专题01 语法归纳：动词不定式、定语从句、-ed&-ing的形容词、不定代词、被动语态（期中复习讲义）高一英语上学期北师大版

语法归纳（期中复习讲义） 单元 语法点 常考题型 命题趋势 Unit 1-3 1. 动词不定式 2. 定语从句 3. ed、ing的形容词 4. 不定代词 5. 被动语态 语法填空 1.情境化突出：借助生活、学校、社会等多种情境，将语法考察与实际生活相结合。 知识点01 动词不定式 不定式虽然不能单独作谓语,但保留着动词的某些特征,可带自己的宾语和状语,从而形成不定式短语。不定式(短语)在句中可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。 一、不定式的基本形式和否定式 1.不定式的基本形式和否定式 不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,其否定式是在其前加上not。 　　He warned me to take an umbrella.他提醒我带把雨伞。 　　He warned me not to be late.他提醒我不要迟到。 2.不定式的时态形式、语态形式   主动形式 被动形式 意义   to do to be done 不定式表示的动作与句中谓语动词表示的动作没有时间先后顺序   to be doing / 不定式表示的动作与句中谓语动词表示的动作同时发生   to have done to have  been done 不定式表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词表示的动作之前 二、不定式的功能 1.作主语 To learn English well is very important.学好英语很重要。 It is a great pleasure to talk with him.与他谈话是一件乐事。 It’s kind of you to help me with my English.你帮我学英语真是太好了。 用法归纳 (1)动词不定式作主语表示具体的动作。 (2)不定式可放在句首作主语,但为了使句子平衡,常用①it 作形式主语放在句首,而将真 正的主语(不定式)放到句末。常用句型有“It is+名词(one’s duty、a pity、a shame...)+to dosth.”和“It is+形容词+for/of sb. to do sth.”。 注意:“It is+形容词+for sb. to do sth.”句型中的形容词一般表示事物的特点;而“It is+形容词+of sb. to do sth.”句型中的形容词一般表示人的性格、品德、心智能力、主观感情或态度。 2.作宾语 He decided to work in that factory.他决定在那家工厂工作。 I find it interesting to stay with you.我发觉与你待在一起很有趣。 用法归纳 (1)有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语。 (2)动词不定式作宾语且后面有宾语补足语时,常用②it作形式宾语,把真正的宾语(不定 式)放在宾语补足语之后。 巧学助记 用动词不定式作宾语的动词: 三个希望俩答应(hope, wish, want, agree, promise) 两个要求莫拒绝(demand, ask, refuse) 设法学会做决定(manage, learn, decide, determine) 不要假装在选择(pretend, choose, elect) 打算提出俩计划(intend, offer, plan, mean) 申请失败付得起(apply, fail, afford) 准备愿望又碰巧(prepare, desire, happen) 3.作宾语补足语 The teacher advised us to learn through experiment.老师建议我们通过实验来学习。 We heard him say goodbye to his friends.我们听见他向他的朋友们道别。 →He was heard to say goodbye to his friends.他被听到向他的朋友们道别。 He often comes to help us (to) do some farm work.他经常来帮我们干一些农活。 用法归纳 (1)可以用动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词(短语)有ask、tell、order、want、get、would like、advise、invite、allow、wish、warn、expect、encourage、force、teach等,不定式符号to ③不能省略。 (2)有些使役动词和感官动词(短语),如have、let、make、feel、hear、listen to、notice、see、 watch、observe、look at等,在主动结构中跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,在变为被动形式时,不定式作主语补足语,不能省略④to。 (3)动词⑤help接动词不定式作宾语补足语时,不定式符号to可省略也可不省略。 4.作表语 My hope is to become a scientist.我希望成为一名科学家。 My job is to teach English.我的工作是教英语。 用法归纳 动词不定式作表语可表示主语的责任或义务、主语将来的行为或主语的内容或性质。 5.作定语 The farmers came up with ways to protect their crops.农民们想出了保护庄稼的方法。 He was the last one to arrive at the classroom this morning.今天早上他是最后一个到教室的。 Would you please give me some paper to write on? 你能给我一些纸写字吗? 用法归纳 (1)动词不定式可作后置定语,修饰前面的名词。 (2)常用结构:the+序数词/形容词最高级/very/only/⑥last +名词/代词+to do。 (3)作定语的不定式若为不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,其后须有与之搭配的介词。如果被不定式修饰的名词为place、time、way时,不定式后面的介词习惯上可以省去。 6.作状语 动词不定式作状语,可表示目的、结果、原因等。 To/In order to get there before eight, I started early.为了在八点以前到达那里,我很早就动身了。 I am very sorry to hear that.听到这件事我很难过。 He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜查了那个房间,结果什么也没发现。 用法归纳 (1)表目的。为了强调表示目的的不定式结构,可在不定式前加上⑦in order或so as,但so as to do一般不放在句首。 (2)表原因。动词不定式放在系表结构后面,表示产生某种情绪或状态的原因。 (3)表结果。so/such...as to do、too...to do、...enough to do等结构中的不定式表示结果,而 ⑧only to do常表示出乎意料的结果。 三、“疑问词+不定式”结构 When to hold the meeting has not been decided.什么时候开会还没有决定。 It’s been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I’ve moved out.当我搬出去时,知道如何掩盖洞和重新粉刷房间以避免任何费用是很有用的。 用法归纳 who、what、which、⑨when、where和how等特殊疑问词后接不定式可以构成一种特殊的不定式短语,常在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等。 知识点02-ed/-ing 形容词 一、概述 　　有些动词的-ed形式可用作形容词,描述人的情感,通常意为“感到……的”。有些动词的-ing形式可用作形容词,描述情境、人或事物,通常意为“令人……的;使人……的”。但在expression、look(表情)、face、smile、voice等词前,常用-ed形式的形容词。 二、句法功能 They were frightened when they heard that the lion had got out of its cage.他们听说那头狮子从笼子里逃脱后,感到害怕。 Many people enjoy relaxing music in the evening prior to going to bed.许多人在晚上睡觉前喜欢听令人放松的音乐。 I found the book so interesting that I kept on reading it until daybreak.我发现这本书如此有趣,以至于我一直读到黎明。 After the long journey, the three of them went back home, hungry and tired.长途旅行后,他们三个回到家,又饿又累。 用法归纳 -ed形式的形容词和-ing形式的形容词可以在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。 三、常见的-ed形式的形容词和-ing形式的形容词 interested感兴趣的→interesting有趣的 excited兴奋的→exciting令人兴奋的 surprised惊奇的→surprising令人惊奇的 astonished吃惊的→astonishing令人十分惊讶的 frightened害怕的→frightening令人害怕的 embarrassed尴尬的→embarrassing令人尴尬的 disappointed失望的→disappointing令人失望的 relaxed放松的→relaxing令人放松的 moved感动的→moving令人感动的 pleased满意的→pleasing令人满意的 知识点03定语从句 在复合句中，用于修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。引导定语从句的词称为关系词。关系词包括关系代词who（宾格whom，所有格whose），that，which和关系副词where，when，why等。 The boy who is wearing a black coat bought an iPod yesterday. 穿着黑色外套的男孩昨天买了一个iPod. The noodles that/which my mother cooked were delicious.我妈妈煮的面条很好吃。 The school where I learned judo was very large.我学习柔道的学校非常大。 I remember the day when our band was formed.我记得我们乐队成立的日子。 I don’t know the reason why she got so angry this morning. 我不知道她今天早上为什么那么生气。 说明：这几个例子中，先行词分别是boy，noodles，school，day，reason。 加下划线的部分为定语从句。 处在先行词和定语从句之间的who，that和which是关系代词，where，when和why是关系代词。 一、关系代词一览表 关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注 关系代词 who 人 主语 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? whom，which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that whom 人 宾语 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working. The boy(whom) she loved died in the war. whose 人/物 定语 I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my desk mate. that 人/物 主语 宾语 A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star(that) I want to see very much. which 物 主语 宾语 The book(which) I gave you was worth $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible. as 人/物 主语 宾语 He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略 关系副词 when 时间 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用on which where 地点 地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 可用in which why 原因 原因状语 I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. 可用for which 二、that与which，who，whom的用法区别 1. that和which的用法区别 在定语从句中，关系代词which和that都可指物，一般情况下，可以互换使用。但在下列情况下值得注意： （1）只能用that而不能用which的情形： ①当先行词为：all，little，few，much，none及some-，any-，no-，every-与thing所组成的复合单词时，只能用that。如：There is nothing that will stop us making progress. ②当先行词前面有only，some，any，no，every，little，few，much，all，very等形容词修饰时，只能用that。 如：This is the only problem that we can’t work out. ③当先行词由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，只能用that。 如：This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. ④当先行词同时包括人和物时，只能用that。 如：Lu Xun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great. ⑤当先行词在定语从句中作表语时，只能用that。 如：This is a book that I have been looking for since last week. ⑥当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时，只能用that。 如：Which is the picture that you drew yesterday? （2）只能用which而不能用that的情形： ①当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时，只能用which。 如：The pencil-case, which I bought last week, is missing. ②关系代词前面有介词时，只能用which。 如：The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down. ③先行词为代词that或that所修饰时，只能用which。 如：I don’t take that which is too expensive. 2. who(whom)和that的用法区别详解 在定语从句中，关系代词who(whom)和that都可指人和物，在一般情况下，可以互换使用，但在下列情况下值得注意： （1）用who(whom)而不用that的情形 ①在非限制性定语从句中的先行词指人时，只能用who(whom)。 如：My sister, who is studying abroad, sent me a beautiful present just before this Christmas. ②当定语从句对指人的先行词进行隔位修饰时，只能用who(whom)。 如：Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students? ③当先行词为people和those时，只能用who(whom)。 如：Those who want to go there come here please. ④当先行词为one，ones，anyone，everyone，none，all（指人）时，只能用who(whom)。 如：Anyone who is against us is our enemy. ⑤先行词指人，而关系代词在从句中作主语时，一般多用who。 如：The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a few days. ⑥在there be句型中名词作先行词的定语从句多用于关系代词who(whom)。 如：There are students in our class who/whom you have not met. ⑦当句子中两个指人的先行词分别带有两个定语从句时，若一个定语从句的引导词为that，那么，另一个定语从句的引导词必定为who。 如：The boy that you met just now is Li Ming’s brother who just graduated from a university. （2）用that而不用who(whom)的情形 ①当先行词前面有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，引导词只能用that。 如：The tallest player that plays football for our team is from Shandong. ②当先行词前面有only，some，any，no，every，little，few，much，all，very等形容词修饰时，引导词只能用that。 如：He is the only student that said “no” to the teacher. ③当主句是以who开头的特殊疑问句时，引导词只能用that。 如：Who is woman that you talked with just now? ④the same as与the same that the same as所引导定语从句的内容与先行词同类而不同物；the same that表示所引导的从句内容与先行词同类同物，即：同一事物。如： She is wearing the same coat that I lost a few days ago. 她正穿着我几天前所丢失的上衣。（暗含：她偷了我的上衣） She is wearing the same coat as I lost a few days ago. 她正穿着跟我几天前所丢失的上衣同样的上衣。（暗含：她所穿的上衣不是我所丢失的那一件） 三、关系副词引导的定语从句 1、关系副词一览表 关系副词 when 时间 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用on which where 地点 地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 可用in which why 原因 原因状语 I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. 可用for which 四、“介词+关系代词”以及关系副词引导的定语从句 1.概述 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句多用于正式文体，使用的关系代词一般是which。whom既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。常见的有以下几种结构： （1）介词+关系代词 Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice.=Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice. （2）名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词 Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels. =Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, of which three were English novels. （3）形容词最高级+介词+关系代词 China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. （4）介词+关系代词+名词 I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized. 我叫错了他的名字，为此我向他表示了歉意。（不能使用whose） 2.关系代词的选择 用于“介词+关系代词”结构的关系代词指人时只能用whom，指物时只能用which，即介词+which/whom。 知识点04 不定代词 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either 不定代词用法注意点： 1 one, some与any one可以泛指任何人，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。 One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. one也可指代具体的人或事物, 常见于定语从句。例如： He’s always been one that enjoys good food. This is the one I like best. some可用于疑问句中，表示说话人期待或鼓励对方的肯定回答。例如： Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? any也用于肯定句，表示“任何”的意思。例如： Please call us if you have any questions. Any of us know that it is not possible. some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2 each, every: Each和every在意义和用法上比较相似，均接单数可数名词表示“每个”的意思，但each可指代两者或以上的每个人或事物，强调个体，常见于小数量；而 every 一般用于三者或以上的每个人或事物，强调整体，并常见于较大数量。例如： There is a line of trees on each side of the road. For every pound raised, 95 pence goes directly to the poor. Each candidate gives a different answer to the question. Every candidate knows the answer to the question. each还可单独使用，但 every 不能单独使用。例如： Each of the flowers has its own colour and smell. (or ‘Each one of the flowers …’) Every one of the flowers has its own colour and smell.* (not ‘Every of the flowers…’) *every one 可指人或物，而everyone仅指人。 3 other, another Other+复数可数名词，another+单数可数名词； 在特定范围内，则应使用the other指代另外一个人或物，the others指代其他或另外的。但 the other指代两者中的另外一个或多个中的最后一个，为一个单数概念，通常用于one…and the other的结构中，而the others指代三者或以上的所有其他人或其它事物，等于‘the +复数可数名词’。例如： Our company started out with 5 offices in Shenzhen. 4 were in Luohu and the other is in Longhua. There are two books on the desk. One is a math book and the other is an English book. They have twenty-six desks in the classroom. One is for the teacher and the others are for the students.(= ‘the other desks’) another也意为“另外一个”， 即可指人也可指物，但another是指三者或以上的另外任何一个人或事物，因此不表示特指或前面不能使用冠词the，也不能指代两者中的另外一个。例如： I don't like this book. Please show me another. Do you want to exchange this MP4 player for another or do you want your money back? 此外，another还有“又一(= one/two, etc. more 或 a second)、不同 (= different)”的意思。例如： It tastes really nice. I’d like another cup. It will be summer again in another two months. This method does not work, so let’s try another. 在表示三者或以上的“一个、一个、一个……”时，another也可与one连用构成one…another…the/a third…the/a fourth, etc.的结构。例如： Look at the three boys! One is shouting, another is crying and the other (or ‘the third’) is talking into his telephone loudly. 4 one/ones one作代词时用于指代上文表示人或事物的单数可数名词，以避免用词重复。例如： Excuse me! Can you get me a newspaper? – Sorry, I don’t know where to get one. A good teacher should be one good at encouraging one’s students. Personally, I like black tea better than green tea. (not ‘…than green one.’) 如上文提及的人或事物前有名词修饰时，则不能使用one指代。例如： Did you say you need a dinner tray or an ash tray? (not‘a dinner tray or an ash one?’) one作代词时可用于泛指人们，意为“人人、任何人”，这种用法有时也使用 you。例如： One should do one's duty. You can't enjoy yourself if you are too tired. one也可指代具体的人或事物。例如： He’s always been one that enjoys good food. This is the one I like best. 如指代的人或事物为复数，则应使用其复数形式‘ones’。同时，one也有自己的所有格和反身代词形式：one’s和oneself。 all, both, either, any all和both表示“全都”，但all用于三者或以上，both只表示两者。 either和any表示“任何一个”，但either指代两者中的任何一个，而any指代三者或以上中的任何一个或一些。 表示“都不”的意思时，不能使用not否定句，应使用neither, none。 知识点05 动词的被动语态 被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。 常用被动语态 构成 常用被动语态 构成 1 一般现在时 am/is/are asked 6 过去进行时 was/were being asked 2 一般过去时 was/were asked 7 现在完成时 have/has been asked 3 一般将来时 shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时 had been asked 4 过去将来时 should/would be asked 9 将来完成时 will/would have been asked 5 现在进行时 am/is/are being asked 10 含有情态动词的 can/must/may be asked 注意事项 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如： Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们 后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。 He must be prevented from going. The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible. 在make, let, see, hear, notice, watch, feel 等动词后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但这种句子如 果变为被动语态时，则应加上to。 例如：We heard her sing an English song.（主动） →She was heard to sing an English song by us.（被动） 许多由不及物动词加介词构成的短语动词，相当于一个及物动词，可以有宾语，因而也可以有被动语态。 当这些短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。 The children were taken good care of (by her). Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to. The plan will be given up. 当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两种形式 （A） 谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。 （B） 用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。 如： People say he is a smart boy. It is said that he is a smart boy. He is said to be a smart boy.  People know paper was made in China first. It is known that paper was made in China first. Paper was known to be made in China first. 类似句型有：It is said / reported /(well) known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought / supposed /generally considered/ that … 主动形式表被动意义: 1. 当feel、look、smell、taste、sound、prove等系动词后面接形容词时； The silk feels so soft. The fish smells good. 2.表示 “开始、结束、运动”等意义的词，如begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move。 The café closes at 12 pm every day. 3. 当happen、occur、break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词（短语）表示“发生、关闭、 制定”等意思时。 The earthquake happened at midnight when people were sound asleep. The lamps on the wall turn off. 4. 有些动词如cook, fry, hang, print, build, make等用于进行时态时，主动表被动意义。例如： The books are printing. The fish is cooking. 5. want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。 6. be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。 7. 在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。 This kind of water isn’t fit to drink. The girl isn’t easy to get along with. 另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。 8. 介词in, on, under 等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应的被动形式，名词前一 般不用冠词。常见的有：under control (受控制)，under treatment (在治疗中)，under repair (在修理中)，under discussion (在讨论中)，under construction (在施工中)，beyond belief (令人难以置信)，beyond one’s reach (鞭长莫及)，beyond one’s control (无法控制)，beyond our hope (我们始料不及)，for sale (出售)，for rent (出租)，in print (在印刷中)，in sight (在视野范围内)，on sale (出售)，on show (展出)，on trial (受审)，out of control (控制不了)，out of sight (超出视线之外)，out of one’s reach (够不着)，out of fashion (不流行)。 被动形式表示主动意义: 1. be seated坐着 He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。 2. be hidden躲藏 He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。 3. be lost迷路 ④be drunk喝醉 ⑤be dressed穿着 The girl was dressed in a red short skirt. 不能用被动语态的情况： 1. 所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。 2. 表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。 3. 表示归属的动词，如have、own、belong to等。 4. 表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。 5. 宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。 6. 有些动词带状语修饰语时以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有cut well, drive well, ride well, sell well、write well、wash well、open well、lock well等。 7. 在too…to…及enough to …结构中有时表示被动意义，例如：The problem is too difficult to solve. 被动语态与系表结构的区别 1. 被动语态强调动作；系表结构表特点或状态。如： The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态) The book is well sold.(系表结构) 2. 被动语态可由by引出，引导动作，而系表结构常用其它介词引出。例如： We were greatly interested by the professor’s speech. We were very interested in the professor’s speech. 注：被动语态常用greatly、much等词修饰过去分词，而系表结构常由very, quite, rather, too, so, more, most 等词修饰。 3. 句中带有时间或方式状语时，大多为被动语态。例如： The company was established two years ago. 基础通关（测试时间：30分钟） 一．不定式 A.填空 1.He allowed me　　　　　(stay) and watch.  2.　　　　　(acquire) the advanced technology, the professor makes full use of every chance.  3.One of the purposes of education is　　　　　(develop) a fine personality in children.  4.It takes years of work 　　　　　(control) global warming.  5.A student has to climb a tree to study because the network signal in his home is not strong enough　　　　　(connect) to his online classes.  1.to stay　考查不定式作宾语补足语。固定搭配allow sb. to do sth.意为“允许某人做某事”,故用不定式作宾语补足语。 2.To acquire　考查不定式作目的状语。句意:为了获得先进的技术,这位教授充分利用一切机会。设空处作目的状语,需用动词不定式,句首单词首字母需大写。故填To acquire。 3.to develop　考查不定式作表语。句意:教育的目的之一是培养孩子们良好的人格。设空处作系动词is的表语,解释说明主语One of the purposes of education的内容,且表示将来的事,故用不定式作表语。 4.to control　考查不定式作主语。句意:控制全球变暖需要多年的努力。分析句子结构可知,It在句中作形式主语,“　　　 global warming”为真正的主语,故用不定式作主语。  5.to connect　考查不定式作结果状语。句意:一名学生不得不爬到树上去学习,因为他家里的网络信号不够强,无法连接到他的在线课程。“be+形容词+enough to do sth.”意为“足够……做某事”,故本空应用不定式作结果状语。 B.完成句子 1.他急匆匆地跑到公交车站,却发现公交车已经开走了。 He hurried to the bus stop, 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　.(读后续写—动作描写)  2.教你的孩子如何安全地过马路真的很重要。(cross) It’s really important to teach your children　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　.  3.她是第一位在奥运会上赢得金牌的女性。(medal) She was 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　in the Olympic Games.  1.only to find the bus had gone/left　2.how to cross the road safely　3.the first woman to win a gold medal 二．形容词 1.Cao decided 　　　　     (cover) the route by hiking as a tribute(致敬) to the ancient Silk Road. 2.One way to begin is 　　　　     (answer) your own excuses. 3.The parents were asked 　　　　    (interact) with their children as they normally would, and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time. 4.Tom took a taxi to the airport only 　　　　    (find) his plane high up in the sky. 5.It is a great honor for me 　　　　     (have) an opportunity to attend the interview here today. 6.Lost in despair, the fellow didn’t know how 　　　　    (handle) the embarrassing situation. 7.It was 　　　　     (challenge) at first, but with practice and determination, I gradually improved. 8.In their spare time, they are 　　　　    (interest) in planting vegetables in their garden, which is on the rooftop of their house. 9.Stephanie gave me a 　　　　     (disappoint) look, and left Nelson’s room, followed by my dad. 10.On seeing the 　　　　    scene, the little girl was so 　　　　    that she burst out crying. (frighten) 1.to cover 2.to answer3.to interact 4.to find 5.to have 6.to handle 7.challenging 8.interested 9.disappointed 10.frightening，frightened 三．定语从句 1.China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. 2.In ancient China lived an artist paintings were almost lifelike. 3.On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth gives off light in the dark. 4.Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, __________ she opened with her late husband Les. 5.They were well trained by their masters __________ had great experience with caring for these animals. 6.When the government started a soil-testing program _______ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. 7.Many westerners ______ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out. 8. He is the only person in his company ___________ is invited to the party. 9. Do you know the reason ________ she refused the invitation? 10. We are living in an age ___________ the society develops rapidly. 11. Dr. Rowan, ______ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing. 12. Many lessons are now available online, from _____ students can choose for free. 13. We have entered into an age _______ dreams have the best chance of coming true. 14. Self-driving is an area ______ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line. 15. After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, turned out to be a wise decision. 6. As a child, Jack studied in a village school, is named after his grandfather. 17. Whenever I met her, was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. 18. She brought with her three friends, none of I had ever met before. 19. Mozart’s birthplace and the house he composed “The Magic Flute” are both museums now. 20. She’ll never forget her stay there she found her son who had gone missing two years before. 1.【答案】where 【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子可知，从句“it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth”不缺主谓宾，缺状语，而先行词spot为地点，故填where。 2.【答案】whose 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。 3.【答案】that/which 【解析】考查定语从句。这是个限制性定语从句，先行词是cloth，指物，从句中缺少主语，因此，可以用that或which引导。故填that/which。 4.【答案】which 【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语，故用which。 5.【答案】who 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：它们被主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters（主人），且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。 6.【答案】that/which 【解析】考查定语从句关系词。根据空后的谓语动词gives可知，该空缺少主语，指代program并且引导后面的句子。指物用that/which，故填that或者which。 7.【答案】who/that 【解析】考查关系代词。句中包含定语从句，先行词是westerners，指人，在定语从句中做主语，用关系代词who/that引导，故填who/that。 8.【答案】that 【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。句意：他是他公司里唯一一个被邀请参加聚会的人。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词person，且先行词前有the only修饰，所以填that。 9.【答案】why 【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。句意：你知道她拒绝邀请的理由吗？分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词是the reason，且定语从句中缺少原因状语，所以填why。 10.【答案】when 【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。句意：我们生活在一个社会快速发展的时代。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词是an age，且定语从句中缺少时间状语，所以填when。 11.【答案】whose 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：罗文博士的秘书两周前辞职了，他现在只能自己打字。“______ secretary resigned two weeks ago”是非限制性定语从句，修饰Dr. Rowan，引导词在从句中作定语，表示“……的”，应用关系代词whose引导该从句。 12.【答案】which 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：许多课程现在都可以在网上找到，学生们可以从中免费选择。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是many lessons，关系词在从句中做介词from的宾语，应使用关系代词which引导。 13.【答案】when 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们已经进入到了一个人人有最大可能实现梦想的时代。句中先行词为an age（一个时代），且先行词在从句中作时间状语，所以关系词用when。 14.【答案】where 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：无人驾驶是一个中国和世界其它国家都站在同一起跑线的领域。句中先行词为area，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where，相当于in which。 15.【答案】which 【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。从句为非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主句，在从句中作主语，因此用which引导从句。 16.【答案】which 【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词a village school在从句中作主语，因此用which引导从句。 17.【答案】which 【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句，定语从句插人在主句中间，因此用which引导从句。 18.【答案】whom 【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。指人的先行词her three friends在从句中作介词of的宾语，因此用whom引导从句。 19.【答案】where 【解析】考查定语从句。先行词the house在从句中作地点状语，简单句是：he composed “The Magic Flute” in the house，因此用where引导从句。 20.【答案】when 【解析】考查定语从句。先行词her stay在从句she found her son中作时间状语。She found her son during her stay there，因此用when引导从句。 四．不定代词 1．— How do you find your new classmates? — Most of them are kind, but is so good to me. 【答案】none 【详解】考查不定代词。句意：——你觉得你的新同学怎么样？——他们大多数人都很友好，但没有一个人对我这么好。前半句“Most of them are kind (大多数人友好)”表肯定，后半句用but转折，需体现“否定含义”。none可指代“三者及以上里没有一个”，强调“多数友好，但无一人对我特别好”，符合对话语境。故填none。 2．Recycling is one way to protect the environment; reusing is . 【答案】another 【详解】考查代词。句意：回收是保护环境的一种方法，再利用是另一种。分析句子可知，设空处应填代词作表语，前文提及“one way（一种方法）”，此处表示“（三者或三者以上中的）另一种方法t”，对应的代词是another，符合语境。故填 another。 3．Granny wanted some more coffee but there was left in the coffee maker. 【答案】nothing 【详解】考查代词。句意：奶奶还想再喝点咖啡，但咖啡机里已经没有咖啡了。意为“没有任何东西”，强调“不存在任何事物”，用nothing。故填nothing。 4．They produced two reports, but of them contained any useful suggestions. 【答案】neither 【详解】考查不定代词。句意：他们制作了两份报告，但两份中没有一份包含任何有用的建议。根据语境 “两份报告”及转折词but可知，此处表达“两者都不”，需用不定代词neither。故填 neither。 5．One day, he talked with me and hoped to mend our relations. With the efforts made by sides, we began to understand each other better. 【答案】both 【详解】考查代词。句意：有一天，他找我谈话，希望缓和我们的关系。在我们二人的努力下，我们开始更好地理解对方。前面提到了“he talked with me and hoped to mend our relations”（有一天，他找我谈话，希望缓和我们的关系），说明此空指双方的努力，both sides双方，符合题意，故填both。 6．Perhaps some people can get motivation from the need for success, but (other) are motivated by a fear of failure. 【答案】others 【详解】考查代词。句意：或许对有些人来说，成功的欲望是他们的动力，但另外一些人的动力是害怕失败。此处指“另一些人”，应用提示词的复数形式others表示“其他人，别的人”，代替没有具体所指的other people。故填others。 7． side prepared to talk to the other unless we can smooth things over between them. 【答案】Neither 【详解】考查代词。句意：除非我们能缓和他们之间的矛盾，否则双方都不准备与对方谈话。句中the other和between them暗示问题在两者之间，此处指“双方都不”，应用neither，句首单词首字母大写。故填Neither。 8．—Could you please buy me a laptop computer as well as a motorcycle, Daddy? —You can choose , not both, my dear. 【答案】either 【详解】考查代词。句意：——爸爸, 你可以给我买一台笔记本电脑和一辆摩托车吗? ——亲爱的，你只能选择其中之一，不能两样都买。题干给出了a laptop computer as well as a motorcycle，由答语中的not both可知填either，表示“两者中的任何一个”。故填either。 9．You are a team star! Working with ( other ) is really your cup of tea. 【答案】others 【详解】考查不定代词。句意：你是团队明星！和其他人一起工作对你来说真的很轻松。所给词“other”是形容词，意为“其他的”，其后通常接名词。此处空格后没有名词，且根据语境，表达的是“和其他人一起工作”，需要用不定代词形式“others”，指代“其他的人或物”，在句中作介词“with”的宾语。故填others。 10．— I’d like to order something to drink. What would you like, coffee or cola? — . Milk is OK. 【答案】Neither 【详解】考查代词。句意：——我想点些喝的。你想要什么，咖啡还是可乐？ ——两者都不要。牛奶是可以的。结合句意可知，前者问要咖啡还是可乐，后者却要的牛奶，所以该空应用neither表示“两者都不要”。且置于句首，首字母大写。故填Neither。 11．“Where there is a will, there is a way” is an old proverb which almost everyone knows, but not understand it so well. 【答案】all 【详解】考查代词。考查动词。句意：“有志者事竟成”是一句几乎人人都知道的古老谚语，但并不是每个人都理解得那么透彻。根据句意可知，表示“并不是每个人”为not all。故填all。 12．While online shopping has changed our life, not of its effects have been positive. 【答案】all 【详解】考查代词。句意：虽然网上购物改变了我们的生活，但并非所有的影响都是积极的。由“While online shopping has changed our life”可知，句子表示“虽然网上购物改变了我们的生活，但并非所有的影响都是积极的”，空格处意为“所有的”，是all，not与all连用构成部分否定。故填all。 13．Unfortunately, of the two boys has passed the geography examination. 【答案】neither 【详解】考查代词。句意：不幸的是，这两个男孩都没有通过地理考试。此处使用代词作主语，根据句意，表示“两者都不”用neither。故填neither。 14．They came to the conclusion that not things can be done by computers. 【答案】all 【详解】考查代词。句意：他们得出结论，不是所有的事情都可以用计算机来完成。短语not all表示“并非所有”，故填all。 15． of the two boys has passed the geography examination. 【答案】Neither 【详解】考查代词。句意：这两个男孩中没有一个通过了地理考试。谓语动词为“has passed”，为单数形式，说明主语为单数，需填代词neither，表示两者中“无一”，来修饰“of the two boys”，表示两者中没有一个，neither of后面接名词复数时，谓语动词可以是单数，也可以是复数。故填Neither。 16． of his parents are not teachers. 【答案】Both 【详解】考查代词。句意：他的父母都不是老师。结合“parents”可知，此处指“两者都”，使用固定短语both of，首字母应大写，故填Both。 17．Please try to find out the difference between the two words. If , speak it out. 【答案】any 【详解】考查代词。句意：请试着找出这两个词的区别。如果有的话，说出来。If表示条件，结合“speak it out”可知，应用固定表达if any表示“如果有的话”，用于提到可能存在但不明确的事物，完整形式是if there is any (difference)。故填any。 18．Helping others is a habit, that you can learn at an early age. 【答案】one 【详解】考查代词。句意：帮助别人是一种习惯，一种你可以从小学到的习惯。that you can learn at an early age是定语从句，修饰先行词，所以此处需要一个词去代替前面的habit，one做habit的同位语，故填one。 19．Henry is stronger and fitter than any boy in his class. 【答案】other 【详解】考查形容词。句意：Henry比他班里的任何其他男孩更强壮更健康。any other表示“任何其他的”，故填other。 20．I try to visit my parents every weeks. 【答案】few 【详解】考查形容词。句意：我尽量每几周去看望我的父母一次。根据空前的“every”可知，空处应用few构成every few weeks“每隔几周”，作句子的时间状语。故填few。 五．被动语态 A.句型转换 1. Many people speak English in the world. →English ____________ many people in the world. 2. He bought his children some pens and books before the term begins. →Some pens and books ____________ by him before the term begins. 3. We will build several big modern power plants in our city. →Several big modern power plants ____________ in our city. 4. The workers are repairing the main building of Shanghai Jiaotong University. →The main building of Shanghai Jiaotong University ____________ by the workers. 5. They were carrying the injured player. →The injured player ____________ by them. 6. We have studied English for 7 years at school. →English ____________ by us for 7 years at school. 7. They had produced 100 tractors by the end of last year. →100 tractors ____________ by the end of last year. 8. I did not say that we would change the equipment. →I did not say that the equipment ____________. 9. We should take more measures to protect the environment. →More measures ____________ protect the environment. 10. We can put the refrigerator in that place and make room tidy. →The refrigerator ____________ in that place and make room tidy. 1. is spoken by 2. were bought for his children3. will be built4. is being repaired5. was being carried6. has been studied7. had been produced8. would be changed by us9. should be taken to10. can be put B.用被动语态改写下列句子 1.The school doesn’t allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. 2.They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. 3.They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers.(jobs作被动动作的承受者) 4.The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible.(the car作被动动作的承受者) 5.The radio is broadcasting English lessons. 6.This time last year we were planting trees here. 7.Someone has told me the sports meeting might be put off. 8.When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out of the tickets. 1.We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. 2.The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month. 3.Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers. 4.The workers told me the car would be mended as soon as possible. 5.English lessons are being broadcast on the radio. 6.Trees were being planted here this time last year. 7.I have been told the sports meeting might be put off. 8.When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. 重难突破（测试时间：15分钟） 语法填空 A The second Sunday in May is Mother’s Day. Originally 1 (celebrate) in the US, it has also become popular in China as a way to express thanks to mothers with gifts and greetings. Some experts suggest China 2 (have) its own Mother’s Day, instead of “borrowing” from the US. Should China create its own Mother’s Day? Stephanie: I think maybe it is those retail(零售) businessmen 3 want as many special days as possible, so that they can earn more money. On Mother’s Day, things are double the price than usual and 4 is super difficult to book a table for dining. Something with Chinese traditions 5 (sound) nice, but I hope the special day would light our love for mothers, instead of following the fashion and falling into 6 trap dug by businessmen. Francisco: As a child, I just took my mother’s love 7 granted. But now I realize how much my mom has sacrificed 8 (selfless) and how great she really is! Mothers deserve our respect as well as our care and love. We Chinese have the tendency 9 (keep) everything to ourselves. In this regard, we should learn from Americans. Say “I love you” to your mom whenever you feel it and give her a hug or have a heart-to-heart chat or do some housework. 10 matters is that you should do something to show you love her, not just on Mother’s Day. 【答案】1．celebrated 2．have 3．that/who 4．it 5．sounds 6．the 7．for 8．selflessly 9．to keep 10．What 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了母亲节的起源以及人们对母亲的感恩。 1．考查非谓语动词。句意：庆祝母亲节的活动起源于美国，它作为一种用礼物和问候来表达对母亲的感谢的方式在中国也流行起来。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词，因此设空处应用非谓语动词。所给提示词与其逻辑主语it之间为被动关系，所以应用过去分词作状语。故填celebrated。 2．考查虚拟语气。句意：一些专家建议，中国应该有自己的母亲节，而不是从美国“借来”。suggest表示“建议”后接宾语从句时，从句应用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。故填have。 3．考查强调句型。句意：我想也许正是那些零售商想尽可能多地有这些特殊的日子，以便他们能赚更多的钱。本句使用了强调句型“it is+被强调部分+that/who+其他”，被强调的部分是主语those retail businessmen，指人。故填that或who。 4．考查it作形式主语。句意：在母亲节那天，东西的价格是平时的两倍，预订餐位超级困难。分析句子结构可知，and连接两个并列分句；在后一分句中，空格处作形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语“to book a table for dining”。故填it。 5．考查时态及主谓一致。句意：有中国传统的东西听起来不错，但我希望这个特殊的日子能点燃我们对母亲的爱，而不是赶时髦，落入商人挖好的陷阱。分析句子结构可知，but连接两个并列分句。在but前的分句中，“Something with Chinese traditions”是主语，设空处是谓语；此处指一般情况，应用一般现在时；主语是Something，谓语应用第三人称单数形式。故填sounds。 6．考查冠词。句意同上。根据空后的“trap dug by businessmen”及语境可知此处表示特指，修饰名词trap。故填the。 7．考查介词。句意：在我小时候，我就认为母亲的爱是理所当然的。take...for granted意为“不把……当回事；认为……是理所当然的”，为固定短语。故填for。 8．考查副词。句意：但我现在意识到母亲无私地牺牲了多少，她实际上是多么伟大！空格处修饰谓语动词has sacrificed，应用副词作状语。由语境可知空处表示“无私地”，故填selflessly。 9．考查动词不定式。句意：我们中国人往往喜欢把一切埋在心底。tendency后面常用动词不定式作定语，have the tendency to do sth.意为“有做某事的倾向”。故填to keep。 10．考查主语从句。句意：重要的是你应该做些事来表明你爱她，而不仅仅是在母亲节这天。引导主语从句，且从句中缺少主语，意为“……的事”应用what。首字母大写。故填What。 B Table tennis first appeared in Victorian England. Table tennis didn’t become a competitive sport 　1　 1988. Now table tennis not only is 　2　 matter of competition but also provides an opportunity for people to play together no matter what their ages are. There is a day for people 　3　 love table tennis to spread their love for the sport. It is called World Table Tennis Day.  So far, the International Table Tennis Federation(ITTF) 　4　(improve) table tennis to a completely new level. ITTF tries to help table tennis get its 　5　(recognise) around the world. 　6　(achieve) this goal, in 2015, ITTF created World Table Tennis Day to get people 　7　(attract) to table tennis. Since then it has been celebrating the day so that more people can learn about the sport.  World Table Tennis Day is celebrated by 　8　(organize) activities in the streets, clubs, bars, schools, workplaces, etc. People can register 　9　 all these events on the Internet to join in the worldwide celebration. If you’re looking for other ways to celebrate World Table Tennis Day, you can choose to watch the 　10　(amaze) table tennis games on TV on the day and tell your friends what day it is.  语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界乒乓球日的来历、庆祝活动等。 1.until　考查固定搭配。句意:乒乓球直到1988年才成为一项竞技性运动。not...until...表示“直到……才……”。故填until。 2.a　考查冠词。句意:现在乒乓球不仅是一件关乎竞争的事情,而且给不同年龄的人提供了一个一起玩乐的机会。a matter of一个关乎……的事情/问题。此处表泛指,应用不定冠词。matter以辅音音素开头,其前应用a。 3.who/that　考查定语从句的关系词。设空处引导定语从句,先行词是people,关系词在从句中作主语,故填who或that。 4.has improved　考查时态和主谓一致。根据句首的时间状语So far(到目前为止)可知应用现在完成时,又因为句子的主语the International Table Tennis Federation是第三人称单数形式,谓语动词也应用第三人称单数形式。故填has improved。 5.recognition　考查名词。设空处前面的its是形容词性物主代词,后面需用名词,因此应用提示词的名词形式,故填recognition。 6.To achieve　考查不定式。句意:为了达到这个目标,2015年,国际乒乓球联合会创立了世界乒乓球日,让人们喜欢上乒乓球。句中已有谓语created,设空处应用非谓语动词;由语境可知此处表示目的,应用不定式。故填To achieve。 7.attracted　考查过去分词。句意同上。句中已有谓语created,设空处应用非谓语动词;由语境可知此处表示“使人们被吸引”,get...done表示“使……被……”,因此应用过去分词作宾语补足语。故填attracted。 8.organizing　考查动名词。根据空前的介词by可知设空处应用organize的动名词形式作by的宾语。故填organizing。 9.for　考查固定搭配。register for表示“登记,注册”。故填for。 10.amazing　考查形容词。设空处修饰空后的名词短语table tennis games,应用形容词;由语境可知设空处表示“令人惊叹的”,故填amazing。 链接中考（测试时间：10分钟） （2025·北京·高考真题）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 Most days after school, I love walking in the forest with my dog Nick. It’s 1 (peace), especially around sunset. Nick has a fun time smelling the leaves and running after rabbits. When Nick runs ahead, I hear him barking excitedly. I sometimes call him back, worried that he might have someone 2 (scare). The truth, though, is 3 could be guessed — there’s never anyone else here. Just me, Nick, and the quiet forest. 【答案】1．peaceful 2．scared 3．what 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者大多数放学后和狗Nick在森林散步的时光。 1．考查形容词。句意：这里很宁静，尤其是在日落时分。“is”后接形容词作表语，“peace”的形容词形式是“peaceful”，意为“宁静的”。故填peaceful。 2．考查非谓语动词。句意：我有时会把他叫回来，担心他可能会吓到别人。“have sb. done”表示 “使某人被……”，“someone”与“scare”之间是被动关系，即某人被吓到，用过去分词作宾语补足语。故填scared。 3．考查表语从句引导词。句意：不过，真相正如所料 —— 这里从来没有其他人。“is”后接表语从句，从句中缺少主语，指物，用what引导，what在从句中作主语，意为“…… 的事情”。故填what。 （2025·北京·高考真题）阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 When was the last time you took on a tough choice? Maybe this morning you debated whether to get up or stay in bed slightly 4 (long). Making choices is part of life. By the time you brushed your teeth, you 5 (make) several decisions even without noticing. Some choices are quick, while others take more thought. Usually, better outcomes 6 (achieve) through a thorough understanding of strategies like risk tolerance. 【答案】4．longer 5．had made 6．are achieved 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了做选择是生活的一部分及如何做出更好的选择。 4．考查比较级。句意：也许今天早上你还在纠结是起床还是多睡一会儿。此处表示“多睡一会儿”，应用比较级longer，表示“更久”。故填longer。 5．考查时态。句意：当你刷牙的时候，你甚至在不知不觉中已经做了好几个决定。根据时间状语“By the time you brushed your teeth”可知，此处表示在过去某一时间点之前已经完成的动作，时态应用过去完成时，谓语用had made。故填had made。 6．考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：通常，通过充分了解风险承受能力等策略，可以取得更好的结果。根据时间状语“Usually”可知，此处表示经常性、习惯性的动作，时态应用一般现在时；主语better outcomes和动词achieve“实现”之间是被动关系，应用一般现在时的被动语态；主语better outcomes是复数，be动词应用are。故填are achieved。 （2025·北京·高考真题）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 When 7 (travel), we engage with cultures and experiences. However, according to a report by the World Wildlife Fund, tourists 8 (leave) over 1.3 billion tons of food waste last year, 9 accounted for about 8% of the total global gas release in 2024. To reduce our impact, we can take simple steps: empty the fridge before heading out, and choose sustainable dining options. These efforts help us travel more responsibly. After all, exploring the world shouldn’t come 10 the planet’s expense. 【答案】7．traveling 8．left 9．which 10．at 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出旅行时人们会接触不同文化和经历，但据世界野生动物基金会报告，去年游客产生大量食物垃圾，对全球气体排放有影响。为减少影响，人们可采取如出发前清空冰箱、选择可持续餐饮等简单措施，强调探索世界不应以牺牲地球为代价。 7．考查非谓语动词。句意：旅行时，我们接触不同文化和体验不同经历。句子主语“we”与“travel”之间是主动关系，用现在分词，构成“when+现在分词”的状语从句省略结构。故填traveling。 8．考查时态。句意：然而，根据世界野生动物基金会的一份报告，去年游客产生了超过13亿吨的食物垃圾，这约占2024年全球气体排放总量的8%。根据“last year”可知，描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时，“leave”的过去式是“left”。故填left。 9．考查定语从句关系代词。句意：然而，根据世界野生动物基金会的一份报告，去年游客留下了超过13亿吨的食物垃圾，约占2024年全球气体排放总量的8%。此句为非限制性定语从句，先行词是“1.3 billion tons of food waste”，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，用which引导。故填which。 10．考查固定搭配。句意：毕竟，探索世界不应以牺牲地球为代价。at one’s expense“以…… 为代价”是固定搭配。故填at。 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 语法归纳（期中复习讲义） 单元 语法点 常考题型 命题趋势 Unit 1-3 1. 动词不定式 2. 定语从句 3. ed、ing的形容词 4. 不定代词 5. 被动语态 语法填空 1.情境化突出：借助生活、学校、社会等多种情境，将语法考察与实际生活相结合。 知识点01 动词不定式 不定式虽然不能单独作谓语,但保留着动词的某些特征,可带自己的宾语和状语,从而形成不定式短语。不定式(短语)在句中可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。 一、不定式的基本形式和否定式 1.不定式的基本形式和否定式 不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,其否定式是在其前加上not。 　　He warned me to take an umbrella.他提醒我带把雨伞。 　　He warned me not to be late.他提醒我不要迟到。 2.不定式的时态形式、语态形式   主动形式 被动形式 意义   to do to be done 不定式表示的动作与句中谓语动词表示的动作没有时间先后顺序   to be doing / 不定式表示的动作与句中谓语动词表示的动作同时发生   to have done to have  been done 不定式表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词表示的动作之前 二、不定式的功能 1.作主语 English well is very important.学好英语很重要。 It is a great pleasure with him.与他谈话是一件乐事。 It’s kind of you me with my English.你帮我学英语真是太好了。 用法归纳 (1)动词不定式作主语表示具体的动作。 (2)不定式可放在句首作主语,但为了使句子平衡,常用①it 作形式主语放在句首,而将真 正的主语(不定式)放到句末。常用句型有“It is+名词(one’s duty、a pity、a shame...)+to dosth.”和“It is+形容词+for/of sb. to do sth.”。 注意:“It is+形容词+for sb. to do sth.”句型中的形容词一般表示事物的特点;而“It is+形容词+of sb. to do sth.”句型中的形容词一般表示人的性格、品德、心智能力、主观感情或态度。 2.作宾语 He decided in that factory.他决定在那家工厂工作。 I find it interesting with you.我发觉与你待在一起很有趣。 用法归纳 (1)有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语。 (2)动词不定式作宾语且后面有宾语补足语时,常用②it作形式宾语,把真正的宾语(不定 式)放在宾语补足语之后。 巧学助记 用动词不定式作宾语的动词: 三个希望俩答应(hope, wish, want, agree, promise) 两个要求莫拒绝(demand, ask, refuse) 设法学会做决定(manage, learn, decide, determine) 不要假装在选择(pretend, choose, elect) 打算提出俩计划(intend, offer, plan, mean) 申请失败付得起(apply, fail, afford) 准备愿望又碰巧(prepare, desire, happen) 3.作宾语补足语 The teacher advised us through experiment.老师建议我们通过实验来学习。 We heard him say goodbye .我们听见他向他的朋友们道别。 →He was heard to say goodbye his friends.他被听到向他的朋友们道别。 He often comes to help us some farm work.他经常来帮我们干一些农活。 用法归纳 (1)可以用动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词(短语)有ask、tell、order、want、get、would like、advise、invite、allow、wish、warn、expect、encourage、force、teach等,不定式符号to ③不能省略。 (2)有些使役动词和感官动词(短语),如have、let、make、feel、hear、listen to、notice、see、 watch、observe、look at等,在主动结构中跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,在变为被动形式时,不定式作主语补足语,不能省略④to。 (3)动词⑤help接动词不定式作宾语补足语时,不定式符号to可省略也可不省略。 4.作表语 My hope is a scientist.我希望成为一名科学家。 My job is English.我的工作是教英语。 用法归纳 动词不定式作表语可表示主语的责任或义务、主语将来的行为或主语的内容或性质。 5.作定语 The farmers came up with ways their crops.农民们想出了保护庄稼的方法。 He was the last one at the classroom this morning.今天早上他是最后一个到教室的。 Would you please give me some paper on? 你能给我一些纸写字吗? 用法归纳 (1)动词不定式可作后置定语,修饰前面的名词。 (2)常用结构:the+序数词/形容词最高级/very/only/⑥last +名词/代词+to do。 (3)作定语的不定式若为不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,其后须有与之搭配的介词。如果被不定式修饰的名词为place、time、way时,不定式后面的介词习惯上可以省去。 6.作状语 动词不定式作状语,可表示目的、结果、原因等。 there before eight, I started early.为了在八点以前到达那里,我很早就动身了。 I am very sorry that.听到这件事我很难过。 He searched the room only nothing. 他搜查了那个房间,结果什么也没发现。 用法归纳 (1)表目的。为了强调表示目的的不定式结构,可在不定式前加上⑦in order或so as,但so as to do一般不放在句首。 (2)表原因。动词不定式放在系表结构后面,表示产生某种情绪或状态的原因。 (3)表结果。so/such...as to do、too...to do、...enough to do等结构中的不定式表示结果,而 ⑧only to do常表示出乎意料的结果。 三、“疑问词+不定式”结构 When the meeting has not been decided.什么时候开会还没有决定。 It’s been useful to know how up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I’ve moved out.当我搬出去时,知道如何掩盖洞和重新粉刷房间以避免任何费用是很有用的。 用法归纳 who、what、which、⑨when、where和how等特殊疑问词后接不定式可以构成一种特殊的不定式短语,常在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等。 知识点02-ed/-ing 形容词 一、概述 　　有些动词的-ed形式可用作形容词,描述人的情感,通常意为“感到……的”。有些动词的-ing形式可用作形容词,描述情境、人或事物,通常意为“令人……的;使人……的”。但在expression、look(表情)、face、smile、voice等词前,常用-ed形式的形容词。 二、句法功能 They were when they heard that the lion had got out of its cage.他们听说那头狮子从笼子里逃脱后,感到害怕。 Many people enjoy music in the evening prior to going to bed.许多人在晚上睡觉前喜欢听令人放松的音乐。 I found the book so that I kept on reading it until daybreak.我发现这本书如此有趣,以至于我一直读到黎明。 After the long journey, the three of them went back home, hungry and .长途旅行后,他们三个回到家,又饿又累。 用法归纳 -ed形式的形容词和-ing形式的形容词可以在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。 三、常见的-ed形式的形容词和-ing形式的形容词 interested感兴趣的→interesting有趣的 excited兴奋的→exciting令人兴奋的 surprised惊奇的→surprising令人惊奇的 astonished吃惊的→astonishing令人十分惊讶的 frightened害怕的→frightening令人害怕的 embarrassed尴尬的→embarrassing令人尴尬的 disappointed失望的→disappointing令人失望的 relaxed放松的→relaxing令人放松的 moved感动的→moving令人感动的 pleased满意的→pleasing令人满意的 知识点03定语从句 在复合句中，用于修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。引导定语从句的词称为关系词。关系词包括关系代词who（宾格whom，所有格whose），that，which和关系副词where，when，why等。 The boy who is wearing a black coat bought an iPod yesterday. 穿着黑色外套的男孩昨天买了一个iPod. The noodles that/which my mother cooked were delicious.我妈妈煮的面条很好吃。 The school where I learned judo was very large.我学习柔道的学校非常大。 I remember the day when our band was formed.我记得我们乐队成立的日子。 I don’t know the reason why she got so angry this morning. 我不知道她今天早上为什么那么生气。 说明：这几个例子中，先行词分别是boy，noodles，school，day，reason。 加下划线的部分为定语从句。 处在先行词和定语从句之间的who，that和which是关系代词，where，when和why是关系代词。 一、关系代词一览表 关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注 关系代词 who 主语 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? whom，which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that whom 宾语 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working. The boy(whom) she loved died in the war. whose 定语 I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my desk mate. that 主语 宾语 A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star(that) I want to see very much. which 主语 宾语 The book(which) I gave you was worth $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible. as 主语 宾语 He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略 关系副词 when 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用on which where 地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 可用in which why 原因状语 I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. 可用for which 二、that与which，who，whom的用法区别 1. that和which的用法区别 在定语从句中，关系代词which和that都可指物，一般情况下，可以互换使用。但在下列情况下值得注意： （1）只能用that而不能用which的情形： ①当先行词为：all，little，few，much，none及some-，any-，no-，every-与thing所组成的复合单词时，只能用that。如：There is nothing that will stop us making progress. ②当先行词前面有only，some，any，no，every，little，few，much，all，very等形容词修饰时，只能用that。 如：This is the only problem that we can’t work out. ③当先行词由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，只能用that。 如：This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. ④当先行词同时包括人和物时，只能用that。 如：Lu Xun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great. ⑤当先行词在定语从句中作表语时，只能用that。 如：This is a book that I have been looking for since last week. ⑥当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时，只能用that。 如：Which is the picture that you drew yesterday? （2）只能用which而不能用that的情形： ①当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时，只能用which。 如：The pencil-case, which I bought last week, is missing. ②关系代词前面有介词时，只能用which。 如：The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down. ③先行词为代词that或that所修饰时，只能用which。 如：I don’t take that which is too expensive. 2. who(whom)和that的用法区别详解 在定语从句中，关系代词who(whom)和that都可指人和物，在一般情况下，可以互换使用，但在下列情况下值得注意： （1）用who(whom)而不用that的情形 ①在非限制性定语从句中的先行词指人时，只能用who(whom)。 如：My sister, who is studying abroad, sent me a beautiful present just before this Christmas. ②当定语从句对指人的先行词进行隔位修饰时，只能用who(whom)。 如：Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students? ③当先行词为people和those时，只能用who(whom)。 如：Those who want to go there come here please. ④当先行词为one，ones，anyone，everyone，none，all（指人）时，只能用who(whom)。 如：Anyone who is against us is our enemy. ⑤先行词指人，而关系代词在从句中作主语时，一般多用who。 如：The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a few days. ⑥在there be句型中名词作先行词的定语从句多用于关系代词who(whom)。 如：There are students in our class who/whom you have not met. ⑦当句子中两个指人的先行词分别带有两个定语从句时，若一个定语从句的引导词为that，那么，另一个定语从句的引导词必定为who。 如：The boy that you met just now is Li Ming’s brother who just graduated from a university. （2）用that而不用who(whom)的情形 ①当先行词前面有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，引导词只能用that。 如：The tallest player that plays football for our team is from Shandong. ②当先行词前面有only，some，any，no，every，little，few，much，all，very等形容词修饰时，引导词只能用that。 如：He is the only student that said “no” to the teacher. ③当主句是以who开头的特殊疑问句时，引导词只能用that。 如：Who is woman that you talked with just now? ④the same as与the same that the same as所引导定语从句的内容与先行词同类而不同物；the same that表示所引导的从句内容与先行词同类同物，即：同一事物。如： She is wearing the same coat that I lost a few days ago. 她正穿着我几天前所丢失的上衣。（暗含：她偷了我的上衣） She is wearing the same coat as I lost a few days ago. 她正穿着跟我几天前所丢失的上衣同样的上衣。（暗含：她所穿的上衣不是我所丢失的那一件） 三、关系副词引导的定语从句 1、关系副词一览表 关系副词 when 时间 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用on which where 地点 地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 可用in which why 原因 原因状语 I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. 可用for which 四、“介词+关系代词”以及关系副词引导的定语从句 1.概述 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句多用于正式文体，使用的关系代词一般是which。whom既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。常见的有以下几种结构： （1）介词+关系代词 Mandela was the black lawyer I went for advice.=Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice. （2）名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词 Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels. =Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three were English novels. （3）形容词最高级+介词+关系代词 China has thousands of islands, the largest is Taiwan. （4）介词+关系代词+名词 I called him by the wrong name, mistake I apologized. 我叫错了他的名字，为此我向他表示了歉意。（不能使用whose） 2.关系代词的选择 用于“介词+关系代词”结构的关系代词指人时只能用whom，指物时只能用which，即介词+which/whom。 知识点04 不定代词 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either 不定代词用法注意点： 1 one, some与any one可以泛指任何人，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。 One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. one也可指代具体的人或事物, 常见于定语从句。例如： He’s always been one that enjoys good food. This is the one I like best. some可用于疑问句中，表示说话人期待或鼓励对方的肯定回答。例如： Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? any也用于肯定句，表示“任何”的意思。例如： Please call us if you have any questions. Any of us know that it is not possible. some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2 each, every: Each和every在意义和用法上比较相似，均接单数可数名词表示“每个”的意思，但each可指代两者或以上的每个人或事物，强调个体，常见于小数量；而 every 一般用于三者或以上的每个人或事物，强调整体，并常见于较大数量。例如： There is a line of trees on each side of the road. For every pound raised, 95 pence goes directly to the poor. Each candidate gives a different answer to the question. Every candidate knows the answer to the question. each还可单独使用，但 every 不能单独使用。例如： Each of the flowers has its own colour and smell. (or ‘Each one of the flowers …’) Every one of the flowers has its own colour and smell.* (not ‘Every of the flowers…’) *every one 可指人或物，而everyone仅指人。 3 other, another Other+复数可数名词，another+单数可数名词； 在特定范围内，则应使用the other指代另外一个人或物，the others指代其他或另外的。但 the other指代两者中的另外一个或多个中的最后一个，为一个单数概念，通常用于one…and the other的结构中，而the others指代三者或以上的所有其他人或其它事物，等于‘the +复数可数名词’。例如： Our company started out with 5 offices in Shenzhen. 4 were in Luohu and the other is in Longhua. There are two books on the desk. One is a math book and the other is an English book. They have twenty-six desks in the classroom. One is for the teacher and the others are for the students.(= ‘the other desks’) another也意为“另外一个”， 即可指人也可指物，但another是指三者或以上的另外任何一个人或事物，因此不表示特指或前面不能使用冠词the，也不能指代两者中的另外一个。例如： I don't like this book. Please show me another. Do you want to exchange this MP4 player for another or do you want your money back? 此外，another还有“又一(= one/two, etc. more 或 a second)、不同 (= different)”的意思。例如： It tastes really nice. I’d like another cup. It will be summer again in another two months. This method does not work, so let’s try another. 在表示三者或以上的“一个、一个、一个……”时，another也可与one连用构成one…another…the/a third…the/a fourth, etc.的结构。例如： Look at the three boys! One is shouting, another is crying and the other (or ‘the third’) is talking into his telephone loudly. 4 one/ones one作代词时用于指代上文表示人或事物的单数可数名词，以避免用词重复。例如： Excuse me! Can you get me a newspaper? – Sorry, I don’t know where to get one. A good teacher should be one good at encouraging one’s students. Personally, I like black tea better than green tea. (not ‘…than green one.’) 如上文提及的人或事物前有名词修饰时，则不能使用one指代。例如： Did you say you need a dinner tray or an ash tray? (not‘a dinner tray or an ash one?’) one作代词时可用于泛指人们，意为“人人、任何人”，这种用法有时也使用 you。例如： One should do one's duty. You can't enjoy yourself if you are too tired. one也可指代具体的人或事物。例如： He’s always been one that enjoys good food. This is the one I like best. 如指代的人或事物为复数，则应使用其复数形式‘ones’。同时，one也有自己的所有格和反身代词形式：one’s和oneself。 all, both, either, any all和both表示“全都”，但all用于三者或以上，both只表示两者。 either和any表示“任何一个”，但either指代两者中的任何一个，而any指代三者或以上中的任何一个或一些。 表示“都不”的意思时，不能使用not否定句，应使用neither, none。 知识点05 动词的被动语态 被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。 常用被动语态 构成 常用被动语态 构成 1 一般现在时 am/is/are asked 6 过去进行时 was/were being asked 2 一般过去时 was/were asked 7 现在完成时 have/has been asked 3 一般将来时 shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时 had been asked 4 过去将来时 should/would be asked 9 将来完成时 will/would have been asked 5 现在进行时 am/is/are being asked 10 含有情态动词的 can/must/may be asked 注意事项 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如： Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们 后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。 He must be prevented from going. The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible. 在make, let, see, hear, notice, watch, feel 等动词后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但这种句子如 果变为被动语态时，则应加上to。 例如：We heard her sing an English song.（主动） →She was heard to sing an English song by us.（被动） 许多由不及物动词加介词构成的短语动词，相当于一个及物动词，可以有宾语，因而也可以有被动语态。 当这些短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。 The children were taken good care of (by her). Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to. The plan will be given up. 当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两种形式 （A） 谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。 （B） 用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。 如： People say he is a smart boy. It is said that he is a smart boy. He is said to be a smart boy.  People know paper was made in China first. It is known that paper was made in China first. Paper was known to be made in China first. 类似句型有：It is said / reported /(well) known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought / supposed /generally considered/ that … 主动形式表被动意义: 1. 当feel、look、smell、taste、sound、prove等系动词后面接形容词时； The silk feels so soft. The fish smells good. 2.表示 “开始、结束、运动”等意义的词，如begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move。 The café closes at 12 pm every day. 3. 当happen、occur、break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词（短语）表示“发生、关闭、 制定”等意思时。 The earthquake happened at midnight when people were sound asleep. The lamps on the wall turn off. 4. 有些动词如cook, fry, hang, print, build, make等用于进行时态时，主动表被动意义。例如： The books are printing. The fish is cooking. 5. want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。 6. be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。 7. 在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。 This kind of water isn’t fit to drink. The girl isn’t easy to get along with. 另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。 8. 介词in, on, under 等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应的被动形式，名词前一 般不用冠词。常见的有：under control (受控制)，under treatment (在治疗中)，under repair (在修理中)，under discussion (在讨论中)，under construction (在施工中)，beyond belief (令人难以置信)，beyond one’s reach (鞭长莫及)，beyond one’s control (无法控制)，beyond our hope (我们始料不及)，for sale (出售)，for rent (出租)，in print (在印刷中)，in sight (在视野范围内)，on sale (出售)，on show (展出)，on trial (受审)，out of control (控制不了)，out of sight (超出视线之外)，out of one’s reach (够不着)，out of fashion (不流行)。 被动形式表示主动意义: 1. be seated坐着 He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。 2. be hidden躲藏 He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。 3. be lost迷路 ④be drunk喝醉 ⑤be dressed穿着 The girl was dressed in a red short skirt. 不能用被动语态的情况： 1. 所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。 2. 表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。 3. 表示归属的动词，如have、own、belong to等。 4. 表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。 5. 宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。 6. 有些动词带状语修饰语时以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有cut well, drive well, ride well, sell well、write well、wash well、open well、lock well等。 7. 在too…to…及enough to …结构中有时表示被动意义，例如：The problem is too difficult to solve. 被动语态与系表结构的区别 1. 被动语态强调动作；系表结构表特点或状态。如： The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态) The book is well sold.(系表结构) 2. 被动语态可由by引出，引导动作，而系表结构常用其它介词引出。例如： We were greatly interested by the professor’s speech. We were very interested in the professor’s speech. 注：被动语态常用greatly、much等词修饰过去分词，而系表结构常由very, quite, rather, too, so, more, most 等词修饰。 3. 句中带有时间或方式状语时，大多为被动语态。例如： The company was established two years ago. 基础通关（测试时间：30分钟） 一．不定式 A.填空 1.He allowed me　　　　　(stay) and watch.  2.　　　　　(acquire) the advanced technology, the professor makes full use of every chance.  3.One of the purposes of education is　　　　　(develop) a fine personality in children.  4.It takes years of work 　　　　　(control) global warming.  5.A student has to climb a tree to study because the network signal in his home is not strong enough　　　　　(connect) to his online classes.  B.完成句子 1.他急匆匆地跑到公交车站,却发现公交车已经开走了。 He hurried to the bus stop, 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　.(读后续写—动作描写)  2.教你的孩子如何安全地过马路真的很重要。(cross) It’s really important to teach your children　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　.  3.她是第一位在奥运会上赢得金牌的女性。(medal) She was 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　in the Olympic Games.  二．形容词 1.Cao decided 　　　　     (cover) the route by hiking as a tribute(致敬) to the ancient Silk Road. 2.One way to begin is 　　　　     (answer) your own excuses. 3.The parents were asked 　　　　    (interact) with their children as they normally would, and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time. 4.Tom took a taxi to the airport only 　　　　    (find) his plane high up in the sky. 5.It is a great honor for me 　　　　     (have) an opportunity to attend the interview here today. 6.Lost in despair, the fellow didn’t know how 　　　　    (handle) the embarrassing situation. 7.It was 　　　　     (challenge) at first, but with practice and determination, I gradually improved. 8.In their spare time, they are 　　　　    (interest) in planting vegetables in their garden, which is on the rooftop of their house. 9.Stephanie gave me a 　　　　     (disappoint) look, and left Nelson’s room, followed by my dad. 10.On seeing the 　　　　    scene, the little girl was so 　　　　    that she burst out crying. (frighten) 三．定语从句 1.China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. 2.In ancient China lived an artist paintings were almost lifelike. 3.On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth gives off light in the dark. 4.Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, __________ she opened with her late husband Les. 5.They were well trained by their masters __________ had great experience with caring for these animals. 6.When the government started a soil-testing program _______ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. 7.Many westerners ______ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out. 8. He is the only person in his company ___________ is invited to the party. 9. Do you know the reason ________ she refused the invitation? 10. We are living in an age ___________ the society develops rapidly. 11. Dr. Rowan, ______ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing. 12. Many lessons are now available online, from _____ students can choose for free. 13. We have entered into an age _______ dreams have the best chance of coming true. 14. Self-driving is an area ______ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line. 15. After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, turned out to be a wise decision. 6. As a child, Jack studied in a village school, is named after his grandfather. 17. Whenever I met her, was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. 18. She brought with her three friends, none of I had ever met before. 19. Mozart’s birthplace and the house he composed “The Magic Flute” are both museums now. 20. She’ll never forget her stay there she found her son who had gone missing two years before. 四．不定代词 1．— How do you find your new classmates? — Most of them are kind, but is so good to me. 2．Recycling is one way to protect the environment; reusing is . 3．Granny wanted some more coffee but there was left in the coffee maker. 4．They produced two reports, but of them contained any useful suggestions. 5．One day, he talked with me and hoped to mend our relations. With the efforts made by sides, we began to understand each other better. 6．Perhaps some people can get motivation from the need for success, but (other) are motivated by a fear of failure. 7． side prepared to talk to the other unless we can smooth things over between them. 8．—Could you please buy me a laptop computer as well as a motorcycle, Daddy? —You can choose , not both, my dear. 9．You are a team star! Working with ( other ) is really your cup of tea. 10．— I’d like to order something to drink. What would you like, coffee or cola? — . Milk is OK. 11．“Where there is a will, there is a way” is an old proverb which almost everyone knows, but not understand it so well. 12．While online shopping has changed our life, not of its effects have been positive. 13．Unfortunately, of the two boys has passed the geography examination. 14．They came to the conclusion that not things can be done by computers. 15． of the two boys has passed the geography examination. 16． of his parents are not teachers. 17．Please try to find out the difference between the two words. If , speak it out. 18．Helping others is a habit, that you can learn at an early age. 19．Henry is stronger and fitter than any boy in his class. 20．I try to visit my parents every weeks. 五．被动语态 A.句型转换 1. Many people speak English in the world. →English ____________ many people in the world. 2. He bought his children some pens and books before the term begins. →Some pens and books ____________ by him before the term begins. 3. We will build several big modern power plants in our city. →Several big modern power plants ____________ in our city. 4. The workers are repairing the main building of Shanghai Jiaotong University. →The main building of Shanghai Jiaotong University ____________ by the workers. 5. They were carrying the injured player. →The injured player ____________ by them. 6. We have studied English for 7 years at school. →English ____________ by us for 7 years at school. 7. They had produced 100 tractors by the end of last year. →100 tractors ____________ by the end of last year. 8. I did not say that we would change the equipment. →I did not say that the equipment ____________. 9. We should take more measures to protect the environment. →More measures ____________ protect the environment. 10. We can put the refrigerator in that place and make room tidy. →The refrigerator ____________ in that place and make room tidy. B.用被动语态改写下列句子 1.The school doesn’t allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. 2.They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. 3.They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers.(jobs作被动动作的承受者) 4.The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible.(the car作被动动作的承受者) 5.The radio is broadcasting English lessons. 6.This time last year we were planting trees here. 7.Someone has told me the sports meeting might be put off. 8.When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out of the tickets. 重难突破（测试时间：15分钟） 语法填空 A The second Sunday in May is Mother’s Day. Originally 1 (celebrate) in the US, it has also become popular in China as a way to express thanks to mothers with gifts and greetings. Some experts suggest China 2 (have) its own Mother’s Day, instead of “borrowing” from the US. Should China create its own Mother’s Day? Stephanie: I think maybe it is those retail(零售) businessmen 3 want as many special days as possible, so that they can earn more money. On Mother’s Day, things are double the price than usual and 4 is super difficult to book a table for dining. Something with Chinese traditions 5 (sound) nice, but I hope the special day would light our love for mothers, instead of following the fashion and falling into 6 trap dug by businessmen. Francisco: As a child, I just took my mother’s love 7 granted. But now I realize how much my mom has sacrificed 8 (selfless) and how great she really is! Mothers deserve our respect as well as our care and love. We Chinese have the tendency 9 (keep) everything to ourselves. In this regard, we should learn from Americans. Say “I love you” to your mom whenever you feel it and give her a hug or have a heart-to-heart chat or do some housework. 10 matters is that you should do something to show you love her, not just on Mother’s Day. B Table tennis first appeared in Victorian England. Table tennis didn’t become a competitive sport 　1　 1988. Now table tennis not only is 　2　 matter of competition but also provides an opportunity for people to play together no matter what their ages are. There is a day for people 　3　 love table tennis to spread their love for the sport. It is called World Table Tennis Day.  So far, the International Table Tennis Federation(ITTF) 　4　(improve) table tennis to a completely new level. ITTF tries to help table tennis get its 　5　(recognise) around the world. 　6　(achieve) this goal, in 2015, ITTF created World Table Tennis Day to get people 　7　(attract) to table tennis. Since then it has been celebrating the day so that more people can learn about the sport.  World Table Tennis Day is celebrated by 　8　(organize) activities in the streets, clubs, bars, schools, workplaces, etc. People can register 　9　 all these events on the Internet to join in the worldwide celebration. If you’re looking for other ways to celebrate World Table Tennis Day, you can choose to watch the 　10　(amaze) table tennis games on TV on the day and tell your friends what day it is.  链接中考（测试时间：10分钟） （2025·北京·高考真题）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 Most days after school, I love walking in the forest with my dog Nick. It’s 1 (peace), especially around sunset. Nick has a fun time smelling the leaves and running after rabbits. When Nick runs ahead, I hear him barking excitedly. I sometimes call him back, worried that he might have someone 2 (scare). The truth, though, is 3 could be guessed — there’s never anyone else here. Just me, Nick, and the quiet forest. （2025·北京·高考真题）阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 When was the last time you took on a tough choice? Maybe this morning you debated whether to get up or stay in bed slightly 4 (long). Making choices is part of life. By the time you brushed your teeth, you 5 (make) several decisions even without noticing. Some choices are quick, while others take more thought. Usually, better outcomes 6 (achieve) through a thorough understanding of strategies like risk tolerance. （2025·北京·高考真题）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 When 7 (travel), we engage with cultures and experiences. However, according to a report by the World Wildlife Fund, tourists 8 (leave) over 1.3 billion tons of food waste last year, 9 accounted for about 8% of the total global gas release in 2024. To reduce our impact, we can take simple steps: empty the fridge before heading out, and choose sustainable dining options. These efforts help us travel more responsibly. After all, exploring the world shouldn’t come 10 the planet’s expense. 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $