26.2025年铁岭市中考第二次模拟考试-【中考123·中考必备】2026年辽宁地区专用英语试题精编

二 ！8.A[解析]推理判断题。根据文中Justin捐赠礼物给医院孩 [语篇导读]本文讲述了Nancy因没有朋友参加而不打算参加 子，以及最后一段他说“It just makes you feel good to give to 艺术营，但在邻居Mr.Weston关于树根向外伸展的启发下，她决 others'”,体现“行善使人快乐”的道理。故选A 定突破自我，开始尝试新事物。 ◆ [语篇导读]本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了来自中国东北的Wang 21-25 DDBAC 26-30 BACDC Big作为一名空降森林消防员的工作经历和感受。 三、 9-12 DADC [语篇导读]本文主要介绍了科学家关于名字对人的影响的研，[语篇导读]本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一项关于如何应对 究结论。 错误信息的研究。 31.harder 32.a 33.with 34.comes 35.truly 36.to match 13-16 CDCD 37.choices 38.us 39.are decided 40.As ◆[语篇导读] 本文主要是一名医生给学生们的一些心理健康 四、 建议。 [语篇导读]本文介绍了中国启动2024一2027年“体重管理年” ◆ 17-20 EDCB 计划，通过健康评估、饮食运动建议、习惯调整及社会力量参与应 ◆ 对肥胖引发的健康问题。 [语篇导读]本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者Sawyer因体型肥 41.Because obesity can lead to serious health problems(,like high blood pressure and heart illness). 胖遭受校园欺凌的经历，最终领悟到自我提升的重要性。 42.Checking the BMI./Eating well./Exercise./Exercising./Changing 21-25 ACDBD 26-30 ABCAC small daily habits./Having good small daily habits.(任选其二) 43.Shanghai schools promise students exercise at least two hours [语篇导读]本文是一篇科技类说明文，主要介绍了中国科技公 a day. 司DeepSeek研发的AI程序DeepSeek-Rl的特点和优势。 44.Yes,it is.Obesity brings health problems like high blood31.a 32.problems 33.has paid 34.to make 35.on 36.but pressure.The program teaches us to check BMI,eat healthy food, 37.higher 38.rapidly 39.its 40.will be changed exercise often,and form good habits.It also gets schools and 四 hospitals to help.All these can keep us healthy and away from [语篇导读]本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了沈阳一所初中开展 diseases.(开放性试题，答案不唯一) 的“远离电子产品”活动，通过手环监测学生是否使用电子产品， 五、 并分析了活动的意义和结果。 45.One possible version: 41.On April 25 Dear teachers and friends, ◆ 42.It was used for showing to show whether the students used the The high school entrance exam is coming,and good electronic products or not. preparation is the key to success.In terms of learning methods,I 43.Only one quarter of 200 students./Only 50 students. make a proper study plan.I divide my time for different subjects ◆ 44.I think the activity is meaningful.Through the activity,students and review regularly.For example,I recite English words and can realize it is unnecessary to spend a lot of time playing with grammar rules every morning.As for living habits,I go to bed and some electronic products.It is a waste of time and energy.At the get up early.This helps me stay energetic during the day.I also same time,this activity can help students to understand how to keep my study space tidy,which makes me focused.Regarding form a good habit.(开放性试题，答案不唯一) physical and mental health,I do exercise like running after 五、 school.It not only builds up my body but also reduces stress. ◆ 45.One possible version: When I feel anxious,I listen to music or talk to my friends. Dear Nathan, In a word,by planning well in these aspects,we can better I know you want to do live-streaming.I think it is a great prepare for the exam. idea because live-streaming is a great way to express yourself and Thank you! 25.2025年辽阳市初中学业水平考试第三次模拟考试 share your interests. In the live-streaming,you can talk about things you love, [语篇导读]本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了三位A1专业人士· show your hobbies or even teach others something new.It's also a 的工作内容及其对行业的影响。 wonderful way to communicate with people from all over the world 1-4 CBAD and make new friends who share similar interests.But there are a [语篇导读]本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了Justin从7岁开始受母 few things for you to keep in mind.Make sure you're comfortable 亲启发，每年将生日礼物捐赠给儿童医院，并持续多年带动他人· with what you're sharing.Please share the proper things so that 参与慈善的故事。 they won't make people feel embarrassed.Also,try to keep the 5.A shared things positive and interesting.Safety is important too,so 6.B[解析]主旨大意题。根据第四段“Efforts like Justin's are a◆ don't share any personal information to put you at risk. light in the dark times”表明主要讲Justin所做努力的意义。故！ In conclusion,live-streaming can be a really fun and exciting 选B。 experience if you do it carefully.I'm sure you'll make it,and I 7.A[解析]细节理解题，根据第五段“Along with invitations to can't wait to see your first live-streaming! his party,his friends get the list of gift ideas for kids in hospital" Good luck! 知，Justin为他的送礼项目做了：①“邀请朋友来参加聚会”②· Yours, “列出给医院孩子的礼物想法”。故选A。 Li Hui 26.2025年铁岭市中考第二次模拟考试 二 [语篇导读]本文是一篇记叙文。讲述了一群男孩准备踢足球 [语篇导读]本文主要介绍了三个湿地的基本情况。 时因各自认为自已的贡献最大而发生争执，最终通过实践认识到 l.B[解析]细节理解题。根据“Now,the park has become a· 团队合作比器材更重要的故事。 popular place for locals to take a walk and a habitat(栖息地)for！2l.A[解析]at first“起初”；at last“最后”；at least“至少”；at bids”可知，黄河湿地公园已经成为鸟类的栖息地，故选B。 ◆ once“马上”。根据“Everything went really well..”和后文“But ◆ 2.C[解析]细节理解题。根据“But now in the wetlands near the before the match started”的转折关系可知，起初一切进展顺利。 coast,sea grass turns red every autumn.We can see beautiful 'red 故选A。 beaches'”可知，每年秋天海草变红，我们能看见美丽的红色海 22.C[解析]if如果”；until“直到”；because“因为”；although“尽 滩，故选C。 管”。根据“Each boy thought he had made the greatest 3.D[解析]细节理解题。根据“It has resulted in an income contribution (for the match...he had brought the most increase of52,000 yuan per household(户)”可知，它增加了居民◆ important object'”可知，空格后是前文“争论”的原因。故选C。 的收入，故选D。 23.B24.A 4.C[解析]推理判断题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了三个 25.B[解析]sing“唱歌”；shout'“喊叫”；dance'“跳舞”；play“玩”。 湿地的基本情况，所以可以在杂志的地理版块读到这篇文章， 根据“The first thing they got rid of was the whistle as the referee 故选C。 (裁判)could just...”可知，裁判喊话代替哨子，故选B。 语篇导读]本文介绍作者在巴西寻找自己梦想海滩的经历。 26.C27.B 5.D[解析]细节理解题。根据“Standing on the beach of 28.A[解析]sily“愚蠢的”；valuable“有价值的”；serious'“严肃 Copacabana,I come to realize that any understanding of Brazil 的”；strange'“奇怪的”。根据“No one had contributed the most' really begins on its beaches”可知，作者到的第一个海滩是 ◆ 可知，争论很愚蠢，没有任何意义。故选A。 Copacabana。故选D。 t29.D[解析]everything“一切东西”；anything“任何事情”； 6.B something'“某件事情”；nothing“什么都没有”。根据“A great 7.A[解析]推理判断题。根据“As I enter the water,I have the football match is all about working together'”可知，用什么工具踢 feeling of swimming through moonlight.Prainha's beauty is like 球并不重要。nothing to do with意为“和…无关”，故选D。 something you might see in a postcard.But for me,it's a little too ◆ 30.A[解析]forget'“忘记”；enjoy“喜欢”；accept'“接受”；continue perfect”"可知作者想要下水游泳时，发现海滩太美了，有点完美， “继续”。根据“started focusing on the match'”可知，男孩们选择 ◆ 不忍破坏，A选项“我正在寻找的海滩要保留更多原始状态的” 忘记争吵，故选A。 符合。故选A。 三 8.C [语篇导读]本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了中国的传统艺术文 [语篇导读]本文介绍了英语偏科但擅长物理的王兴兴坚持机 化“飞天”。 器人研发，最终让人形机器人登上春晚舞台并走红。他鼓励年轻 31.its 32.has 33.the 34.to 35.roles 36.included 37.but ◆ 人不畏短板、坚持热爱。 38.paintings 39.earlier 40.were influenced 9.B 四、 I0.D[解析]细节理解题。根据“At school,English was really [语篇导读]本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了游戏《黑神话：悟 hard for him,and his grades were often low.But he was great at 空》的特点、成就及其文化意义。 physics'”可知，在学校时，英语对王兴兴来说很难，分数经常很 41.Game Science. 低，但是他擅长物理。故选D。 42.More than 15.4 million people. 1l.A[解析]细节理解题。根据“n2016,Wang started Unitree 43.Best Action Game and Player's Voice. Robotics.He wanted to make robots that more people could 44.I think it is a great game.It has wonderful pictures and exciting afford”可知，2016年王兴兴创办了宇树机器人公司，他想制造 gameplay.It also helps foreigners know more about Chinese 出更多人能买得起的机器人，也就是便宜的机器人。故选A。 culture.What's more,its excellent sales and awards show its high 12.D[解析]推理判断题。根据“Wang wasn't good at all quality and popularity.(开放性试题，答案不唯一) subjects,but he never gave up on making robots.He tells young 五 people,'Don't let your weak points stop you.Keep trying!'His 45.One possible version: story shows that we don't have to be perfect in everything.Just Dear schoolmates, focus on what we love”可知，王兴兴并不擅长所有科目，但他从 I'm here to call on everyone to save food.Because it's our 未放弃制造机器人，他告诉年轻人不要让自己的弱点阻碍自。 duty.We must keep it in mind that food is a precious resource on 己，要不断尝试，我们不必在所有事情上都完美，只要专注于 our planet and wasting food is terrible and shameful behavior. 我们所热爱的事情。故选D。 It's time to take action now.When we have dinner out in a 语篇导读]本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了自动驾驶汽车通 restaurant,please remember to order properly.Don't order too 过三个关键步骤实现安全行驶：感知环境、决策规划和执行控制， much.It's not a shame to pack the rest of the food up.What's 并详细说明了传感器技术、V2X通信、多传感器融合和线控技术 ◆ more,we should make posters to make more students know the 的作用。 importance of saving food. 13-16 CABC There are still many people in the world who have not solved [语篇导读]本文介绍了中国和泰国为打击电信诈骗所做的一 the problem of food and clothing.So,don't hesitate to join us. 些努力。 ◆ Small actions can make a big difference to the world. 17-20 DABC Thank you for listening!XUESHENG ZHONGKAO BIBE )3.About the wetlands in Liangping,we know that 26.2025年铁岭市中考第二次模拟考试 A.they're natural wetlands B.they used to be badly polluted C.they're connected with animal habits D.they've increased people's incomes O试卷研究报告O )4.In which part of a magazine can we probably 试题难度 适中 难度系数0.65 find the text? 易错题 5、29 较难题 7、44 A.Art. B.Science. C.Geography. D.History (满分：90分时间：90分钟) 第一部分选择题（共50分） Standing on the beach of Copacabana,I come to 一、阅读理解（共20小题，每小题2分；满分40分） realize that any understanding of Brazil really begins on its 第一节阅读下面语言材料，从每题所给的A、B beaches.Everyone here has his or her perfect beach and C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 2 is ready to tell you where to find it.I'm happy to take people's advice,but my final goal is to find my own dream So far,there are thirteen wetland (cities in China.They are showing different patterns and styles. beach. Here are three of them. I head to Bahia,a place with Brazil's best coastline. The area of the Yellow River Wetland Park in Over the centuries,people of many races have arrived here,creating a wonderful cultural mix.This mix Yinchuan was once a place that local people didn't want to visit.Polluted water caused terrible smells and influences Bahia's language,food,music,and dance. almost no grass could grow on the land.However,it On arriving at one of Bahia's best beaches-Prainha, has changed a lot.Now,the park has become a I discover its golden sand lined by a row of perfect trees, popular place for locals to take a walk and a habitat( moving softly in the ocean wind.As I enter the water,I 息地)for birds. have the feeling of swimming through moonlight.Prainha's Panjin in Liaoning Province is another surprising beauty is like something you might see in a postcard.But for me,it's a little too perfect.A wetland city.In the past,it was seriously polluted.But now in the wetlands near the coast,sea grass tums red I continue my search,heading north to Maceio,a every autumn.We can see beautiful "red beaches". fisherman's beach.Boats lie on their sides while nets hang Chen Zhihai,a local fishery worker,said,"In the out to dry on lines between fishermen's houses.We eat on past,there were almost no wild fish or shrimp(). the beach and later rest near the table.It's a great day, Thanks to the hard work of Panjin people,the wetland but I have one final place to visit. is back again！” A few hundred kilometers out in the Atlantic,the islands of Femando de Noronha are a national park,rich Liangping district()in Chongqing has different with birds and sea life.I visit a number of beaches on wetlands.They're totally different from natural wetlands.They're more closely connected with human Fernando,but I leave the best one for last. activity.People built small wetlands in the countryside. The beach at Praia do Leao has perfect sand,sea What's more,they have combined(结合)these and sky.The water is pale blue and warm,alive with wetlands with organic farms(有机农场)，home stays colorful fish and other sea life;the sand is the color of and healthcare centers.It has resulted in an income honey.The rocks and strong winds have the touch of increase of 52,000 yuan per household(). wildness I was looking for.I dig my toes in the sand )1.As the environment improves,the Yellow River deeply and imagine I can hold on to this place forever. Wetland Park has become a habitat )5.Which is the first beach the writer visits? for A.Maceio. B.Praia do Leao A.wolves B.birds C.Prainha. D.Copacabana. C.lions D.bears )6.What can we learn from the passage? ( )2.“Red beaches'”can be seen in Panjin Wetland A.Prainha is a popular beach for fishermen in autumn because ◆ B.Bahia is a place with a wonderful cultural mix. A.the sea fish turn red C.The islands of Fernando are very rich in B.the sea water turns red honey. C.the sea grass turns red D.Maceio's beauty is like something in D.the sea shrimps turn red postcard. )7.Which sentence can be put in the▲？ !()11.Why did Wang start Unitree Robotics? A.The beach I'm searching for needs to be a A.To make cheap robots. little wilder. B.To make more money. B.The beach I'm looking for is a place for C.To show his love for dancing. fishermen to fish. D.To become a famous dancer. C.The beach I'm searching for needs to be ( )12.What can we learn from Wang Xingxing's famous to tourists. story？ D.The beach I'm looking for is popular with A.We should be good at all subjects. parents and children. B.It's easy to be famous if we make robots. ( )8.What is the best title for this passage? C.Only people who are good at technology can A.An Unknown Beach succeed. B.Memories of Vacation D.Don't be afraid of our weak points and keep working hard on our interests. C.The Perfect Beach D D.A Tour of Education Self-driving cars do not have people telling them what C ◆ to do.They move themselves about safely by doing three In 2025,at the CCTV Spring Festival Gala,16 things right:learning about the environment,deciding humanoid robots in colorful jackets danced yangge.Their what to do next,and taking action. creator,Wang Xingxing,suddenly became well-known. First,the car needs to know what is around it.It Wang is 35 years old and from Ningbo.At school, uses many different sensors(传感器)to do this.These English was really hard for him,and his grades were often sensors,such as cameras and radar((雷达)，are like the low.But he was great at physics.While his classmates car's“eyes”.They allow the car to“see”things such as were busy studying for exams,he liked to take apart old ◆ people and traffic lights.The sensors also help the car electronics.When he was 19,with only 200 yuan of know where and how fast it is going. cheap parts,he made his first walking robot.This showed Besides knowing what is close by,a self-driving car his talent in robots.In college,he made XDog,a low- makes plans ahead to avoid traffic accidents.This is cost four-legged robot and won some awards. ◆ where "vehicle to everything"(V2X)comes in.This In 2016,Wang started Unitree Robotics.He wanted technology connects a self-driving car with people and to make robots that more people could afford.By 2025, things.It also allows the car to go online.All these things his HI humanoid robots,which cost 650,000 yuan, help the car "talk"with the outside world and get the became famous after the Spring Festival Gala show.These latest road information. robots combined (old Chinese dances with new After receiving the information,the car needs to technology and were very popular on the Internet. “read”it and decide what to do.So it combines(合并) Wang wasn't good at all subjects,but he never gave the information from all sensors,just like putting together up on making robots.He tells young people,"Don't let the pieces of a puzzle.This process is called multi-sensor your weak points stop you.Keep trying!"His story shows fusion(多传感器融合).Machine learning plays an that we don't have to be perfect in everything.Just focus important role here because it helps the car recognize people and objects.Then,the car can decide when to on what we love. ◆ （)9.How did Wang Xingxing become famous？ stop,go,or turn. Finally,to carry out decisions,the car uses drive- A.He won a big prize in a physics competition. by-wire technology(线控技术).It allows the car to give B.His robots danced at the Spring Festival “orders”to its wheels,.brakes(刹车)and engine(引擎) Gala. in the form of electronic signals.This makes different C.He gave a great speech at a big match. parts of the car respond(作出反应)quickly.The car also D.He wrote a popular book about robots. uses less oil this way,which is good for the environment. )10.What was Wang Xingxing like in school? ( )13.What is the function of sensors in self-driving A.He was good at English. cars? B.He did well in all subjects. A.They help the car to take action. C.He was poor in physics but good at B.They help the car go online. chemistry. C.They help the car to“see”and know its D.He was weak in English but good at position and speed. physics. D.They help the car recognize traffic accidents. ()l4.What does“vehicle to everything”(V2X) A.To fight against telecom fraud,different actions have technology do? been taken. A.It helps the car avoid traffic accidents by B.Some local communities have organized activities to making plans ahead. educate people on how to protect themselves. B.It makes the car's different parts respond C.Second,check and make sure who is getting in touch quickly. with you. C.It allows the car to use less oil. D.For example,in China,some elderly people were D.It helps the car combine information from tricked into transferring money to scammers. all sensors. E.And it's easy to make friends with strangers online. ( )15.What is multi-sensor fusion? 二、完形填空（共10小题，每小题1分；满分10分） A.A process of making the car go online. 阅读短文，理解其大意，从A、B、C、D四个选项中 B.A process of combining information from all 选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 sensors. Once,a group of boys wanted to play a proper football C.A technology that helps the car recognize match.Each one of them brought something for the match, people and objects. such as a football,a whistle(哨子)，goalkeeper gloves or D.A technology that gives“orders”to the corner flags. car's parts. Everything went really well 21.But before the ( )16.Why is drive-by-wire technology used in self- match started,there was a small argument among them. driving cars? Each boy thought he had made the greatest contribution A.To help the car get the latest road (贡献)for the match,22_he had brought the most information. important object. B.To make the car recognize people and It's time for the match,but they still 23 each objects. other.One of the boys then advised to start playing,using C.To allow the car to carry out decisions all the objects.And gradually they could get rid of( quickly. them,to see which object was 24 necessary.All D.To help the car“talk”with the outside the other boys agreed,so they began the match. world. The first thing they got rid of was the whistle as the 第二节阅读短文，从短文后的五个选项中选出 referee()could just 25 instead.Then they threw 可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有一个多余的 away the goalkeeper 26-the goalkeeper could just 选项。 use hands to save the ball.It also wasn't a 27 when Telecom fraud(电信诈g骗)is becoming a serious they stopped using the corner flags.And they still problem worldwide.It influences people of all ages, managed to keep playing although they replaced the especially the elderly and students..Scammers(诈骗者) football with a ball made of plastic bags. use different methods like phone calls,text messages,or The boys realized their argument was 28.No one had contributed the most.A great football match is all the Internet to trick them. about working together.It's 29 to do with what they Recently,there have been many reports of such scams.17. use to play.So they decided to 30 their argument In Thailand,tourists have also been and started focusing on the match-and it turned out to be targeted,which has caused a lot of trouble for the tourism the best one they had ever played. industry. )21.A.at first B.at last 18 The Thai government has cut off ◆ C.at least D.at once electricity,oil,and Internet connections in some areas ( )22.A.if B.until known for telecom fraud activities.This has made it much C.because D.although harder for the scammers to operate.In China,people are )23.A.agreed with B.argued with also working together to raise awareness about C.shared with D.worked with telecom fraud.19. These campaigns help )24.A.truly B.already people leam the warning signs of scams and how to avoid C.possibly D.nearly them. )25.A.sing B.shout To protect yourself from telecom fraud,you should C.dance D.play take some steps.First,be careful with your personal )26.A.hats B.ties information.Never share your ID number,bank account ◆ C.gloves D.scarves details,or passwords with strangers.20.Also, )27.A.lesson B.problem avoid clicking on suspicious links and use trusted anti- C.method D.discussion fraud(反诈g骗)apps.If you think you have been targeted ( )28.A.silly B.valuable by a scammer,report it to the police immediately. C.serious D.strange )29.A.everything B.anything This game has done really well.In the first week it C.something D.nothing came out,more than 15.4 million people bought it.By ( )30.A.forget B.enjoy December 13th,22.5 million copies had been sold on the C.accept D.continue Steam platform.And it made over 1.I billion US dollars 第二部分非选择题（共40分）》 in all.At the 2024 TGA Awards,Black Myth:Wukong 三、语篇填空（共10小题，每小题1分：满分10分） got two prizes.They are Best Action Game and Player's 阅读短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或用括 Voice. 号内所给词的正确形式填空，使短文通顺、连贯。 This game is very important for Chinese games to be China plans to send astronauts to the moon by 2030. known around the world.It also gives players a great In September 2024,China showed 31. (it)first time.They can enjoy the game and learn about our rich moon-landing spacesuit to the public.The spacesuit culture while playing.What's more,through this game, 32. (have)red stripes(条纹)on the arms.They more foreigners have developed a strong interest in and are inspired by the ribbons ()of Flying Apsaras. love for Chinese culture. Flying Apsaras are from Dunhuang art.Their Chinese name,Feitian,means "flying to 33. 41.Who developed the game Black Myth:Wukong? sky".Clearly,the spacesuit shows a wish for the success of China's trip 34. the moon. 42.How many people bought this game in the first week it Flying Apsaras came from Indian mythology.In the came out? beginning,there were two gods,Gandharva and Kimnara. They were husband and wife and took on different 43.What awards did Black Myth:Wukong win in 2024? 35. role).Gandharva's duties 36. include)spreading holy songs and dances.Kimnara was 44.What do you think of the game Black Myth:Wukong? in charge of entertainment.In the end,the two became Write 30 words or more. one-Flying Apsaras. After spreading to China,Flying Apsaras became part of Chinese art over time.They appeared in many places 五、书面表达（满分20分） 37. they were the most famous in Dunhuang.A 45.假定你是李辉，你校不久将举行以“Save Food”为主 large number of Flying Apsaras 38. paint)can 题的英语演讲比赛。请你用英文写一篇演讲稿号 be found on the walls and ceilings of over 500 caves. 召同学们节约粮食。 Dunhuang Flying Apsaras don't have wings.They fly 内容包括： with the support of floating cloth and colorful ribbons.Their (1)重要性； styles are different in different dynasties.The 39. (2)具体措施； early)the paintings appeared,the more original (3)呼吁采取行动。 they were.Later ones 40. influence)by 注意： other cultures.Flying Apsaras art reached the top during (1)词数80~100，开头和结尾已给出，不计入 the Tang Dynasty. 总词数； 四、阅读与表达（共4小题，41~43小题，每小题2分， (2)可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯； 44小题4分；满分10分) (3)文中不能出现真实姓名及学校名称。 阅读短文，然后根据内容回答问题。 参考词汇：行为behavior Black Myth(神话)：Wukong-一A Rising Star 宝贵的资源precious resource犹豫hesitate in the Gaming World Dear schoolmates, Black Myth:Wukong is very popular among games. I'm here to call on everyone to save food. It's a game full of action.It was made by Game Science. The game is in a very beautiful and interesting Chinese fairy tale world.In the game,players can play as the famous Monkey King,Sun Wukong. Players can feel how Wukong fights in a special way and uses his amazing powers.For example,he can change into 72 different shapes and fly on the somersault (cloud.The game looks really nice.The pictures are great and the places in the game are made very carefully.There are secret forests and beautiful big palaces.All of these show the beauty of the East.The way players move and fight in the game is easy to do and also has many interesting things.They can do many cool Thank you for listening! moves by pressing different buttons.