34.Unit 7 The natural world(主题阅读)-2025-2026学年上学期八年级英语知识点梳理与巩固（译林版2024）

2025-2026学年上学期八年级英语知识点梳理与巩固(译林版2024) Unit 7 The natural world主题阅读 必备知识清单 单元主题阅读 一、阅读主题 “自然世界（The natural world）”这一主题在初中英语八年级学习中占据核心地位，其涵盖了丰富多样的内容。它聚焦于地球上各种生态系统，包括海洋、湿地、森林、草原、沙漠以及极地冰盖等。通过学习这一主题，学生将深入了解不同生态系统的特点、功能及其所包含的生物多样性。 1. 主题内涵：该主题深入探讨生态系统，包括生物与非生物因素的相互作用。例如，雨林生态系统中，高大的树木、丰富的植被与多样的动物形成复杂关系，高温多雨气候影响生物生存繁衍；海洋生态系统覆盖地球约71%表面，不仅产生约70%氧气，还通过水循环影响全球气候，众多海洋生物在其中生存，从微小浮游生物到庞大鲸鱼，构成独特生态链。 2. 素养体现：在语言能力方面，学生能够学会描述自然世界的词汇、句式，提升阅读、写作、听说能力，如用 “The ocean is a very large ecosystem on earth. It covers around 71% of the earth's surface and produces about 70% of the earth's oxygen.” 描述海洋生态系统。思维品质上，培养逻辑思维，分析生态系统关系，像分析湿地植物净化水、防洪与地球 “肾脏” 功能联系；提升批判性思维，思考人类活动对自然世界影响。学习不同生态系统知识，能增强学生对自然的认知，培养学生的科学探究精神和对自然的敬畏之心，提升文化意识。通过了解不同地区自然世界，如内蒙古草原与非洲草原动物差异，拓宽国际视野。在学习自然世界知识、探讨生态保护中，学生逐渐树立保护自然的意识，养成爱护环境的习惯，提升学习能力，学会自主学习、合作探究自然世界知识。 3. 策略要求：阅读时，运用略读策略快速浏览文章，了解不同生态系统大概内容，比如读 “The earth’s main ecosystems” 一文，快速知晓海洋、湿地、森林主要特点。运用扫读找关键信息，如找关于湿地占地球陆地面积比例时，迅速定位 “Wetlands only cover about 6% of the earth's land area.” 。利用上下文猜测生词含义，遇到 “ecosystem” ，结合 “An ecosystem includes all the living and non living things in an area.” 猜测意思。分析文章结构，像 “The earth’s main ecosystems” 先总述生态系统概念、规模、作用，再分述海洋、湿地、森林，有助于理解内容。 4. 文化品质：通过学习，学生能理解不同国家和地区独特自然环境孕育的文化。如一些沿海国家，因海洋生态系统，发展出独特渔业文化、航海文化；草原地区，人们生活方式、民俗文化受草原生态影响。同时，培养全球意识，认识到自然世界是全人类共同财富，生态问题无国界，如海洋污染，一个国家污染行为会影响全球海洋生态，需全球合作保护。还能增强对自然的敬畏之心，明白人类是自然一部分，应尊重、保护自然，维持生态平衡，实现可持续发展。 二、词汇句式 1. 主题词汇 生态系统类：ecosystem（生态系统）、rainforest（雨林）、coral reef（珊瑚礁）、grassland（草原）、desert（沙漠）、polar ice（极地冰盖）、wetland（湿地）、ocean（海洋）、forest（森林）、pond（池塘） 自然地理特征类：mountain（山；山脉）、hill（小山；丘陵）、valley（山谷；溪谷）、river（河；江）、lake（湖）、beach（海滩）、island（岛；岛屿）、cave（洞穴；山洞）、volcano（火山）、waterfall（瀑布）、plain（平原） 动植物类：plant（植物）、tree（树）、flower（花）、leaf（叶子）、fruit（果实）、animal（动物）、bird（鸟）、fish（鱼）、insect（昆虫）、reptile（爬行动物）、mammal（哺乳动物）、polar bear（北极熊）、penguin（企鹅）、lion（狮子）、giraffe（长颈鹿）、horse（马）、cow（牛）、sheep（羊）、snake（蛇）、butterfly（蝴蝶） 气候环境类：climate（气候）、temperature（温度）、rain（雨）、snow（雪）、wind（风）、sunshine（阳光）、cloud（云）、fog（雾）、pollution（污染）、oxygen（氧气）、carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）、drought（干旱）、flood（洪水） 2. 主题句式 描述生态系统特点： The [ecosystem name] is a very large/small ecosystem on earth. （……是地球上一个非常大 / 小的生态系统。） [Ecosystem name] covers about...% of the earth's surface/land area. （……覆盖了地球表面 / 陆地面积的约……% 。） [Ecosystem name] is home to many different kinds of plants and animals. （……是许多不同种类动植物的家园。） Each ecosystem has a role to play and helps keep the balance between all its members and the greater environment. （每个生态系统都发挥着作用，有助于维持其所有成员与更大环境之间的平衡。） 描述自然现象和事实： The earth is covered with many different ecosystems. （地球被许多不同的生态系统覆盖。） Oceans are made up of salt water. （海洋由咸水组成。） Many species have lived on Earth for millions of years. （许多物种已经在地球上生存了数百万年。） The rainforest produces much of the oxygen we breathe. （雨林产生了我们呼吸的大部分氧气。） The sun gives light and heat to all living things. （太阳为所有生物提供光和热。） 谈论环境问题： Many forests are being cut down. （许多森林正在被砍伐。） Some animals are in danger because their homes are destroyed. （一些动物处于危险之中，因为它们的家园被破坏了。） The air has become more polluted. （空气变得更加污染了。） We have thrown away too much plastic waste into the oceans. （我们向海洋中丢弃了太多的塑料垃圾。） If we protect nature, we protect ourselves. （如果我们保护自然，就是在保护我们自己。） We should reduce the amount of waste we produce. （我们应该减少我们产生的垃圾量。） Unless we take action now, more animals will die out. （除非我们现在采取行动，否则更多的动物将会灭绝。） We must stop polluting the rivers and oceans. （我们必须停止污染河流和海洋。） It's our duty to protect the environment. （保护环境是我们的责任。） Let's work together to make our planet a better place. （让我们共同努力，让我们的星球变得更美好。） Everyone can play a part in saving the natural world. （每个人都可以在拯救自然世界中发挥作用。） 三、阅读策略 1. 预测策略：在阅读前，引导学生根据文章标题、图片、小标题等信息预测文章内容。看到 “The earth’s main ecosystems” 标题和海洋、湿地、森林图片，学生可预测文章会介绍这三种生态系统特点、功能等。这激发学生阅读兴趣，使他们主动验证预测，提高阅读积极性与注意力。 2. 略读策略：让学生快速浏览文章，了解大意和整体结构。对于较长 “The earth’s main ecosystems” 文章，学生略读各段首句、尾句及重要数据、观点句子，知晓生态系统概念、规模、作用及海洋、湿地、森林主要信息，把握文章主旨。 3. 扫读策略：教导学生带着问题有针对性地在文中找答案。阅读后有关于湿地占地球陆地面积比例问题，学生运用扫读策略，快速定位含 “Wetlands only cover about 6% of the earth's land area.” 句子，精准获取信息。 4. 猜测词义策略：遇到生词，鼓励学生利用上下文线索猜测。在 “The desert plants keep water in their leaves, and many animals there get water from these plants. The climate in deserts is so awful that only a few animals and plants can live there.” 中，根据沙漠植物储水、动植物生存少等描述，学生可推测 “awful” 表示气候恶劣。 5. 分析文章结构策略：帮助学生分析文章结构，理解各部分关系。 “The earth’s main ecosystems” 采用总分结构，先总体介绍生态系统，再分别阐述海洋、湿地、森林，学生掌握结构，能更好理解内容，梳理逻辑，辅助记忆，提高阅读效率与对文章整体把握能力。 核心知识回顾 综合实战演练 1 How Animal Migration Helps Ecosystems​ Many animals move from one place to another at certain times of the year—this is called migration. Migration is not just a journey for the animals; it plays a vital role in keeping ecosystems healthy.​ For example, in Africa, millions of wildebeests migrate across the plains. As they move, they eat old grass, which allows new grass to grow. Their droppings also fertilize the soil. When predators like lions hunt the wildebeests, they keep the herd’s numbers balanced.​ Birds that migrate help spread seeds. As they eat fruits, the seeds pass through their bodies and are dropped in new areas. This helps plants grow in different places, creating more homes for other animals. Even insects like butterflies migrate to carry pollen, which helps flowers reproduce.​ However, migration is becoming harder for many animals. Climate change is altering weather patterns, and human buildings block their paths. Protecting migration routes is crucial to save both the animals and the ecosystems they support. 1．What is migration according to the passage?​ A．Animals’ daily activities in their home.​ B．Animals’ movement between places at certain times.​ C．Animals’ fight against predators.​ D．Animals’ way of communicating with each other.​ 2．The underlined word “fertilize” in Paragraph 2 means ________ in Chinese.​ A．污染 B．破坏 C．肥沃 D．占用​ 3．Why is migration important for ecosystems?​ A．It helps animals find better homes.​ B．It stops predators from growing too fast.​ C．It balances nature in many ways.​ D．It allows humans to study animal behavior.​ 4．How do migrating birds help plants?​ A．They eat harmful insects on plants.​ B．They carry seeds to new areas.​ C．They build nests in tall trees.​ D．They drink water from plant leaves.​ 5．What can we learn from the last paragraph?​ A．Human activities make migration easier.​ B．Climate change has no effect on migration.​ C．Protecting migration routes is necessary.​ D．Most animals have stopped migrating.​ 2 If you search for places of beauty, wetlands probably won’t be high on your list. Wetlands are areas of land that are often completely wet with water. Although they might not look very pretty, the roles that they play in nature might go beyond many people’s imagination. Wetlands appear naturally in almost every part of the world. There are many different types of wetlands on Earth. Along with rainforests, they are among the most diverse (多样的) places on Earth. Besides natural wetlands, humans are also creating man-made ones for a number of purposes about water management. One of the main advantages of wetlands is that they can prevent floods. They do so by storing water for a certain time and then slowly releasing (释放) it over time. Wetlands operate similarly to a sponge (海绵). When it rains heavily and water levels rise, they take in the extra water which may cause floods. This prevents water from entering rivers and streams. Then, when water levels become low later, they will release it. In many cases, wetlands offer a much more natural way than dams (坝). However, it’s important to note that wetlands, like dams, don’t stop all dangers from flooding. Once there is a very heavy rainfall, wetlands may fill up and any extra water will start to run off. Wetlands also play a part in cleaning water. Farming actions and city waste are main causes of water pollution. Wetlands include plants and organisms that can reduce this pollution by clearing out unwanted things. Wetlands have other advantages for the environment as well. They can help to feed nearby fish populations by releasing something that can be used as food for them into rivers. Also, many animals like frogs use wetlands as baby-raising grounds because they provide the place for catching food and the water required. Some birds also come to the wetlands for food and shelter. Although wetlands may not look pretty, it’s clear that they are able to do the important work which is necessary to make sure that the circle of life remains unbroken. 6．Why does the writer mention “sponge” in Paragraph 3? A．To explain the flood-preventing work of wetlands. B．To describe the sponge’s feature of storing water. C．To show the wetlands can take in water quickly like a sponge. D．To compare the similar points between wetlands and a sponge. 7．What can we learn about wetlands from the passage? A．People create man-made wetlands to deal with water. B．People praise wetlands for natural beauty. C．Wetlands can solve the pollution problems. D．Wetlands can completely prevent the dangers caused by floods. 8．Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? A．Wetlands—Circle of Life B．Wetlands—Home of Living Things C．Wetlands—Friend of Earth D．Wetlands—Cleaner of Environment 3 Far away in the mountains, there was a small village, and a young woman named Annie lived there with her parents. The village was close to a river, and the villagers got their water from there. However, things suddenly changed one summer. There was very little rain, and the water levels in the river fell. Annie got very worried. Would all the water in the river disappear? She decided to do something about it. She and her family began collecting rainwater, and they used it to water their garden. They also started reusing water. For example, after they finished washing the dishes, they put the water in a bucket (桶) and used it to flush the toilet. Annie and her family managed to save quite a lot of water. Annie had lots of other ideas, and she shared them at the village meeting. There were many leaking (漏的) taps and water pipes in the village. Annie told the other villagers, “If we find all the leaks and fix them, we can save a lot of water.” The villagers thought it was a good idea. They checked all the taps and pipes together and helped each other fix them. That summer, everyone in the village worked together as a community to save water. When the first autumn rain finally came, the villagers had a big party, and they all thanked Annie for her wonderful ideas. 9．What problem do the villagers have? A．The water in the river disappeared. B．Villagers fell into the river when they got water. C．They were having less and less water because of the dry weather. D．The river suddenly changed its way one summer. 10．Which of the following shows the correct order of what happened in the story? ①The villagers fixed the broken taps and pipes. ②Annie and her family saved water by reusing it. ③The river’s water level dropped because of little rain. ④The villagers held a party when it rained. ⑤Annie told her ideas of saving water to other villagers. A． ②→③→⑤→①→④ B．③→②→⑤→①→④ C．③→⑤→②→①→④ D．②→①→③→⑤→④ 11．What does the underlined “it” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Collecting rainwater B．Reusing water C．Saving water by fixing pipes D．Saving water by buying new pipes 12．What kind of girl is Annie? A．Clever and responsible. B．Proud and patient. C．Hardworking and worried. D．Outgoing and humorous. 4 Recently, when you are hiking up Mount Tai in Shandong Province, you may see a special kind of robot dog. The robot dog has been used to collect rubbish and remind tourists to protect the environment by sending voice messages. It was reported that in 2024, the number of visitors to Mount Tai reached over 8 million, leading to increasing difficulties in collecting rubbish and transportation. “According to the latest technology and the experience of other scenic areas, we believe the most useful ways are drone (无人机) transportation and robot transportation,” a staff member in Mount Tai said. A kind of robot dog was chosen to work together to do rubbish transportation tests in Mount Tai. The marketing manager said that the robot dog with four legs has excellent abilities to walk on the stairs, keep balance on wet or difficult ground and even show great balance while climbing the mountain. Also, it can cross things in the way and get over things like stones and steps as high as 40 cm. Another great thing about it is that it can work for 4—6 hours and carry a weight of 120 kg at most. After being tested for three days, the robot dog was able to get used to over 80% of the road conditions in Mount Tai. “We are still in the testing stage, and we will further improve the design (设计) to start the next round of testing as soon as possible,” the marketing manager said. 13．The robot dog in Mount Tai is used for ______. A．helping the old people climb the mountain B．taking the place of the cleaners in Mount Tai C．telling people the latest technology D．collecting rubbish and helping people realise the importance of protecting the environment 14．What caused the use of the robot dog in Mount Tai? A．The needs of companies. B．The cost of the robot dog. C．The abilities of the robot dog. D．The similar experience and newest technology. 15．Which of the following are the robot dog’s abilities? ① It can walk well on the steps. ② It can avoid being stopped by a stone. ③ It can work more than 6 hours. ④ It can hold at most 120 kg. A．①②③ B．②③④ C．①②④ D．①②③④ 16．What is the passage mainly about? A．The technology of improving tourist experiences. B．The challenges of using robots for environmental protection. C．The introduction of a new type of robot dog about collecting rubbish. D．How to test the robot dog in Mount Tai by the workers. 5 In recent years, cities around the world have been working hard to develop green transportation to reduce pollution and fight climate change. Green transportation refers to modes of travel that are environmentally friendly, such as electric buses, shared bikes, and subways. This development is not only good for the planet but also improves people’s daily lives.   Electric buses have become a common sight in many cities. Unlike traditional buses that run on gasoline, electric buses produce no exhaust fumes (废气). They are also quieter, making city streets less noisy. Many cities have set goals to replace all their gasoline-powered buses with electric ones by 2030. For example, Shenzhen, a city in China, has already achieved this goal, and its air quality has improved greatly since then.   Shared bikes are another popular form of green transportation, especially for short trips. They allow people to travel without driving cars, which reduces traffic jams and carbon emissions. To make shared bikes more convenient, many cities have built special bike lanes and installed more parking stations. However, some cities have faced problems like random parking. To solve this, they have used smart technology—such as electronic fences—to guide users to park bikes in the right places.   Subways are also an important part of green transportation. They can carry a large number of passengers at once, which reduces the number of cars on the road. Most subways run on electricity, which is a cleaner energy source than gasoline. Many cities are expanding their subway systems to cover more areas, making it easier for people to choose public transportation over private cars.   The development of green transportation shows that cities are taking action to protect the environment. As more people choose green travel modes, our planet will become healthier, and our cities will become more livable. 17．What is green transportation according to the passage? A．Modes of travel that are fast and cheap. B．Modes of travel that are environmentally friendly. C．Modes of travel that use gasoline. D．Modes of travel that are only for short trips. 18．What has Shenzhen achieved in green transportation? A．It has built the most subway stations in China. B．It has the most shared bikes in the world. C．It has replaced all gasoline-powered buses with electric ones. D．It has solved all problems with random parking of shared bikes. 19．How do some cities solve the problem of random parking of shared bikes? A．By stopping the use of shared bikes. B．By building more subway stations. C．By using smart technology like electronic fences. D．By asking volunteers to move the bikes. 20．Why are subways an important part of green transportation? A．They run on gasoline and are fast. B．They carry many passengers and use clean energy. C．They are cheaper than electric buses. D．They are only used in big cities. 6 Do you eat acorns (橡子)? Speaking of them, most people will think of a lovely animal, squirrel. In the Republic of Korea, there are few acorns on the ground, and as a result, few squirrels. In recent years, more and more people have been interested in the food that is made from acorns, such as noodles and jelly. It is said to be a kind of healthy food that can help people become thinner and fight illnesses. Lots of people start to pick acorns in public parks all over the Asian countries for their own health. Small shops and large companies are also trying to make acorn food to make money. All these activities are making the number of squirrels fewer and fewer. Luckily, there are some people trying to drive away acorn-searching people. Although they can’t use rules to punish those people, they are trying their best to prevent them. They also put acorns under tree leaves to help the hungry squirrels. A forest science researcher in the Republic of Korea said a squirrel needs at least 100 acorns to spend the cold winter. But if people still take away their food, there will be no more squirrels in the country in fifty years. So people should take actions to help and save the hungry squirrels. 21．How does the writer start the passage? A．By telling stories. B．By asking questions C．By showing numbers. D．By giving examples. 22．What is making the number of squirrels fewer and fewer? A．People catch squirrels and feed them as pets. B．People think that acorns are good for their health. C．Some squirrels die because they don’t have enough food. D．People start to pick acorns in public parks all over the world. 23．What does the underlined word “prevent” in Para 2 mean? A．Stop B．Save C．Keep D．Protect 24．What can we learn from the passage? A．Acorns are bad for fighting illnesses. B．Those who try to make acorn food can be punished. C．There are many acorns and squirrels in the Republic of Korea. D．Some people help squirrels by putting acorns under the tree leaves. 7 Water is a truly remarkable substance that is fundamental (基本的，根本的) to life on Earth. It exists in various forms and plays multiple essential roles in different aspects of our world. One of the most obvious yet crucial (关键的) aspects is its role in sustaining life. Every living organism, from the tiniest microbe to the largest mammal, needs water to survive. In humans, water makes up a significant portion of our body mass. It is involved in countless biological processes such as digestion, circulation, and temperature regulation. Without an adequate supply of water, our bodies would quickly start to malfunction. In the natural world, water shapes landscapes in astonishing ways. Glaciers, which are huge masses of ice (solid water), have carved out deep valleys and fjords over thousands of years. Rivers are like the life-giving arteries of the land, providing habitats for a diverse range of plants and animals. They also transport nutrients and sediments, enriching the soil in floodplains (洪泛区) and supporting fertile (肥沃的) agricultural areas. Water is also of great importance in human activities. In agriculture, it is used for irrigation to grow crops that feed the global population. Without proper watering, food production would be severely limited. In industry, water serves as a coolant, a solvent (溶剂), and a medium for many manufacturing processes. Moreover, water has a profound cultural and recreational (娱乐的) significance. Many of the world’s most famous landmarks, like the Venice canals in Italy, are centered around water. Water-based activities such as swimming, surfing, and boating are popular forms of recreation, bringing joy and relaxation to millions of people. However, as our population grows and our demands on water increase, we face the challenge of ensuring a sustainable supply of this precious resource. This requires careful management and conservation efforts. 25．What percentage of the human body is made up of water according to the passage? A．It doesn’t specify a percentage. B．20%. C．50%. D．80%. 26．How do glaciers contribute to shaping the landscape? A．By causing earthquakes. B．By melting quickly to form lakes. C．By carving out valleys and fjords. D．By providing water for rivers. 27．In which two main human activities is water important as mentioned in the passage? A．Education and entertainment. B．Agriculture and industry. C．Construction and fashion. D．Art and music. 28．Which of the following is an example of a water-related cultural landmark? A．The Eiffel Tower. B．The Great Wall of China. C．The Sydney Opera House. D．The Venice canals. 29．What challenge do we face regarding water as the population grows? A．Oversupply of water. B．Ensuring a sustainable water supply. C．Decrease in water-related activities. D．Lack of interest in water conservation. 8 Saihanba is China’s largest forest. It lies on the south of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (内蒙古自治区). Saihanba means “beautiful and high mountains”. Around the 10th century, the rulers of the Liao Dynasty (916—1125) made it a royal (皇家的) hunting place because it was home to beautiful forests, green grasslands, clear lakes and different kinds of wild animals. Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1644—1911) liked Saihanba so much that he made hunting there a royal festival. The royal festival finally stopped in 1860 because of no money and it had to be open to the public. After that, the cutting down of trees and wild fires changed green Saihanba into gray deserts. By the 1950s, the beauty of Saihanba had completely disappeared with only one tree left. The tree is now famous as “the Tree of Honor”. On seeing the tree, Chinese scientists made up their minds and dreamt of restoring Saihanba. In February, 1962, the plans were made and more than 120 foresters joined 242 local people in Saihanba to begin rebuilding it. Over the next 55 years, those first tree-planters fought against many difficulties to continue planting trees. After their death, their children and relatives followed their footsteps and went on with their hard work of planting trees. Today, the scientists’ dream has come true and beautiful grassland and flowers appear again around the tree of honor. Chinese people successfully changed Saihanba in the past half-century. 30．What’s the right order of events (事件) given in Paragraph 2? ①Saihanba became a royal hunting place. ②Saihanba was a desert and disappeared. ③Saihanba wasn’t closed to the public any more. ④Saihanba turned into the place for royal hunting festivals. A．①③②④ B．①③④② C．①④③② D．①④②③ 31．What does the underlined word “restoring” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Looking around. B．Bringing back. C．Arriving at. D．Travelling to. 32．According to Paragraph 4, how does the writer feel about Chinese people? A．Proud. B．Worried. C．Cheerful. D．Nervous. 33．Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? (P1—Paragraph 1) A． B． C． D． 34．What is the best title of this passage? A．Saihanba: Past and Present B．The Largest Forest in China C．The Disappearing Saihanba D．The Tree of Honor in Saihanba 9 When Sarah was a child, she was often sick. To get stronger, she took up swimming. Soon, she was taking part in open-water swimming competition. Sarah moved to Florida 12 years ago, but she continued to swim in the ocean. One day during training, she almost swallowed (吞) some plastic (塑料的) waste. This made her think of the sea animals. She decided to do something to let people see this serious problem. Sarah had an idea of swimming like an ocean animal. She began to swim with rubber fins (脚蹼) on her feet. Instead of using her arms, she swam forward by kicking her legs together. In 2019, Sarah set a world record for the first time for swimming with rubber fins. She swam 10 kilometers. In 2021, she broke the record by swimming 30 kilometers. But Sarah believed she could go farther. Every day, she got up at 4 a.m., put on her fin and went swimming. Finally, on May 7, 2022, Sarah managed to break the record again. She swam 42.2 kilometers. It took her nearly 12 hours! Along the way, she picked up all the plastic waste and put it in a kayak (皮划艇). She got three full bags of the waste in the end. “At the end of the day,” Sarah says, “It’s not about a record. It’s about helping the world.” 35．What idea did Sarah have to help the ocean animals? A．Starting a beach-cleaning competition. B．Swimming like an ocean animal. C．Creating an ocean protection group. D．Making a video about ocean pollution. 36．How long did it take Sarah to swim 42.2 kilometers? A．About 8 hours. B．Around 10 hours. C．Nearly 12 hours. D．Nearly 14 hours. 37．What did Sarah do while swimming for the ocean environment? A．She shouted to people on the beach about ocean pollution. B．She picked up plastic waste in the ocean. C．She taught others how to swim in the ocean safely. D．She recorded videos of ocean animals in danger. 38．Why did Sarah want to break the record again? A．Because she wanted to win more prizes. B．Because she wanted to inspire others. C．Because she believed she could do better. D．Because she needed to get more followers. 39．What does Sarah think of setting records? A．It’s about personal achievement. B．It’s about fighting against her illness. C．It’s about getting stronger. D．It’s about helping the world. 10 As he drives slowly across snow, Nils Mathis Sara drops food on the ground for hundreds of his reindeer (驯鹿) to eat. His animals live in Finnmark, the northernmost point of Norway. But Sara wishes he did not have to feed them. This year the snow is too thick and hard, making it impossible for the reindeer to reach their food. “This is an emergency situation,” said Sara. “I am not supposed to feed them. They are supposed to feed me.” Sara is part of the Sami community, which comes from the northern regions of Norway. Normally, the reindeer find their own food. They dig through the snow to reach small plants, called lichen (地衣), buried below. But every winter for the past ten years, Sara has had to buy food to help the animals live through the cold season. Winter temperatures in the area can drop to minus 40 degrees. Previously, only snow fell during winter months, but recently, warmer temperatures have brought rain instead. Then, when the temperature drops, that water turns to ice. The thick ice makes it difficult for the reindeer to reach the lichen. “It is especially hard for the younger reindeer, as their feet are not strong enough to break through,” Sara said. One morning in March, Sara and a relative provided about 1,500 kilograms of food for the reindeer. They’ve been doing the same thing every other day since February. Though reindeer are semi-wild animals, regular feeding changes their natural behavior. Normally, herders (牧人) follow the animals as they look for food under the snow. But feeding the animals makes them slowly become less wild and depend more on humans. This makes the Sami people live more like farmers than herders. Sara says this goes against the Sami’s traditional way of living. “When we feed the reindeer, they change their behavior and become more used to humans,” Sara said. 40．What does the underlined phrase “emergency situation” most likely mean? A．Normal situation. B．Unforeseen event. C．Long-term plan. D．Expected event. 41．Which statement about the reindeer is TRUE? A．They have got used to climate changes. B．They are as wild as before. C．They can break through ice easily. D．They search under snow to find their food. 42．What is the author’s attitude toward the impact of climate change on the Sami community? A．Positive about overcoming climate change. B．Worried about traditional lifestyle threats. C．Indifferent about climate changes. D．Supportive of government action. 43．What can be inferred about the Sami community’s traditional way of living? A．It includes providing food for reindeer. B．It relies on modern farming techniques. C．It faces challenges due to feeding reindeer. D．It remains unchanged despite climate changes. 44．What is the best title of the text? A．The Challenges Reindeer Herders Face in Finnmark B．Nils Mathis Sara: A Modern Sami Herder C．The Impact of Climate Change on Reindeer Behavior D．Traditional vs. Modern Herding 11 As space science develops, man has learned more and more about space. Space is not only amazing but also dangerous. While working in space, spacemen are facing danger as well as success. Scientists have found out that the radiation (辐射) is the greatest danger to spacemen in space. When spacemen are working in space, they are in danger of the radiation from the sun and other stars, which is bad for their health. The harm of the radiation won’t be found until their kids even grandkids are born. Some special medicine may work a little, but no really useful medicine has been found so far. Space rubbish is also thought to be a great danger to spacemen. It’s reported that there were 9,000 man-made things flying in space. About 30% of these are satellites (卫星), 10% are spaceships, and the rest are space rubbish. An explosion (爆炸) in space in 1999 made a cloud of 300,000 space junk pieces, each at least 4 mm in size. A small piece of these even knocked a spaceship window and caused some problems. Scientists are watching and reporting any possible danger all the time. They are working to deal with space rubbish. Although space is really dangerous, it interests many people on the earth. We may even choose to leave the earth and live in space in a few years. However, to make this possible, we must take steps to improve the space environment and make sure it is safe for people to research and live in. 45．What can you infer (推断) from Paragraph 2? A．The radiation is dangerous to spaceships. B．The radiation is mostly from space rubbish. C．The danger of the radiation may last for years. D．The medicine for radiation will appear soon. 46．What causes the danger to spacemen? ①radiation ②space rubbish ③satellites ④explosion A．①② B．①③ C．②④ D．③④ 47．According to the report, how many man-made things are space rubbish? A．900. B．2700. C．5400. D．9000. 48．What is the main idea of this passage? A．Scientists’ work on cleaning the space. B．The information of the danger in space. C．The reports from spacemen. D．People’s interest in space. 12 Do you know that a lot of pollution in the world comes from inside your home—bricks (砖块)? According to the United Nations Environment Program, about 40 percent of human-made carbon emissions (碳排放) come from building materials (材料). What if nature could help us make bricks in a cleaner way? In fact, scientists are working on making bricks out of mushrooms (蘑菇) right now. For example, Professor Han Wosten and his team at Utrecht University in the Netherlands are creating mushroom bricks. They mix mushrooms with agricultural (农业的) waste, such as straw (稻草). The mushrooms grow on the straw for about two weeks. Then they can be made into different materials. “If we press (按压) it, we can get something like hardboard (硬纸板),” Wosten said. Making mushroom bricks creates much less CO2 than materials like cement (水泥). They are also biodegradable (可生物降解的), so we don’t have to worry about them polluting the land when they are thrown away. Mushroom materials can also fix themselves. If the wall in your house is broken, you can regrow the mushrooms to fix it. NASA scientists even hope to use them to “grow” houses on the moon or Mars. This way, they wouldn’t need to bring heavy building materials into space. There is still a lot of research to do, though. “It’s very early to say your house will be all made of mushrooms,” said researcher Phil Ayres. Still, progress is being made, and the future of mushroom materials looks bright. 49．How do scientists make mushroom bricks? A．They grow mushrooms on hardboards and press them. B．They grow building materials from mushrooms. C．They mix mushrooms with hardboards. D．They mix mushrooms with agricultural waste. 50．Why do NASA scientists hope to use mushroom materials to “grow” houses on the moon or Mars? A．Because mushroom materials can grow quickly in space. B．Because mushroom materials are not as heavy as other building materials. C．Because mushroom materials can make the houses look more beautiful. D．Because mushroom materials can protect scientists on the moon or Mars. 51．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Mushroom bricks are too expensive for real-life projects. B．Some people are already living in mushroom houses. C．Most people don’t like the idea of mushroom-made houses. D．Maybe mushroom bricks will be used in the future. 52．Which is the best title of this passage? A．What Can Nature Do to Improve Our Life? B．How Can Mushrooms Build a Greener Future? C．What Are NASA’s Plans for Moon Houses? D．Why Is Cement Harmful to the Earth? 13 ①A new report from the United Nations said that glaciers (冰川) are melting (融化) faster than ever before. This is a problem because many people depend on these glaciers for their food and water. To solve it, China is using some smart ideas to make glaciers melt slowly. ②One idea is to use special glacier blankets (毯子). At Dagu Glacier in Sichuan, scientists covered a 500-square-meter area with blankets made of geotextiles (土工织物) . The blankets stopped the glacier from getting too hot from the sun, which slowed melting by about 34% from August 2020 to October 2021. Another test used very thin, high-tech blankets on Glacier No. 1 in Xinjiang. They worked best in summer. The test showed they slowed melting by up to 70% during the hottest months. ③Scientists also create artificial snow (人造雪) to help glaciers stay cooler and melt more slowly. In April and May 2023, scientists did this in the Bailanghe Glacier in the Qilian Mountains. This project used rockets to make snow. The glacier grew 5.9% bigger. ④Besides, China also tries to watch glaciers carefully. Now drones (无人机) and satellites (卫星) are used to monitor (监控) glaciers. ⑤China’s good actions have made a difference to protecting glaciers. These actions not only slow down melting but also provide important experience for global climate actions. 53．How many ways has China used to make glaciers melt slowly? A．Three. B．Four. C．Five. D．Six. 54．How can glacier blankets help protect glaciers? A．They help produce more water. B．They help glaciers grow bigger. C．They stop glaciers from getting hot. D．They keep watch on the change of glaciers. 55．Why did the writer write this article? A．To explain why glaciers are melting. B．To introduce China’s ways to protect glaciers. C．To describe different beautiful glaciers in China. D．To compare different technologies around the world. 56．What is the structure (结构) of this article? A． B． C． D． 14 Most of you may think of clams (河蚌) as part of a big meal. But these little things can do a more important job: checking the cleanness of people’s drinking water! The main water station in Warsaw, Poland, provides water for millions of people there. All the water depends on eight clams. Clams are very sensitive (敏感的) to water pollution. If the water is not clean enough, they close their shells (壳). So, the water station “use” the clams. They connected their shells to computers. When four or more clams close their shells at the same time, an alarm will go off. To make sure the clams don’t get too used to the environment, they only work for three months. Then new clams will take over the job. The water station said that this works well to test water quality (质量). There is a film on this story, called Fat Kathy. The film shows that people should live with nature and the world around them. 57．What do we know about the water station? A．It’s the largest in the world. B．It will build a home for clams. C．It sells clams to millions of people. D．It uses clams to check water quality. 58．What will clams do if the water is polluted? A．Close their shells. B．Go out of water. C．Stop drinking water. D．Take off their shells. 59．Why did the station connect clams’ shells to computers? A．To check on their health. B．To find the clams. C．To make the clams stay together. D．To create an alarm. 60．What does the film show in the last paragraph? A．Nature is important to people. B．People make the world wonderful. C．Good stories make good films. D．The environment is getting better. ( 1 / 1 )学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2025-2026学年上学期八年级英语知识点梳理与巩固(译林版2024) Unit 7 The natural world主题阅读 必备知识清单 单元主题阅读 一、阅读主题 “自然世界（The natural world）”这一主题在初中英语八年级学习中占据核心地位，其涵盖了丰富多样的内容。它聚焦于地球上各种生态系统，包括海洋、湿地、森林、草原、沙漠以及极地冰盖等。通过学习这一主题，学生将深入了解不同生态系统的特点、功能及其所包含的生物多样性。 1. 主题内涵：该主题深入探讨生态系统，包括生物与非生物因素的相互作用。例如，雨林生态系统中，高大的树木、丰富的植被与多样的动物形成复杂关系，高温多雨气候影响生物生存繁衍；海洋生态系统覆盖地球约71%表面，不仅产生约70%氧气，还通过水循环影响全球气候，众多海洋生物在其中生存，从微小浮游生物到庞大鲸鱼，构成独特生态链。 2. 素养体现：在语言能力方面，学生能够学会描述自然世界的词汇、句式，提升阅读、写作、听说能力，如用 “The ocean is a very large ecosystem on earth. It covers around 71% of the earth's surface and produces about 70% of the earth's oxygen.” 描述海洋生态系统。思维品质上，培养逻辑思维，分析生态系统关系，像分析湿地植物净化水、防洪与地球 “肾脏” 功能联系；提升批判性思维，思考人类活动对自然世界影响。学习不同生态系统知识，能增强学生对自然的认知，培养学生的科学探究精神和对自然的敬畏之心，提升文化意识。通过了解不同地区自然世界，如内蒙古草原与非洲草原动物差异，拓宽国际视野。在学习自然世界知识、探讨生态保护中，学生逐渐树立保护自然的意识，养成爱护环境的习惯，提升学习能力，学会自主学习、合作探究自然世界知识。 3. 策略要求：阅读时，运用略读策略快速浏览文章，了解不同生态系统大概内容，比如读 “The earth’s main ecosystems” 一文，快速知晓海洋、湿地、森林主要特点。运用扫读找关键信息，如找关于湿地占地球陆地面积比例时，迅速定位 “Wetlands only cover about 6% of the earth's land area.” 。利用上下文猜测生词含义，遇到 “ecosystem” ，结合 “An ecosystem includes all the living and non living things in an area.” 猜测意思。分析文章结构，像 “The earth’s main ecosystems” 先总述生态系统概念、规模、作用，再分述海洋、湿地、森林，有助于理解内容。 4. 文化品质：通过学习，学生能理解不同国家和地区独特自然环境孕育的文化。如一些沿海国家，因海洋生态系统，发展出独特渔业文化、航海文化；草原地区，人们生活方式、民俗文化受草原生态影响。同时，培养全球意识，认识到自然世界是全人类共同财富，生态问题无国界，如海洋污染，一个国家污染行为会影响全球海洋生态，需全球合作保护。还能增强对自然的敬畏之心，明白人类是自然一部分，应尊重、保护自然，维持生态平衡，实现可持续发展。 二、词汇句式 1. 主题词汇 生态系统类：ecosystem（生态系统）、rainforest（雨林）、coral reef（珊瑚礁）、grassland（草原）、desert（沙漠）、polar ice（极地冰盖）、wetland（湿地）、ocean（海洋）、forest（森林）、pond（池塘） 自然地理特征类：mountain（山；山脉）、hill（小山；丘陵）、valley（山谷；溪谷）、river（河；江）、lake（湖）、beach（海滩）、island（岛；岛屿）、cave（洞穴；山洞）、volcano（火山）、waterfall（瀑布）、plain（平原） 动植物类：plant（植物）、tree（树）、flower（花）、leaf（叶子）、fruit（果实）、animal（动物）、bird（鸟）、fish（鱼）、insect（昆虫）、reptile（爬行动物）、mammal（哺乳动物）、polar bear（北极熊）、penguin（企鹅）、lion（狮子）、giraffe（长颈鹿）、horse（马）、cow（牛）、sheep（羊）、snake（蛇）、butterfly（蝴蝶） 气候环境类：climate（气候）、temperature（温度）、rain（雨）、snow（雪）、wind（风）、sunshine（阳光）、cloud（云）、fog（雾）、pollution（污染）、oxygen（氧气）、carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）、drought（干旱）、flood（洪水） 2. 主题句式 描述生态系统特点： The [ecosystem name] is a very large/small ecosystem on earth. （……是地球上一个非常大 / 小的生态系统。） [Ecosystem name] covers about...% of the earth's surface/land area. （……覆盖了地球表面 / 陆地面积的约……% 。） [Ecosystem name] is home to many different kinds of plants and animals. （……是许多不同种类动植物的家园。） Each ecosystem has a role to play and helps keep the balance between all its members and the greater environment. （每个生态系统都发挥着作用，有助于维持其所有成员与更大环境之间的平衡。） 描述自然现象和事实： The earth is covered with many different ecosystems. （地球被许多不同的生态系统覆盖。） Oceans are made up of salt water. （海洋由咸水组成。） Many species have lived on Earth for millions of years. （许多物种已经在地球上生存了数百万年。） The rainforest produces much of the oxygen we breathe. （雨林产生了我们呼吸的大部分氧气。） The sun gives light and heat to all living things. （太阳为所有生物提供光和热。） 谈论环境问题： Many forests are being cut down. （许多森林正在被砍伐。） Some animals are in danger because their homes are destroyed. （一些动物处于危险之中，因为它们的家园被破坏了。） The air has become more polluted. （空气变得更加污染了。） We have thrown away too much plastic waste into the oceans. （我们向海洋中丢弃了太多的塑料垃圾。） If we protect nature, we protect ourselves. （如果我们保护自然，就是在保护我们自己。） We should reduce the amount of waste we produce. （我们应该减少我们产生的垃圾量。） Unless we take action now, more animals will die out. （除非我们现在采取行动，否则更多的动物将会灭绝。） We must stop polluting the rivers and oceans. （我们必须停止污染河流和海洋。） It's our duty to protect the environment. （保护环境是我们的责任。） Let's work together to make our planet a better place. （让我们共同努力，让我们的星球变得更美好。） Everyone can play a part in saving the natural world. （每个人都可以在拯救自然世界中发挥作用。） 三、阅读策略 1. 预测策略：在阅读前，引导学生根据文章标题、图片、小标题等信息预测文章内容。看到 “The earth’s main ecosystems” 标题和海洋、湿地、森林图片，学生可预测文章会介绍这三种生态系统特点、功能等。这激发学生阅读兴趣，使他们主动验证预测，提高阅读积极性与注意力。 2. 略读策略：让学生快速浏览文章，了解大意和整体结构。对于较长 “The earth’s main ecosystems” 文章，学生略读各段首句、尾句及重要数据、观点句子，知晓生态系统概念、规模、作用及海洋、湿地、森林主要信息，把握文章主旨。 3. 扫读策略：教导学生带着问题有针对性地在文中找答案。阅读后有关于湿地占地球陆地面积比例问题，学生运用扫读策略，快速定位含 “Wetlands only cover about 6% of the earth's land area.” 句子，精准获取信息。 4. 猜测词义策略：遇到生词，鼓励学生利用上下文线索猜测。在 “The desert plants keep water in their leaves, and many animals there get water from these plants. The climate in deserts is so awful that only a few animals and plants can live there.” 中，根据沙漠植物储水、动植物生存少等描述，学生可推测 “awful” 表示气候恶劣。 5. 分析文章结构策略：帮助学生分析文章结构，理解各部分关系。 “The earth’s main ecosystems” 采用总分结构，先总体介绍生态系统，再分别阐述海洋、湿地、森林，学生掌握结构，能更好理解内容，梳理逻辑，辅助记忆，提高阅读效率与对文章整体把握能力。 核心知识回顾 综合实战演练 1 How Animal Migration Helps Ecosystems​ Many animals move from one place to another at certain times of the year—this is called migration. Migration is not just a journey for the animals; it plays a vital role in keeping ecosystems healthy.​ For example, in Africa, millions of wildebeests migrate across the plains. As they move, they eat old grass, which allows new grass to grow. Their droppings also fertilize the soil. When predators like lions hunt the wildebeests, they keep the herd’s numbers balanced.​ Birds that migrate help spread seeds. As they eat fruits, the seeds pass through their bodies and are dropped in new areas. This helps plants grow in different places, creating more homes for other animals. Even insects like butterflies migrate to carry pollen, which helps flowers reproduce.​ However, migration is becoming harder for many animals. Climate change is altering weather patterns, and human buildings block their paths. Protecting migration routes is crucial to save both the animals and the ecosystems they support. 1．What is migration according to the passage?​ A．Animals’ daily activities in their home.​ B．Animals’ movement between places at certain times.​ C．Animals’ fight against predators.​ D．Animals’ way of communicating with each other.​ 2．The underlined word “fertilize” in Paragraph 2 means ________ in Chinese.​ A．污染 B．破坏 C．肥沃 D．占用​ 3．Why is migration important for ecosystems?​ A．It helps animals find better homes.​ B．It stops predators from growing too fast.​ C．It balances nature in many ways.​ D．It allows humans to study animal behavior.​ 4．How do migrating birds help plants?​ A．They eat harmful insects on plants.​ B．They carry seeds to new areas.​ C．They build nests in tall trees.​ D．They drink water from plant leaves.​ 5．What can we learn from the last paragraph?​ A．Human activities make migration easier.​ B．Climate change has no effect on migration.​ C．Protecting migration routes is necessary.​ D．Most animals have stopped migrating.​ 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．B 5．C 【解析】本文是说明文，介绍动物迁徙对生态系统的重要作用及迁徙面临的挑战与保护的必要性。 1．细节理解题。文章开篇明确指出“Many animals move from one place to another at certain times of the year—this is called migration.”，即迁徙是动物在一年中的特定时间从一个地方到另一个地方的移动。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。第二段提到“Their droppings also fertilize the soil.”，结合常识，动物的粪便能够让土壤变得肥沃，所以“fertilize”在这里的中文意思是“肥沃”。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。从文章第二、三段可知，角马迁徙时吃草、粪便能肥沃土壤，狮子等捕食者捕猎角马维持种群数量平衡；鸟类迁徙传播种子帮助植物生长，蝴蝶等昆虫迁徙传播花粉帮助花繁殖。这些例子都体现出迁徙在很多方面平衡了大自然，对生态系统起到了重要作用。故选C。 4．细节理解题。第三段明确表述“Birds that migrate help spread seeds. As they eat fruits, the seeds pass through their bodies and are dropped in new areas.”，说明迁徙的鸟类通过把种子带到新区域来帮助植物。故选B。 5．推理判断题。最后一段提到“Protecting migration routes is crucial to save both the animals and the ecosystems they support.”，意思是保护迁徙路线对于拯救动物和它们所支撑的生态系统至关重要，即保护迁徙路线是必要的。故选C。 2 If you search for places of beauty, wetlands probably won’t be high on your list. Wetlands are areas of land that are often completely wet with water. Although they might not look very pretty, the roles that they play in nature might go beyond many people’s imagination. Wetlands appear naturally in almost every part of the world. There are many different types of wetlands on Earth. Along with rainforests, they are among the most diverse (多样的) places on Earth. Besides natural wetlands, humans are also creating man-made ones for a number of purposes about water management. One of the main advantages of wetlands is that they can prevent floods. They do so by storing water for a certain time and then slowly releasing (释放) it over time. Wetlands operate similarly to a sponge (海绵). When it rains heavily and water levels rise, they take in the extra water which may cause floods. This prevents water from entering rivers and streams. Then, when water levels become low later, they will release it. In many cases, wetlands offer a much more natural way than dams (坝). However, it’s important to note that wetlands, like dams, don’t stop all dangers from flooding. Once there is a very heavy rainfall, wetlands may fill up and any extra water will start to run off. Wetlands also play a part in cleaning water. Farming actions and city waste are main causes of water pollution. Wetlands include plants and organisms that can reduce this pollution by clearing out unwanted things. Wetlands have other advantages for the environment as well. They can help to feed nearby fish populations by releasing something that can be used as food for them into rivers. Also, many animals like frogs use wetlands as baby-raising grounds because they provide the place for catching food and the water required. Some birds also come to the wetlands for food and shelter. Although wetlands may not look pretty, it’s clear that they are able to do the important work which is necessary to make sure that the circle of life remains unbroken. 6．Why does the writer mention “sponge” in Paragraph 3? A．To explain the flood-preventing work of wetlands. B．To describe the sponge’s feature of storing water. C．To show the wetlands can take in water quickly like a sponge. D．To compare the similar points between wetlands and a sponge. 7．What can we learn about wetlands from the passage? A．People create man-made wetlands to deal with water. B．People praise wetlands for natural beauty. C．Wetlands can solve the pollution problems. D．Wetlands can completely prevent the dangers caused by floods. 8．Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? A．Wetlands—Circle of Life B．Wetlands—Home of Living Things C．Wetlands—Friend of Earth D．Wetlands—Cleaner of Environment 【答案】6．A 7．A 8．C 【解析】本文主要介绍了湿地看似不美观，但分布广泛、类型多样，还具备防洪、净化水质、助力生物生存等重要作用，对维系生命循环具有重要意义。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段“When it rains heavily and water levels rise, they take in the extra water which may cause floods. This prevents water from entering rivers and streams.”可知当暴雨倾盆、水位上涨时，它们会吸纳多余的水分，从而避免洪水泛滥。这能防止水流入江河溪流。用海绵的例子来解释了湿地的防洪作用。故选A。 7．细节理解题。根据第二段“Besides natural wetlands, humans are also creating man-made ones for a number of purposes about water management.”可知，除了天然湿地，人类还出于多种水资源管理的目的建造人工湿地。故选A。 8．最佳标题题。通读全文并根据“Although they might not look very pretty, the roles that they play in nature might go beyond many people’s imagination.”可知，文章强调了湿地的多个重要功能：防洪、净化水质、支撑生物生存以及维持生态循环，选项C“湿地——地球之友”符合题意。故选C。 3 Far away in the mountains, there was a small village, and a young woman named Annie lived there with her parents. The village was close to a river, and the villagers got their water from there. However, things suddenly changed one summer. There was very little rain, and the water levels in the river fell. Annie got very worried. Would all the water in the river disappear? She decided to do something about it. She and her family began collecting rainwater, and they used it to water their garden. They also started reusing water. For example, after they finished washing the dishes, they put the water in a bucket (桶) and used it to flush the toilet. Annie and her family managed to save quite a lot of water. Annie had lots of other ideas, and she shared them at the village meeting. There were many leaking (漏的) taps and water pipes in the village. Annie told the other villagers, “If we find all the leaks and fix them, we can save a lot of water.” The villagers thought it was a good idea. They checked all the taps and pipes together and helped each other fix them. That summer, everyone in the village worked together as a community to save water. When the first autumn rain finally came, the villagers had a big party, and they all thanked Annie for her wonderful ideas. 9．What problem do the villagers have? A．The water in the river disappeared. B．Villagers fell into the river when they got water. C．They were having less and less water because of the dry weather. D．The river suddenly changed its way one summer. 10．Which of the following shows the correct order of what happened in the story? ①The villagers fixed the broken taps and pipes. ②Annie and her family saved water by reusing it. ③The river’s water level dropped because of little rain. ④The villagers held a party when it rained. ⑤Annie told her ideas of saving water to other villagers. A． ②→③→⑤→①→④ B．③→②→⑤→①→④ C．③→⑤→②→①→④ D．②→①→③→⑤→④ 11．What does the underlined “it” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Collecting rainwater B．Reusing water C．Saving water by fixing pipes D．Saving water by buying new pipes 12．What kind of girl is Annie? A．Clever and responsible. B．Proud and patient. C．Hardworking and worried. D．Outgoing and humorous. 【答案】9．C 10．B 11．C 12．A 【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了在一个靠近河流的小村庄里，由于夏季干旱，河水水位下降，村民面临缺水问题。年轻女孩Annie主动采取措施，与家人一起收集雨水、重复用水，并在村会上提出修理漏水的水龙头和水管等建议，最终带领村民共同解决缺水问题，赢得了大家的感谢。 9．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“However, things suddenly changed one summer. There was very little rain, and the water levels in the river fell.”可知，由于天气干旱，雨水稀少，河水水位下降，村民面临缺水问题。故选C。 10．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“There was very little rain, and the water levels in the river fell.”可知，首先是③“由于雨水稀少，河水水位下降”；根据第二段“She and her family began collecting rainwater, and they used it to water their garden. They also started reusing water.”可知，接着是②“Annie和她的家人通过重复用水来节约用水”；根据第三段“Annie had lots of other ideas, and she shared them at the village meeting.”可知，然后是⑤“Annie告诉其他村民她节约用水的想法”；根据第三段“They checked all the taps and pipes together and helped each other fix them.”可知，接下来是①“村民们修理了坏掉的水龙头和水管”；根据第四段“When the first autumn rain finally came, the villagers had a big party”可知，最后是④“下雨时村民们举办了聚会”。因此，正确的顺序是③→②→⑤→①→④。故选B。 11．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段“Annie told the other villagers, ‘If we find all the leaks and fix them, we can save a lot of water.’ The villagers thought it was a good idea.”可知，Annie提出修理漏水的水龙头和水管来节约用水，村民们认为这是一个好主意。因此，“it”指的是“通过修理水管来节约用水”。故选C。 12．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Annie had lots of other ideas, and she shared them at the village meeting.”以及她带领村民共同解决缺水问题可知，Annie是一个聪明且有责任感的女孩。故选A。 4 Recently, when you are hiking up Mount Tai in Shandong Province, you may see a special kind of robot dog. The robot dog has been used to collect rubbish and remind tourists to protect the environment by sending voice messages. It was reported that in 2024, the number of visitors to Mount Tai reached over 8 million, leading to increasing difficulties in collecting rubbish and transportation. “According to the latest technology and the experience of other scenic areas, we believe the most useful ways are drone (无人机) transportation and robot transportation,” a staff member in Mount Tai said. A kind of robot dog was chosen to work together to do rubbish transportation tests in Mount Tai. The marketing manager said that the robot dog with four legs has excellent abilities to walk on the stairs, keep balance on wet or difficult ground and even show great balance while climbing the mountain. Also, it can cross things in the way and get over things like stones and steps as high as 40 cm. Another great thing about it is that it can work for 4—6 hours and carry a weight of 120 kg at most. After being tested for three days, the robot dog was able to get used to over 80% of the road conditions in Mount Tai. “We are still in the testing stage, and we will further improve the design (设计) to start the next round of testing as soon as possible,” the marketing manager said. 13．The robot dog in Mount Tai is used for ______. A．helping the old people climb the mountain B．taking the place of the cleaners in Mount Tai C．telling people the latest technology D．collecting rubbish and helping people realise the importance of protecting the environment 14．What caused the use of the robot dog in Mount Tai? A．The needs of companies. B．The cost of the robot dog. C．The abilities of the robot dog. D．The similar experience and newest technology. 15．Which of the following are the robot dog’s abilities? ① It can walk well on the steps. ② It can avoid being stopped by a stone. ③ It can work more than 6 hours. ④ It can hold at most 120 kg. A．①②③ B．②③④ C．①②④ D．①②③④ 16．What is the passage mainly about? A．The technology of improving tourist experiences. B．The challenges of using robots for environmental protection. C．The introduction of a new type of robot dog about collecting rubbish. D．How to test the robot dog in Mount Tai by the workers. 【答案】13．D 14．D 15．C 16．C 【解析】本文主要介绍了泰山上用于收集垃圾的机器狗。 13． 细节理解题。根据“The robot dog has been used to collect rubbish and remind tourists to protect the environment by sending voice messages.”可知，这只机器狗被用于收集垃圾，并通过发送语音消息提醒游客保护环境。故选D。 14．细节理解题。根据“ ‘According to the latest technology and the experience of other scenic areas, we believe the most useful ways are drone transportation and robot transportation,’ a staff member in Mount Tai said.”可知，根据最新技术和其他景区的经验，泰山的工作人员认为最有效的方式是无人机运输和机器人运输，这是泰山使用机器狗的原因。故选D。 15．细节理解题。根据“the robot dog with four legs has excellent abilities to walk on the stairs... get over things like stones...it can work for 4—6 hours and carry a weight of 120 kg at most”可知，机器狗在台阶上走得很好，它可以避免被石头挡住，它能装载最多120千克。故选C。 16．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了泰山上用于收集垃圾的机器狗。故选C。 5 In recent years, cities around the world have been working hard to develop green transportation to reduce pollution and fight climate change. Green transportation refers to modes of travel that are environmentally friendly, such as electric buses, shared bikes, and subways. This development is not only good for the planet but also improves people’s daily lives.   Electric buses have become a common sight in many cities. Unlike traditional buses that run on gasoline, electric buses produce no exhaust fumes (废气). They are also quieter, making city streets less noisy. Many cities have set goals to replace all their gasoline-powered buses with electric ones by 2030. For example, Shenzhen, a city in China, has already achieved this goal, and its air quality has improved greatly since then.   Shared bikes are another popular form of green transportation, especially for short trips. They allow people to travel without driving cars, which reduces traffic jams and carbon emissions. To make shared bikes more convenient, many cities have built special bike lanes and installed more parking stations. However, some cities have faced problems like random parking. To solve this, they have used smart technology—such as electronic fences—to guide users to park bikes in the right places.   Subways are also an important part of green transportation. They can carry a large number of passengers at once, which reduces the number of cars on the road. Most subways run on electricity, which is a cleaner energy source than gasoline. Many cities are expanding their subway systems to cover more areas, making it easier for people to choose public transportation over private cars.   The development of green transportation shows that cities are taking action to protect the environment. As more people choose green travel modes, our planet will become healthier, and our cities will become more livable. 17．What is green transportation according to the passage? A．Modes of travel that are fast and cheap. B．Modes of travel that are environmentally friendly. C．Modes of travel that use gasoline. D．Modes of travel that are only for short trips. 18．What has Shenzhen achieved in green transportation? A．It has built the most subway stations in China. B．It has the most shared bikes in the world. C．It has replaced all gasoline-powered buses with electric ones. D．It has solved all problems with random parking of shared bikes. 19．How do some cities solve the problem of random parking of shared bikes? A．By stopping the use of shared bikes. B．By building more subway stations. C．By using smart technology like electronic fences. D．By asking volunteers to move the bikes. 20．Why are subways an important part of green transportation? A．They run on gasoline and are fast. B．They carry many passengers and use clean energy. C．They are cheaper than electric buses. D．They are only used in big cities. 【答案】17．B 18．C 19．C 20．B 【解析】本文介绍了全球城市为减少污染和应对气候变化而发展的绿色交通方式，包括电动公交车、共享单车和地铁。这些环保出行方式不仅改善空气质量，还提升城市宜居性，展现了城市在环境保护方面的积极行动。 17．细节理解题。根据“Green transportation refers to modes of travel that are environmentally friendly, such as electric buses, shared bikes, and subways.”可知，绿色交通是指环境友好的出行方式。故选B。 18．细节理解题。根据“Many cities have set goals to replace all their gasoline-powered buses with electric ones by 2030. For example, Shenzhen, a city in China, has already achieved this goal, and its air quality has improved greatly since then.”可知，深圳已经实现了用电动公交车取代所有燃油公交车的目标。故选C。 19．细节理解题。根据“To solve this, they have used smart technology—such as electronic fences—to guide users to park bikes in the right places.”可知，一些城市通过使用电子围栏等智能技术来解决共享单车乱停乱放的问题。故选C。 20．细节理解题。根据“They can carry a large number of passengers at once, which reduces the number of cars on the road. Most subways run on electricity, which is a cleaner energy source than gasoline.”可知，地铁一次可以搭载大量乘客，减少了道路上的汽车数量，且大多数地铁使用电力，是比汽油更清洁的能源，所以地铁是绿色交通的重要组成部分。故选B。 6 Do you eat acorns (橡子)? Speaking of them, most people will think of a lovely animal, squirrel. In the Republic of Korea, there are few acorns on the ground, and as a result, few squirrels. In recent years, more and more people have been interested in the food that is made from acorns, such as noodles and jelly. It is said to be a kind of healthy food that can help people become thinner and fight illnesses. Lots of people start to pick acorns in public parks all over the Asian countries for their own health. Small shops and large companies are also trying to make acorn food to make money. All these activities are making the number of squirrels fewer and fewer. Luckily, there are some people trying to drive away acorn-searching people. Although they can’t use rules to punish those people, they are trying their best to prevent them. They also put acorns under tree leaves to help the hungry squirrels. A forest science researcher in the Republic of Korea said a squirrel needs at least 100 acorns to spend the cold winter. But if people still take away their food, there will be no more squirrels in the country in fifty years. So people should take actions to help and save the hungry squirrels. 21．How does the writer start the passage? A．By telling stories. B．By asking questions C．By showing numbers. D．By giving examples. 22．What is making the number of squirrels fewer and fewer? A．People catch squirrels and feed them as pets. B．People think that acorns are good for their health. C．Some squirrels die because they don’t have enough food. D．People start to pick acorns in public parks all over the world. 23．What does the underlined word “prevent” in Para 2 mean? A．Stop B．Save C．Keep D．Protect 24．What can we learn from the passage? A．Acorns are bad for fighting illnesses. B．Those who try to make acorn food can be punished. C．There are many acorns and squirrels in the Republic of Korea. D．Some people help squirrels by putting acorns under the tree leaves. 【答案】21．B 22．C 23．A 24．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了在韩国，橡果做成的食物越来越受欢迎，于是人们寻找橡果越来越普遍，橡果越来越少，导致松鼠也越来越少，作者呼吁人们采取行动帮助拯救松鼠。 21．推理判断题。根据“Do you eat acorns (橡子)?”可知，作者通过提问的方式开始这篇文章，故选B。 22．推理判断题。根据“Lots of people start to pick acorns in public parks all over the Asian countries for their own health. Small shops and large companies are also trying to make acorn food to make money. All these activities are making the number of squirrels fewer and fewer.”可知，人们捡拾橡果，大公司小商店制作橡果食物，导致松鼠的食物减少，最终导致松鼠数目越来越少，故选C。 23．词句猜测题。根据“Although they can’t use rules to punish those people, they are trying their best to prevent them.”可知，这里说虽然不能惩罚那些人，但尽力阻止他们，“prevent”意思是“阻止”，与“Stop”意思相近，故选A。 24．细节理解题。根据“They also put acorns under tree leaves to help the hungry squirrels.”可知，一些人通过把橡子放在树叶下来帮助松鼠，选项D正确。故选D。 7 Water is a truly remarkable substance that is fundamental (基本的，根本的) to life on Earth. It exists in various forms and plays multiple essential roles in different aspects of our world. One of the most obvious yet crucial (关键的) aspects is its role in sustaining life. Every living organism, from the tiniest microbe to the largest mammal, needs water to survive. In humans, water makes up a significant portion of our body mass. It is involved in countless biological processes such as digestion, circulation, and temperature regulation. Without an adequate supply of water, our bodies would quickly start to malfunction. In the natural world, water shapes landscapes in astonishing ways. Glaciers, which are huge masses of ice (solid water), have carved out deep valleys and fjords over thousands of years. Rivers are like the life-giving arteries of the land, providing habitats for a diverse range of plants and animals. They also transport nutrients and sediments, enriching the soil in floodplains (洪泛区) and supporting fertile (肥沃的) agricultural areas. Water is also of great importance in human activities. In agriculture, it is used for irrigation to grow crops that feed the global population. Without proper watering, food production would be severely limited. In industry, water serves as a coolant, a solvent (溶剂), and a medium for many manufacturing processes. Moreover, water has a profound cultural and recreational (娱乐的) significance. Many of the world’s most famous landmarks, like the Venice canals in Italy, are centered around water. Water-based activities such as swimming, surfing, and boating are popular forms of recreation, bringing joy and relaxation to millions of people. However, as our population grows and our demands on water increase, we face the challenge of ensuring a sustainable supply of this precious resource. This requires careful management and conservation efforts. 25．What percentage of the human body is made up of water according to the passage? A．It doesn’t specify a percentage. B．20%. C．50%. D．80%. 26．How do glaciers contribute to shaping the landscape? A．By causing earthquakes. B．By melting quickly to form lakes. C．By carving out valleys and fjords. D．By providing water for rivers. 27．In which two main human activities is water important as mentioned in the passage? A．Education and entertainment. B．Agriculture and industry. C．Construction and fashion. D．Art and music. 28．Which of the following is an example of a water-related cultural landmark? A．The Eiffel Tower. B．The Great Wall of China. C．The Sydney Opera House. D．The Venice canals. 29．What challenge do we face regarding water as the population grows? A．Oversupply of water. B．Ensuring a sustainable water supply. C．Decrease in water-related activities. D．Lack of interest in water conservation. 【答案】25．A 26．C 27．B 28．D 29．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了水的重要性，包括水在维持生命、塑造地貌、人类活动以及文化娱乐等方面的作用，还提及了随着人口增长面临的水资源可持续供应挑战。 25．细节理解题。根据“In humans, water makes up a significant portion of our body mass.”可知，文章没有具体说明人体中水所占的百分比，故选A。 26．细节理解题。根据“Glaciers, which are huge masses of ice (solid water), have carved out deep valleys and fjords over thousands of years.”可知，冰川通过侵蚀出山谷和峡湾来塑造地貌，故选C。 27．细节理解题。根据“In agriculture, it is used for irrigation to grow crops that feed the global population.”以及“In industry, water serves as a coolant, a solvent (溶剂), and a medium for many manufacturing processes.”可知，水在农业和工业这两项人类主要活动中很重要，故选B。 28．细节理解题。根据“Many of the world’s most famous landmarks, like the Venice canals in Italy, are centered around water.”可知，威尼斯运河是与水相关的文化地标例子，故选D。 29．细节理解题。根据“However, as our population grows and our demands on water increase, we face the challenge of ensuring a sustainable supply of this precious resource.”可知，随着人口增长，我们面临的挑战是确保水资源的可持续供应，故选B。 8 Saihanba is China’s largest forest. It lies on the south of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (内蒙古自治区). Saihanba means “beautiful and high mountains”. Around the 10th century, the rulers of the Liao Dynasty (916—1125) made it a royal (皇家的) hunting place because it was home to beautiful forests, green grasslands, clear lakes and different kinds of wild animals. Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1644—1911) liked Saihanba so much that he made hunting there a royal festival. The royal festival finally stopped in 1860 because of no money and it had to be open to the public. After that, the cutting down of trees and wild fires changed green Saihanba into gray deserts. By the 1950s, the beauty of Saihanba had completely disappeared with only one tree left. The tree is now famous as “the Tree of Honor”. On seeing the tree, Chinese scientists made up their minds and dreamt of restoring Saihanba. In February, 1962, the plans were made and more than 120 foresters joined 242 local people in Saihanba to begin rebuilding it. Over the next 55 years, those first tree-planters fought against many difficulties to continue planting trees. After their death, their children and relatives followed their footsteps and went on with their hard work of planting trees. Today, the scientists’ dream has come true and beautiful grassland and flowers appear again around the tree of honor. Chinese people successfully changed Saihanba in the past half-century. 30．What’s the right order of events (事件) given in Paragraph 2? ①Saihanba became a royal hunting place. ②Saihanba was a desert and disappeared. ③Saihanba wasn’t closed to the public any more. ④Saihanba turned into the place for royal hunting festivals. A．①③②④ B．①③④② C．①④③② D．①④②③ 31．What does the underlined word “restoring” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Looking around. B．Bringing back. C．Arriving at. D．Travelling to. 32．According to Paragraph 4, how does the writer feel about Chinese people? A．Proud. B．Worried. C．Cheerful. D．Nervous. 33．Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? (P1—Paragraph 1) A． B． C． D． 34．What is the best title of this passage? A．Saihanba: Past and Present B．The Largest Forest in China C．The Disappearing Saihanba D．The Tree of Honor in Saihanba 【答案】30．C 31．B 32．A 33．C 34．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲了中国最大森林塞罕坝从过去的皇家猎场、后来变沙漠，到1962年起经人重建，如今重现美丽的历程。 30．推理判断题。根据“Around the 10th century, the rulers of the Liao Dynasty (916—1125) made it a royal (皇家的) hunting place”和“Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1644—1911) liked Saihanba so much that he made hunting there a royal festival”和“The royal festival finally stopped in 1860 because of no money and it had to be open to the public”以及“By the 1950s, the beauty of Saihanba had completely disappeared with only one tree left”可知，正确顺序为①④③②，故选C。 31．词句猜测题。根据“On seeing the tree, Chinese scientists made up their minds and dreamt of restoring Saihanba”以及“Today, the scientists’ dream has come true and beautiful grassland and flowers appear again around the tree of honor”可知，科学家看到“功勋树”后，梦想让塞罕坝恢复往日的样子，且最终梦想实现，美丽的草原和花朵再次出现。“restoring”应意为“恢复、使回归”，与“Bringing back”含义相近。故选B。 32．推理判断题。根据“Today, the scientists’ dream has come true and beautiful grassland and flowers appear again around the tree of honor. Chinese people successfully changed Saihanba in the past half-century”可知，作者描述了科学家的梦想成真，塞罕坝重现美丽景象，还强调中国人在过去半个世纪成功改变了塞罕坝。字里行间透露出对中国人这一成就的自豪之情。故选A。 33．篇章结构题。通读全文可知，第一段总起，明确塞罕坝的核心身份与基础信息，为后文展开铺垫。第二、三段围绕塞罕坝的 “历史衰败” 与 “生态修复启动” 展开。第四段点明修复梦想的实现，总结塞罕坝生态逆转的成果，升华主题。所以文章是总分总结构。故选C。 34．最佳标题题。通读全文可知，本文主要围绕塞罕坝的过去、重建以及现状进行展开。故选A。 9 When Sarah was a child, she was often sick. To get stronger, she took up swimming. Soon, she was taking part in open-water swimming competition. Sarah moved to Florida 12 years ago, but she continued to swim in the ocean. One day during training, she almost swallowed (吞) some plastic (塑料的) waste. This made her think of the sea animals. She decided to do something to let people see this serious problem. Sarah had an idea of swimming like an ocean animal. She began to swim with rubber fins (脚蹼) on her feet. Instead of using her arms, she swam forward by kicking her legs together. In 2019, Sarah set a world record for the first time for swimming with rubber fins. She swam 10 kilometers. In 2021, she broke the record by swimming 30 kilometers. But Sarah believed she could go farther. Every day, she got up at 4 a.m., put on her fin and went swimming. Finally, on May 7, 2022, Sarah managed to break the record again. She swam 42.2 kilometers. It took her nearly 12 hours! Along the way, she picked up all the plastic waste and put it in a kayak (皮划艇). She got three full bags of the waste in the end. “At the end of the day,” Sarah says, “It’s not about a record. It’s about helping the world.” 35．What idea did Sarah have to help the ocean animals? A．Starting a beach-cleaning competition. B．Swimming like an ocean animal. C．Creating an ocean protection group. D．Making a video about ocean pollution. 36．How long did it take Sarah to swim 42.2 kilometers? A．About 8 hours. B．Around 10 hours. C．Nearly 12 hours. D．Nearly 14 hours. 37．What did Sarah do while swimming for the ocean environment? A．She shouted to people on the beach about ocean pollution. B．She picked up plastic waste in the ocean. C．She taught others how to swim in the ocean safely. D．She recorded videos of ocean animals in danger. 38．Why did Sarah want to break the record again? A．Because she wanted to win more prizes. B．Because she wanted to inspire others. C．Because she believed she could do better. D．Because she needed to get more followers. 39．What does Sarah think of setting records? A．It’s about personal achievement. B．It’s about fighting against her illness. C．It’s about getting stronger. D．It’s about helping the world. 【答案】35．B 36．C 37．B 38．C 39．D 【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了Sarah通过游泳和创造世界纪录的方式，引起人们对海洋塑料污染问题的关注，并采取实际行动清理海洋垃圾的故事。 35．细节理解题。根据第二段“Sarah had an idea of swimming like an ocean animal.”可知，Sarah通过模仿海洋动物的游泳方式引起人们对海洋污染的关注。故选B。 36．细节理解题。根据第三段“It took her nearly 12 hours!”可知，Sarah完成42.2公里游泳用了近12小时。故选C。 37．细节理解题。根据第三段“Along the way, she picked up all the plastic waste and put it in a kayak (皮划艇).”可知，Sarah在游泳过程中清理海洋塑料垃圾。故选B。 38．推理判断题。根据第二段“But Sarah believed she could go farther.”可推知，Sarah不断挑战纪录是因为她认为自己能做得更好。故选C。 39．细节理解题。根据最后一段“‘At the end of the day,’ Sarah says, ‘It’s not about a record. It’s about helping the world.’”可知，Sarah认为创造纪录的意义在于帮助世界。故选D。 10 As he drives slowly across snow, Nils Mathis Sara drops food on the ground for hundreds of his reindeer (驯鹿) to eat. His animals live in Finnmark, the northernmost point of Norway. But Sara wishes he did not have to feed them. This year the snow is too thick and hard, making it impossible for the reindeer to reach their food. “This is an emergency situation,” said Sara. “I am not supposed to feed them. They are supposed to feed me.” Sara is part of the Sami community, which comes from the northern regions of Norway. Normally, the reindeer find their own food. They dig through the snow to reach small plants, called lichen (地衣), buried below. But every winter for the past ten years, Sara has had to buy food to help the animals live through the cold season. Winter temperatures in the area can drop to minus 40 degrees. Previously, only snow fell during winter months, but recently, warmer temperatures have brought rain instead. Then, when the temperature drops, that water turns to ice. The thick ice makes it difficult for the reindeer to reach the lichen. “It is especially hard for the younger reindeer, as their feet are not strong enough to break through,” Sara said. One morning in March, Sara and a relative provided about 1,500 kilograms of food for the reindeer. They’ve been doing the same thing every other day since February. Though reindeer are semi-wild animals, regular feeding changes their natural behavior. Normally, herders (牧人) follow the animals as they look for food under the snow. But feeding the animals makes them slowly become less wild and depend more on humans. This makes the Sami people live more like farmers than herders. Sara says this goes against the Sami’s traditional way of living. “When we feed the reindeer, they change their behavior and become more used to humans,” Sara said. 40．What does the underlined phrase “emergency situation” most likely mean? A．Normal situation. B．Unforeseen event. C．Long-term plan. D．Expected event. 41．Which statement about the reindeer is TRUE? A．They have got used to climate changes. B．They are as wild as before. C．They can break through ice easily. D．They search under snow to find their food. 42．What is the author’s attitude toward the impact of climate change on the Sami community? A．Positive about overcoming climate change. B．Worried about traditional lifestyle threats. C．Indifferent about climate changes. D．Supportive of government action. 43．What can be inferred about the Sami community’s traditional way of living? A．It includes providing food for reindeer. B．It relies on modern farming techniques. C．It faces challenges due to feeding reindeer. D．It remains unchanged despite climate changes. 44．What is the best title of the text? A．The Challenges Reindeer Herders Face in Finnmark B．Nils Mathis Sara: A Modern Sami Herder C．The Impact of Climate Change on Reindeer Behavior D．Traditional vs. Modern Herding 【答案】40．B 41．D 42．B 43．C 44．A 【解析】本文主要讲述了气候变化给芬马克的驯鹿牧人带来的各种困难和挑战。 40．词义猜测题。根据“This year the snow is too thick and hard, making it impossible for the reindeer to reach their food.”可知，此处在描述紧急的情况，因此划线单词的意思是“紧急情况”，B选项“不可预见的事件”符合。故选B。 41．细节理解题。根据“Normally, the reindeer find their own food. They dig through the snow to reach small plants, called lichen (地衣), buried below.”可知，驯鹿会在雪下寻找食物。故选D。 42．观点态度题。根据“Sara says this goes against the Sami’s traditional way of living.”可知，作者描述了气候变化对萨米人传统生活的冲击，表现出对威胁的担忧。故选B。 43．推理判断题。根据“Normally, herders (牧人) follow the animals as they look for food under the snow. But feeding the animals makes them slowly become less wild and depend more on humans. This makes the Sami people live more like farmers than herders.”可知，萨米人不得不改为喂养驯鹿，传统放牧方式受到挑战。故选C。 44．最佳标题题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了气候变化给芬马克的驯鹿牧人带来的各种困难和挑战。因此A选项“芬马克驯鹿牧民面临的挑战”符合文章最佳标题。故选A。 11 As space science develops, man has learned more and more about space. Space is not only amazing but also dangerous. While working in space, spacemen are facing danger as well as success. Scientists have found out that the radiation (辐射) is the greatest danger to spacemen in space. When spacemen are working in space, they are in danger of the radiation from the sun and other stars, which is bad for their health. The harm of the radiation won’t be found until their kids even grandkids are born. Some special medicine may work a little, but no really useful medicine has been found so far. Space rubbish is also thought to be a great danger to spacemen. It’s reported that there were 9,000 man-made things flying in space. About 30% of these are satellites (卫星), 10% are spaceships, and the rest are space rubbish. An explosion (爆炸) in space in 1999 made a cloud of 300,000 space junk pieces, each at least 4 mm in size. A small piece of these even knocked a spaceship window and caused some problems. Scientists are watching and reporting any possible danger all the time. They are working to deal with space rubbish. Although space is really dangerous, it interests many people on the earth. We may even choose to leave the earth and live in space in a few years. However, to make this possible, we must take steps to improve the space environment and make sure it is safe for people to research and live in. 45．What can you infer (推断) from Paragraph 2? A．The radiation is dangerous to spaceships. B．The radiation is mostly from space rubbish. C．The danger of the radiation may last for years. D．The medicine for radiation will appear soon. 46．What causes the danger to spacemen? ①radiation ②space rubbish ③satellites ④explosion A．①② B．①③ C．②④ D．③④ 47．According to the report, how many man-made things are space rubbish? A．900. B．2700. C．5400. D．9000. 48．What is the main idea of this passage? A．Scientists’ work on cleaning the space. B．The information of the danger in space. C．The reports from spacemen. D．People’s interest in space. 【答案】45．C 46．A 47．C 48．B 【解析】本文主要介绍了太空中的辐射和太空垃圾对宇航员的危害，以及科学家为应对这些危险所做的努力。 45．推理判断题。根据“The harm of the radiation won’t be found until their kids even grandkids are born.”可知，辐射的危害可能持续多年，甚至影响到宇航员的子孙后代。故选C。 46．细节理解题。根据“Scientists have found out that the radiation is the greatest danger to spacemen in space.”和“Space rubbish is also thought to be a great danger to spacemen.”可知，辐射和太空垃圾是对宇航员构成危险的主要因素。故选A。 47．细节理解题。根据“It’s reported that there were 9,000 man-made things flying in space. About 30% of these are satellites, 10% are spaceships, and the rest are space rubbish.”可知，太空垃圾占所有人造物体的60%，即5400。故选C。 48．主旨大意题。根据“Space is not only amazing but also dangerous. While working in space, spacemen are facing danger as well as success.”以及全文内容可知，本文主要介绍了太空中的辐射和太空垃圾对宇航员的危害，以及科学家为应对这些危险所做的努力。故选B。 12 Do you know that a lot of pollution in the world comes from inside your home—bricks (砖块)? According to the United Nations Environment Program, about 40 percent of human-made carbon emissions (碳排放) come from building materials (材料). What if nature could help us make bricks in a cleaner way? In fact, scientists are working on making bricks out of mushrooms (蘑菇) right now. For example, Professor Han Wosten and his team at Utrecht University in the Netherlands are creating mushroom bricks. They mix mushrooms with agricultural (农业的) waste, such as straw (稻草). The mushrooms grow on the straw for about two weeks. Then they can be made into different materials. “If we press (按压) it, we can get something like hardboard (硬纸板),” Wosten said. Making mushroom bricks creates much less CO2 than materials like cement (水泥). They are also biodegradable (可生物降解的), so we don’t have to worry about them polluting the land when they are thrown away. Mushroom materials can also fix themselves. If the wall in your house is broken, you can regrow the mushrooms to fix it. NASA scientists even hope to use them to “grow” houses on the moon or Mars. This way, they wouldn’t need to bring heavy building materials into space. There is still a lot of research to do, though. “It’s very early to say your house will be all made of mushrooms,” said researcher Phil Ayres. Still, progress is being made, and the future of mushroom materials looks bright. 49．How do scientists make mushroom bricks? A．They grow mushrooms on hardboards and press them. B．They grow building materials from mushrooms. C．They mix mushrooms with hardboards. D．They mix mushrooms with agricultural waste. 50．Why do NASA scientists hope to use mushroom materials to “grow” houses on the moon or Mars? A．Because mushroom materials can grow quickly in space. B．Because mushroom materials are not as heavy as other building materials. C．Because mushroom materials can make the houses look more beautiful. D．Because mushroom materials can protect scientists on the moon or Mars. 51．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Mushroom bricks are too expensive for real-life projects. B．Some people are already living in mushroom houses. C．Most people don’t like the idea of mushroom-made houses. D．Maybe mushroom bricks will be used in the future. 52．Which is the best title of this passage? A．What Can Nature Do to Improve Our Life? B．How Can Mushrooms Build a Greener Future? C．What Are NASA’s Plans for Moon Houses? D．Why Is Cement Harmful to the Earth? 【答案】49．D 50．B 51．D 52．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家利用蘑菇和农业废料制作环保砖块的研究，及其在减少碳排放、太空建筑等领域的潜在应用前景。 49．细节理解题。根据“For example, Professor Han Wosten and his team at Utrecht University in the Netherlands are creating mushroom bricks. They mix mushrooms with agricultural (农业的) waste, such as straw (稻草).”可知，制作蘑菇砖的方法是混合蘑菇与农业废料。故选D。 50．细节理解题。根据“NASA scientists even hope to use them to ‘grow’ houses on the moon or Mars. This way, they wouldn’t need to bring heavy building materials into space.”可知，美国国家航空航天局的科学家们希望利用蘑菇材料在月球或火星上“培育”房屋，因为蘑菇材料不像其他建筑材料那样沉重。故选B。 51．推理判断题。根据“Still, progress is being made, and the future of mushroom materials looks bright.”可知，研究仍在进展，蘑菇材料前景光明。由此可知，蘑菇砖未来可能被广泛应用。故选D。 52．最佳标题题。通读全文可知，全文围绕蘑菇砖的环保性能及创新应用展开，核心是蘑菇如何推动可持续建筑发展。选项B“蘑菇如何构建更绿色的未来”为最佳标题。故选B。 13 ①A new report from the United Nations said that glaciers (冰川) are melting (融化) faster than ever before. This is a problem because many people depend on these glaciers for their food and water. To solve it, China is using some smart ideas to make glaciers melt slowly. ②One idea is to use special glacier blankets (毯子). At Dagu Glacier in Sichuan, scientists covered a 500-square-meter area with blankets made of geotextiles (土工织物) . The blankets stopped the glacier from getting too hot from the sun, which slowed melting by about 34% from August 2020 to October 2021. Another test used very thin, high-tech blankets on Glacier No. 1 in Xinjiang. They worked best in summer. The test showed they slowed melting by up to 70% during the hottest months. ③Scientists also create artificial snow (人造雪) to help glaciers stay cooler and melt more slowly. In April and May 2023, scientists did this in the Bailanghe Glacier in the Qilian Mountains. This project used rockets to make snow. The glacier grew 5.9% bigger. ④Besides, China also tries to watch glaciers carefully. Now drones (无人机) and satellites (卫星) are used to monitor (监控) glaciers. ⑤China’s good actions have made a difference to protecting glaciers. These actions not only slow down melting but also provide important experience for global climate actions. 53．How many ways has China used to make glaciers melt slowly? A．Three. B．Four. C．Five. D．Six. 54．How can glacier blankets help protect glaciers? A．They help produce more water. B．They help glaciers grow bigger. C．They stop glaciers from getting hot. D．They keep watch on the change of glaciers. 55．Why did the writer write this article? A．To explain why glaciers are melting. B．To introduce China’s ways to protect glaciers. C．To describe different beautiful glaciers in China. D．To compare different technologies around the world. 56．What is the structure (结构) of this article? A． B． C． D． 【答案】53．A 54．C 55．B 56．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍中国为减缓冰川融化所采取的措施。 53．细节理解题。根据文章②段“use special glacier blankets”、③段“create artificial snow”、④段“watch glaciers carefully”，可知中国用了三种方法让冰川融化变慢。故选A。 54．细节理解题。根据文章第②段“The blankets stopped the glacier from getting too hot from the sun”可知，冰川毯能阻止冰川因太阳照射变热。故选C 。 55．主旨大意题。文章主要介绍中国保护冰川的几种方法。故选B。 56．篇章结构题。①段总述冰川融化问题及中国采取措施；②③④段分别讲三种措施；⑤段总结这些措施的意义，是“总-分-总”结构。故选C。 14 Most of you may think of clams (河蚌) as part of a big meal. But these little things can do a more important job: checking the cleanness of people’s drinking water! The main water station in Warsaw, Poland, provides water for millions of people there. All the water depends on eight clams. Clams are very sensitive (敏感的) to water pollution. If the water is not clean enough, they close their shells (壳). So, the water station “use” the clams. They connected their shells to computers. When four or more clams close their shells at the same time, an alarm will go off. To make sure the clams don’t get too used to the environment, they only work for three months. Then new clams will take over the job. The water station said that this works well to test water quality (质量). There is a film on this story, called Fat Kathy. The film shows that people should live with nature and the world around them. 57．What do we know about the water station? A．It’s the largest in the world. B．It will build a home for clams. C．It sells clams to millions of people. D．It uses clams to check water quality. 58．What will clams do if the water is polluted? A．Close their shells. B．Go out of water. C．Stop drinking water. D．Take off their shells. 59．Why did the station connect clams’ shells to computers? A．To check on their health. B．To find the clams. C．To make the clams stay together. D．To create an alarm. 60．What does the film show in the last paragraph? A．Nature is important to people. B．People make the world wonderful. C．Good stories make good films. D．The environment is getting better. 【答案】57．D 58．A 59．D 60．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了波兰华沙的主要水站利用河蚌监测饮用水清洁度的独特方法，并提到了一部相关电影呼吁人与自然和谐共处。 57．细节理解题。根据文章第2段“The main water station in Warsaw, Poland, provides water for millions of people there. All the water depends on eight clams.”和第三段“Clams are very sensitive (敏感的) to water pollution. If the water is not clean enough, they close their shells (壳). So, the water station ‘use’ the clams.”可知，华沙的水站依赖8只河蚌监测水质。故选D。 58．细节理解题。根据文章第3段“If the water is not clean enough, they close their shells.”可知，河蚌在水污染时会闭合外壳。故选A。 59．细节理解题。根据文章第3段“They connected their shells to computers. When four or more clams close their shells at the same time, an alarm will go off.”可知，连接电脑的目的是触发警报。故选D。 60．推理判断题。 根据文章最后一段“The film shows that people should live with nature and the world around them.”可知，电影呼吁人与自然和谐共处。故选A。 ( 1 / 1 )学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $