内容正文:
时态(tenses)
一般现在时
主语+am/is/are+表语
am/is/are +v-ed
主语+谓语(s/es)+其他
一般过去时
主语+was/were+表语
was/were+v-ed
主语+谓语(动词过去式)+其他
现在进行时
am/is/are +v-ing
am/is/are being+ v-ed
过去进行时
was/were+v-ing
was/were being +ved
一般将来时
will/shall +v.
will be +ved
过去将来时
would +v.
would be +ed
现在完成时
have/has+v-ed
have/has been+v-ed
过去完成时
had+ v-ed
had been +ved
现在完成进行时
have/has being +v-ed
时态和语态的主要高考考点
1、考查在语境中判断动词时态的运用能力。常考的时态为:一般现在、一般过去、一般将来时、现在完成时;
2、时间、条件、让步等状语从句中动词的时态;主从句时态呼应问题。
3、 及物动词的被动语态。
4、某些以主动形式表被动意义的动词的用法
一.一般现在时(The Present Simple Tense)
定义:表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态。
结构:主语+谓语+其他(She usually goes to school by bike.)
①肯定句: 主语+am/is/are+表语.
主语+实义动词(+其它).
②否定句: 主语+am/is/are +not+表语.
主语+don’t (doesn’t)+实义 动词原形(+其它).
③疑问句: Am/Is/Are+主语+表语?
Do (Does)+主语+实义动词原形(+其它)?
用法:1. 经常性或习惯性的动作 She has breakfast at 7 am every morning.
2. 目前的情况或状态 It is snowy today.
3. 特征、性格、能力 A bird can fly. The giraffe has a long neck.
4. 客观事实或普遍真理 The sun rises in the east every morning.
5. 格言、言语 Seeing is believing.
一般现在时的判断
1. 现在的时间概念里出现:often, usually, always, sometimes, every day/ week/ month…never, hardly ever,once a week等经常性动作的时间状语
2. 现阶段习惯性,经常性发生的动作My mother gets up at 6 o’clock every day.
3. 客观事实,规律。The sun rises from the east every morning.
一般现在时要点必备:
第一人称:指说话人本身(包括个人及团体)—I,We
第二人称:指说话者的对方(包括个人及团体) — You
第三人称:指所说及的人或事物。(包括个体或整体) — She, He, It, They或其他相当于第三人称的名词 My mother, my friends形容词性物主代词+名词是第三人称
动词第三人称单数的构成规律:
1. 以s,x,ch,sh或o结尾的,加es (watches
2. 以辅音字母+y结尾,改y为i,再加es;以元音字母+y结尾,直接加s (plays, studies)
3.一般动词加s (learns)
4. 不规则动词 have ---has
高考试炼:
1. I _______ all the cooking for my family, but recently I’ve been too busy to do it.
2. Planning so far ahead ________no sense—so many things will have changed by next year.(2011 全国)
二.一般过去时(The Past Simple Tense)
定义:表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态;也表示过去经常性,习惯性发生的动作或存在的状态。be 动词的过去式为 was,were。
结构:主语+动词过去式(谓语)+其他
①肯定句: 主语+was/were+表语.
主语+动词的过去式(+其它).
②否定句: 主语+was/were +not+表语.
主语+didn’t+ 动词过去式(+其它).
③疑问句: Was /were+主语+表语?
Did +主语+动词原形(+其它)?
动词过去式的构成:
A、规则动词
①一般直接在动词的后面加ed ;如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited
② 以e结尾的动词直接加d;如 lived , danced , used
③以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改y为i再加ed (此类动词较少)如study – studied carry – carried worry – worried
④ 双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stopped,planned
B. 不规则动词:见不规则动词表
用法和判断:
1. 一般过去时主要表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态,常和 a moment ago,half an hour ago,the day before yesterday, just now,yesterday,last week,in 2005, in June,1996, on november17th, 1868,in those days,at that time 等表示过去的时间状语连用。
Two years ago she bought an expensive bike. 两年前,她买了一辆昂贵的自行车。
1. 表示过去时间内连续发生的几个动作。
He took aim and shot. 他瞄准后就射击了。
3. 表示过去时间内经常的或习惯性的动作或状态。
After lunch, we usually played on the school field. 午饭后,我们通常在操场上玩耍。
2. 根据上下文判定 He didn’t feel well and he went to the doctor.
高考试炼:
1.I got a place next ______ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk. A boy on a bike ________(catch)my attention. (2014Ⅱ)
2. It was raining lightly when I _______ (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. (2015 I)
三.现在进行时(The Present Continuous Tense)
定义:说话人说话瞬间正在进行或发生的动作;或当前一段时间内正在进行的动作。
结构:am/is/are+ v-ing
Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly.
当今在中国学习英语的人数正在迅速增长。
用法及判断:
1.表示“在现在”的时间状语:now, at the/this moment; it is six o’clock等。
It is six o’clock now. The boys are playing basketball.
My teacher is waiting for me in the office now.
2.句中用到“Listen! ”“Look!” “Keep quiet!”等提示语,表明要说的动作正在进行。Keep quiet! The baby is sleeping. /Listen. The girl is singing in the classroom.
3.现在进行时也常用来表示当前一直在做的动作,这时句中常出现:these days, all the time等时间状语 He is writing his new book these days.
4. 现在进行时表将来,当动词为 come, go, leave, arrive, start, begin, stay, return, see, meet play, do, have, work,wear, spend, 等表示位置转移的词时,我们通常用现在进行时表将来。
5. 现在进行时,表示计划、安排做某事。I’m meeting my friends at the station this Sunday evening.
6. 现在进行时常与 always, forever 等副词连用,带有厌恶、赞扬等感情色彩。
They are always fighting about money. 他们总是为钱吵架。
He is forgetting his keys all the time.
四.过去进行时(The Past Continuous Tense )
定义:表示过去某一具体时刻正在发生或进行的动作,也指过去某一段(短)时间内正在发生的动作。
结构:was/were+v-ing
I was watching TV when you called me yesterday morning.
用法判断:
1.过去进行时表示过去某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作,常与 at nine o’clock yesterday morning, at this time yesterday, at that moment ,then,at that time,at nine yesterday,from 7 to 9 yesterday morning,the whole evening,all day yesterday,last night 等时间状语连用。
2.没有表示时间的状语,可以通过上下文来推断。
May I ask what you were doing in my restaurant yesterday?
请问你昨天到我的餐馆里来干什么?
3.When&while
when 后从句中的谓语动词可以是延续性动词,也可以是非延续性动词。
She was shopping when she saw the alien.
He felt happy when he met his friend.
We were doing our homework when the teacher came in.
while 后从句中的动词只能用可延续性动词,表示从句中动作正在发生的时候,主句动作就发生了。
While I was climbing the tree, a man saw me.
while 一边、、、一边、、、
Lily was watching TV while Lucy was doing her homework.
My father was reading the newspaper while my mother was cooking breakfast.
while 然而(表示转折)
Lily is quiet while her sister is very outgoing.
五.一般将来时(The Future Tense )
定义:表示将来某一时刻发生的动作或状态, 或将来某一段时间内发生的动作或状态
结构: will/shall + 动词原形 / be going to do sth
(一般将来时由助动词shall(第一人称),will(第二、三人称) 动词原形构成。美国英语不管人称,一律用will)
用法及判断:
1.句子中出现将来的时间状语: tomorrow; tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening; next year/week/month; in+一段时间; the day after tomorrow; in the future; this afternoon/Sunday/evening; from now on; one day, someday (未来的)某天; soon等。 I’ll take you there tomorrow. 我明天带你去那儿。
2.从句子意思判断或上下文得知
Don‘t worry about the exam. I’m sure you’ll pass.不要担心这次考试,我确信你会通过的。 Work hard and you will succeed. 如果你努力,就会成功的。
I'll let you know as soon as he arrives. 他一到我就通知你。
Will she come? 她(会)来吗?
3.将来时的其他表达方式
1.现在进行时表将来:(常用于以下表示移动的动词: come, go, leave, arrive, start, get, stay ,live,fly,have等现在进行时也可表示将来。
She is leaving for Beijing tomorrow. / I am coming! /We are staying there for two days
2. begin,leave,arrive等动词的一般现在时可表示按计划或安排将要发生的事。
When does the plane arrive? 飞机什么时候到?
3.be going to +动词原形(be, do) 表示计划、打算将来做某事
I am going to be an engineer when I grow up.
She is going to be an artist when she grows up.
We are going to have a meeting today.
4.There be 的将来时There is going to be /There are going to be = There will be
There is going to be an English test tomorrow.
There are going to be many people at the art exhibition.
There will be a lot of teenagers at the meeting.
六.过去将来时 (the past future tense)
定义:表示从过去某一时间看将来要发生的动作或出现的状态。(常用语宾语从句和间接引语中)
结构: would + do sth /was/were going to do sth.
I didn’t know if he would come. = I didn’t know if he was going to come.
She would be sixty years old in three years.
She told us that she would not go with us.
was/were about to do sth when..... 马上要去做某事就发生了.....
She was about to leave when the phone rang.
七.现在完成时
定义:表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。(到目前动作已完成)
结构: have / has + 动词过去分词
用法和判断:
1. 现在完成时常用时间状语,如:already, yet, ever, never, just, recently,before, several times in/during the past/ last years,ever since, so far, up to now,until now,in recent years /in the past five years/over the past five years/in the last five years/ over the last five years
2.表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在,还可能持续下去,常与 for 和 since 等引起的表示一段时间的状语连用。 for + 时间段;since + 时间点、从句等。Three years have passed since I graduated.
She has learned how to play the piano since she was five years old.
We’ve done a lot of work on it, but we haven’t finished yet.
我们在它上面花了不少工夫,但是现在还没有完成。
I’ve been very sad for the past few months.
在过去的几个月里,我一直很伤心。
3.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经历,常带有 twice,ever,never,three times,before 等时间状语。I have watched the movie three times.
I’ve never seen her as angry as that, so I kept quiet. 我从来没有看到过她那样生气,所以我保持沉默。
4. 根据上下文与句子意思
I started an hour ago, but I haven’t finished yet.
常考句型:It /That/This is the first...time that sb have done sth;
(主句用现在时,从句用现在完成时)
It /That/This was the first...time that sb had done sth.(主句用过去时,从句用过去完成时。) “这是某人第几次做某事的时候了”
高考试炼
Sarah _________ (tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the new year. (2017ⅡI)
7. Since 2011, the country 61. _________ (grow) more corn than rice.(2018Ⅱ)
8.I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I 66. _______ (make) over the years. 2018
八.过去完成时 (The Past Perfect Tense)
定义:表示过去某一时间以前已经发生的动作或存在的状态。
结构:had +v-ed We had learned 2,000 words by the end of 2008.
用法:1:表示从过去某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去的某一时间的动作或状态,常与for/ since 构成的时间状语连用。She said she had worked in the school for 20 years.
We had known each other since we were young.
2:表示过去某一动作以前已经发生的动作或状态。(过去的过去)
The train had left before we got to the station.
The plane had took off when we arrived at the airport.
3:表示思维的动词用过去完成时,意为“原本”,但事与愿违
I had thought that he would come.
过去完成时的判断:
1. 在by the time, when, before, after等引导的时间状语从句中,先发生的动作用过去完成时,后发生的动作用一般过去时。
By the time I got outside, the bus had already left.
After I had checked my papers, I handed them in.
(在by the time, when, before, after等引导的时间状语从句中,先发生的动作用过去完成时,后发生的动作用一般过去时。)
By the time I got outside, the bus had already left.
After I had checked my papers, I handed them in.
2. 在宾语、定语从句中,如果叙述的都是过去的事,先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的用一般过去时。
I said I had finished my homework. I found that my keys had lost.
I found the key that I had lost.
小试牛刀:The researchers finally found that the mice _____________ (escape)from the cages.
九.现在完成进行时(present Perfect progressive)
定义:表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作,强调某一动作从过去到现在一直进行着,可能还要继续下去。
结构:have/has been+动词的现在分词
(其中 have、has 为助动词,当主语为第三人称单数时,谓语动词用单数has.)
I have been collecting the shells for three years.
She has been waiting for the doctor since two hours ago.
I’ve been studying English since I was 4 years old.
用法及判断:
1. 过去开始的动作,一直持续到现在,现在仍然正在进行的动作。
2.常与for two hours, since 1998, all this morning, these few days等表示一段时间的状语连用。
注意: For+时间段。表示一段时间,多与带数词的名词连用,谓语需用延续性动词。
Since+时间点/时间状语从句,强调动作或状态一直延续到某时。
现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别:现在完成时到现在动作已完成,而现在完成进行时的动作现在阶段仍然在进行。
10. 将来进行时(The future progressive tense)
定义:将来某个时间点或一段时间之内正在进行的动作或状态。
结构:will/shall be + doing
I’ll be doing some housework tomorrow. 明天我将要干些家务活。
用法及判断:1.表示将来某个时间正在进行的动作或所处状态。You won’t see Mr. Smith tomorrow morning because he will be flying to London for a meeting then.
When I get home, my wife will probably be watching television.
2. 表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作。
Don’t call me between 12:30 and 13:00. I will be taking a nap.
We’ll be spending the winter in Australia.
3. 表示 “纯粹”的将来,该时态比一般将来时显得语气委婉。
Will you be passing the post office? I need some stamps.
语态篇Voice
语态(Voices)用来表示主语与谓语之间的关系,它是动词一种形式。英语中有两种语态:主动语态(Active Voice)和被动语态(Passive Voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
一、主动语态与被动语态的转换
将主动语态变为被动语态时,时态不变,主动句中的宾语变成主语,主语放在by之后用宾格。(by 短语经常省略)
1. 主动句为:主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
变成被动句时,将宾语变为被动句中的主语。例如:
The government supported the research. 政府支持这项研究。(主动句)
The research was supported by the government. 这项研究得到了政府的支持。(被动句)
2. 主动句为:主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
变成被动句时,有两种情况:把间接宾语变为被动句的主语,直接宾语位置不变;把直接宾语变为被动句的主语,间接宾语前面加上介词 to 或 for。例如:
My parents bought me a new computer. 我父母给我买了一台新电脑。(主动句)
→ I was bought a new computer. 有人给我买了一台新电脑。(被动句)
→ A new computer was bought for me. 有人给我买了一台新电脑。(被动句)
3. 主动句为:主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
变成被动句时,将宾语变为被动句的主语,宾语补足语位置不变。例如:
People call this team a cheerleading squad. 人们把这个队叫做拉拉队。
(主动句,宾语补足语为a cheerleading squad)
→ The team is called a cheerleading squad.这个队被叫做拉拉队。(被动句,主动句中的宾语补足语a cheerleading squad变成了主语补足语)
4. 主动句为:主语 + 谓语 + 宾语从句
变成被动句时,有两种情况:常用 it 作形式主语,将宾语从句变为主语从句放在句尾;
将主动句中从句的主语变为被动句的主语,从句谓语及其他成分改为不定式短语。例如:
We know that he is the best doctor in the town. 我们知道他是城里最好的医生。(主动句)
→ It is known to us that he is the best doctor in the town. 我们知道他是城里最好的医生。(it作被动句的形式主语)
→ He is known to be the best doctor in the town. 他被认为是城里最好的牙医。 (主动句中从句的主语变成被动句的主语,从句的谓语变成不定式)
二、不同时态的被动语态
1. 一般现在时:am / is / are + 过去分词
Many tall buildings are built in months.许多高楼在数月内建起。
2. 一般过去时:was / were + 过去分词
The soil was washed away by the water. 土壤被水冲走了。
3. 一般将来时:shall / will be + 过去分词
As cities grow, more water will be used. 随着城市的发展,用水量会更大。
4. 现在进行时:am / is / are being + 过去分词
We all feel very excited when the national flag is being raised.每当国旗升起时,我们都很激动。
5. 过去进行时:was / were being + 过去分词
We couldn’t use the reading-room. It was being repaired.我们不能使用阅览室,它正在修缮。
6. 现在完成时:have / has been + 过去分词
Soil has been washed into the river from the riverbank.泥土从河岸被冲进河里。
三、其他形式的被动语态
1. 含情态动词的被动语态
含情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词 + be + 过去分词”构成。例如:
Nothing can be learned without hard work. 不努力学习什么也学不会。
2. 短语动词的被动语态
有不少短语动词相当于及物动词,可以有被动语态。含有短语动词的主动句变为被动句时,其中的副词或介词不可漏掉。例如:
I was brought up in a small village. 我是在一个小村庄里长大的。
3. 其他结构的被动语态
含 be going to,used to,have to,had better 等结构的主动句变为被动句时,只需将其后的动词变为被动形式即可。例如:
The sports meeting is going to be held soon. 运动会不久就要举行。
四、被动语态的使用场合
不知道动作的执行者,没有必要指出动作的执行者或强调动作的承受者时,常使用被动语态。例如: In the future all shopping will be done online.将来(人们)会在网上购买所有物品。
五、应注意的问题
1. 不能用于被动语态的动词
一般说来,及物动词都有被动语态,但少数及物动词如 have,leave,become,cost,enter,reach,suit,benefit,lack 等以及短语动词 take place,lose heart,break out,belong to,consist of 等,一般不能用于被动语态。例如:
When we reached a valley, it became much warmer. 我们到达峡谷时,天气就暖和多了。
2. 主动形式表示被动意义
某些系动词 taste,feel,look,smell,sound,prove 等与形容词连用时。例如:
The flower smells sweet. 花闻起来很香。
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