专题01 语法归纳：过去完成时、动名词、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句、进行时态等（期中复习讲义）高二英语上学期北师大版

专题01 语法归纳（期中复习讲义） 单元 语法点 常考题型 命题趋势 Unit 1-2 1.过去完成时 2.动名词 3. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 4.进行时态 5. haveget sth.done 6. It用法 语法填空 情境化突出：借助生活、学校、社会等多种情境，将语法考察与实际生活相结合。 知识点01 过去完成时 [观察例句] 1．What's more，he had recently received a letter from his father predicting that... 2．After Darwin had spent some time in South America，his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected. 3．At that time，people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time... 4．It seemed their beaks had evolved according to what food was available on that particular island. [归纳用法] 过去完成时的动作须在过去某一时间之前发生，即发生在“过去的过去”。 1．过去完成时的构成 过去完成时是由“had＋过去分词”构成的。 Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.我很快就意识到我犯了一个严重的错误。 The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous.He had not flown before. 飞机上坐在我旁边的人很紧张，他以前从没乘过飞机。 2．过去完成时的用法 (1)“已完成”用法 表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间之前或过去某一动作之前已经完成。句中常用by引导的时间状语或以before，until，when，than等词引导的内含一般过去时的时间状语从句。 By 5：00 yesterday morning we had done that work.到昨天早上5点钟时，我们已经做完了那件工作。 He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office. 老师从办公室回来时，他刚把教室打扫完。 [名师点津] 在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 The train (had) started before I reached the station.在我到达车站之前，列车已经开了。 After he (had) arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。 【即时检测】 ——单句语法填空 ④It rained yesterday after it (be) dry for many months. ⑤By the time he got married he (study)history ten years. ⑥I (learn)5，000 words before I entered the university. (2)“未完成”用法 表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时刻之前就已开始，一直持续到这一过去时间，还可能再持续下去。 Up to that time all had gone well.直到那时一切都很顺利。 John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.约翰和简在结婚前就认识很长时间了。 (3)“想象性”用法 过去完成时有时表示一种未实现的愿望或想法，主要用在if引导的和过去事实相反的条件句以及wish，as if引导的从句中。 If she had worked hard，she would have succeeded.要是她努力的话，她就会成功了。(事实上她没努力，也没成功。) I wish I had gone with you to the concert.我要是和你一起去音乐会就好了。 (4)表示“刚刚……就……” 过去完成时常用在hardly/scarcely/barely ...when...，no sooner ...than ...等结构中，表示“刚刚……就……”。 Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。 [名师点津] intend，mean，hope，want，plan，suppose，expect，think等动词的过去完成时可以用来表示一个本来打算做而未做的事。 I had meant to come，but something happened.我原本打算来的，但有事发生了。 【即时检测】 ——单句语法填空 ⑦She said she (make) much progress since she came here. ⑧The two strangers talked as if they (be) good friends for many years. ⑨I (hope)to send him a telegram to congratulate him on his marriage，but I didn't manage it. 3．过去完成时与一般过去时的比较 一般过去时表示过去时间的动作或状态。过去完成时表示的动作或状态发生在一般过去时表示的动作或状态之前，因此它表示的是“比过去更过去”。 I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。 He didn't know a thing about the verb，for he had not studied his lessons. 他对动词一无所知，因为他没有好好学习功课。 I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.我在车站等了20分钟车才来。 【即时检测】 ——单句语法填空 ⑩They (arrive) at the station by ten yesterday. ⑪They (arrive)at the station at ten yesterday. 知识点02动名词 [观察例句] 1．Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 2．Would you mind turning down your radio a little，please? 3．She is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children. 4．Do you object to Li Ping's joining the physics group? 5．My walking stick is the same length as yours. [归纳用法] 一、动名词的作用 动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。 1．作主语 (1)动名词作主语往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，谓语动词用单数。 Swimming is my favourite sport.游泳是我最喜欢的一项运动。 Collecting stamps is his hobby.集邮是他的爱好。 [名师点津] 动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。作宾语时的情况也是如此。 Playing with fire is dangerous.玩火危险。(泛指) Be careful！To play with fire will be dangerous.小心点！玩火会带来危险。(指一具体动作) (2)在It is no use/no good/useless/worthwhile/dangerous/a waste of time/fun等后需用动名词作真正的主语。 It's no use waiting for him any longer.再等他是没有用的。 It's a waste of time arguing about it.争论此事是浪费时间。 (3)当句型“There is no...”表示“不允许、禁止某种行为的发生或存在”时，需用动名词作主语。 There is no joking about such matters.这种事开不得玩笑。 【即时检测】 ——单句语法填空 ①It is a waste of time (persuade) such a person to join us. ② (raise) your hat to a lady is good manners. 2．作宾语 (1)作动词的宾语。可接动名词作宾语的常见动词可用下面的口诀记住： 避免错过少延期(avoid，miss，postpone) 建议完成多练习(advise，finish，practise) 喜欢想象禁不住(enjoy，imagine，can't help) 承认否定与嫉妒(admit，deny，envy) 逃避冒险莫原谅(escape，risk，excuse) 忍受保持不介意(stand，keep，mind) Would you mind opening the window?你介意打开窗子吗？ (2)英语中有一些动词短语也常跟动名词作宾语。常见的跟动名词作宾语的动词短语有insist on，object to，be good at，lead to，put off，give up，look forward to，feel like，devote to，get used to，pay attention to，be worth等。 He insisted on doing it in his own way.他坚持要按照自己的方法做。 I have never looked forward to visiting that place.我从未盼望过要参观那个地方。 (3)有些动词或词组后跟动名词或不定式都可以，但意思不同。 (4)下列动词可接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动形式。 need/want/require/deserve doing＝need/want/require/deserve to be done The bike needs 这辆自行车需要修一下。 【即时检测】 ——单句语法填空 ③Although it started to rain，the farmers went on (work) in the field. ④He was afraid of (abandon) by us. 3．作表语 动名词作表语时句子的主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。 Your task is cleaning the windows.(Cleaning the windows is your task.)你的任务就是擦窗户。 What I hate most is being laughed at.(Being laughed at is what I hate most.)我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。 4．作定语 动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。 a walking stick＝a stick for walking＝a stick which is used for walking a washing machine＝a machine for washing＝a machine which is used for washing a reading room＝a room for reading＝a room which is used for reading sleeping pills＝pills for sleeping＝pills which are used for sleeping 【即时检测】 ——单句语法填空 ⑤Their work is (repair) solids control equipment. ⑥We have a playground，a (swim) pool and two tennis courts. 二、动名词的逻辑主语 带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词(名词所有格)是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。 Her coming to help encouraged all of us.她来帮忙鼓舞了我们。(＝That she came to help encouraged all of us.) Jane's being careless caused so much trouble.简这么粗心惹来了不少麻烦。(＝That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.) 三、动名词的时态和语态 时态 主动语态 被动语态 一般时 writing being written 完成时 having written having been written [名师点津] 其否定形式是在doing前加上not。 1．动名词一般时表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。 I hate talking with such people.我讨厌与这样的人说话。 Being careless is not a good habit.粗心不是一个好习惯。 2．动名词的完成时表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。 I don't remember having met him before.我不记得以前见过他。 Thank you for having taken so much trouble to help.谢谢你费力帮忙。 3．动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用被动语态。 (1)它的一般时表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其前发生。 I appreciate being given this opportunity.我很感谢给了我这个机会。 (2)它的完成时表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。 I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal.我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌。 (3)在某些时候，我们常用动名词的一般时表示完成时，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，这似乎是一种习惯。 Excuse me for being late.我来晚了请你原谅。 【即时检测】 ——单句语法填空 ⑦I'm sorry for not (keep) my promise. ⑧He was afraid of t(leave) at home. 知识点03 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 [观察例句] 1．Eric set sail once again，this time with 25 ships，of which only 14 made it to Greenland. 2．Eric reached Greenland and discovered that people could live in the place where he landed. 3．Biarni was the man with whom Leif discussed his plans. 4．By around 900AD，there were many places in Northern Europe where the Vikings chose to live. [归纳用法] 一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句概述 1．限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的一部分，若去掉，主句的内容就不完整，意义也会发生改变。从句和先行词的关系十分密切，从句紧跟先行词，两者之间不可用逗号隔开。 She has found the necklace (that) she lost two weeks ago.她找到了那条两周前丢失的项链。 2．非限制性定语从句是先行词的一个补充说明。没有它，主句也能独立存在；非限制性定语从句和先行词的关系不是很密切，两者之间用逗号隔开。 He has two sisters，who are working in the city.他有两个姐姐，她们在城里工作。 【即时检测】 ——单句语法填空 ①The weather turned out to be very good， was more than we could expect. ②Is this the museum the exhibition was held? 二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别 1．标点的运用有所不同 限制性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后，其后不可用逗号分开；而非限制性定语从句也常放在先行词后，但必须用逗号与主句分开。 Who is the girl that is standing under the tree?站在树下的那个女孩是谁？ He is a teacher of much knowledge，from whom much can be learned.他是一个学识渊博的老师，从他那儿可以学到许多东西。 2．从句的作用不同 限制性定语从句对先行词起到修饰限制的作用，是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，一旦省略，主句的意思就不完整。而非限制性定语从句则是对一个概念清楚的先行词进行附加说明，若将其去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。 The next day，my brother and I went to the beach where we watched some people play volleyball. 第二天，我和弟弟去了海边。在那里，我们看到一些人在打沙滩排球。 Alice received a letter from her former classmate，which came as a surprise. 艾丽斯收到了她以前同学的一封信，这真是件令人惊奇的事情。 3．关系词的选用不同 限制性定语从句可以用关系代词who，whom，whose，that，which，关系副词when，where，why等引导，而非限制性定语从句不可用that或why来引导(上述引导词除了这两者以外均可用来引导非限制性定语从句)。 Yesterday he bought a new car，which was made in Japan. (which不可换用that)昨天他买了一辆新车，是日本生产的。 He didn't give the reason，which explained his absence from the meeting held last week. (which不可换用why，因为which在定语从句中作主语，而why只能在定语从句中作状语。此句也可以这样表达，He didn't give the reason，for which he was absent from the meeting held last week.) 4．从句所修饰的先行词有所不同 限制性定语从句的先行词通常是名词、代词或词组；而非限制性定语从句的先行词除了名词、代词外，还可以是句子。 This is the best book that I have ever read.这是我曾经读过的书中的最好的一本。 He won the first prize in the contest，which was more than we expected.他在比赛中得了一等奖，这一点真出乎我们预料。 5．关系词的省略不同 在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语或表语时，在口语中可以省略，关系副词有时也可省略。而非限制性定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词不可省略。 I still remember the days we spent together in college.我仍然记得我们在大学时一起度过的日子。(we前省略了that/which) She is not the one(that) she used to be.她已不再是昔日的她了。(that在定语从句中作表语) 6．英译汉时有所不同 译成汉语时，往往把限制性定语从句的内容置于先行词之前；而非限制性定语从句和主句往往翻译成两个分句。 Which is the machine that we used last Sunday?上星期天我们用的那台机器是哪一台？ The concert，which was held last week，was a great success.那场音乐会是上周举行的，获得了巨大的成功。 He may be late，in which case we ought to wait for him.他可能迟到，要是那样的话我们就等等他。 【即时检测】 ——单句语法填空 ③Liquid water changes to vapor， is called evaporation. ④Charles Smith， was my former teacher，retired last year. ⑤This is the house I lived two years ago. 三、as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别 which as 位置上 只能放在先行词的后面 位置灵活，可位于句前、句中，也可置于句后 搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember，guess，hope等 句意上 意为“这一点” 表示“正如……，正像……的那样” The air quality in the city，as is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months. 正如报告所显示的，在过去的两个月里，这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。 After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling，which turned out to be a wise decision.大学毕业后我抽出一部分时间去旅游，事实证明这是一个明智的选择。 [即学即练]——单句语法填空 ⑥Metals have many good properties， has been stated before. ⑦Light travels in straight lines， explains why shadows are formed when it goes past an object. 知识点04进行时态 [观察例句] 1．Brian Blakey is sitting on his sofa and telling me about his perfect day. 2．Bob Black is sitting at his desk and working his way through his paperwork. 3．While the spaceship was circling the earth for the sixth time，Yang Liwei spoke with ground control in Gansu. 4．Millions of people all over China were watching TV when the spaceship landed safely. 5．People have been enjoying the benefits of cycling in Amsterdam for years. 6．Many people around the world have been enjoying city centre streets without cars for many years. [归纳用法] 一、现在进行时 1．表示说话时正在进行而尚未完成的动作或状态。Now watch carefully and see what is happening.现在仔细观察，看正在发生什么事。 2．表示现阶段一直进行的动作，但说话时不一定正在进行。 I am helping my dad on the farm this summer vacation.这个暑假我在农场给爸爸帮忙。 3．有时表示即将发生的动作(只限于go，come，stay，leave，start，begin，arrive，return，fly，drive，do，have等)，这时常有一个表示将来的时间状语。 Are you staying in Guangzhou for a week?你将在广州待一周吗？ 4．在时间、条件等状语从句中，代替将来进行时。 If I am sleeping when he comes，wake me up，please.他来时，如果我在睡觉，请叫醒我。 5．与副词always，usually，forever，constantly等连用，表达说话者的一种感情色彩。 She is always thinking of others instead of herself.她总是想着别人而不是她自己。 [记忆口诀] look，listen是标志，现在进行正发生；有now出现在句中，“be＋v.­ing”时态成。若问be用何形式，须看主语数、人称。一般问句be提前，be加not否定成。 [名师点津]　 下列动词不能用于进行时态： 感官类：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，seem，appear，etc. 感觉类：hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive，etc. 存在类：be，exist，remain，stay，obtain，etc. 占有、从属类：have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form，etc. 认识类：understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember，etc. 【即时检测】 单句语法填空 ①Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology (change) so rapidly. ②You can't move in right now.The house (paint)． ③My money (run out)．I must go to the bank to draw some of my savings out before I've none in hand. 二、过去进行时 过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作或存在的状态。其构成形式为：was/were＋v.­ing形式。 1．表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。这一特定的过去时间通常要用时间状语，或通过上下文来表示。 They were taking physical exercise at seven this morning.今天早晨7点钟的时候他们正在锻炼身体。 She was telephoning a friend when I came in.当我进来时，她正在给一个朋友打电话。 2．表示过去某一段时间一直在进行的动作，但说话时不一定正在进行。 They were digging a railway tunnel last week.他们上星期在挖一条铁路隧道。 I know he was writing a book last year but I'm not sure whether he has finished it. 我知道他去年在写一本书，但是我不知道他写完了没有。 3．表示从过去某一时间的角度看将要发生的动作，用于某些动词，如：go，come，stay，leave，start，begin，arrive，return，fly，do，have等。 They were leaving a few days later.他们几天后就要离开了。 4．提供故事发生的时间、背景。 One day，Jones was walking along the street.一天，琼斯正沿街走着。 It was snowing as they made their way to the front.当他们向前线挺进的时候，天正下着雪。 【即时检测】 单句语法填空 ①My brother fell while he (ride) his bicycle and hurt himself. ②Mary (make) a dress when she cut her finger. ③He said they (leave) for Beijing this afternoon. 三、现在完成进行时 1．意义 现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，可能还要继续进行下去。 2．构成 肯定形式：have/has＋been doing(第三人称单数用has，其他人称用have) I have been waiting for you.我一直在等你。否定形式：have/has＋not＋been doing He hasn't been using the car for the last two months.过去两个月他一直没用车。 3．用法 (1)表示动作从过去某时开始一直持续到说话时还在进行，或可能还要继续下去。通常和“for＋时间段”或“since＋时间点(或从句)”的时间状语连用。 It has been snowing for three hours. 雪已经下了三个小时了。(从过去某一时间开始下雪，强调到现在还在下) (2)表示不久前刚刚结束的动作。这种意义通常根据上下文来判断。 Her eyes are red.It's obvious that she has been crying for a long time. 她的眼睛红红的。显然哭了很长时间。 (3)强调动作延续时间的长久或带感情色彩。 She has always been working hard.她工作一直很努力。 (4)表示这段时间反复发生的事情。 I have been visiting some cities of China this month.这个月我一直在访问中国的一些城市。 [名师点津] 不能用于进行时的动词如表示心理活动、属性拥有、表象感官、行为结果的动词不用于现在完成进行时。 我已经感冒两周了。 I have been having a cold for two weeks. (×) I have had a cold for two weeks. (√) 知识点05 have/get sth.done [观察例句] 1．You must get the work done by Friday. 2．I have had my room cleaned. 3．We must have the work finished before Tuesday. 4．We all want to get things done better，faster and more easily. [归纳用法] 一、“have/get sth.done”结构的应用 1．用法 (1)done所表示的动作可以是主语发出的，也可以是主语要求别人发出的； (2)宾语sth.与过去分词所表示的动作之间是动宾关系。 2．含义 (1)让(请)别人为自己做某事 I had/got my TV set repaired yesterday.昨天我叫人把我的电视机修理了一下。 (2)遭遇某种不好或不幸的事情 Be careful，or you'll have/get your hands hurt.当心，否则你会弄伤手的。 Tom had his leg broken while playing football.汤姆踢足球时，一条腿摔断了。 (3)使某事被完成(自己也有可能参加) He had/got the job done before the end of the month.他在月底前完成了那项工作。 【即时检测】 单句语法填空 ①I had/got that door (paint) last week. ②She is going to have her new clothes (make) by a young tailor. ③He had his house (burn) down in the fire. 二、“have/get sb./sth.doing/(to)do”结构的应用 1．have sb./sth.doing sth.表示“让……一直做某事”，现在分词表示主动和正在进行。get sb./sth.doing sth.表示“让……开始做某事”。前者侧重持续做某事，后者侧重开始做某事。 The peasants had the tractors working day and night at the harvest time.农忙时，农民们让拖拉机白天黑夜不停地工作。 The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进。 [名师点津]　“have sb.doing”若用于否定句，have有“容忍；容许”之意。 I won't have you doing nothing all day at all.我完全不能容许你整天无所事事。 2．have sb.do sth.或get sb.to do sth.都表示“使/让某人做某事” Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.母亲让我去商店买些盐。 I can't get him to stop smoking.我无法让他戒烟。 [名师点津]　 have sth.to do表示“有某事要做”，动词不定式表示将来的动作，作定语修饰sth.，其逻辑主语为句子主语。 I still have a lot of homework to finish tonight.我今晚仍有很多作业要完成。 【即时检测】 单句语法填空 ①The novelist had the victim (talk) about the volcanic eruption. ②I will not have you (talk) to your mother like that. ③If you did such a tiresome thing，you would get everybody (tease) you. ④I'll not go out because I have lots of work (do)． ⑤Don't worry.I'll get Tom (help) you soon. 知识点06 It用法 [观察例句] 1．It is a beautiful day here and I am sitting under the big tree at the end of the garden. 2．It seems amazing that at my age I am still fit enough to cycle 20 kilometres in an afternoon. 3．It is my birthday in two weeks' time and I'll be 82 years old! 4．Your mother tells me that you started smoking some time ago and now you are finding it difficult to give it up. 5．They also agree that it is the burning of more and more fossil fuels that has resulted in this increase in carbon dioxide. [归纳用法] 一、it作人称代词 1．it的最基本用法是作代词，主要指上文提到的事物，以避免重复： Xi'an is a beautiful city，isn't it?西安是个美丽的城市，不是吗？ 2．也可以指动物、婴儿(未知性别的婴儿或孩子)或不明身份的人： —Is this your dog? —No，it isn't. ——这是你的狗吗？ ——不是。 Her new baby is tiny；it only weighs 2 kilos.她刚生的宝宝个头很小，才两千克重。 —Who is it knocking at the door? —It might be the postman. ——谁在敲门？ ——可能是邮递员。 二、it作非人称代词 1．指天气：It is a lovely day，isn't it?天气不错，不是吗？ It is a bit windy.有点风。 2．指时间： It was nearly midnight when she came back.她回来时已近午夜。 3．指环境： It was very quiet in the café.咖啡馆里非常安静。 4．指距离： It is half an hour's walk to the city centre from my home.从我家到市中心有半小时的步行路程。 5．指日期：—What's the date today? —It's May 1. ——今天是几号？——今天是5月1日。 6．指季节：It is summer now.现在是夏季。 三、it作形式主语 1．it作形式主语替代动词不定式 (1)It be＋adj.＋(for sb.) to do sth. 此处的形容词通常为描述事件的形容词：easy，difficult，hard，necessary，unnecessary，possible，impossible，likely，unlikely，right，wrong，important，unimportant，legal，illegal，well­mannered，ill­mannered，polite，impolite，clear，obvious，certain，suitable，proper，fit，useful，useless，dangerous等。 It is illegal (for a teenager) to drive a car without a license.青少年没有驾照开车是违法的。 (2)It be＋adj.＋of sb.to do sth. 此处的形容词通常为描述人的形容词：kind，unkind，nice，rude，cruel，considerate，thoughtful，thoughtless，careful，careless，silly，foolish，stupid，clever，wise，crazy等。 It's kind of you to help me with the problem.帮我解决问题，你真是太好了。 2．it作形式主语替代主语从句 (1)It is＋adj.＋从句 It is clear (obvious/true/possible/certain/...) that... 该句型中it 是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句，常译为“清楚(显然，真的……)”。例如： It is very clear that he's round and tall like a tree.很明显他又胖又高像一棵树。 (2)It is＋v.­ed＋that...＝Sb./Sth.is＋v.­ed＋to do It is said (reported/learned/believed/thought/known/told/hoped/...) that... 该句型中的it 仍是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句；该结构常译为“据说(据报道，据悉……)”。 It is said that he has come to Beijing.据说他已经来北京了。 It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit.据报道另一颗地球卫星已发射进轨道。 (3)It is＋n.＋that... It is a pity (a shame/an honor/a good thing/a fact/a surprise/...) that... 该句型中，如果表示出乎意料等感情，that后的从句一般用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可省去，常译为“竟然”。没有这种意义时，则不用虚拟语气。例如： It is a pity that such a thing (should) happen in your class.这种事竟然发生在你们班上，真是遗憾！ It is a pity that he is ill.他生病了，真遗憾！ 四、it作形式宾语 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词或宾语从句时，往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面，而用it 作形式宾语，放在宾语补足语之前。常用的动词有think，believe，make，find，consider，feel等。 I think it no use arguing with him.我认为和他争吵没有用。 I found it very interesting to study English.我发现学英语非常有趣。 He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.他非常清楚地表示他对这门学科不感兴趣。 五、强调句型中的it 1．肯定句It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分： It was in Beijing that I saw the film Wolf Warriors Ⅱ.我是在北京看了电影《战狼Ⅱ》。 2．否定句 It is/was not＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分 It is/was not until...＋that＋其他部分： It was not for several years that I had an opportunity of seeing him again.＝I did not have an opportunity of seeing him again for several years.我有好几年没有机会再见到他了。 It was not until twelve o'clock last night that he went to bed.＝He didn't go to bed until twelve o'clock last night.昨晚他12点才去睡觉。 It was not until I got off the bus that I realized it.＝I didn't realize it until I got off the bus. 直到下车我才意识到这一点。 3．疑问句 (1)强调句的一般疑问句只需把is/was提前，即：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分： Was it you who/that broke the window?是你把窗户打破的吗？ (2)强调句的特殊疑问句，只需在一般疑问句前加上特殊疑问词即可，即：特殊疑问词＋is/was it＋that＋其他部分： Who was it that broke the window?打破窗户的是谁？ When was it that you called me yesterday?你昨天是什么时候打电话给我的？ 【名师点津】　(1)不论强调句子的哪一部分，都可用that连接句子的其余部分。 (2)被强调部分指人时，可用who取代that。 (3)it之后的be动词的时态通常要与that之后的谓语保持一致。 【即时检测】 单句语法填空 ①However，the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months，more than 25，000 people were using every day. ②When comes to technology and reading，the report does little to counsel(建议) parents looking for data about the effect of e­readers and tablets on reading. ③Someone is ringing the doorbell.Go and see who is. ④It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house we saw Lily in the passenger seat. ⑤You are waiting at a wrong place.It is at the hotel the coach picks up tourists. 基础通关（测试时间：20分钟） 一．过去完成时 1．By nine o'clock last night，we (get) 200 pictures from the spaceship. 2．He said he (work) in that factory since 1949. 3．She found the key that she (lose)． 4．It was the third time that he (be) out of work that year. 5．He (play)tennis last week. 二．动名词 1．My sister insisted on (go) to school in spite of her bad cough. 2．Most students hate (give) lessons on line. 3．You may drink，smoke，be overweight and still reduce your risk of (die)early by running. 4．I quickly lower myself，ducking my head to avoid (look) directly into his eyes. 5． (travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience. 6．I didn't mean (eat)anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn't help trying it. 7．I still remember (visit) a friend who'd lived here for five years. 8．Fast food is full of fat and salt；by (eat) more fast food people will get more salt. 9．But unlike her school friends，16­year­old Sarah is not spending half­term (rest)． 10． (ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst. 三．定语从句 1．The reason he explained for his being late was that his alarm clock didn't work. 2．Life is like a long race we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. 3．I often have the case I can't recognise my friend's voice on the phone. 4．Some pictures of the river brought the days back to the old they swam in it. 5．Many countries are now setting up national parks animals and plants can be protected. 6．Mexico City， has a population of over 10 million，is probably the fastest growing city in the world. 7．We will be shown around the city: schools，museums，and some other places， other visitors seldom go. 8． is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month. 9．English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，each of uses it differently. 10．I wish to thank Professor Smith，without help I would never have got this far. 四．进行时 1．I really should have gone with you but I (work) on some remaining problems. 2．When I arrived，the boss (talk)，so I had no chance. 3．The students (study)busily when the electricity went off. 4．You should go to bed.You (watch) TV for 5 hours. 5．I (work)in this school since I graduated from college.Now I am still working here. 6．You know，I (look)for a job for three months，and this is my first formal interview. 7．I'll go to the library as soon as I finish what I (do)． 8．Remember that when you (take) a rest，someone else is always working. 9．Someone (ring) the doorbell.Go and see who it is. 10．The little boy is dirty all over because he (play)in the mud all the morning. 五．have/get sth.done 1．—Hurry up! Don't have the car (wait) at the gate. —I'll be ready after I have my son (dress)． 2．They have already had some everyday words (add) to the new edition of the dictionary. 3．We can't have you (go) everywhere by taxi. 4．Thailand got some famous buildings (destroy) in the flood. 5．What a shame！I can't get him (stop) crying. 6．Can you really get that old car (go) again? 7．The computer I had (repair) yesterday went wrong. 8．I have my dinner (cook)，so I can't go out with you. 9．After the storm，he had his house (fix) and returned soon. 10．You must get your homework (finish) before you go to sleep. 六．It用法 1．This house is beautiful with a garden.We really like very much. 2．Well，you mustn't play on the road. is dangerous. 3．The mistake made it impossible for us to go on. 4．From the teacher's patient explanation，I have learnt what a big responsibility is to educate us. 5．I know is important to know my own limitations，but what is difficult is to help others to know their own limitations. 6．It was in France he fell in love with oil paintings. 7．It was on the farm his father worked that he was born. 8．How was it she managed to persuade her husband to resign from the company? 9．It Lucy and Mary that were chosen to attend the ceremony. 10． was it that made your teacher so angry the other day? 重难突破（测试时间：10分钟） A （24-25高二上·北京延庆·期中）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Graham Lawrence is a science writer. He wasn’t very good at most school subjects before he met Mr Jenkins, who 1 (hear) stories about his bad behavior. When he was 15 and went into Mr Jenkins’ class, he really became interested 2 science. Mr Jenkins made everything interesting, as he used to explain things which seemed difficult with lots of practical 3 (example) and in simple language. Besides, Mr Jenkins encouraged Lawrence to give a presentation on the stars and planets to the class. And now, 4 (explain) science to the audience is Lawrence’s job. （24-25高二上·北京延庆·期中）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Does having a lot of money mean being successful? I think Jason Harley, a professor and an ex-millionaire, can be called a 5 (success) person. Many people think he must be mad by giving away money to homeless people and living in a small dorm with second-hand furniture. 6 to him, no one has lived a better life than he has after he decided to turn his back on his fortune. He said that with all his fortune, he felt guilty when he saw there were people who earned so little and could barely support themselves. In my mind, he’s one of the few people who really understand 7 real success is in life. （24-25高二上·北京延庆·期中）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Sugar’s change made me think about balancing personal goals with kindness towards others. In Hong Kong, 8 I live, there are many people who try to succeed without taking those who are less fortunate into consideration. Sugar’s choice 9 (use) his skills to help others rather than just for himself, reminds me that success 10 (measure) by not only what we achieve, but also how we help society. B （24-25高二上·北京·期中）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 I know that I wasn’t a willing student, 1 I wasn’t slow to learn new things. The problem was that I lacked confidence in myself. Mr. Jenkins made me feel that I had my own 2 (strong). I was interested in the study of the stars and planets and he asked me to give a presentation to the class. That was really the first time I 3 (try) to explain science to an audience and now it’s my job! Often when I’m preparing a programme, I think about 4 Mr. Jenkins would have done it. Sometimes I think if only I could call him and ask for his opinion! （24-25高二上·北京·期中）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Finally, my last tip is: keep trying. Luckily for Harry Potter fans, the author J.K. Rowling didn’t listen to the negative comments from the twelve publishers 5 rejected her books. For two years, she tried to get them 6 (publish). Even the publisher who gave her a contract said she had no chance of making money in children’s books. He was wrong and for the last ten years, J.K. Rowling 7 (be) the author of the most famous children’s books in the world. （24-25高二上·北京·期中）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 I’m barely the only person who feels this way. According to research, over two-thirds of young people find it easier 8 (make) friends online than it is “in real life”. I’m way beyond a shy or reserved person, but I’m wired up every day, like most of my friends. On the surface, I have an active social life. I attend parties and play sports but I’m always distracted. They say that phones bring people 9 (close) together but in reality, my mind is always a million miles away. I obsess 10 exactly how many followers I have on my account, but I can’t remember the birthdays of some of my oldest mates. 链接中考（测试时间：15分钟） （2024·北京·高考真题）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Slowing down can contribute significantly to personal growth. Taking the time 1 (rest) allows us to develop a deeper sense of 2 (self-aware). When we slow down, we create space to reflect on our thoughts and emotions, which helps us identify important areas of our lives and 3 (give) us the opportunity to make right choices. To practise this, we need to establish clear 4 (boundary) in our personal and professional life. （2024·北京·高考真题）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 On April 5, 2024, John Tinniswood 5 (name) the world’s oldest living man. And when 6 (ask) about his new title, he shared the secret: moderation (适度). Tinniswood, 7 doesn’t smoke and rarely drinks, credited moderation for helping him stay healthy during his long life. “If you eat too much or do too much of anything, you’re going to suffer eventually,” he said. （2024·北京·高考真题）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 One day, I saw a boy walking along George Street with an armful of books. I thought 8 myself, “Why would he carry all his books? ” Just then, some kids ran at him, 9 (knock) his books out of his arms. His glasses went flying and landed in the grass. My heart went out to him, and I 10 (jog) over to him. As I handed him the glasses, he looked at me and said, “Thanks!” 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题01 语法归纳（期中复习讲义） 单元 语法点 常考题型 命题趋势 Unit 1-2 1.过去完成时 2.动名词 3. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 4.进行时态 5. haveget sth.done 6. It用法 语法填空 情境化突出：借助生活、学校、社会等多种情境，将语法考察与实际生活相结合。 知识点01 过去完成时 [观察例句] 1．What's more，he had recently received a letter from his father predicting that... 2．After Darwin had spent some time in South America，his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected. 3．At that time，people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time... 4．It seemed their beaks had evolved according to what food was available on that particular island. [归纳用法] 过去完成时的动作须在过去某一时间之前发生，即发生在“过去的过去”。 1．过去完成时的构成 过去完成时是由“had＋过去分词”构成的。 Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.我很快就意识到我犯了一个严重的错误。 The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous.He had not flown before. 飞机上坐在我旁边的人很紧张，他以前从没乘过飞机。 2．过去完成时的用法 (1)“已完成”用法 表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间之前或过去某一动作之前已经完成。句中常用by引导的时间状语或以before，until，when，than等词引导的内含一般过去时的时间状语从句。 By 5：00 yesterday morning we had done that work.到昨天早上5点钟时，我们已经做完了那件工作。 He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office. 老师从办公室回来时，他刚把教室打扫完。 [名师点津] 在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 The train (had) started before I reached the station.在我到达车站之前，列车已经开了。 After he (had) arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。 【即时检测】 ——单句语法填空 ④It rained yesterday after it (be) dry for many months. ⑤By the time he got married he (study)history ten years. ⑥I (learn)5，000 words before I entered the university. 【答案】4.had been5. had studied6.had learnt (2)“未完成”用法 表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时刻之前就已开始，一直持续到这一过去时间，还可能再持续下去。 Up to that time all had gone well.直到那时一切都很顺利。 John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.约翰和简在结婚前就认识很长时间了。 (3)“想象性”用法 过去完成时有时表示一种未实现的愿望或想法，主要用在if引导的和过去事实相反的条件句以及wish，as if引导的从句中。 If she had worked hard，she would have succeeded.要是她努力的话，她就会成功了。(事实上她没努力，也没成功。) I wish I had gone with you to the concert.我要是和你一起去音乐会就好了。 (4)表示“刚刚……就……” 过去完成时常用在hardly/scarcely/barely ...when...，no sooner ...than ...等结构中，表示“刚刚……就……”。 Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。 [名师点津] intend，mean，hope，want，plan，suppose，expect，think等动词的过去完成时可以用来表示一个本来打算做而未做的事。 I had meant to come，but something happened.我原本打算来的，但有事发生了。 【即时检测】 ——单句语法填空 ⑦She said she (make) much progress since she came here. ⑧The two strangers talked as if they (be) good friends for many years. ⑨I (hope)to send him a telegram to congratulate him on his marriage，but I didn't manage it. 【答案】 7.had made8. had been 9.had hoped 3．过去完成时与一般过去时的比较 一般过去时表示过去时间的动作或状态。过去完成时表示的动作或状态发生在一般过去时表示的动作或状态之前，因此它表示的是“比过去更过去”。 I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。 He didn't know a thing about the verb，for he had not studied his lessons. 他对动词一无所知，因为他没有好好学习功课。 I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.我在车站等了20分钟车才来。 【即时检测】 ——单句语法填空 ⑩They (arrive) at the station by ten yesterday. ⑪They (arrive)at the station at ten yesterday. 【答案】10.had arrived11.arrived 知识点02动名词 [观察例句] 1．Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 2．Would you mind turning down your radio a little，please? 3．She is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children. 4．Do you object to Li Ping's joining the physics group? 5．My walking stick is the same length as yours. [归纳用法] 一、动名词的作用 动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。 1．作主语 (1)动名词作主语往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，谓语动词用单数。 Swimming is my favourite sport.游泳是我最喜欢的一项运动。 Collecting stamps is his hobby.集邮是他的爱好。 [名师点津] 动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。作宾语时的情况也是如此。 Playing with fire is dangerous.玩火危险。(泛指) Be careful！To play with fire will be dangerous.小心点！玩火会带来危险。(指一具体动作) (2)在It is no use/no good/useless/worthwhile/dangerous/a waste of time/fun等后需用动名词作真正的主语。 It's no use waiting for him any longer.再等他是没有用的。 It's a waste of time arguing about it.争论此事是浪费时间。 (3)当句型“There is no...”表示“不允许、禁止某种行为的发生或存在”时，需用动名词作主语。 There is no joking about such matters.这种事开不得玩笑。 【即时检测】 ——单句语法填空 ①It is a waste of time (persuade) such a person to join us. ② (raise) your hat to a lady is good manners. 【答案】1.persuading 2.Raising 2．作宾语 (1)作动词的宾语。可接动名词作宾语的常见动词可用下面的口诀记住： 避免错过少延期(avoid，miss，postpone) 建议完成多练习(advise，finish，practise) 喜欢想象禁不住(enjoy，imagine，can't help) 承认否定与嫉妒(admit，deny，envy) 逃避冒险莫原谅(escape，risk，excuse) 忍受保持不介意(stand，keep，mind) Would you mind opening the window?你介意打开窗子吗？ (2)英语中有一些动词短语也常跟动名词作宾语。常见的跟动名词作宾语的动词短语有insist on，object to，be good at，lead to，put off，give up，look forward to，feel like，devote to，get used to，pay attention to，be worth等。 He insisted on doing it in his own way.他坚持要按照自己的方法做。 I have never looked forward to visiting that place.我从未盼望过要参观那个地方。 (3)有些动词或词组后跟动名词或不定式都可以，但意思不同。 (4)下列动词可接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动形式。 need/want/require/deserve doing＝need/want/require/deserve to be done The bike needs 这辆自行车需要修一下。 【即时检测】 ——单句语法填空 ③Although it started to rain，the farmers went on (work) in the field. ④He was afraid of (abandon) by us. 【答案】3.working4.being abandoned 3．作表语 动名词作表语时句子的主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。 Your task is cleaning the windows.(Cleaning the windows is your task.)你的任务就是擦窗户。 What I hate most is being laughed at.(Being laughed at is what I hate most.)我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。 4．作定语 动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。 a walking stick＝a stick for walking＝a stick which is used for walking a washing machine＝a machine for washing＝a machine which is used for washing a reading room＝a room for reading＝a room which is used for reading sleeping pills＝pills for sleeping＝pills which are used for sleeping 【即时检测】 ——单句语法填空 ⑤Their work is (repair) solids control equipment. ⑥We have a playground，a (swim) pool and two tennis courts. 5.repairing6.swimming 二、动名词的逻辑主语 带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词(名词所有格)是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。 Her coming to help encouraged all of us.她来帮忙鼓舞了我们。(＝That she came to help encouraged all of us.) Jane's being careless caused so much trouble.简这么粗心惹来了不少麻烦。(＝That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.) 三、动名词的时态和语态 时态 主动语态 被动语态 一般时 writing being written 完成时 having written having been written [名师点津] 其否定形式是在doing前加上not。 1．动名词一般时表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。 I hate talking with such people.我讨厌与这样的人说话。 Being careless is not a good habit.粗心不是一个好习惯。 2．动名词的完成时表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。 I don't remember having met him before.我不记得以前见过他。 Thank you for having taken so much trouble to help.谢谢你费力帮忙。 3．动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用被动语态。 (1)它的一般时表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其前发生。 I appreciate being given this opportunity.我很感谢给了我这个机会。 (2)它的完成时表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。 I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal.我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌。 (3)在某些时候，我们常用动名词的一般时表示完成时，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，这似乎是一种习惯。 Excuse me for being late.我来晚了请你原谅。 【即时检测】 ——单句语法填空 ⑦I'm sorry for not (keep) my promise. ⑧He was afraid of t(leave) at home. 【答案】 7.having kept8.being left 知识点03 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 [观察例句] 1．Eric set sail once again，this time with 25 ships，of which only 14 made it to Greenland. 2．Eric reached Greenland and discovered that people could live in the place where he landed. 3．Biarni was the man with whom Leif discussed his plans. 4．By around 900AD，there were many places in Northern Europe where the Vikings chose to live. [归纳用法] 一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句概述 1．限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的一部分，若去掉，主句的内容就不完整，意义也会发生改变。从句和先行词的关系十分密切，从句紧跟先行词，两者之间不可用逗号隔开。 She has found the necklace (that) she lost two weeks ago.她找到了那条两周前丢失的项链。 2．非限制性定语从句是先行词的一个补充说明。没有它，主句也能独立存在；非限制性定语从句和先行词的关系不是很密切，两者之间用逗号隔开。 He has two sisters，who are working in the city.他有两个姐姐，她们在城里工作。 【即时检测】 ——单句语法填空 ①The weather turned out to be very good， was more than we could expect. ②Is this the museum the exhibition was held? 【答案】1.which 2.where 二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别 1．标点的运用有所不同 限制性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后，其后不可用逗号分开；而非限制性定语从句也常放在先行词后，但必须用逗号与主句分开。 Who is the girl that is standing under the tree?站在树下的那个女孩是谁？ He is a teacher of much knowledge，from whom much can be learned.他是一个学识渊博的老师，从他那儿可以学到许多东西。 2．从句的作用不同 限制性定语从句对先行词起到修饰限制的作用，是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，一旦省略，主句的意思就不完整。而非限制性定语从句则是对一个概念清楚的先行词进行附加说明，若将其去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。 The next day，my brother and I went to the beach where we watched some people play volleyball. 第二天，我和弟弟去了海边。在那里，我们看到一些人在打沙滩排球。 Alice received a letter from her former classmate，which came as a surprise. 艾丽斯收到了她以前同学的一封信，这真是件令人惊奇的事情。 3．关系词的选用不同 限制性定语从句可以用关系代词who，whom，whose，that，which，关系副词when，where，why等引导，而非限制性定语从句不可用that或why来引导(上述引导词除了这两者以外均可用来引导非限制性定语从句)。 Yesterday he bought a new car，which was made in Japan. (which不可换用that)昨天他买了一辆新车，是日本生产的。 He didn't give the reason，which explained his absence from the meeting held last week. (which不可换用why，因为which在定语从句中作主语，而why只能在定语从句中作状语。此句也可以这样表达，He didn't give the reason，for which he was absent from the meeting held last week.) 4．从句所修饰的先行词有所不同 限制性定语从句的先行词通常是名词、代词或词组；而非限制性定语从句的先行词除了名词、代词外，还可以是句子。 This is the best book that I have ever read.这是我曾经读过的书中的最好的一本。 He won the first prize in the contest，which was more than we expected.他在比赛中得了一等奖，这一点真出乎我们预料。 5．关系词的省略不同 在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语或表语时，在口语中可以省略，关系副词有时也可省略。而非限制性定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词不可省略。 I still remember the days we spent together in college.我仍然记得我们在大学时一起度过的日子。(we前省略了that/which) She is not the one(that) she used to be.她已不再是昔日的她了。(that在定语从句中作表语) 6．英译汉时有所不同 译成汉语时，往往把限制性定语从句的内容置于先行词之前；而非限制性定语从句和主句往往翻译成两个分句。 Which is the machine that we used last Sunday?上星期天我们用的那台机器是哪一台？ The concert，which was held last week，was a great success.那场音乐会是上周举行的，获得了巨大的成功。 He may be late，in which case we ought to wait for him.他可能迟到，要是那样的话我们就等等他。 【即时检测】 ——单句语法填空 ③Liquid water changes to vapor， is called evaporation. ④Charles Smith， was my former teacher，retired last year. ⑤This is the house I lived two years ago. 【答案】3.which 4.who 5.where 三、as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别 which as 位置上 只能放在先行词的后面 位置灵活，可位于句前、句中，也可置于句后 搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember，guess，hope等 句意上 意为“这一点” 表示“正如……，正像……的那样” The air quality in the city，as is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months. 正如报告所显示的，在过去的两个月里，这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。 After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling，which turned out to be a wise decision.大学毕业后我抽出一部分时间去旅游，事实证明这是一个明智的选择。 [即学即练]——单句语法填空 ⑥Metals have many good properties， has been stated before. ⑦Light travels in straight lines， explains why shadows are formed when it goes past an object. 【答案】6.as 7.which 知识点04进行时态 [观察例句] 1．Brian Blakey is sitting on his sofa and telling me about his perfect day. 2．Bob Black is sitting at his desk and working his way through his paperwork. 3．While the spaceship was circling the earth for the sixth time，Yang Liwei spoke with ground control in Gansu. 4．Millions of people all over China were watching TV when the spaceship landed safely. 5．People have been enjoying the benefits of cycling in Amsterdam for years. 6．Many people around the world have been enjoying city centre streets without cars for many years. [归纳用法] 一、现在进行时 1．表示说话时正在进行而尚未完成的动作或状态。Now watch carefully and see what is happening.现在仔细观察，看正在发生什么事。 2．表示现阶段一直进行的动作，但说话时不一定正在进行。 I am helping my dad on the farm this summer vacation.这个暑假我在农场给爸爸帮忙。 3．有时表示即将发生的动作(只限于go，come，stay，leave，start，begin，arrive，return，fly，drive，do，have等)，这时常有一个表示将来的时间状语。 Are you staying in Guangzhou for a week?你将在广州待一周吗？ 4．在时间、条件等状语从句中，代替将来进行时。 If I am sleeping when he comes，wake me up，please.他来时，如果我在睡觉，请叫醒我。 5．与副词always，usually，forever，constantly等连用，表达说话者的一种感情色彩。 She is always thinking of others instead of herself.她总是想着别人而不是她自己。 [记忆口诀] look，listen是标志，现在进行正发生；有now出现在句中，“be＋v.­ing”时态成。若问be用何形式，须看主语数、人称。一般问句be提前，be加not否定成。 [名师点津]　 下列动词不能用于进行时态： 感官类：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，seem，appear，etc. 感觉类：hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive，etc. 存在类：be，exist，remain，stay，obtain，etc. 占有、从属类：have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form，etc. 认识类：understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember，etc. 【即时检测】 单句语法填空 ①Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology (change) so rapidly. ②You can't move in right now.The house (paint)． ③My money (run out)．I must go to the bank to draw some of my savings out before I've none in hand. 1.is changing2.is being painted3.is running out 二、过去进行时 过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作或存在的状态。其构成形式为：was/were＋v.­ing形式。 1．表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。这一特定的过去时间通常要用时间状语，或通过上下文来表示。 They were taking physical exercise at seven this morning.今天早晨7点钟的时候他们正在锻炼身体。 She was telephoning a friend when I came in.当我进来时，她正在给一个朋友打电话。 2．表示过去某一段时间一直在进行的动作，但说话时不一定正在进行。 They were digging a railway tunnel last week.他们上星期在挖一条铁路隧道。 I know he was writing a book last year but I'm not sure whether he has finished it. 我知道他去年在写一本书，但是我不知道他写完了没有。 3．表示从过去某一时间的角度看将要发生的动作，用于某些动词，如：go，come，stay，leave，start，begin，arrive，return，fly，do，have等。 They were leaving a few days later.他们几天后就要离开了。 4．提供故事发生的时间、背景。 One day，Jones was walking along the street.一天，琼斯正沿街走着。 It was snowing as they made their way to the front.当他们向前线挺进的时候，天正下着雪。 【即时检测】 单句语法填空 ①My brother fell while he (ride) his bicycle and hurt himself. ②Mary (make) a dress when she cut her finger. ③He said they (leave) for Beijing this afternoon. 1.was riding2.was making3.were leaving 三、现在完成进行时 1．意义 现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，可能还要继续进行下去。 2．构成 肯定形式：have/has＋been doing(第三人称单数用has，其他人称用have) I have been waiting for you.我一直在等你。否定形式：have/has＋not＋been doing He hasn't been using the car for the last two months.过去两个月他一直没用车。 3．用法 (1)表示动作从过去某时开始一直持续到说话时还在进行，或可能还要继续下去。通常和“for＋时间段”或“since＋时间点(或从句)”的时间状语连用。 It has been snowing for three hours. 雪已经下了三个小时了。(从过去某一时间开始下雪，强调到现在还在下) (2)表示不久前刚刚结束的动作。这种意义通常根据上下文来判断。 Her eyes are red.It's obvious that she has been crying for a long time. 她的眼睛红红的。显然哭了很长时间。 (3)强调动作延续时间的长久或带感情色彩。 She has always been working hard.她工作一直很努力。 (4)表示这段时间反复发生的事情。 I have been visiting some cities of China this month.这个月我一直在访问中国的一些城市。 [名师点津] 不能用于进行时的动词如表示心理活动、属性拥有、表象感官、行为结果的动词不用于现在完成进行时。 我已经感冒两周了。 I have been having a cold for two weeks. (×) I have had a cold for two weeks. (√) 知识点05 have/get sth.done [观察例句] 1．You must get the work done by Friday. 2．I have had my room cleaned. 3．We must have the work finished before Tuesday. 4．We all want to get things done better，faster and more easily. [归纳用法] 一、“have/get sth.done”结构的应用 1．用法 (1)done所表示的动作可以是主语发出的，也可以是主语要求别人发出的； (2)宾语sth.与过去分词所表示的动作之间是动宾关系。 2．含义 (1)让(请)别人为自己做某事 I had/got my TV set repaired yesterday.昨天我叫人把我的电视机修理了一下。 (2)遭遇某种不好或不幸的事情 Be careful，or you'll have/get your hands hurt.当心，否则你会弄伤手的。 Tom had his leg broken while playing football.汤姆踢足球时，一条腿摔断了。 (3)使某事被完成(自己也有可能参加) He had/got the job done before the end of the month.他在月底前完成了那项工作。 【即时检测】 单句语法填空 ①I had/got that door (paint) last week. ②She is going to have her new clothes (make) by a young tailor. ③He had his house (burn) down in the fire. 【答案】1.painted 2.made 3.burnt 二、“have/get sb./sth.doing/(to)do”结构的应用 1．have sb./sth.doing sth.表示“让……一直做某事”，现在分词表示主动和正在进行。get sb./sth.doing sth.表示“让……开始做某事”。前者侧重持续做某事，后者侧重开始做某事。 The peasants had the tractors working day and night at the harvest time.农忙时，农民们让拖拉机白天黑夜不停地工作。 The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进。 [名师点津]　“have sb.doing”若用于否定句，have有“容忍；容许”之意。 I won't have you doing nothing all day at all.我完全不能容许你整天无所事事。 2．have sb.do sth.或get sb.to do sth.都表示“使/让某人做某事” Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.母亲让我去商店买些盐。 I can't get him to stop smoking.我无法让他戒烟。 [名师点津]　 have sth.to do表示“有某事要做”，动词不定式表示将来的动作，作定语修饰sth.，其逻辑主语为句子主语。 I still have a lot of homework to finish tonight.我今晚仍有很多作业要完成。 【即时检测】 单句语法填空 ①The novelist had the victim (talk) about the volcanic eruption. ②I will not have you (talk) to your mother like that. ③If you did such a tiresome thing，you would get everybody (tease) you. ④I'll not go out because I have lots of work (do)． ⑤Don't worry.I'll get Tom (help) you soon. 【答案】1.talk 2.talking 3.teasing 4.to do5.to help 知识点06 It用法 [观察例句] 1．It is a beautiful day here and I am sitting under the big tree at the end of the garden. 2．It seems amazing that at my age I am still fit enough to cycle 20 kilometres in an afternoon. 3．It is my birthday in two weeks' time and I'll be 82 years old! 4．Your mother tells me that you started smoking some time ago and now you are finding it difficult to give it up. 5．They also agree that it is the burning of more and more fossil fuels that has resulted in this increase in carbon dioxide. [归纳用法] 一、it作人称代词 1．it的最基本用法是作代词，主要指上文提到的事物，以避免重复： Xi'an is a beautiful city，isn't it?西安是个美丽的城市，不是吗？ 2．也可以指动物、婴儿(未知性别的婴儿或孩子)或不明身份的人： —Is this your dog? —No，it isn't. ——这是你的狗吗？ ——不是。 Her new baby is tiny；it only weighs 2 kilos.她刚生的宝宝个头很小，才两千克重。 —Who is it knocking at the door? —It might be the postman. ——谁在敲门？ ——可能是邮递员。 二、it作非人称代词 1．指天气：It is a lovely day，isn't it?天气不错，不是吗？ It is a bit windy.有点风。 2．指时间： It was nearly midnight when she came back.她回来时已近午夜。 3．指环境： It was very quiet in the café.咖啡馆里非常安静。 4．指距离： It is half an hour's walk to the city centre from my home.从我家到市中心有半小时的步行路程。 5．指日期：—What's the date today? —It's May 1. ——今天是几号？——今天是5月1日。 6．指季节：It is summer now.现在是夏季。 三、it作形式主语 1．it作形式主语替代动词不定式 (1)It be＋adj.＋(for sb.) to do sth. 此处的形容词通常为描述事件的形容词：easy，difficult，hard，necessary，unnecessary，possible，impossible，likely，unlikely，right，wrong，important，unimportant，legal，illegal，well­mannered，ill­mannered，polite，impolite，clear，obvious，certain，suitable，proper，fit，useful，useless，dangerous等。 It is illegal (for a teenager) to drive a car without a license.青少年没有驾照开车是违法的。 (2)It be＋adj.＋of sb.to do sth. 此处的形容词通常为描述人的形容词：kind，unkind，nice，rude，cruel，considerate，thoughtful，thoughtless，careful，careless，silly，foolish，stupid，clever，wise，crazy等。 It's kind of you to help me with the problem.帮我解决问题，你真是太好了。 2．it作形式主语替代主语从句 (1)It is＋adj.＋从句 It is clear (obvious/true/possible/certain/...) that... 该句型中it 是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句，常译为“清楚(显然，真的……)”。例如： It is very clear that he's round and tall like a tree.很明显他又胖又高像一棵树。 (2)It is＋v.­ed＋that...＝Sb./Sth.is＋v.­ed＋to do It is said (reported/learned/believed/thought/known/told/hoped/...) that... 该句型中的it 仍是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句；该结构常译为“据说(据报道，据悉……)”。 It is said that he has come to Beijing.据说他已经来北京了。 It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit.据报道另一颗地球卫星已发射进轨道。 (3)It is＋n.＋that... It is a pity (a shame/an honor/a good thing/a fact/a surprise/...) that... 该句型中，如果表示出乎意料等感情，that后的从句一般用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可省去，常译为“竟然”。没有这种意义时，则不用虚拟语气。例如： It is a pity that such a thing (should) happen in your class.这种事竟然发生在你们班上，真是遗憾！ It is a pity that he is ill.他生病了，真遗憾！ 四、it作形式宾语 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词或宾语从句时，往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面，而用it 作形式宾语，放在宾语补足语之前。常用的动词有think，believe，make，find，consider，feel等。 I think it no use arguing with him.我认为和他争吵没有用。 I found it very interesting to study English.我发现学英语非常有趣。 He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.他非常清楚地表示他对这门学科不感兴趣。 五、强调句型中的it 1．肯定句It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分： It was in Beijing that I saw the film Wolf Warriors Ⅱ.我是在北京看了电影《战狼Ⅱ》。 2．否定句 It is/was not＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分 It is/was not until...＋that＋其他部分： It was not for several years that I had an opportunity of seeing him again.＝I did not have an opportunity of seeing him again for several years.我有好几年没有机会再见到他了。 It was not until twelve o'clock last night that he went to bed.＝He didn't go to bed until twelve o'clock last night.昨晚他12点才去睡觉。 It was not until I got off the bus that I realized it.＝I didn't realize it until I got off the bus. 直到下车我才意识到这一点。 3．疑问句 (1)强调句的一般疑问句只需把is/was提前，即：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分： Was it you who/that broke the window?是你把窗户打破的吗？ (2)强调句的特殊疑问句，只需在一般疑问句前加上特殊疑问词即可，即：特殊疑问词＋is/was it＋that＋其他部分： Who was it that broke the window?打破窗户的是谁？ When was it that you called me yesterday?你昨天是什么时候打电话给我的？ 【名师点津】　(1)不论强调句子的哪一部分，都可用that连接句子的其余部分。 (2)被强调部分指人时，可用who取代that。 (3)it之后的be动词的时态通常要与that之后的谓语保持一致。 【即时检测】 单句语法填空 ①However，the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months，more than 25，000 people were using every day. ②When comes to technology and reading，the report does little to counsel(建议) parents looking for data about the effect of e­readers and tablets on reading. ③Someone is ringing the doorbell.Go and see who is. ④It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house we saw Lily in the passenger seat. ⑤You are waiting at a wrong place.It is at the hotel the coach picks up tourists. 【答案】1.it 2.it 3.it 4.that 5.that 基础通关（测试时间：20分钟） 一．过去完成时 1．By nine o'clock last night，we (get) 200 pictures from the spaceship. 2．He said he (work) in that factory since 1949. 3．She found the key that she (lose)． 4．It was the third time that he (be) out of work that year. 5．He (play)tennis last week. 【答案】 1.had got2.had worked3.had lost4.had been5.played 二．动名词 1．My sister insisted on (go) to school in spite of her bad cough. 2．Most students hate (give) lessons on line. 3．You may drink，smoke，be overweight and still reduce your risk of (die)early by running. 4．I quickly lower myself，ducking my head to avoid (look) directly into his eyes. 5． (travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience. 6．I didn't mean (eat)anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn't help trying it. 7．I still remember (visit) a friend who'd lived here for five years. 8．Fast food is full of fat and salt；by (eat) more fast food people will get more salt. 9．But unlike her school friends，16­year­old Sarah is not spending half­term (rest)． 10． (ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst. 【答案】1.going2.being given3.dying 4.looking 5.Travelling6.to eat7.visiting 8.eating 9.resting10.Ignoring 三．定语从句 1．The reason he explained for his being late was that his alarm clock didn't work. 2．Life is like a long race we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. 3．I often have the case I can't recognise my friend's voice on the phone. 4．Some pictures of the river brought the days back to the old they swam in it. 5．Many countries are now setting up national parks animals and plants can be protected. 6．Mexico City， has a population of over 10 million，is probably the fastest growing city in the world. 7．We will be shown around the city: schools，museums，and some other places， other visitors seldom go. 8． is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month. 9．English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，each of uses it differently. 10．I wish to thank Professor Smith，without help I would never have got this far. 【答案】1. which/that2.where 3.where 4.when 5.where 6.which 7.where 8.As 9.which 10.whose 四．进行时 1．I really should have gone with you but I (work) on some remaining problems. 2．When I arrived，the boss (talk)，so I had no chance. 3．The students (study)busily when the electricity went off. 4．You should go to bed.You (watch) TV for 5 hours. 5．I (work)in this school since I graduated from college.Now I am still working here. 6．You know，I (look)for a job for three months，and this is my first formal interview. 7．I'll go to the library as soon as I finish what I (do)． 8．Remember that when you (take) a rest，someone else is always working. 9．Someone (ring) the doorbell.Go and see who it is. 10．The little boy is dirty all over because he (play)in the mud all the morning. 【答案】1.was working2. was talking3.were studying4.have been watching5.have been working6.have been looking7.am doing8.are taking9. is ringing10.has been playing 五．have/get sth.done 1．—Hurry up! Don't have the car (wait) at the gate. —I'll be ready after I have my son (dress)． 2．They have already had some everyday words (add) to the new edition of the dictionary. 3．We can't have you (go) everywhere by taxi. 4．Thailand got some famous buildings (destroy) in the flood. 5．What a shame！I can't get him (stop) crying. 6．Can you really get that old car (go) again? 7．The computer I had (repair) yesterday went wrong. 8．I have my dinner (cook)，so I can't go out with you. 9．After the storm，he had his house (fix) and returned soon. 10．You must get your homework (finish) before you go to sleep. 【答案】1.waiting 2.dressed 3.added 4.going 5.to stop6.going7.repaired 8.to cook9.fixed10.finished 六．It用法 1．This house is beautiful with a garden.We really like very much. 2．Well，you mustn't play on the road. is dangerous. 3．The mistake made it impossible for us to go on. 4．From the teacher's patient explanation，I have learnt what a big responsibility is to educate us. 5．I know is important to know my own limitations，but what is difficult is to help others to know their own limitations. 6．It was in France he fell in love with oil paintings. 7．It was on the farm his father worked that he was born. 8．How was it she managed to persuade her husband to resign from the company? 9．It Lucy and Mary that were chosen to attend the ceremony. 10． was it that made your teacher so angry the other day? 【答案】1.it 2.it 3.it 4.it 5.it 6.that 7.where 8.that 9.was 10.What 重难突破（测试时间：10分钟） A （24-25高二上·北京延庆·期中）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Graham Lawrence is a science writer. He wasn’t very good at most school subjects before he met Mr Jenkins, who 1 (hear) stories about his bad behavior. When he was 15 and went into Mr Jenkins’ class, he really became interested 2 science. Mr Jenkins made everything interesting, as he used to explain things which seemed difficult with lots of practical 3 (example) and in simple language. Besides, Mr Jenkins encouraged Lawrence to give a presentation on the stars and planets to the class. And now, 4 (explain) science to the audience is Lawrence’s job. 【答案】1．had heard 2．in 3．examples 4．explaining 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了科学作家Graham Lawrence求学期间遇到Mr Jenkins，并受他影响激发了对科学的兴趣的故事。 1．考查时态。句意：在遇到詹金斯老师之前，他在学校的大多数科目都表现不佳，而詹金斯老师此前已听闻过关于他不良行为的传闻。空处为定语从句的谓语动词，“听说他的不良行为”这一动作发生在“遇见 Mr Jenkins”（过去时）之前，属于“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时“had heard”。故填had heard。 2．考查介词。句意：当他15岁进入詹金斯老师的班级时，真正对科学产生了兴趣。固定短语become interested in表示“对……感兴趣”。故填in。 3．考查名词复数。句意：詹金斯老师总能让一切变得有趣，因为他过去常常用大量实际例子和简单的语言来解释看似困难的事物。example为可数名词，由lots of修饰，应用复数形式。故填examples。 4．考查非谓语动词。句意：现在，向观众解释科学是劳伦斯的工作。空处应用动名词作主语。故填explaining。 （24-25高二上·北京延庆·期中）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Does having a lot of money mean being successful? I think Jason Harley, a professor and an ex-millionaire, can be called a 5 (success) person. Many people think he must be mad by giving away money to homeless people and living in a small dorm with second-hand furniture. 6 to him, no one has lived a better life than he has after he decided to turn his back on his fortune. He said that with all his fortune, he felt guilty when he saw there were people who earned so little and could barely support themselves. In my mind, he’s one of the few people who really understand 7 real success is in life. 【答案】5．successful 6．But 7．what 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章以杰森・哈利教授为例，探讨拥有大量财富是否意味着成功这一问题。 5．考查形容词。句意：我认为杰森·哈雷（Jason Harley）教授和前百万富翁可以被称为成功人士。空处应用形容词作定语，修饰名词person。故填successful。 6．考查连词。句意：但对他来说，在他决定放弃自己的财富后，没有人比他过得更好。上文提到“许多人认为他疯了”，下文提到“在他决定放弃自己的财富后，没有人比他过得更好”，上下文为转折关系，应用but连接，位于句首，首字母需大写。故填But。 7．考查宾语从句。句意：在我看来，他是少数真正理解生活中什么是真正成功的人之一。空处引导宾语从句，从句中缺少表语，表示“什么”，应用连接代词what引导。故填what。 （24-25高二上·北京延庆·期中）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Sugar’s change made me think about balancing personal goals with kindness towards others. In Hong Kong, 8 I live, there are many people who try to succeed without taking those who are less fortunate into consideration. Sugar’s choice 9 (use) his skills to help others rather than just for himself, reminds me that success 10 (measure) by not only what we achieve, but also how we help society. 【答案】8．where 9．to use 10．is measured 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过讲述Sugar的选择，引发了作者对于平衡个人目标与善待他人的思考，并强调了成功不仅在于个人成就，还在于如何帮助社会。 8．考查定语从句。句意：在我居住的香港，有很多人试图成功，却不考虑那些不那么幸运的人。分析句子结构可知，“________ I live”为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“Hong Kong”，在从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。 9．考查非谓语动词。句意：Sugar选择用自己的技能去帮助他人，而不仅仅是为了自己，这提醒我，成功不仅在于我们取得了什么成就，还在于我们如何帮助社会。the/one’s choice to do sth.表示“做某事的选择”，为固定搭配，强调具体的行为选择，所以此处用不定式作后置定语，修饰前面的名词choice。故填to use。 10．考查时态语态及主谓一致。句意：Sugar选择用自己的技能去帮助他人，而不仅仅是为了自己，这提醒我，成功不仅在于我们取得了什么成就，还在于我们如何帮助社会。根据语意可知，measure与success之间是被动关系，即“成功被衡量”，且句子描述的是客观事实，所以用一般现在时的被动语态。主语success为不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。故填is measured。 B （24-25高二上·北京·期中）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 I know that I wasn’t a willing student, 1 I wasn’t slow to learn new things. The problem was that I lacked confidence in myself. Mr. Jenkins made me feel that I had my own 2 (strong). I was interested in the study of the stars and planets and he asked me to give a presentation to the class. That was really the first time I 3 (try) to explain science to an audience and now it’s my job! Often when I’m preparing a programme, I think about 4 Mr. Jenkins would have done it. Sometimes I think if only I could call him and ask for his opinion! 【答案】1．but 2．strengths 3．tried/had tried 4．how 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述作者是一个缺乏自信的孩子，Mr Jenkins让作者知道自己的优点，对自己产生了深远的影响。 1．考查连词。句意：我知道自己不是一个乐于学习的学生，但我学习新事物并不慢。上文提到“我知道自己不是一个乐于学习的学生”，下文提到“我学习新事物并不慢”，上下文之间是转折关系，需用连词but连接。故填but。 2．考查名词。句意：Jenkins先生让我觉得自己有优势。空处需填名词作宾语，此处表示泛指，且没有冠词限定，需填名词复数形式。故填strengths。 3．考查动词时态。句意：那真的是我第一次试着向观众解释科学，现在这是我的工作！that was the first time…为固定句型，从句使用过去完成时；也可以理解为陈述过去的事实，使用一般过去时。故填had tried/tried。 4．考查宾语从句。句意：当我准备节目的时候，我经常想Jenkins先生会怎么做。空处引导宾语从句，从句缺少方式状语，需用连接副词how引导。故填how。 （24-25高二上·北京·期中）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Finally, my last tip is: keep trying. Luckily for Harry Potter fans, the author J.K. Rowling didn’t listen to the negative comments from the twelve publishers 5 rejected her books. For two years, she tried to get them 6 (publish). Even the publisher who gave her a contract said she had no chance of making money in children’s books. He was wrong and for the last ten years, J.K. Rowling 7 (be) the author of the most famous children’s books in the world. 【答案】5．who/that 6．published 7．has been 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章以J.K.罗琳的故事鼓励读者在面对困难和挫折时保持积极态度，不断努力尝试，最终实现自己的目标。 5．考查定语从句。句意：幸运的是，对于《哈利·波特》的粉丝们来说，作者J.K.罗琳并没有听从那十二家拒绝出版她作品的出版社的负面评论。空处引导限定性定语从句，先行词the twelve publishers，指人，关系词在定语从句中作主语，需用关系代词who或that引导。故填who或that。 6．考查非谓语动词。句意：两年来，她一直在努力让自己的作品出版。“get+宾语+宾语补足语”为固定用法，空处需填非谓语动词作宾语补足语，them和publish为逻辑动宾关系，需用过去分词形式。故填published。 7．考查动词时态。句意：他错了，在过去的十年里，J.K.罗琳一直是世界上最著名的儿童书籍的作者。根据时间状语“for the last ten years”可知，此处为现在完成时，主语为J.K. Rowling，助动词用has。故填has been。 （24-25高二上·北京·期中）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 I’m barely the only person who feels this way. According to research, over two-thirds of young people find it easier 8 (make) friends online than it is “in real life”. I’m way beyond a shy or reserved person, but I’m wired up every day, like most of my friends. On the surface, I have an active social life. I attend parties and play sports but I’m always distracted. They say that phones bring people 9 (close) together but in reality, my mind is always a million miles away. I obsess 10 exactly how many followers I have on my account, but I can’t remember the birthdays of some of my oldest mates. 【答案】8．to make 9．closer 10．over/about 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要描述了作者对于现代社交方式的反思。 8．考查非谓语动词。句意：根据研究，超过三分之二的年轻人觉得在网上交朋友比在现实生活中交朋友更容易。固定句型“find it + adj. + to do sth.”，意为“发现做某事很……”，it为形式宾语，动词不定式是真正的宾语。故填to make。 9．考查形容词比较级。句意：他们说手机能让人们更亲近，但实际上，我的心思总是飘得很远。空处需填形容词作宾语补足语，由于句子需要表达的是手机让人们更加接近的意思，因此应使用close的比较级形式“closer”来表示程度的加深。故填closer。 10．考查介词。句意：我痴迷于自己在账号上有多少关注者，但我却记不住一些最老朋友的生日。obsess over/about sth.为固定搭配，表示“对……着迷”。故填over/about。 链接中考（测试时间：15分钟） （2024·北京·高考真题）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Slowing down can contribute significantly to personal growth. Taking the time 1 (rest) allows us to develop a deeper sense of 2 (self-aware). When we slow down, we create space to reflect on our thoughts and emotions, which helps us identify important areas of our lives and 3 (give) us the opportunity to make right choices. To practise this, we need to establish clear 4 (boundary) in our personal and professional life. 【答案】1．to rest 2．self-awareness 3．gives 4．boundaries 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了慢下来对个人成长的重要意义。 1．考查非谓语动词。句意：花时间休息可以让我们发展出更深层次的自我意识。take (the) time to do sth.为固定搭配，表示“花时间做某事”，所以空处应用动词不定式形式。故填to rest。 2．考查名词。句意：花时间休息可以让我们发展出更深层次的自我意识。空处作介词of的宾语，应用名词self-awareness，sense of self-awareness表示“自我意识”。故填self-awareness。 3．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：当我们放慢脚步时，我们会创造空间来反思我们的想法和情绪，这有助于我们确定生活中的重要领域，并给我们做出正确选择的机会。which引导的非限制性定语从句中，根据helps可知，从句使用一般现在时，which指代前边的整个句子，所以从句谓语应用第三人称单数形式gives，gives与helps并列，作并列谓语。故填gives。 4．考查名词的数。句意：为了实践这一点，我们需要在个人和职业生活中建立明确的界限。句中boundary是可数名词，表示“界限”，根据空后in our personal and professional life可知，此处表示不止一个界限，名词应用复数形式boundaries。故填boundaries。 （2024·北京·高考真题）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 On April 5, 2024, John Tinniswood 5 (name) the world’s oldest living man. And when 6 (ask) about his new title, he shared the secret: moderation (适度). Tinniswood, 7 doesn’t smoke and rarely drinks, credited moderation for helping him stay healthy during his long life. “If you eat too much or do too much of anything, you’re going to suffer eventually,” he said. 【答案】5．was named 6．asked 7．who 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了世界上最长寿的人John Tinniswood及其长寿秘诀。 5．考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：2024年4月5日，约翰·廷尼斯伍德被评为世界上在世最长寿的人。根据时间状语On April 5, 2024可知，此处描述过去发生的事，句子应用一般过去时；name与主语John Tinniswood之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，主语John Tinniswood是单数，be动词使用was。故填was named。 6．考查状语从句的省略。句意：当被问及他的新头衔时，他分享了秘诀：适度。结合语意，when引导的时间状语从句中，主语为he，且ask与he之间是被动关系，应用被动语态be asked，状语从句中，从句主语与主句主语一致，且从句中含有be动词形式，则从句中的“主语+be动词”可以省略。故填asked。 7．考查定语从句。句意：Tinniswood不吸烟，也很少喝酒，他认为适量饮酒有助于他在长寿期间保持健康。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Tinniswood，先行词指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导从句。故填who。 （2024·北京·高考真题）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 One day, I saw a boy walking along George Street with an armful of books. I thought 8 myself, “Why would he carry all his books? ” Just then, some kids ran at him, 9 (knock) his books out of his arms. His glasses went flying and landed in the grass. My heart went out to him, and I 10 (jog) over to him. As I handed him the glasses, he looked at me and said, “Thanks!” 【答案】8．to 9．knocking 10．jogged 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了作者为一个掉落东西的男孩提供帮助的故事。 8．考查介词。句意：我心想，“他为什么要把所有的书都拿着？”think to oneself为固定搭配，表示“心想，暗想”，符合语境。故填to。 9．考查非谓语动词。句意：就在这时，一些孩子朝他跑来，把他的书从他怀里撞了出来。句中已有谓语ran，空处作非谓语动词，knock与逻辑主语some kids之间是主动关系，应用现在分词形式knocking作状语。故填knocking。 10．考查时态。句意：我很同情他，然后朝他慢跑过去。句中and连接并列句，空处作后句谓语，根据句中went可知，此处描述过去发生的事，句子使用一般过去时，动词使用过去式形式jogged。故填jogged。 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $