点清单》中语法知识清单的第11个专题,内容为句子成分和简单句的基本句型。
2026版江苏省(职教高考)一轮复习
英语语法知识清单
专题11 句子成分和简单句的基本句型(讲+练)
(
【考点解读】
句子成分和简单句基本句型是语法考查的基础,相关考点贯穿单选、完形、语法填空、写作等多个题型。
1.
句子成分
——句子成分的判断往往融入语篇理解,语言知识选择题的考查包括
名词/代词作主语;谓语的时态、语态、主谓一致;介宾搭配;系表结构;宾语补足语;定语的顺序和位置等;从句充当不同的句子成分;句子成分的省略和强调;
2
.
简单句的基本句型
——侧重句型要点的把握:SV句型谓语是
不及物动词
;SVO句型的动词是
及物动词
;SVP句型侧重
系动词的辨识
和
表语的词性
把握(尤其形容词/副词辨析);SVOO句型要求掌握
接双宾语的动词
(如give, teach, buy, show等);SVOC句型重点是
宾补的形式(形容词、名词、不定式、分词等)
及常见搭配(如“have sth. done.”“see sb. doing sth.”);There be句型的反义疑问;特殊句式等。
)
【知识点清单一】句子成分
英语句子的基本成分可分为核心成分(主语、谓语、宾语、表语、补语)和修饰成分(定语、状语、同位语),核心成分是构成句子主干、确保句子完整的关键,修饰成分则用于丰富句子细节、补充信息。
一、核心成分(句子主干,不可缺失)
核心成分决定句子的基本逻辑,包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、补语,其中“主语 + 谓语”是所有完整句子的基础(祈使句省略主语)。
(1)主语(Subject):句子的“动作发出者”或“描述对象”
表示句子中“谁”或“什么”在执行动作、被描述,通常由名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式和主语从句充当。
例句:Tom plays basketball every weekend.(汤姆每周打篮球。)
She is a doctor.(她是一名医生。)
Reading books helps improve vocabulary.(读书有助于提升词汇量。)
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.
英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有被宣布。(从句作主语)
(2)谓语(Predicate):句子的“动作或状态”
表示主语的动作(如“跑、吃”)或状态(如“是、存在”),必须由动词或动词短语充当,且有人称、时态变化。谓语可以由单个动词充当,也可以由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成,还可以由系动词加表语构成。
例句:My mother cooks dinner at 6 PM every day.(我妈妈每天下午 6 点做晚饭。)
The flowers are very beautiful.(这些花很漂亮。)
They will go to the park tomorrow.(他们明天要去公园。)
Your art skills are excellent and admirable.(你的艺术技能非常优秀、令人赞赏)
(3)宾语(Object):动作的承受者
表示主语动作的对象,仅存在于“主语 + 及物动词”的句子中(不及物动词后无宾语),通常由名词、代词、从句等充当,分为直接宾语(动作直接指向的对象)和间接宾语(动作的“受益方”)。可以用作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词和宾语从句等。
例句:He bought a new phone last month.(他上个月买了一部新手机。)
(直接宾语:a new phone,动作“bought” 的直接承受者)
My teacher gave me a gift on my birthday.(我生日时老师给了我一份礼物。)
(间接宾语:me,动作“gave”的受益方;直接宾语:a gift,动作的直接对象)
I managed to persuade my classmates into accepting my idea.(我设法说服同学们接受我的想法。)
(动词不定式to persuade作宾语)
I don’t know what he said.(我不知道他说了什么。)
(宾语:what he said,宾语从句,充当“know”的对象)
(4)表语(Predicate Complement):主语的身份 / 特征
仅存在于“主语 + 系动词”(主系表结构)的句子中,用于说明主语的身份、性质、状态,通常由名词、形容词、介词短语等充当。常见系动词:be(是)、look(看起来)、sound(听起来)、feel(摸起来)、become(变得)、seem(似乎)等。
例句:Her sister is a nurse.(她姐姐是一名护士。)
The music sounds wonderful.(这首音乐听起来很美妙。)
They are in the classroom.(他们在教室里。)
(5)补语(Complement):“补充说明主语 / 宾语的信息”
用于补充主语或宾语的状态、身份,使句子意思完整,分为主语补语和宾语补语,常见于“主语 + 谓语 + 补语” 或 “主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 补语” 结构。
例句:The meeting was made short.(会议被缩短了。)
(主语补语:short,形容词,补充说明主语“the meeting”的状态,被动语态中常见)
We elected him our monitor.(我们选他当班长。)
(宾语补语:our monitor,名词,补充说明宾语“him”的身份)
My parents want me to study hard.(我父母希望我努力学习。)
(宾语补语:to study hard,不定式,补充说明宾语“me”的动作)
二、修饰成分(丰富细节,可省略)
修饰成分不影响句子主干完整,仅用于补充细节,包括定语、状语、同位语。
(1)定语(Attribute):修饰名词 / 代词,表“什么样的”
用于限定或描述名词、代词的特征(如“红色的”“我的”“两本”),可位于被修饰词前(前置定语)或后(后置定语)。可以用作定语的有:形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等。
例句:This is a red car.(这是一辆红色的车。)
(前置定语:red,形容词,修饰名词“car”)
The temperature today is -5℃.(今天的气温是零下五摄氏度。)
(后置定语:today,副词作定语,修饰名词“the temperature”)
The girl in a white dress is my friend.(穿白色裙子的女孩是我的朋友。)
(后置定语:in a white dress,介词短语,修饰名词“the girl”)
I have a book that tells interesting stories.(我有一本讲有趣故事的书。)
(后置定语:that tells interesting stories,定语从句,修饰名词“a book”)
(2)状语(Adverbial):修饰动词 / 形容词 / 句子,表“时间、地点、方式”等
用于说明动作发生的时间、地点、方式、原因、目的、程度等,或修饰形容词、副词的程度,位置较灵活(句首、句中、句末)。可以用作状语的有:副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格和从句等。
例句:He runs fast.(他跑得很快。)
In the morning, I usually drink a cup of milk.(早上我通常喝一杯牛奶。)
She didn’t go to school because she was ill.(她因为生病没去上学。)
(3)同位语(Appositive):与名词等价,表“同一名词的另一种说法”
用于对前面的名词(通常是专有名词、抽象名词)进行解释、补充,说明其具体内容,与被修饰名词 “地位平等、指同一事物”,通常由名词、从句等充当。
例句:My brother, a doctor, works in Beijing.(我哥哥——一名医生,在北京工作。)
(同位语:a doctor,名词,解释“my brother”的身份)
The news that our team won made everyone happy.(我们队赢了的消息让所有人都很高兴。)
(同位语:that our team won,同位语从句,解释“the news”的具体内容)
句子成分拆解示意:
Last week, my best friend Tom gave me an interesting book that teaches English grammar.
Last week
my best friend
Tom
gave
me
a interesting book
that teaches English grammar
状语
主语
同位语
谓语
间接宾语
直接宾语
定语(从句)
【即时训练】
一、指出下列各句中画线部分的句子成分。
1.My mother often cooks delicious food for us. ___________________
2.He became a famous doctor last year. ___________________
3.The little girl is drawing a picture in her room. ___________________
4.We should help the old people cross the street safely. ___________________
5.The book on the desk is mine. ___________________
6.Tom and his sister will visit their grandparents tomorrow. ___________________
7.My friend Lucy is coming to visit me this weekend. ___________________
8.This song sounds very beautiful. ___________________
9.They planted many trees in the park last spring. ___________________
10.I find it easy to learn English well. ___________________
11.The students are reading books quietly in the library. ___________________
12.Her dream is to study in a famous university. ___________________
13.My father bought me a new bike as my birthday gift. ___________________
14.The heavy rain stopped us from going out. ___________________
15.Those red flowers in the garden look lovely. ___________________
16.The teacher told us an interesting story in class. ___________________
17.Beijing, the capital of China, is a beautiful city. ___________________
18.The news that our team won the game made us excited. ___________________
19.It is clear that he has told the truth. ___________________
20.She knows where you live. ___________________
21.This is the city where I was born. ___________________
22.The question is how we can solve this problem. ___________________
二、单句语法填空
23.My brother usually ______ (play) basketball with his friends after school.
24.There ______ (be) a small river and some trees near our village.
25.This is not my pen. ______ (I) is in the pencil-box.
26.We plan ______ (visit) the Great Wall during the coming holiday.
27.The girl ______ (wear) a pink dress yesterday is my classmate.
28.My mother often tells me stories before I go ______ bed.
29.He spent two hours ______ (finish) his homework last night.
30.Neither my father nor my mother ______ (like) watching action movies.
31.This book is very interesting. I am interested in ______ (it) content.
32.The little boy is too young ______ (dress) himself.
【知识点清单二】简单句的基本句型
只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子叫做简单句。简单句有五种基本句型。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句式及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句式,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。五种基本句式如下:
1. S V(主+谓)
2. S V P(主+系+表)
3. S V O(主+谓+宾)
4. S V O O(主+谓+间宾+直宾)
5. S V O C(主+谓+宾+宾补)
简单句句型,除以上五种基本句式以外,还有存在句即There be句型。
基本句式一:S V(主+谓)
常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为:句子的谓语动词为不及物动词(短语),能表达完整的意思,但可以加副词、介词短语、动词不定式等作状语。
例句:The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。
She is laughing happily. 她笑得很开心。
基本句式二:S V P(主+系+表)
该句式侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样,谓语动词需用系动词(主要是be动词),表语多为形容词,也可以是名词、介词短语、不定式、动名词等。系动词本身有词义,但不能单独作谓语,后面必须跟表语,说明主语的状态、性质、特征等。常见的系动词有be, become, get, turn, look, sound, feel, smell, taste等。
例句:The results were staggering. (结果是惊人的。)
She is a student. (她是一个学生。)
The food tastes delicious (食物尝起来很美味。)
This matter remains a mystery. (此事仍是一个谜。)
His plan turned out a success. (他的计划证明是成功的。)
基本句式三:S V O(主+谓+宾)
此句型中谓语动词为及物动词,后面必须接宾语。有些不及物动词后加介词构成及物动词短语后可以接宾语,构成主谓宾结构。
例句:I like apples. 我喜欢苹果。
He bought a book. 他买了一本书。
Then I realized that the problem was the question itself. 然后我意识到问题在于问题本身。
基本句式四:S V O O(主+谓+间宾+直宾)
有些及物动词可以接两个宾语,指人的为间接宾语,指物的为直接宾语。常见的这类动词有give, show, bring, teach, tell, lend, send, buy等。间接宾语通常放在直接宾语之前,如果将间接宾语放在直接宾语之后,则需要在间接宾语前加介词to或for。
例句:He gave me a book.(me是间接宾语,a book是直接宾语)
= He gave a book to me. 他给我一本书。
She bought her mother a present.(her mother是间接宾语,a present是直接宾语)
= She bought a present for her mother. 她给母亲买了一份礼物。
基本句式五:S V O C(主+谓+宾+宾补)
该句型中动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补充说明宾语,才能使意思完整。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。
复合宾语有以下几种形式:
1.名词/代词宾格+名词
The war │made│him│ a soldier. 战争使他成为一名战士。
2.名词/代词宾格+形容词
New methods │make│the job│ easy. 新方法使这项工作变得轻松。
3.名词/代词宾格+介词短语
I │often find│him│ at work. 我经常发现他在工作。
4.名词/代词宾格+动词不定式
The teacher │asked │ the students│ to close the windows. 老师让学生们关上窗户。
5.名词/代词宾格+现在分词
I │saw│a cat│ running across the road. 我看见一只猫正跑过马路。
6.名词/代词宾格+过去分词
I │saw│the boy│ taken away by two men. 我看到这个男孩被两个人带走了。
There be句型:There be+主语+其他
这一结构表示“某地有某物”,主语一般位于there be之后。当句中有两个或更多的主语时,be动词一般和最近的一个保持一致,即遵循“就近原则”。
例句:There are two pens and a dictionary on the desk.课桌上有两支钢笔和一本词典。
There was a cat and some birds in the tree.树上有一只猫和一些鸟。
(1)there be 句型中 be 动词在各种时态中的形式
现在时:am、is、are
过去时:was、were
将来时: will/shall be、would/should be、am/is/are going to be、was/were going to be
完成时:have/has/had been
例句:There will be a chance for parents to look around the school. 家长将有机会参观学校。
(2)there be 句型与情态动词连用,构成“there+情态动词+be”的形式
例句:There must be a person in the room, for the light is on. 房间里一定有人,因为灯亮着。
(3)there be 句型与 seem、appear、used to等表示状态的词语连用,构成 there seem(s)/appear(s)/used to be/happened to be...形式
例句:There used to be a lot of work to do when he was a worker. 当他是个工人的时候,有很多活要做。
There appears to be a misunderstanding between them. 他们之间似乎有误会。
There used to be a small park near my old house. 我老房子附近过去有一个小公园。
There happened to be no one in the office when I called. 我打电话时,办公室碰巧没人。
(4)there be 句型中的 be 有时用 come、stand 等动词代替,但不能用 have 代替
例句:There stands a tall tree in front of our house. 在我们的房子前面有一棵很高的树。
There comes the bus. 公交车来了。
(5) there be 句型的反义疑问句形式
陈述部分为there be句式的反义疑问句,简短问句由“be的适当形式+there”构成。若述部分有seldom、hardly、little、few、no、nothing、nobody等否定词或半否定词,该部分应看作定意义,简短问句部分则用青定式;若陈述部分含有表示否定意义前级的单词,该部分仍应看作肯定句,短问句部分要用否定形式。
例句:There is nothing in the box, is there? 箱子里什么也没有,是吗?
There was an unusual bike under the tree, wasn't there? 树下有一辆与众不同的自行车,不是吗?
【即时训练】
一、单选题
33.The rain ________ heavily when we got off the train yesterday.
A.falls B. fell C. was falling D. is falling
34.My uncle ________ a nice gift ________ my cousin on her birthday last month.
A. bought; to B. gave; for C. bought; for D. sent; to
35.We all watched the children ________ kites happily in the park yesterday.
A. fly B. flying C. to fly D. flew
36.We saw the children ______ happily in the playground when we passed by.
A. play B. playing C. to play D. played
37.My father had his car ______ by a professional mechanic last weekend because it broke down.
A. repair B. repairing C. repaired D. to repair
38.The loud noise made it hard for her voice ______ by everyone in the crowded room.
A. hear B. hearing C. to hear D. to be heard
39.The boss had his secretary ________ the report again before it was sent out.
A. check B. checked C. checking D. to check
40.There is a big supermarket near our school, ________?
A. is there B. isn’t there C. is it D. isn’t it
41.There ________ some important news on the radio this morning, wasn’t there?
A.is B. was C. are D. were
二、判断以下句子属于那种句型。
(
A.
主谓(S+V)
B.
主谓表(S+V+P)
C.
主谓宾(S+V+O)
D.
主谓双宾(S+V+IO+DO)
E.
主谓宾补(S+V+O+C)
F.
主谓宾状(S+V+O+Ad)
)
42.The sun sets._____________
43.She looks tired._____________
44.We love our country._____________
45.The teacher teaches us math._____________
46.This flower smells sweet._____________
47.My mother gave me an apple._____________
48.The children are playing in the park._____________
49.I find this book useful._____________
50.They elected him monitor._____________
51.He wrote a letter yesterday._____________
三、语篇填空
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
My School Life
I am a middle school student. My school day usually starts at 7:30 a.m. Every morning, I walk to school because my home is not far ___52____ my school.
When I arrive at school, I first go to the classroom to read books. Our first class ___53____ (begin) at 8:00 a.m. We have four classes in the morning. My favorite subject is English because my English teacher, Miss Li, is very kind and her lessons are always ___54____ (interest). At 12:00, I have lunch with my classmates in the school dining hall. The food there ___55____ (taste) good and it is not expensive.
In the afternoon, we have two ___56____( class). After class, I often join the music club. I like ___57____ (sing) and I can play the guitar a little. We practice singing songs together every Tuesday and Thursday. At 5:00 p.m., school is over. I go home and do my homework first. After dinner, I sometimes watch TV ___58____ half an hour before going to bed.
I think my school life is busy ___59____ happy. I enjoy ___60____ (I) every day at school and I love my teachers and classmates.
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