摘要:
该初中英语知识清单系统梳理了沪外教版八上Unit 8“Fighting pandemics”单元词汇,涵盖流行病相关名词、形容词、动词及固定短语等核心内容,构建了从词形变化、派生词到核心考点、情境例句的递进式学习支架。
清单以“词汇-词形-派生-考点-例句”五级分类呈现知识体系,如“infect”关联派生词“infection”“infected”,标注“be infected with”等核心考点,通过防疫场景例句(如“wear a mask to prevent infection”)提升语言能力与思维品质。特别设计同形词辨析(如spot作名词“斑点”与动词“发现”),助力学生自主掌握词汇应用,教师可据此精准设计教学活动,提高课堂效率。
内容正文:
沪外教版 八上 Unit 8 Fighting pandemics.同步词汇笔记
序号
单词
词形变化
派生词
核心考点
例句
1
pandemic /pæn'demɪk/ n.(全国或全球性)流行病;大流行病
复数:pandemics
N/A
N/A(常用搭配“during the pandemic”“global pandemic”)
1. During the pandemic, people need to keep social distance.(在流行病期间,人们需要保持社交距离。)2. The global pandemic has affected people’s daily life.(全球流行病影响了人们的日常生活。)
2
flea /fliː/ n. 蚤
复数:fleas
N/A
N/A(常用搭配“flea bite”“flea market”)
1. A flea bite can make the skin itchy.(跳蚤叮咬会让皮肤发痒。)2. We found a flea on the cat’s fur.(我们在猫毛上发现了一只跳蚤。)
3
sick /sɪk/ adj.(身体或精神)生病的,有病的
比较级:sicker;最高级:sickest
sickness /ˈsɪknəs/ n. 疾病
1. be sick(生病)2. feel sick(感到恶心)
1. He is sick with a cold and stays at home.(他感冒生病了,待在家里。)2. I feel sick after eating too much.(我吃太多后感到恶心。)
4
spot /spɒt/ n. 斑点
复数:spots;v. 发现(同形动词)
spotted /ˈspɒtɪd/ adj. 有斑点的
1. n. red spot(红点)2. v. spot sth.(发现某物)
1. There are some red spots on her face.(她脸上有一些红点。)2. She spotted a beautiful bird in the tree.(她发现树上有一只漂亮的鸟。)
5
chill /tʃɪl/ n. 着凉;受寒
复数:chills;v. 使变冷(同形动词)
chilly /ˈtʃɪli/ adj. 寒冷的
1. n. catch a chill(着凉)2. adj. chilly weather(寒冷的天气)
1. She caught a chill after walking in the rain.(她在雨中走路后着凉了。)2. It’s chilly today—don’t forget to wear a coat.(今天很冷,别忘了穿外套。)
6
muscle /'mʌsl/ n. 肌肉;肌
复数:muscles
muscular /ˈmʌskjələ(r)/ adj. 肌肉发达的(初中选学)
1. arm muscle(手臂肌肉)2. muscle ache(肌肉酸痛,见序号7)
1. He exercises every day to build strong muscles.(他每天锻炼以练出强壮的肌肉。)2. Lifting heavy things can hurt your muscles.(搬重物会伤到你的肌肉。)
7
ache /eɪk/ n.(身体某部位的)疼痛
复数:aches;v. 疼痛(同形动词)
N/A
1. headache(头痛,复合词)2. muscle ache(肌肉酸痛)
1. I have a bad ache in my back.(我后背疼得厉害。)2. Her legs ache after running a long distance.(跑了长途后,她的腿很疼。)
8
infection /ɪn'fekʃn/ n. 传染;感染
复数:infections
infect /ɪnˈfekt/ v. 传染;感染infected /ɪnˈfektɪd/ adj. 带菌的(见序号9)
1. get an infection(感染)2. prevent infection(预防感染)
1. He got a skin infection from the cut.(他因伤口得了皮肤感染。)2. Washing hands often can help prevent infection.(勤洗手有助于预防感染。)
9
infected /ɪn'fektɪd/ adj. 带菌的;感染病菌的
无比较级/最高级
infect /ɪnˈfekt/ v. 传染;感染infection /ɪnˈfekʃn/ n. 感染(见序号8)
be infected with(感染……病菌)
1. The wound was infected with bacteria.(伤口感染了细菌。)2. He was infected with the virus and had to be isolated.(他感染了病毒,不得不被隔离。)
10
rate /reɪt/ n. 比率;率
复数:rates;v. 评价(初中选学)
N/A
1. infection rate(感染率)2. success rate(成功率)
1. The infection rate of this disease has dropped.(这种疾病的感染率已经下降。)2. The success rate of this treatment is very high.(这种治疗的成功率很高。)
11
smallpox /'smɔːlpɒks/ n. 天花
不可数名词
N/A
wipe out smallpox(彻底消灭天花,见序号17)
1. Smallpox is a serious disease that has been wiped out.(天花是一种已被彻底消灭的严重疾病。)2. Vaccines helped people get rid of smallpox.(疫苗帮助人们消除了天花。)
12
rash /ræʃ/ n. 皮疹;疹
复数:rashes
N/A
1. skin rash(皮疹)2. have a rash(出疹子)
1. The child has a rash on his arms—we need to see a doctor.(孩子手臂上出了疹子,我们得去看医生。)2. This medicine may cause a rash in some people.(这种药可能会让一些人出疹子。)
13
vaccine /'væksiːn/ n. 疫苗
复数:vaccines
vaccinate /ˈvæksɪneɪt/ v. 给……接种疫苗vaccination /ˌvæksɪˈneɪʃn/ n. 接种疫苗(见序号14)
1. get a vaccine(接种疫苗)2. vaccine against sth.(针对……的疫苗)
1. Everyone should get a vaccine against the flu in winter.(冬天每个人都应该接种流感疫苗。)2. Scientists are working on a new vaccine for this disease.(科学家们正在研发针对这种疾病的新疫苗。)
14
wipe /waɪp/ v. 擦;拭;抹;揩;蹭
过去式/过去分词:wiped
N/A
1. wipe sth. with(用……擦某物)2. wipe out(彻底消灭,见序号17)
1. She wiped the table with a clean cloth.(她用干净的布擦桌子。)2. He wiped his hands on his clothes.(他在衣服上擦了擦手。)
15
wipe out 彻底消灭;全部摧毁
固定短语,无词形变化
N/A
wipe out sth.(彻底消灭某物)
1. Vaccines helped wipe out many serious diseases.(疫苗帮助彻底消灭了多种严重疾病。)2. The flood wiped out all the houses in the village.(洪水摧毁了村里所有的房子。)
16
Asia /'eɪʒə; 'eɪʃə/ n. 亚洲(最大的洲)
专有名词,无词形变化
Asian /ˈeɪʒn/ adj. 亚洲的;n. 亚洲人
表特定大洲,首字母大写
1. Asia is home to many ancient civilizations.(亚洲是许多古老文明的发源地。)2. China is the largest country in Asia by population.(中国是亚洲人口最多的国家。)
17
Spanish /'spænɪʃ/ adj. 西班牙的
无比较级/最高级;n. 西班牙语/西班牙人
Spain /speɪn/ n. 西班牙(见序号18)
1. Spanish food(西班牙食物)2. Spanish language(西班牙语)
1. Paella is a famous Spanish dish.(海鲜饭是著名的西班牙菜肴。)2. He is learning the Spanish language at school.(他在学校学习西班牙语。)
18
Spain /speɪn/ n. 西班牙(西南欧国家)
专有名词,无词形变化
Spanish /ˈspænɪʃ/ adj. 西班牙的(见序号17)
表特定国家,首字母大写
1. Spain is famous for its bullfights and flamenco.(西班牙以斗牛和弗拉门戈舞闻名。)2. My aunt lived in Spain for five years.(我姑姑在西班牙住了五年。)
19
vaccination /ˌvæksi'neɪʃn/ n. 接种疫苗
复数:vaccinations
vaccine /ˈvæksiːn/ n. 疫苗(见序号13)vaccinate /ˈvæksɪneɪt/ v. 接种疫苗
get a vaccination(接种疫苗)
1. Children need to get vaccinations to stay healthy.(孩子们需要接种疫苗以保持健康。)2. The hospital offers free vaccinations for the elderly.(医院为老年人提供免费接种疫苗服务。)
20
ugly /'ʌgli/ adj. 丑陋的;难看的
比较级:uglier;最高级:ugliest
N/A
N/A(修饰人或事物的外观)
1. The ugly scar on his face made him sad.(他脸上难看的伤疤让他很伤心。)2. Some people think spiders are ugly, but they are helpful.(有些人觉得蜘蛛难看,但它们很有用。)
21
scar /skɑː(r)/ n. 伤疤;伤痕;瘢痕
复数:scars;v. 留下伤疤(同形动词)
N/A
1. face scar(脸上的伤疤)2. scar from sth.(因某事留下的伤疤)
1. He has a small scar on his hand from a knife cut.(他手上有一道刀伤留下的小伤疤。)2. The fire left a big scar on the wall.(火灾在墙上留下了一大块痕迹。)
22
cowpox /'kaʊpɒks/ n. 牛痘
不可数名词
N/A
N/A(常与“smallpox”“vaccine”搭配)
1. Edward Jenner used cowpox to develop the smallpox vaccine.(爱德华·詹纳用牛痘研发了天花疫苗。)2. Cowpox is a mild disease that affects cows.(牛痘是一种感染牛的轻微疾病。)
23
similar /'sɪmələ(r)/ adj. 相像的;相仿的;类似的
比较级:more similar;最高级:most similar
similarity /ˌsɪməˈlærəti/ n. 相似性(初中选学)
be similar to(与……相似)
1. My new bag is similar to yours.(我的新包和你的很像。)2. The two stories have similar plots.(这两个故事有相似的情节。)
24
curious /'kjʊəriəs/ adj. 求知欲强的;好奇的
比较级:more curious;最高级:most curious
curiosity /ˌkjʊəriˈɒsəti/ n. 好奇心(初中选学)
be curious about(对……好奇)
1. Children are always curious about the world around them.(孩子们总是对周围的世界充满好奇。)2. She is curious about how the vaccine works.(她好奇疫苗是如何起作用的。)
25
liquid /'lɪkwɪd/ n. 液体
复数:liquids;adj. 液体的(同形)
N/A
1. drinkable liquid(可饮用液体)2. liquid medicine(液体药物)
1. Water and milk are common liquids.(水和牛奶是常见的液体。)2. The doctor gave her some liquid medicine for her cough.(医生给了她一些治咳嗽的液体药物。)
26
blister /'blɪstə(r)/ n.(皮肤上摩擦或烫等引起的)水疱,疱
复数:blisters;v. 起水疱(同形动词)
N/A
1. get a blister(起水疱)2. blister on sth.(某物上的水疱)
1. She got a blister on her foot from new shoes.(新鞋让她脚上起了个水疱。)2. The hot water burned his hand and caused a blister.(热水烫伤了他的手,起了个水疱。)
27
physician /fɪ'zɪʃn/ n. 医师;(尤指)内科医生
复数:physicians
N/A
区别于“doctor”(泛指医生),侧重“内科医生”
1. The physician gave him some advice on keeping healthy.(内科医生给了他一些养生建议。)2. She went to see a physician for her stomach problem.(她因胃病去看了内科医生。)
28
more often than not 通常;往往;一贯
固定短语,无词形变化
N/A
相当于“usually”,用于句首或句中
1. More often than not, he gets up early to exercise.(他通常早起锻炼。)2. More often than not, rainy days make people feel sleepy.(下雨天往往让人感到困倦。)
29
Edward Jenner /'edwəd 'dʒenə(r)/ 爱德华·詹纳(人名)
专有名词,无词形变化
N/A
发明天花疫苗的医师,常与“smallpox vaccine”搭配
1. Edward Jenner is famous for developing the smallpox vaccine.(爱德华·詹纳因研发天花疫苗而闻名。)2. We learned about Edward Jenner in our science class.(我们在科学课上学过爱德华·詹纳。)
30
Latin /'lætɪn/ adj.(与)拉丁语(有关)的
无比较级/最高级;n. 拉丁语
N/A
1. Latin words(拉丁语词汇)2. Latin culture(拉丁文化)
1. Many English words come from Latin.(很多英语单词源自拉丁语。)2. They are learning about Latin culture in history class.(他们在历史课上学拉丁文化。)
31
ease /iːz/ v.(使)宽慰;减轻;缓解
过去式/过去分词:eased;n. 舒适(同形)
easy /ˈiːzi/ adj. 容易的
1. ease pain(减轻疼痛)2. ease stress(缓解压力,见序号32)
1. This medicine can ease your headache.(这种药能减轻你的头痛。)2. Listening to music helps ease my stress.(听音乐有助于缓解我的压力。)
32
stress /stres/ n. 精神压力;心理负担;紧张
不可数名词;v. 强调(同形动词)
stressful /ˈstresfl/ adj. 有压力的
1. work stress(工作压力)2. ease stress(缓解压力,见序号31)
1. Too much stress is bad for your health.(过多的压力对你的健康有害。)2. She often does yoga to reduce stress.(她经常做瑜伽来减压。)
33
rumor /'ruːmə(r)/ n. 谣言;传闻
复数:rumors(英式:rumour)
N/A
1. spread a rumor(传播谣言)2. false rumor(虚假谣言)
1. Don’t spread rumors about others—it’s not polite.(不要传播关于别人的谣言,这不礼貌。)2. The false rumor made many people worried.(这条虚假谣言让很多人感到担心。)
34
normal /'nɔːml/ adj. 典型的;正常的;一般的
比较级:more normal;最高级:most normal
normally /ˈnɔːməli/ adv. 通常;正常地
1. normal life(正常生活)2. return to normal(恢复正常)
1. After the pandemic, life gradually returned to normal.(流行病过后,生活逐渐恢复正常。)2. It’s normal to feel nervous before an exam.(考试前感到紧张是正常的。)
35
soap /səʊp/ n. 肥皂
不可数名词;复数soaps(表“肥皂块/肥皂剧”)
soapy /ˈsəʊpi/ adj. 涂有肥皂的
1. wash hands with soap(用肥皂洗手)2. bar of soap(一块肥皂)
1. Remember to wash your hands with soap before eating.(记得饭前用肥皂洗手。)2. She bought a bar of soap for laundry.(她买了一块洗衣皂。)
36
mask /mɑːsk/ n. 面具;面罩
复数:masks;v. 掩饰(初中选学)
N/A
1. face mask(口罩)2. wear a mask(戴口罩/面具)
1. People wear face masks to prevent virus infection.(人们戴口罩预防病毒感染。)2. He wore a scary mask to the Halloween party.(他戴了个吓人的面具去万圣节派对。)
37
loop /luːp/ n. 环,圈
复数:loops;v. 打环(同形动词)
N/A
1. hair loop(发圈)2. loop of string(线环)
1. She used a hair loop to tie her hair.(她用发圈扎头发。)2. The rope has a loop at the end for holding.(绳子末端有个环方便抓握。)
38
sanitise /'sænɪtaɪz/ v.(用化学制剂)消毒,使清洁
过去式/过去分词:sanitised(美式:sanitize)
sanitiser /ˈsænɪtaɪzə(r)/ n. 消毒剂(初中选学)
sanitise sth.(给某物消毒)
1. We need to sanitise the table before eating.(吃饭前我们需要给桌子消毒。)2. This machine can sanitise hands quickly.(这台机器能快速给手消毒。)
39
attach /ə'tætʃ/ v. 把……固定,把……附(在……上)
过去式/过去分词:attached
attachment /əˈtætʃmənt/ n. 附件(初中选学)
attach sth. to sth.(把某物固定在某物上)
1. She attached a photo to the letter.(她在信上附了一张照片。)2. Attach the label to your suitcase.(把标签贴在你的行李箱上。)
40
necessary /'nesəsəri/ adj. 必需的;必要的
比较级:more necessary;最高级:most necessary
necessity /nəˈsesəti/ n. 必需品(初中选学)
1. it’s necessary to do sth.(做某事是必要的)2. necessary things(必需品)
1. It’s necessary to drink enough water every day.(每天喝足够的水是必要的。)2. Food and water are necessary things for life.(食物和水是生活必需品。)
41
slogan /'sləʊɡən/ n. 标语;口号
复数:slogans
N/A
1. advertising slogan(广告标语)2. public slogan(公益口号)
1. The advertising slogan of this product is very catchy.(这个产品的广告标语很吸引人。)2. “Save water” is a common public slogan.(“节约用水”是常见的公益口号。)
42
consider /kən'sɪdə(r)/ v.(尤指为作出决定而)仔细考虑;体谅
过去式/过去分词:considered
consideration /kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃn/ n. 考虑(初中选学)
1. consider doing sth.(考虑做某事)2. consider sb./sth.(体谅某人/考虑某物)
1. He is considering going to college in Beijing.(他在考虑去北京上大学。)2. We should consider the needs of the elderly.(我们应该体谅老年人的需求。)
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